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{{Short description|German-American historian (1895–1963)}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz
| image = Ernst Kantorowicz 1921.jpg
| caption = Ernst Kantorowicz in 1921
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date|1895|5|3}}
| birth_place = [[Poznań|Posen]], German Empire
| death_date = {{death date and age|1963|9|9|1895|5|3}}
| death_place = [[Princeton, New Jersey]], United States
| nationality = German, American
| occupation = Historian
| alma_mater = [[University of Heidelberg]]
| school_tradition = [[George-Kreis|George circle]] (before 1933)
| doctoral_advisor = [[Eberhard Gothein]]
| influences = 
| workplaces = [[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt]]<br />[[University of California, Berkeley]]<br />[[Institute for Advanced Study]]
| main_interests = [[Medieval history]]<br />[[Political theology]]
| notable_works = ''[[Frederick the Second]]''<br />''[[The King's Two Bodies]]''
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* {{nowrap|[[Iron Cross|Iron Cross II. Class]] (1915)}}
* {{nowrap|[[Gallipoli Star]] (1917)}}
}}
| notable_ideas = 
| influenced = {{hlist|[[Giorgio Agamben|Agamben]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Choudhury|first=Soumyabrata|year=2011|chapter=Why the People To Come Will Not, and Must Not, Be Sovereign: Notes on a Political and Mathematical Puzzle|editor-last=Bradley|editor-first=Arthur|editor-last2=Fletcher|editor-first2=Paul|title=The Messianic Now: Philosophy, Religion, Culture|place=Abingdon|publisher=Routledge|page=177}}</ref>|[[Michel Foucault|Foucault]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Merquior|first=J. G.|author-link=J. G. Merquior|year=1985|title=Foucault|place=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|page=88}}</ref>|[[Franz Leopold Neumann|Neumann]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Monateri|first=Pier Giuseppe|year=2018|title=Dominus Mundi: Political Sublime and the World Order|place=Oxford|publisher=Hart|page=65}}</ref>|[[Ezra Pound|Pound]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Dasenbrock|first=Reed Way|year=1991|title=Imitating the Italians: Wyatt, Spenser, Synge, Pound, Joyce|place=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|page=250}}</ref>|[[Slavoj Žižek|Žižek]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Bratsis|first=Peter|year=2016|title=Everyday Life and the State|place=Abingdon|publisher=Routledge|page=33}}</ref>|[[R.J. Rushdoony|Rushdoony]]<ref>{{cite book|last=McVicar|first=Michael|year=2015|title=Christian Reconstruction: R.J. Rushdoony and American Religious Conservatism|place=Chapel Hill|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|page=28}}</ref>}}
| signature = 
| signature_size = 
| footnotes = 
| module           = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
 | allegiance    = {{ubl|{{flag|German Empire}}}}
 | branch        = {{ubl|[[Imperial German Army]]}}
 | serviceyears  = 1914-1918
 | rank = ''[[Military ranks of the German Empire#Non-commissioned officers / Unteroffiziere|Vizewachtmeister]]''
 | battles       = {{ubl|[[Battle of Verdun]]|[[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I|Ottoman front]]}}
}}
}}
'''Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz''' (May 3, 1895 – September 9, 1963<ref>{{harvnb|Lerner|2017|pp=376, 385}}.</ref>) was a German historian of medieval political and intellectual history and art, known for his 1927 book ''[[Frederick the Second|Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite]]'' on [[Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II]], and ''[[The King's Two Bodies]]'' (1957) on medieval and early modern ideologies of monarchy and the state.<ref>Norman F. Cantor, ''Inventing the Middle Ages,'' (1991) pp. 79-117.</ref> He was an elected member of both the [[American Philosophical Society]] and the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Ernst+Kantorowicz&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/ernst-hartwig-kantorowicz |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref>

