View source for Eternal Father, Strong to Save

{{Short description|British hymn associated with seafarers}}
{{Redirect|For Those in Peril on the Sea|the Goodies episode|For Those in Peril on the Sea (The Goodies)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox anthem
|title          = Eternal Father, Strong to Save
|transcription  = 
|english_title  = 
|alt_title      = "Melita" (music)
|en_alt_title   = 
|alt_title_2    = 
|en_alt_title_2 = 
|image          =
|image_size     = 
|alt            = 
|caption        = 
|prefix         = Service
|type           = hymn
|country        = the [[Royal Navy]]
|author         = [[William Whiting (poet)|William Whiting]]
|lyrics_date    = 1860
|composer       = [[John Bacchus Dykes]]
|music_date     = 1861
|published      = 
|until          = 
|sound          =Eternal Father - U.S. Navy Band.ogg
|sound_title    =Sung by the US Navy Band's "Sea Chanters" ensemble
}}
[[File:Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg|thumb|350px|''[[The Storm on the Sea of Galilee]]'' by [[Rembrandt van Rijn]]]]
{{listen|type=music
|filename=Eternal Father, Strong to Save (1992).ogg
|title="Melita"
|description=Instrumental performance by the U.S. Marine Corps Band in the early 1990s
}}

"'''Eternal Father, Strong to Save'''" is a British [[hymn]] traditionally associated with seafarers, particularly in the maritime armed services. Written in 1860, its author, [[William Whiting (poet)|William Whiting]], was inspired by the dangers of the sea described in [[Psalm 107]]. It was popularised by the [[Royal Navy]] and the [[United States Navy]] in the late 19th century, and variations of it were soon adopted by many branches of the armed services in the United Kingdom and the United States. Services who have adapted the hymn include the [[Royal Marines]], [[Royal Air Force]], the [[British Army]], the [[Royal Australian Navy]], the [[United States Coast Guard]], [[United States Marine Corps]] and the [[United States Space Force]], as well as the navies of many other [[Commonwealth realm]]s. Accordingly, it is known by many names, variously referred to as the '''Hymn of His Majesty's Armed Forces''', the '''Royal Navy Hymn''', the '''United States Navy Hymn''' (or simply '''The Navy Hymn'''), and sometimes by the last line of its first verse, "'''For Those in Peril on the Sea'''". The hymn has a long tradition in civilian maritime contexts as well, being regularly invoked by ship's chaplains and sung during services on ocean crossings.

==Origin==
The original hymn was written in 1860 by [[William Whiting (poet)|William Whiting]], an [[Anglican]] churchman from [[Winchester]], United Kingdom. Whiting grew up near the ocean on the coasts of England and at the age of thirty-five had felt his life spared by God when a violent storm nearly claimed the ship he was travelling on, instilling a belief in God's command over the rage and calm of the sea. As headmaster of the Winchester College Choristers' School some years later, he was approached by a student about to travel to the United States, who confided in Whiting an overwhelming fear of the ocean voyage. Whiting shared his experiences of the ocean and wrote the hymn to "anchor his faith".<ref>{{cite web|title=Eternal Father, Strong to Save|url=http://songsandhymns.org/hymns/detail/eternal-father-strong-to-save|publisher=Center for Church Music|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> In writing it, Whiting is generally thought to have been inspired by [[Psalm 107]],{{sfn|Osbeck|1985|page=[https://archive.org/details/101morehymnstori0000osbe/page/81 81]}} which describes the power and fury of the seas in great detail:

<poem style="margin-left: 2em;">Some went out on the sea in ships; they were merchants on the mighty waters.
They saw the works of the Lord, his wonderful deeds in the deep.
For he spoke and stirred up a tempest that lifted high the waves.
They mounted up to the heavens and went down to the depths; in their peril their courage melted away.{{indent|5}}''Psalm 107: 23–26''</poem>

Within a year the text appeared in the influential first edition of ''[[Hymns Ancient and Modern]]'' (HA&M) in 1861 (the setting is reproduced below) and its circulation became widespread throughout England.<ref>{{cite book|last=Monk|first=William Henry|title=Hymns Ancient and Modern|url=https://archive.org/details/modeance00chur|year=1861|publisher=Novello and Company|location=London, UK}}</ref> The text was substantially revised by the compilers of that edition. In response Whiting continued to revise his own text, releasing another version in 1869 and a third in 1874, the last one incorporating most of the suggested changes by HA&M.{{sfn|Glover|1994|page=608}}

