View source for English-language spelling reform

{{Short description|Proposed reforms to English spelling to be more phonetic}}

For centuries, there have been movements to [[spelling reform|reform the spelling]] of the [[English language]]. Such spelling reform seeks to change [[English orthography]] so that it is more consistent, matches pronunciation better, and follows the [[alphabetic principle]].<ref>{{cite book|author=David Wolman|title=Righting the Mother Tongue: From Olde English to Email, the Tangled Story of English Spelling|publisher=HarperCollins|date=2009}}</ref> Common motives for spelling reform include making learning quicker, making learning cheaper, and making English more useful as an [[international auxiliary language]].

Reform proposals vary in terms of the depth of the linguistic changes and by their implementations. In terms of writing systems, most [[#Spelling reform proposals|spelling reform proposals]] are moderate; they use the traditional [[English alphabet]], try to maintain the familiar shapes of words, and try to maintain common conventions (such as [[silent e]]).  More radical proposals involve adding or removing letters or symbols or even creating new alphabets.  Some reformers prefer a gradual change implemented in stages, while others favor an immediate and total reform for all.

Some spelling reform proposals have been adopted partially or temporarily. Many of the spellings preferred by [[Noah Webster]] have become standard in the United States, but have not been adopted elsewhere (see [[American and British English spelling differences]]).

==History==
Modern English spelling developed from about 1350 onwards, when—after three centuries of [[Norman conquest of England|Norman French rule]]—English gradually became the official language of England again, although very different from before 1066, having incorporated many words of French origin (channel, tenor, royal, etc.). Early writers of this new English, such as [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], gave it a fairly consistent spelling system, but this was soon diluted by [[Court of Chancery#Chancery's role in development of Standard English|Chancery clerks]] who re-spelled words based on French orthography.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Upward | first1=C. | last2=Davidson | first2=G. | title=The History of English Spelling | publisher=Wiley | series=The Language Library | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-4443-4297-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNfebt79zdwC&pg=PT103 | access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> English spelling consistency was further reduced when [[William Caxton]] brought the [[printing press]] to London in 1476. Having lived in mainland Europe for the preceding 30 years, his grasp of the English spelling system had become uncertain. The Belgian assistants whom he brought to help him set up his business had an even poorer command of it.<ref>{{cite book | last=Brown | first=A. | title=Understanding and Teaching English Spelling: A Strategic Guide | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=ESL & Applied Linguistics Professional Series | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-351-62186-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEBvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT80 | access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>

As printing developed, printers began to develop individual preferences or "[[Style guide|house style]]s".<ref name=handbook>{{cite book|author=Henry Gallup Paine|url=https://archive.org/details/handbooksimplif00boargoog|title=Handbook of Simplified Spelling|publisher=[[Simplified Spelling Board]]|location=New York|date=1920}}</ref>{{rp|3}} Furthermore, typesetters were paid by the line and were fond of making words longer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Eran|title=The Challenge of Spelling in English|journal=English Teaching Forum|volume=46|number=3|pages=2–11, 21|year=2008}}</ref> However, the biggest change in English spelling consistency occurred between 1525, when William Tyndale first translated the New Testament, and 1539, when [[King Henry VIII]] legalized the printing of [[English Bibles]] in England. The many editions of these Bibles were all printed outside England by people who spoke little or no English. They often changed spellings to match their [[Dutch language|Dutch]] orthography. Examples include the silent ''h'' in ''ghost'' (to match Dutch {{lang|nl|gheest}}, which later became {{lang|nl|geest}}), ''aghast'', ''ghastly'' and ''gherkin''. The silent ''h'' in other words—such as {{lang|enm|ghospel}}, {{lang|enm|ghossip}} and {{lang|enm|ghizzard}}—was later removed.<ref name=handbook/>{{rp|4}}

There have been two periods when spelling reform of the English language has attracted particular interest.