==Life==

===Early life and education===
Kantorowicz was born in [[Poznań|Posen]] (then part of [[Prussia]]) to a wealthy, assimilated German-Jewish family, and as a young man was groomed to take over his family's prosperous liquor distillery business.<ref name=":1" /> He was also the cousin of author and Muslim homosexual activist [[Hugo Marcus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Niculescu |first=Mira |date=2022 |title=Marc David Baer, German, Jew, Muslim, Gay. The Life and Times of Hugo Marcus: New York, Columbia University Press, 2020, 320 p. |url=https://journals.openedition.org/assr/68266 |journal=Archives de sciences sociales des religions |volume=200 |pages=168–169 |doi=10.4000/assr.68266 |issn=0335-5985}}</ref> 

Kantorowicz served as an officer in the [[German Imperial Army|German Army]] for four years in [[World War I]]. According to his biographer [[Robert E. Lerner]], Kantorowicz served in a field artillery regiment and fought at [[Verdun|Battle of Verdun]], where he was wounded. He was awarded the [[Iron Cross|Iron Cross, second class]] in 1915. He was later sent to the [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I|Ottoman front]] as a translator and liaison for [[Otto Liman von Sanders|Otto Liman von Sanders]], commander of the [[Fifth Army (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Fifth Army]]. In 1917, he was awarded the [[Iron Crescent]], the "Ottoman counterpart of the Iron Cross." According to his friend [[Maurice Bowra]] and cousin-in-law [[Arthur Salz]], Kantorowicz was later dismissed by von Sanders after having an affair with his mistress, and returned to Germany in May of 1918. <ref>{{harvnb|Lerner|2017|p=30}}</ref>

After the war, he matriculated at the [[University of Berlin]] to study economics, at one point also joining a [[Freikorps|right-wing militia]] that fought against Polish forces in the [[Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919)]] and helped put down the [[Spartacist uprising]] in Berlin.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|author=Friedländer, Saul|title=Den Holocaust beschreiben|year=2007|language=de|page=78|publisher=Wallstein Verlag |isbn=9783835301856}}</ref> The following year, he transferred briefly to the [[University of Munich]], where once again he was involved in armed clashes between leftists and pro-government militias, but soon thereafter settled on the [[University of Heidelberg]] where he continued to enroll in economics courses while developing a broader interest in Arabic, Islamic Studies, history, and geography.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lerner|first=Robert E.|author-link=Robert E. Lerner|title=Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life|year=2017|page=59|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt21c4v3z|jstor=j.ctt21c4v3z|isbn=9781400882922|oclc=1080549540}}</ref>

While in Heidelberg, Kantorowicz became involved with the so-called ''[[George-Kreis]]'' or George circle, a group of artists and intellectuals devoted to the German symbolist poet and aesthete [[Stefan George]], believing that George's poetry and philosophy would become the foundation of a great revival of the nationalist spirit in post-war Germany.<ref>{{cite book|author=Goldsmith, Ulrich|title=Stefan George: A Study of his Early Work|year=1959|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York}}</ref> In 1921, Kantorowicz was awarded a doctorate supervised by [[Eberhard Gothein]] based on a slim dissertation on "artisan associations" in the Muslim world.<ref>{{harvnb|Lerner|2017|p=62}}.</ref>

===Frankfurt===
Despite the furor over the Frederick book, and not having written a formal ''[[Habilitation]]sschrift'' (second thesis to qualify for a professorial appointment), Kantorowicz received an (honorary) professorship at the [[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt]] in 1930, though he remained in Berlin until 1931.<ref>{{harvnb|Lerner|2017|p=146}}.</ref> By December 1933, however, Kantorowicz had to cease giving lectures due to increasing pressure on Jewish academics under the new Nazi regime, though he gave a subversive "reinaugural" lecture titled "The Secret Germany"—a motto of the ''George-Kreis''—setting out his position in light of the new political situation on November 14 of that year.<ref>{{harvnb|Lerner|2017|p=168}}.</ref> After taking several leaves of absence, he was finally granted an early retirement with a pension in 1935.<ref>{{harvnb|Lerner|2017|p=187}}.</ref> He remained in Germany until departing for the United States in 1938, when after the [[Kristallnacht]] riots it became clear that the situation for even assimilated Jews such as himself was no longer tenable.<ref>{{harvnb|Lerner|2017|p=201}}.</ref>