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Meanwhile, [[John Bacchus Dykes|John B. Dykes]], an Anglican clergyman, composed the tune "Melita", in 88 88 88<ref>''The Hymnal of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America 1940'', Hymn 512, "Eternal Father, Strong to Save".</ref> [[Iamb (poetry)|iambic]] meter, to accompany the HA&M version of 1861. Dykes was a well-known composer of nearly three hundred hymn tunes, many of which are still in use today.{{sfn|Osbeck|1985|page=[https://archive.org/details/101morehymnstori0000osbe/page/80 80]}} "Melita" is an archaic term for [[Malta]], an ancient seafaring nation which was then a colony of the [[British Empire]], and is now a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. It was the site of a [[shipwreck]], mentioned in [[Acts of the Apostles]] (chapters 27–28), involving the [[Apostle Paul]].

The original words of the 1861 version are:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Church of England |url=http://archive.org/details/modeance00chur |title=Hymns ancient and modern .. |last2=Monk |first2=William Henry |date=1861 |publisher=London : J. Alfred Novello |others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library}}</ref>
<poem style="float:left; margin-left:1em;">Eternal Father, strong to save,
Whose arm hath bound the restless wave,
Who bid'st the mighty ocean deep
Its own appointed limits keep;
O hear us when we cry to Thee,
For those in peril on the sea.

O Christ, Whose voice the waters heard
And hushed their raging at Thy word,
Who walkedst on the foaming deep,
And calm amidst its rage didst sleep;
O hear us when we cry to Thee,
For those in peril on the sea.</poem>
<poem style="margin-left:2em; float:left;">Most Holy Spirit, Who didst brood
Upon the chaos dark and rude,
And bid its angry tumult cease,
And give, for wild confusion, peace;
O hear us when we cry to Thee,
For those in peril on the sea!

O Trinity of love and power,
Our brethren shield in danger's hour;
From rock and tempest, fire and foe,
Protect them wheresoe'er they go;
Thus evermore shall rise to Thee
Glad hymns of praise from land and sea.

Amen.</poem>{{Clear|left}}

The first verse refers to [[God the Father]] fixing limits for the sea as described in [[Job 8|Job 38:8-11]] and [[Psalm 104|Psalm 104:6-9]]. The second verse refers to Jesus' [[miracle]]s of calming the storm in [[Matthew 8|Matthew 8:23-27]], [[Mark 4|Mark 4:35:41]], and [[Luke 8|Luke 8:22-25]] and walking on the waters of the [[Sea of Galilee]] in [[Mark 6|Mark 6:45-53]], [[Matthew 14|Matthew 14:22-34]], and [[John 6|John 6:15-21]]. The third verse references the [[Holy Spirit]]'s moving over the face of the waters in the Book of [[Genesis (Hebrew Bible)|Genesis 1:2]], while the final verse petitions the Holy Trinity to protect all people wherever they go.{{sfn|Osbeck|1985|page=[https://archive.org/details/101morehymnstori0000osbe/page/81 81]}}

==Navy use==
The adoption of the hymn for devotional use and benedictions in the armed services was first recorded in 1879. In that year, Lieutenant Commander [[Charles J. Train|Charles Jackson Train]] was a [[navigation]] instructor at the [[United States Naval Academy]] at [[Annapolis]] and the master of the Midshipman Choir. Train began the practice of concluding Divine Services with the 1861 version of the hymn every Sunday, whereby it eventually became an academy, and then a service-wide tradition, becoming known as ''the Navy Hymn''. The lyrics were altered to suit changes in the culture and technology of the navy.<ref name=faq>{{cite web|title="Eternal Father, Strong to Save": The Navy Hymn|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq53-1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970709142521/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq53-1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 1997|publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> Additional variants have been written, often to specifically represent a particular branch of naval service.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eternal Father – The "Navy Hymn"|url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/nav_legacy.asp?id=172|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624040215/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/nav_legacy.asp?id=172|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2012|publisher=Department of the Navy|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref>

Adoption of the hymn by the [[Royal Navy]] may have occurred earlier than its use in the United States. Although no clear records exist for its first use, the hymn was in widespread use by the 1890s in the Royal Navy.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} An extra verse was added during [[World War I]] to reflect the introduction of the [[Royal Naval Air Service]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} The result today is a hymn somewhat different from its American counterpart, with the optional verse for specific service branches being sung between the second and third verses.