===16th and 17th centuries===
The first of these periods was from the mid-16th to the mid-17th centuries, when a number of publications outlining proposals for reform were published. These proposals ranged from expansive systems of respelling (e.g. John Hart's) to essays calling for nonspecific change (e.g. Sir Thomas Smith's). Some of them are detailed below:
* {{lang|la|De recta et emendata linguæ angliæ scriptione}} (''On the Rectified and Amended Written English Language'')<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Smith|title=De recta & emendata lingvæ Anglicæ scriptione, dialogus: Thoma Smitho equestris ordinis Anglo authore|trans-title=Correct and Improved English Writing, a Dialog: Thomas Smith, knight, English author|location=Paris|publisher=Ex officina Roberti Stephani typographi regij [from the office of Robert Stephan, the King's Printer]|year=1568|oclc=20472303}}</ref> in 1568 by [[Thomas Smith (diplomat)|Sir Thomas Smith]], secretary of state to Edward VI and Elizabeth I.
* ''{{lang|en-emodeng|An Orthographie}}'' in 1569 by [[John Hart (spelling reformer)|John Hart]], [[Chester Herald]].
* ''{{lang|en-emodeng|Booke at Large for the Amendment of English Orthographie}}'' in 1580 by [[William Bullokar]].
* ''{{lang|la|Logonomia Anglica}}'' in 1621 by [[Alexander Gill the Elder|Alexander Gill]], headmaster of [[St Paul's School (London)|St Paul's School]] in London.
* ''{{lang|en-emodeng|English Grammar}}'' in 1634 by [[Charles Butler (beekeeper)|Charles Butler]], vicar of [[Wootton St Lawrence]].<ref name=wijk/>{{rp|17–18}}

These proposals generally did not attract serious consideration because they were too radical or were based on an insufficient understanding of the phonology of English.<ref name=wijk/>{{rp|18}} However, more conservative proposals were more successful. [[James Howell]] in his ''Grammar'' of 1662 recommended minor changes to spelling, such as changing ''{{lang|en-emodeng|logique}}'' to ''logic'', ''{{lang|en-emodeng|warre}}'' to ''war'', ''{{lang|en-emodeng|sinne}}'' to ''sin'', ''{{lang|en-emodeng|toune}}'' to ''town'' and ''{{lang|en-emodeng|tru}}'' to ''true''.<ref name=wijk/>{{rp|18}} Many of these spellings are now in general use.

From the 16th century AD onward, English writers who were scholars of [[Ancient Greek literature|Greek]] and [[Latin literature]] tried to link English words to their Graeco-Latin counterparts. They did this by adding silent letters to make the real or imagined links more obvious. Thus ''{{lang|en-emodeng|det}}'' became ''debt'' (to link it to Latin {{lang|la|debitum}}), ''{{lang|en-emodeng|dout}}'' became ''doubt'' (to link it to Latin {{lang|la|dubitare}}), ''{{lang|en-emodeng|sissors}}'' became ''scissors'' and ''{{lang|en-emodeng|sithe}}'' became ''scythe'' (as they were wrongly thought to come from Latin {{lang|la|scindere}}), ''{{lang|en-emodeng|iland}}'' became ''island'' (as it was wrongly thought to come from Latin {{lang|la|insula}}), ''{{lang|en-emodeng|ake}}'' became ''ache'' (as it was wrongly thought to come from Greek {{transliteration|grc|akhos}}), and so forth.<ref name=handbook/>{{rp|5–7}}<ref name="etymonline">{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2011-10-23 |archive-date=2015-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205085150/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[William Shakespeare]] satirized the disparity between English spelling and pronunciation. In his play ''[[Love's Labour's Lost]]'', the character Holofernes is "a [[pedant]]" who insists that pronunciation should change to match spelling, rather than simply changing spelling to match pronunciation. For example, Holofernes insists that everyone should pronounce the unhistorical ''B'' in words like ''doubt'' and ''debt''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Horobin|first=Simon|title=Does Spelling Matter?|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2013|pages=113–114}}</ref>