===From Berkeley to Princeton===
Kantorowicz accepted a lectureship at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1939.<ref>{{harvnb|Lerner|2017|p=221}}.</ref> After several years, Kantorowicz was finally able to secure a permanent professorship, but in 1950, he famously resigned in protest when the UC Regents demanded that all continuing faculty sign a [[Levering Act|loyalty oath disavowing affiliation with any politically subversive movements]]. Kantorowicz insisted he was no leftist and pointed to his role in an anti-communist militia as a young university student, but nonetheless objected on principle to an instrument which he viewed as a blatant infringement on academic freedom and freedom of conscience more generally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lib.berkeley.edu/uchistory/archives_exhibits/loyaltyoath/symposium/kantorowicz.html|author=Ernst H. Kantorowicz|title=The Fundamental Issue: Documents and Marginal Notes on the University of California Loyalty Oath|place=San Francisco|publisher=Parker Printing Co.|year=1950|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527152508/https://www.lib.berkeley.edu/uchistory/archives_exhibits/loyaltyoath/symposium/kantorowicz.html|archive-date=2023-05-27}}</ref>

During the controversy in Berkeley, two eminent German émigré medievalists working in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], Theodore Mommsen (grandson of the great [[Theodor Mommsen|classical historian]]) and the art historian [[Erwin Panofsky]], persuaded [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], director of the prestigious [[Institute for Advanced Study]], to appoint Kantorowicz to the Institute's faculty of Historical Studies.<ref>{{harvnb|Lerner|2017|p=330}}.</ref> Kantorowicz accepted the offer in January 1951 and moved to Princeton, where he remained for the rest of his career.<ref>{{harvnb|Lerner|2017|p=333}}.</ref>

== Works ==

===''Frederick the Second''===
{{main|Frederick the Second}}
Although his degree was in Islamic economic history, Kantorowicz's interests soon turned to the European Middle Ages and to ideas about kingship in particular. His association with the elitist and culturally conservative ''George-Kreis'' inspired Kantorowicz to undertake writing [[Frederick the Second|a sweeping and highly unorthodox biography]] of the great Holy Roman emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], published in German in 1927 and English in 1931.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ernst Kantorowicz: man of two bodies - Book Review - Biography |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/ernst-kantorowicz-life/ |access-date=2021-07-02 |website=TLS |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Kantorowicz, Ernst. [https://archive.org/stream/fredericktheseco000027mbp#page/n7/mode/2up ''Frederick the Second, 1194–1250,''] Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1957.</ref> Instead of offering a more typical survey of laws, institutions, and important political and military achievements of Frederick's reign, the book struck a distinctly panegyrical tone, portraying Frederick as a tragic hero and an idealized "Roman German".<ref>{{cite book |last=Abulafia |first=David |title=Ernst Kantorowicz |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |year=1997 |isbn=978-3515069595 |editor-last=Benson |editor-first=Robert L. |place=Stuttgart |pages=125 |chapter=Kantorowicz, Frederick II and England |editor-last2=Fried |editor-first2=Johannes}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lerner|2017|pp=105, 115}}.</ref>

It included no footnotes and seemed to elide historical events with more fanciful legends and propagandistic literary depictions. The work elicited a combination of bewilderment and criticism from the mainstream historical academy. Reviewers complained that it was literary myth-making and not a work of serious historical scholarship. As a result, Kantorowicz published a hefty companion volume (''Ergänzungsband'') in 1931 which contained detailed historical documentation for the biography.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leyser |first=Conrad |title=The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0691169231 |place=Princeton, NJ |pages=x–xi |chapter=Introduction to the Princeton Classics Edition}}</ref>

===''The King's Two Bodies''===
{{main|The King's Two Bodies}}

In 1957, Kantorowicz published his masterpiece, ''[[The King's Two Bodies]]'', which explored, in the words of the volume's subtitle, "medieval [[political theology]]". The book traced the ways in which theologians, historians, and canon lawyers in the Middle Ages and early modern period understood "the king" as both a mortal individual and an institution which transcends time.<ref>{{harvnb|Leyser|2016|pp=xix–xx}}.</ref> Drawing on a diverse array of textual and visual sources, including [[Shakespeare]] and [[Dante]],<ref>{{harvnb|Lerner|2017|pp=355, 350, 352}}.</ref> ''The King's Two Bodies'' made a major contribution to the way historians and political scientists came to understand the evolution of ideas about authority and charisma vested in a single individual versus transpersonal conceptions of the realm or the state in pre-modern Europe.<ref>{{harvnb|Leyser|2016|pp=ix–x}}.</ref> The book remains a classic in the field.<ref>{{harvnb|Lerner|2017|p=357}}.</ref>