==Multiservice rewording==
In 1940, the US [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal Church]] altered three verses of the hymn to include travel on the land in the second verse (referencing Psalm 50) and in the air in the third verse (again referencing [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]). This was published as Hymn No. 513 while the original lyrics were also published as Hymn No. 512 in ''The Hymnal 1940.'' ''[[The Hymnal 1982]]'', which is in current use by most Episcopal congregations in the US, has further revised this version
(as Hymn #579) with opening line "Almighty Father, strong to save..." by adding the word "space" to the final verse, so it ends "Glad praise from space, air, land, and sea", acknowledging the possibility of space travel.{{sfn|Glover|1994|page=579}} The Hymnal also has a more traditional water-only version (as Hymn #608) with opening line "Eternal Father, strong to save..."{{sfn|Glover|1994|page=608}} The 1940 version—incorporating sea, land, and air is:

<poem style="float:left; margin-left:1em;">Almighty Father, strong to save,
Whose arm hath bound the restless wave,
Who bidd'st the mighty ocean deep
Its own appointed limits keep:
O hear us when we cry to thee
For those in peril on the sea.

O Christ, the Lord of hill and plain
O'er which our traffic runs amain
By mountain pass or valley low;
Wherever, Lord, thy brethren go,
Protect them by thy guarding hand
From every peril on the land.</poem>
<poem style="margin-left:2em; float:left;">O Spirit, whom the Father sent
To spread abroad the firmament;
O Wind of heaven, by thy might
Save all who dare the eagle's flight,
And keep them by thy watchful care
From every peril in the air.

O Trinity of love and power,
Our brethren shield in danger's hour;
From rock and tempest, fire and foe,
Protect them wheresoe'er they go,
Thus evermore shall rise to thee
Glad praise from air and land and sea.</poem>{{Clear|left}}

==Other variants==

Several additional or variant verses are in use in the US military services, including the US Marines, US Navy [[Seabees]], submariners and US Coast Guard.<ref name=faq />