===19th century===
{{multiple image
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| image1            = 1879 SpellingReform Bulletin Boston.png
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| caption1          = An 1879 bulletin by the US Spelling Reform Association, written mostly using reformed spellings (click to enlarge)
| image2            = 1880 SpellingReform Bulletin Boston.png
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| caption2          = An 1880 bulletin, written wholly in reformed spelling (click to enlarge)
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}}
The second period started in the 19th century and appears to coincide with the development of phonetics as a science.<ref name=wijk/>{{rp|18}} In 1806, [[Noah Webster]] published his first dictionary, [[s:A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language|''A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language'']]. It included an essay on the oddities of modern orthography and his proposals for reform. Many of the spellings he used, such as ''color'' and ''center'', would become hallmarks of [[American English]]. In 1807, Webster began compiling an expanded dictionary. It was published in 1828 as ''[[An American Dictionary of the English Language]]''. Although it drew some protest, the reformed spellings were gradually adopted throughout the United States.<ref name=handbook/>{{rp|9}}

In 1837, [[Isaac Pitman]] published his system of [[Pitman shorthand|phonetic shorthand]], while in 1848 [[Alexander John Ellis]] published ''A Plea for Phonetic Spelling''. These were proposals for a new phonetic alphabet. Although unsuccessful, they drew widespread interest.

By the 1870s, the philological societies of Great Britain and the United States chose to consider the matter. After the "International Convention for the Amendment of English Orthography" that was held in [[Philadelphia]] in August 1876, societies were founded such as the English Spelling Reform Association and American Spelling Reform Association.<ref name="wijk">{{cite book |last=Wijk |first=Axel |author-link=Axel Wijk |title=Regularized Inglish |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |year=1959 |location=Stockholm}}</ref>{{rp|20}} That year, the American Philological Society adopted a list of eleven reformed spellings for immediate use. These were ''are→ar, give→giv, have→hav, live→liv, though→tho, through→thru, guard→gard, catalogue→catalog, (in)definite→(in)definit, wished→wisht''.<ref name=handbook/>{{rp|13}}<ref name="barnsdle.demon.co.uk">{{cite web |author=Cornell Kimball |url=http://www.barnsdle.demon.co.uk/spell/histsp.html |title=History of Spelling Reform |website=Barnsdle.demon.co.uk |access-date=2010-06-19 |archive-date=2010-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626091721/http://www.barnsdle.demon.co.uk/spell/histsp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> One major American newspaper that began using reformed spellings was the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', whose editor and owner, Joseph Medill, sat on the Council of the Spelling Reform Association.<ref name="barnsdle.demon.co.uk"/> In 1883, the American Philological Society and [[American Philological Association]] worked together to produce 24 spelling reform rules, which were published that year. In 1898, the American [[National Education Association]] adopted its own list of 12 words to be used in all writings: ''tho, altho, thoro, thorofare, thru, thruout, catalog, decalog, demagog, pedagog, prolog, program''.<ref name=handbook/>{{rp|14}}

===20th century onward===
[[File:A few shots at the king's English. Theodore Roosevelt spelling reform cartoon.JPG|thumb|290px|President Theodore Roosevelt was criticized for supporting the simplified spelling campaign of [[Andrew Carnegie]] in 1906.]]