==== Lineage in Kantorowicz's work ====
Scholars in recent years have traced the origins of the ''King's Two Bodies'' to Kantorowicz's specific time and place in 1920s and 1930s Germany, and driven in part by his wish to respond to contemporaneous theories about the theological origins of modern sovereignty.

Likely due to the polarizing reception of Kantorowicz's first book about the life of [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]<ref>Translated to English as ''Frederick the Second: 1194–1250.''</ref> (''[[Frederick the Second|Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite]]'') due to its lack of footnotes, Kantorowicz did rigorous research for ''The King's Two Bodies'' and cites heavily throughout the book.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kahn |first1=Victoria |date=Spring 2009 |title=Political Theology and Fiction in The King's Two Bodies |journal=[[Representations]] |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=77–101 |doi=10.1525/rep.2009.106.1.77 |jstor=10.1525/rep.2009.106.1.77}}</ref> In ''Frederick II,'' the ruler was shown to be the founder of the secular state, at that point a new type of political entity that expressed the wishes of a lay culture that had been spreading for a century in Europe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Monod |first=Paul |date=1 August 2005 |title=''Reading the Two Bodies of Ernst Kantorowicz'' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/007587405781998534 |journal=Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=105–123 |doi=10.3167/007587405781998534 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-13 |issn=0075-8744|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Scholars draw a direct lineage of intellectual ambitions from the early to late Kantorowicz.

In ''Frederick II'' ideas about the relation between the monarch and the state are proposed but only fulfilled in the Tudor legal doctrine Kantorowicz elaborates and interprets in ''The King's Two Bodies'': that "a successful secular state" finds its basis in "an all-encompassing body politic housed in the monarch’s body." Kantorowicz also believed that the doctrines advocated by these jurists-cum-theologians were ultimately fictitious yet emotionally satisfying. He believed that any political theory is based not on truth but non-rational psychological power.

[[William Shakespeare|William Shakespeare's]] play ''[[Richard II (play)|Richard II]]'' includes many themes relevant to the book including conceptions of the [[body politic]].

Kantorowicz was concerned with the problem of ideas from the theological or religious world being transferred to the secular, a process that he believed characterized modernity. Thus, theological ideas are made juridical; liturgical political; and the notion of Christendom becomes a "humanistic community of mankind."

==Reception==
===Cantor controversy===
Kantorowicz was the subject of a controversial biographical sketch in the book ''Inventing the Middle Ages'' (1991) by the medievalist [[Norman Cantor]]. Cantor suggested that, but for his Jewish heritage, the young Kantorowicz could be considered a Nazi in terms of his intellectual temperament and cultural values. Cantor compared Kantorowicz with another contemporary German medievalist, [[Percy Ernst Schramm]], who worked on similar topics and later joined the Nazi Party and served as the staff diarist for the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|German High Command]] during the war. In addition to highlighting Kantorowicz's elitist nationalism in the Weimar period, Cantor claimed that Kantorowicz had been under the protection of the Nazi government.<ref name="NYRBletter" /><ref name="LipkinKantorowicz" />