==Notable uses==
[[File:GPO-CRECB-1941-pt9-9 wpver-page2.jpg|thumb|Proceedings of the United States Senate on December 8, 1941, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Eternal Father, Strong to Save is sung in prayer.]]
* The hymn appears in many hymnals, including the ''Army and Navy Hymnal'' (1921), which was used by American forces during [[World War II]], and ''[[The New English Hymnal]]'' (1986).<ref>{{cite web |title=Eternal Father! strong to save |url=https://hymnary.org/text/eternal_father_strong_to_save_whose_arm |website=Hymnary.org |access-date=9 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The tune is also sometimes used for the text "Lord God of Hosts, within whose hand", written by Laurence Housman for the 1906 ''[[English Hymnal]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lord God of Hosts, within whose hand |url=https://hymnary.org/hymn/NEH1985/162 |website=Hymnary.org |language=en}}</ref>
* It was among the songs sung on 9 August 1941<ref>{{cite book |title=World War II Album: The Complete Chronicle of the World's Greatest Conflict |publisher=Tess Press |year=2006 |isbn=1-57912-408-9 |editor=Hal Buell |location=New York City |page=124}}</ref> at a church service aboard the Royal Navy [[battleship]] {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|6}} attended by [[Winston Churchill]] (who requested it be sung) and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] at the conference creating the [[Atlantic Charter]].<ref>{{cite web |title=W.G. Parker |url=http://www.ohinemuri.org.nz/journal/07/wg_parker.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822234503/http://www.ohinemuri.org.nz/journal/07/wg_parker.htm |archive-date=22 August 2011 |access-date=2 September 2011 |publisher=Ohinemuri.org.nz |df=dmy-all}}</ref> 
* It was spoken in the [[Congressional Record]] the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Congressional Record (Senate), December 8, 1941 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1941-pt9/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1941-pt9-9.pdf |website=U.S. Government Publishing Office |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref>
* It features as the climax of [[Benjamin Britten]]'s staged [[cantata]] for church performance, ''[[Noye's Fludde]]'' (1958). At the height of the storm, accompanied by the same [[ostinato]] in the bass that has built up to this point, the cast sings the first verse in unison (Noye an octave lower). They are joined by the audience/congregation in the second verse. The third verse is accompanied by an organ instead of the orchestra, the boys of the cast singing a [[descant]] while everyone else sings in unison.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Roseberry|first=Eric|title= The Music of ''Noye's Fludde''|journal=[[Tempo (journal)|Tempo]]|number=49|date=Autumn 1958|pages=2–11, 18–19|doi=10.1017/S0040298200044788|jstor=942970|s2cid=143824184 }}</ref>
* Owing to its nautical theme, this hymn has been played or sung at a number of funerals for those who have served in or been associated with the Royal Navy or US Navy. Most notably, it was sung at the funerals of the [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Earl Mountbatten of Burma]] (1965),<ref>{{cite web |date=5 September 1979 |title=Order of Service at the Funeral of Admiral of the Fleet, the Earl Mountbatten of Burma, 1900-1979 |url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/media/5892/mountbatten-funeral.pdf |access-date=28 December 2020 |publisher=[[Westminster Abbey]]}}</ref> [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] (2021),<ref>{{cite news |date=16 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip funeral: Order of Service in full |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/04/16/prince-philip-funeral-order-service-full/ |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> and of multiple US presidents, including Roosevelt, [[John F. Kennedy]] (1963), [[Richard Nixon]] (1994), [[George H. W. Bush]] (2018), and [[Jimmy Carter]] (2025).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Myers |first=Whitney V. |date=26 May 2008 |title=The Story Behind Eternal Father Strong to Save |journal=Whitney Tunes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-04 |title=World leaders attend national George HW Bush funeral |url=https://abc7chicago.com/4830965/ |access-date=2018-12-05 |website=ABC7 Chicago |language=en}}</ref>
* The hymn features in the 1995 film, ''[[Crimson Tide (film)|Crimson Tide]]'', adapted by composer [[Hans Zimmer]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112740/soundtrack/?ref_=tt_dyk_snd |title=Crimson Tide (1995) - Soundtracks - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2025-01-20 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BN-oLuNeNxE |title=Crimson Dive |date=2012-09-03 |last=Ryland Walker Knight |access-date=2025-01-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* In the 1997 film, ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'', the hymn is sung in the last service in the First Class Dining Saloon, just hours before the {{RMS|Titanic}} sank. However, there is no indication that it was sung at that service in real life, with some passengers later noting they had been struck by its absence. It was, however, sung later that day by second-class passengers in a musical prayer service.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ringle |first1=Ken |title=INTEGRITY GOES DOWN WITH THE SHIP |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1998/03/22/integrity-goes-down-with-the-ship/b2732c36-05ba-4863-ab9f-49ccba370e34/ |newspaper=Washington Post |date=22 March 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Koldau |first1=Linda Maria |title=The Titanic on Film: Myth versus Truth |date=2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9037-0 |pages=242243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZs5LJAU0l8C&pg=PA242 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book|last=Glover|first=Raymond F.|title=The Hymnal 1982 Companion|year=1994|publisher=Church Hymnal Co.|location=New York|isbn=978-0898691436|page=608}}
*{{cite book|last=Osbeck|first=Kenneth W.|title=101 More Hymn Stories|year=1985|publisher=[[Kregel Publications]]|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|isbn=978-0825434204|url=https://archive.org/details/101morehymnstori0000osbe/}}

==External links==
{{wikisource}}
*{{commons category-inline}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111105193859/http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/e/t/e/eternalf.htm "Eternal Father, Strong to Save" at CyberHymnal]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051130203457/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/questions/eternal.html US Navy FAQ on the Navy Hymn]

{{US Navy navbox}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Eternal Father, Strong To Save}}
[[Category:1860 songs]]
[[Category:Patriotic hymns]]
[[Category:British patriotic songs]]
[[Category:English Christian hymns]]
[[Category:Royal Navy traditions]]
[[Category:American patriotic songs]]
[[Category:United States Navy traditions]]
[[Category:19th-century hymns]]
[[Category:Hymns in The New English Hymnal]]