The [[Simplified Spelling Board]] was founded in the United States in 1906. The SSB's original 30 members consisted of authors, professors and dictionary editors. [[Andrew Carnegie]], a founding member, supported the SSB with yearly [[bequests]] of more than US$300,000.<ref name=wijk/>{{rp|21}} In April 1906, it published a [[Simplified Spelling Board#First 300 words|list of 300 words]],<ref>{{cite web
 |title       = Simplified Spelling Board's 300 Spellings
 |url         = http://www.childrenofthecode.org/code-history/300words.htm
 |access-date  = 12 July 2009
}}</ref> which included 157<ref>{{cite book
|last=Wheeler
|first=Benjamin
|author-link=Benjamin Ide Wheeler
|title=Simplified Spelling: A Caveat (Being the commencement address delivered on September 15, 1906, before the graduating class of Stanford University)
|date=September 15, 1906
|publisher=B.H.Blackwell
|location=London
|page=11
}}</ref> spellings that were already in common use in American English.<ref>{{cite web
 |title       = Start the campaign for simple spelling
 |url         = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0CE7DD113EE733A25752C0A9629C946797D6CF
 |work        = The New York Times
 |format      = PDF
 |date        = 1 April 1906
 |access-date  = 2009-07-12
}}</ref> In August 1906, the SSB word list was adopted by [[Theodore Roosevelt]], who ordered the Government Printing Office to start using them immediately. However, in December 1906, the U.S. Congress passed a resolution and the old spellings were reintroduced.<ref name="barnsdle.demon.co.uk"/> Nevertheless, some of the spellings survived and are commonly used in American English today, such as ''anaemia/anæmia''→''anemia'' and ''mould''→''mold''. Others such as ''mixed''→''mixt'' and ''scythe''→''sithe'' did not survive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnreilly.info/trlist.htm |title=Theodore Roosevelt's Spelling Reform Initiative: The List |publisher=Johnreilly.info |date=1906-09-04 |access-date=2010-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609185050/http://www.johnreilly.info/trlist.htm |archive-date=2010-06-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1920, the SSB published its ''[[Handbook of Simplified Spelling]]'', which set forth over 25 spelling reform rules. The handbook noted that every reformed spelling now in general use was originally the overt act of a lone writer, who was followed at first by a small minority. Thus, it encouraged people to "point the way" and "set the example" by using the reformed spellings whenever they could.<ref name=handbook/>{{rp|16}} However, with its main source of funds cut off, the SSB disbanded later that year.

In Britain, spelling reform was promoted from 1908 by the [[Simplified Spelling Society]] and attracted a number of prominent supporters. One of these was [[George Bernard Shaw]] (author of ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'') and much of his considerable [[Will (law)|will]] was left to the cause. Among members of the society, the [[Shavian alphabet|conditions of his will]] gave rise to major disagreements, which hindered the development of a single new system.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Oh, (P)shaw! |first1=Godfrey |last1=Dewey |url=http://www.spellingsociety.org/uploaded_bulletins/spb66-3-bulletin.pdf |journal=Spelling Reform Bulletin |volume=6 |issue=3 |page=7 |date=1966 }}</ref>

Between 1934 and 1975, the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', then [[Chicago]]'s biggest newspaper, used a number of reformed spellings. Over a two-month spell in 1934, it introduced 80 respelled words, including ''tho, thru, thoro, agast, burocrat, frate, harth, herse, iland, rime, staf'' and ''telegraf''. A March 1934 editorial reported that two-thirds of readers preferred the reformed spellings. Another claimed that "prejudice and competition" was preventing dictionary makers from listing such spellings. Over the next 40 years, however, the newspaper gradually phased out the respelled words. Until the 1950s, [[Funk & Wagnalls]] dictionaries listed many reformed spellings, including the SSB's 300, alongside the conventional spellings.<ref name="barnsdle.demon.co.uk"/>

In 1949, a British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour MP]], [[Mont Follick]], introduced a [[private member's bill]] in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], which failed at the second reading. In 1953, he again had the opportunity, and this time it passed the second reading by 65 votes to 53.<ref>
{{cite web|title=The 50th anniversary of the Simplified Spelling Bill|author=Alan Campbell|url=http://www.englishspellingsociety.org/news/media/bill.php|access-date=2011-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418092327/http://www.englishspellingsociety.org/news/media/bill.php|archive-date=2011-04-18|url-status=dead}}
</ref> Because of anticipated opposition from the [[House of Lords]], the bill was withdrawn after assurances from the minister of education that research would be undertaken into improving spelling education. In 1961, this led to [[James Pitman]]'s [[Initial Teaching Alphabet]], introduced into many British schools in an attempt to improve child literacy.<ref>
{{cite journal|title=The Initial Teaching Alphabet: Proven Efficiency and Future Prospects|author=Ronald A Threadgall|url=http://www.englishspellingsociety.org/journals/j7/itaproven.php|access-date=2011-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519220136/http://www.englishspellingsociety.org/journals/j7/itaproven.php|archive-date=2011-05-19|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society|date=1988|pages=18–19}}
</ref> Although it succeeded in its own terms, the advantages were lost when children transferred to conventional spelling. After several decades, the experiment was discontinued.