Kantorowicz's defenders, including his student Robert L. Benson,<ref name="NYRBletter">[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1992/aug/13/defending-kantorowicz/ ''"Defending Kantorowicz,"''] Letter to the ''New York Review of Books'' by Robert L. Benson, Ralph E. Giesey and Margaret Sevcenko and response by Robert Bartlett, Aug. 13, 1992.</ref> responded that although as a younger man Kantorowicz embraced the Romantic ultranationalism of the ''George-Kreis'', he had only contempt for Nazism and was a vocal critic of Hitler's regime, both before and after the war.<ref name="LipkinKantorowicz">{{cite news|author=Lipkin, Michael|title=When Emperors Are No More|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2016/06/15/when-emperors-are-no-more/|access-date=20 December 2019|magazine=[[The Paris Review]]|date=15 June 2016}}</ref> Other historians who have criticized Kantorowicz in other respects have also since rejected Cantor's arguments, including [[David Abulafia]] and [[Robert E. Lerner]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Abulafia|first=David|year=1997|chapter=Kantorowicz, Frederick II and England|editor-last=Benson|editor-first=Robert L.|editor-last2=Fried|editor-first2=Johannes|title=Ernst Kantorowicz|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|place=Stuttgart|pages=125–26|isbn=978-3515069595}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lerner|2017|p=185}}.</ref> Conrad Leyser, summarizing the controversy in his 2016 introduction to ''The King's Two Bodies'', describes Cantor's account as a "tissue of falsehoods and half-truths", but also a predictable reaction to Kantorowicz's own suppression of his German past.<ref>{{harvnb|Leyser|2016|p=xiv}}.</ref> Michael Lipkin, also in 2016, concluded that Cantor was right to note the right-wing politics of ''Frederick the Second'' in particular, but he "cripples his argument by massaging his story".<ref name="LipkinKantorowicz" />

==Bibliography==
*''Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite,'' Georg Bondi, 1927. 
*''Das Geheime Deutschland,'' Vorlesung, 1933.

===Works in English ===
*''Frederick II.: 1194–1250'' (1931) ([https://archive.org/stream/fredericktheseco000027mbp#page/n5 online] at [[Archive.org]]) 
*"A Norman Finale of the Exultet and the Rite of Sarum", ''The Harvard Theological Review'', '''34''' (2), (1941). {{doi|10.1017/S0017816000031485}}. {{JSTOR|1508128}}. {{ISSN|0017-8160}}.
*"Plato in the Middle Ages", ''The Philosophical Review'', '''51''' (3), (1942). {{doi|10.2307/2180909}}. {{JSTOR|2180909}}.
*''Laudes Regiae: A Study in Liturgical Acclamations and Mediaeval Ruler Worship'', University of California Press, (1946). {{doi|10.1086/ahr/51.4.702}}.
*"The Quinity of Winchester", ''Art Bulletin'', Vol. XXIV, (1947). {{doi|10.2307/3047110}}. {{JSTOR|3047110}}.
*''The Fundamental Issue: Documents and Marginal Notes on the University of California Loyalty Oath'', Parker Print. Co., 1950. {{OCLC|1182841}}.
*"Dante's 'Two Suns'", in ''Semitic and Oriental Studies,'' 1951.
*"Pro Patria Mori in Medieval Political Thought", ''The American Historical Review'', '''56''' (3), (1951). {{doi|10.2307/1848433}}. {{JSTOR|1848433}}.
*''"''Inalienability: A Note on Canonical Practice and the English Coronation Oath in the Thirteenth Century", ''Speculum'', Vol. XXIX, 1954. {{JSTOR|2846791}}.
*"Mysteries of State: An Absolutist Concept and its Late Medieval Origins", ''Harvard Theological Review'', Vol. XLVIII, 1955. {{doi|10.2307/2846791}}. {{JSTOR|1508452}}.
*''The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology'', Princeton University Press, (1957). {{doi|10.2307/j.ctvcszz1c}}. {{ISBN|0691017042}}. {{JSTOR|j.ctvcszz1c}}.
*[https://archive.org/stream/fredericktheseco000027mbp#page/n7/mode/2up ''Frederick the Second, 1194–1250''], Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1957. {{ISBN|1548217115}}.
*"The Prologue to Fleta and the School of Petrus de Vinea," ''Speculum'', '''32''' (2), 1957. {{doi|10.2307/2849115}}. {{JSTOR|2849115}}.
*"On the Golden Marriage Belt and the Marriage Rings of the Dumbarton Oaks Collection", ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'', '''14''', 1960. {{doi|10.2307/1291142}}. {{JSTOR|1291142}}.
*''"The Archer in the Ruthwell Cross"'', ''The Art Bulletin'', '''42''' (1), 1960. {{doi|10.2307/3047875}}. {{JSTOR|3047875}}.
*"Gods in Uniform", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', Vol. CV, 1961. {{OCLC|84680316}}. {{JSTOR|985496}}.
*''"Puer Exoriens: On the Hypapante in the Mosaics of S. Maria Maggiore,"'' Perennitas, 1963.
*''Selected Studies'', J.J. Augustin, 1965. {{OCLC|1600443}}.