In his 1969 book ''Spelling Reform: A New Approach'', the Australian linguist [[Harry Lindgren]] proposed a step-by-step reform. The first, ''[[SR1|Spelling Reform step 1]]'' (SR1), called for the short {{IPA|/ɛ/}} sound (as in ''bet'') to always be spelled with &lt;e&gt; (for example ''friend→frend, head→hed''). This reform had some popularity in Australia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sampson|first=Geoffrey|title=Writing Systems|publisher=Stanford University Press|date=1990|page=197}}</ref>

In 2013, [[University of Oxford]] Professor of English [[Simon Horobin]] proposed that variety in spelling be acceptable. For example, he believes that it does not matter whether words such as "accommodate" and "tomorrow" are spelled with double letters.<ref name="www.thestar.com">{{Cite web | last = Taylor | first = Lesley Ciarula | title = Does proper spelling still matter? | url = https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/05/30/does_proper_spelling_matter.html | work = Toronto Star | date = 30 May 2013 | access-date = 3 June 2013 }}</ref> This proposal does not fit within the definition of spelling reform used by, for example, ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Dictionary]]''.<ref>"an attempt to change the spelling of English words to make it conform more closely to pronunciation." [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/spelling+reform Spelling reform at dictionary.reference.com]. Merriam-Webster dictionary has a similar definition.</ref>

== Arguments for reform ==
Proponents of spelling reform such as the [[English Spelling Society]] argue that it would make English easier to learn to read, to spell, and to pronounce, as well as making it more useful for international communication and reducing educational costs (by reducing remediation costs and literacy teachers and programs), therefore enabling teachers and learners to spend more time on more important subjects or expanding subjects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Position |url=https://www.spellingsociety.org/position |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.spellingsociety.org}}</ref>

Another argument is the sheer amount of resources that are wasted using the current spelling. For example, the [[Cut Spelling]] system of spelling reform uses up to 15% fewer letters than current spelling.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Al-Othman |first=Nawal |date=2003-09-03 |title=Meeting the Challenges to Teaching the Spelling System of English: Voices from the Field in Kuwait |journal=Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences |volume=04 |issue=3 |pages=4–33 |doi=10.12785/jeps/040308 |issn=1726-5231|doi-access=free }}</ref> Books written with cut spelling could be printed on fewer pages, conserving resources such as paper and ink, a principle which extends to all forms and mediums of writing.

English spelling reforms have taken place already, just slowly and largely unorganized.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 April 1906 |title=Start the campaign for simple spelling |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0CE7DD113EE733A25752C0A9629C946797D6CF |access-date=2009-07-12 |work=The New York Times |format=PDF |quote=[c]hange ... has been almost continuous in the history of English spelling.}}</ref> Many words that were once spelled un-phonetically have since been reformed. For example, ''music'' was spelled ''[[wikt:musick|musick]]'' until the 1880s, and ''fantasy'' was spelled ''[[wikt:phantasy|phantasy]]'' until the 1920s.<ref>{{cite web |title=English Language:Orthography |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/188048/English-language/74808/Orthography |access-date=3 July 2009 }}</ref> Almost all words with the ''-or'' ending (such as ''error'') or the ''-er'' ending (such as ''member'') were once spelled ''-our'' (''[[wikt:errour|errour]]'') and ''-re'' (''[[wikt:membre|membre]]'') respectively, though this change did not happen as completely in [[American and British English spelling differences|British spelling]] as it did in American spelling.

Since [[Samuel Johnson]] prescribed how words [[Linguistic prescription|ought to be]] spelled in his 1755 dictionary, hundreds of thousands of words (as extrapolated from Masha Bell's research on 7000 common words){{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} have shifted so that their spelling does not reflect their pronunciation, and the [[alphabetic principle]] in English has gradually been corrupted, since English spelling has not changed with these changes in pronunciation.

Reduced spelling is currently practiced on informal internet platforms and is common in text messaging.

The way vowel letters are used in English spelling vastly contradicts their usual meanings. For example, ⟨o⟩, expected to represent [əʊ] or [oʊ], may stand for [ʌ], while ⟨u⟩, expected to represent [ʌ], may represent [juː]. This makes English spelling even less intuitive for foreign learners than it is for native speakers, which is of importance for [[International English|an international auxiliary language]].

=== Ambiguity ===
Unlike [[Spelling reform#Other languages|many other languages]], English spelling has never been systematically updated and thus today only partly holds to the alphabetic principle.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} As an outcome, English spelling is a system of weak rules with many [[English orthography#Spelling irregularities|exceptions and ambiguities]].

Most [[phoneme]]s in English can be spelled in more than one way. E.g. the words f{{uu|ea}}r and p{{uu|ee}}r contain the same sound in different spellings. Likewise, many [[grapheme]]s in English have multiple pronunciations and decodings, such as ''[[ough (orthography)|ough]]'' in words like ''thr{{uu|ough}}'', ''th{{uu|ough}}'', ''th{{uu|ough}}t'', ''thor{{uu|ough}}'', ''t{{uu|ough}}'', ''tr{{uu|ough}}'', and ''pl{{uu|ough}}''. There are 13 ways of spelling the [[schwa]] (the most common of all phonemes in English), 12 ways to spell {{IPA|/ei/}} and 11 ways to spell {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. These kinds of incoherences can be found throughout the English lexicon and they even vary between dialects. Masha Bell has analyzed 7000 common words and found that about 1/2 cause spelling and pronunciation difficulties and about 1/3 cause decoding difficulties.

Such ambiguity is particularly problematic in the case of [[Heteronym (linguistics)|heteronyms]] ([[homograph]]s with different pronunciations that vary with meaning), such as ''bow'', ''desert'', ''live'', ''read'', ''tear'', ''wind'', and ''wound''. In reading such words one must consider the context in which they are used, and this increases the difficulty of learning to read and pronounce English.

A closer relationship between phonemes and spellings would eliminate many exceptions and ambiguities, making the language easier and faster to master.<ref>[[Orthographies and dyslexia#cite note-:4-20]]</ref>

===Undoing the changes===
[[File:Shakespeare grave -Stratford-upon-Avon -3June2007.jpg|thumb|right|The [[epitaph]] on the grave of [[William Shakespeare]] spells ''friend'' as ''frend''.]]
Some proposed simplified spellings already exist as standard or variant spellings in old literature. As noted earlier, in the 16th century, some scholars of [[Ancient Greek literature|Greek]] and [[Latin literature]] tried to make English words look more like their Graeco-Latin counterparts, at times even erroneously. They did this by adding silent letters, so ''det'' became ''debt'', ''dout'' became ''doubt'', ''sithe'' became ''scythe'', ''iland'' became ''island'', ''ake'' became ''ache'', and so on.<ref name=handbook/>{{rp|5}}<ref name="etymonline"/> Some spelling reformers propose undoing these changes. Other examples of older spellings that are more phonetic include ''frend'' for ''friend'' (as on Shakespeare's grave), ''[[wikt:agenst|agenst]]'' for ''against'', ''[[wikt:yeeld|yeeld]]'' for ''yield'', ''bild'' for ''build'', ''[[wikt:cort|cort]]'' for ''court'', ''[[wikt:sted|sted]]'' for ''stead'', ''[[wikt:delight|delite]]'' for ''delight'', ''[[wikt:entise|entise]]'' for ''entice'', ''[[wikt:gost|gost]]'' for ''ghost'', ''[[wikt:harth|harth]]'' for ''hearth'', ''[[wikt:rime|rime]]'' for ''rhyme'', ''[[wikt:sum#Old English|sum]]'' for ''some'', ''[[wikt:tung|tung]]'' for ''tongue'', and many others. It was also once common to use ''-t'' for the ending ''-ed'' in every case where it is pronounced as such (for example ''[[wikt:dropt|dropt]]'' for ''dropped''). Some of the English language's most celebrated writers and poets have used these spellings and others proposed by today's spelling reformers. [[Edmund Spenser]], for example, used spellings such as [[wikt:rize|''rize, wize'' and ''advize'']] in his famous poem ''[[The Faerie Queene]]'', published in the 1590s.<ref>[[Edmund Spenser|Spenser, Edmund]]. [[s:The Faerie Queene/Book I/Canto III|''The Faerie Queen'' (Book I, Canto III)]]. [[Wikisource]].</ref>