==See also==
*[[Harold F. Cherniss]], historian of ancient philosophy, friend and colleague of Kantorowicz, helped him secure a position at the Institute at Advanced Study after the 'loyalty oath' affair at Berkeley
*[[Kahler-Kreis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Abulafia, David. "Kantorowicz and Frederick II." ''History'' '''62'''(205) (1977): 193–210. {{JSTOR|24411237}}.
*Boureau, Alain. ''Kantorowicz: Stories of a Historian'' The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|9780801866234}}.
*Cantor, Norman F. (1st) ''Inventing the Middle Ages'', 1991. pp 79–117. negative view of Kantorowicz. {{ISBN|0688123023}}.
*[[Andreas Daum|Daum, Andreas]], [[Hartmut Lehmann]], [[James J. Sheehan|James Sheehan]] (eds.), ''The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide''. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, {{ISBN|978-1-78238-985-9}}.
*Franke, Norman, "‘Divina Commedia teutsch’? Ernst H. Kantorowicz: Der Historiker als Politiker." In: ''Historische Zeitschrift'' (291, 2/2010), pp. 297–330 (German)
*Franke, Norman, ’Honour and Shame’. Karl Wolfskehl and the v. Stauffenberg Brothers: Political Eschatology in Stefan George's Circle. In: Simms, Norman (ed.): ''Letters and Texts of Jewish History''. Hamilton 1998, pp.&nbsp;89–120
*Free, John B. "Ernst Kantorowicz. An Accounting", ''Central European History'', '''32'''(2), (1999). {{JSTOR|4546870}}.
*Landauer, Carl. "Ernst Kantorowicz and the Sacralization of the Past", ''Central European History'', Vol. 27(1), (1994). {{JSTOR|4546389}}.
*Lerner, Robert. ''Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life''. Princeton University Press, 2016. {{ISBN|069117282X}}.
**''Medieval Scholarship Biographical Studies on the Formation of a Discipline: History'', Vol. I, ed. Helen Damico & Joseph B Zavadil, 1995; biographical essays for ''"Ernst H. Kantorowicz"'' by Robert E. Lerner and ''"Percy Ernst Schramm"'' by Janos Bak, both of whom respond to allegations in Cantor's book. {{ISBN|9780824068943}}.
*Peters, Edward. "More Trouble With Henry: The Historiography of Medieval Germany in the Angloliterate World, 1888–1995." ''Central European History'' 28, no. 1 (1995): 47–72. {{doi|10.1017/S0008938900011249}}. {{ISSN|0008-9389}}.
*Rust, Jennifer R. "Political Theologies of the ''Corpus Mysticum'': Schmitt, Kantorowicz, and de Lubac" (on ''The King's Two Bodies'') in ''Political Theology and Early Modernity'' (University of Chicago Press, 2012): 102–123. {{doi|10.7208/chicago/9780226314990.001.0001}}. {{ISBN|9780226314976}}.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204234851/http://www.historicum.net/themen/klassiker-der-geschichtswissenschaft/20-jahrhundert/art/Kantorowicz_Er/html/artikel/2245/ca/2d2877a002/ Short biography and quotes from Ernst Kantorowicz]
*[http://findingaids.cjh.org/?pID=256596 Guide to the Ernst Kantorowicz Collection] at the [[Leo Baeck Institute, New York]].

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kantorowicz, Ernst}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Poznań]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Posen]]
[[Category:20th-century American historians]]
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[[Category:20th-century Freikorps personnel]]
[[Category:German conservatives in the German Resistance]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States]]
[[Category:German Jewish military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Jewish historians]]
[[Category:German medievalists]]
[[Category:Institute for Advanced Study faculty]]
[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni]]
[[Category:Heidelberg University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Heidelberg University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Goethe University Frankfurt]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:American medievalists]]
[[Category:German art historians]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America]]
[[Category:Historians from California]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]