===Redundant letters===
The [[English alphabet]] has several letters whose characteristic sounds are already represented elsewhere in the alphabet. These include [[X]], which can be realised as "ks", "gz", or [[X#English|z]]; [[F]], which can be realised as "ph" or [[V]]; soft [[G]] ({{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}), which can be realised as [[J]]; hard [[C]] ({{IPA|/k/}}), which can be realised as [[K]]; soft [[C]] ({{IPA|/s/}}), which can be realised as [[S]]; and [[Q]] ("qu", {{IPA|/kw/}} or {{IPA|/k/}}), which can be realised as "kw" (or simply [[K]] in some cases). However, these spellings are usually retained to reflect their often-Latin roots.

==Arguments against reform==
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2019}}
Spelling reform faces many arguments against the development and implementation of a reformed orthography for English. Public acceptance to spelling reform has been consistently low, at least since the early 19th century, when spelling was codified by the influential English [[dictionary|dictionaries]] of [[Samuel Johnson]] (1755) and [[Noah Webster]] (1806). The irregular spelling of very common words, such as ''are, have, done, of, would'' makes it difficult to fix them without introducing a noticeable change to the appearance of English text.

English is the only one of the top ten [[List of languages by number of speakers|major languages]] with no associated worldwide [[Language Academy|regulatory body]] with the power to promulgate spelling changes.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023|reason=What are these 10 languages, according to which ranking, how are speakers counted? What are the regulatory bodies of the 9 other languages? What is the relevance here?}}

English is a [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]] that has borrowed many words from non-Germanic languages, and the spelling of a word often reflects its origin. This sometimes gives a clue as to the meaning of the word. Even if their pronunciation has strayed from the original pronunciation, the spelling is a record of the phoneme. The same is true for words of Germanic origin whose current spelling still resembles their cognates in other Germanic languages. Examples include ''light'', German {{lang|de|Licht}}; ''knight'', German {{lang|de|Knecht}}; ''ocean'', French {{lang|fr|océan}}; ''occasion'', French {{lang|fr|occasion}}. Critics argue that re-spelling such words could hide those links,<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Wijk
  | first = Axel
  | author-link = Axel Wijk
  | title = Regularised English
  | publisher = Almqvist & Wiksell
  | year = 1959
  | location = Stockholm
  | pages = 63–64 }}</ref> although not all spelling reforms necessarily require significantly re-spelling them.

Another criticism is that a reform may favor one dialect or pronunciation over others, creating a [[standard language]]. Some words have more than one acceptable pronunciation, regardless of dialect (e.g. ''economic'', ''either''). Some distinctions in regional accents are still marked in spelling. Examples include the distinguishing of [[English-language vowel changes before historic /r/#Fern–fir–fur merger|''fern'', ''fir'' and ''fur'']] that is maintained in Irish and Scottish English or the distinction between [[Phonological history of English diphthongs#Toe–tow merger|''toe'' and ''tow'']] that is maintained in a few regional dialects in England and Wales. However, dialectal accents exist even in languages whose spelling is called phonemic, such as Spanish. Some letters have [[allophone|allophonic variation]], such as how the letter ''a'' in ''bath'' currently stands for both {{IPA|/æ/}} and {{IPA|/ɑ/}} and speakers pronounce it as per their dialect.

Some words are distinguished only by non-phonetic spelling (as in ''knight'' and ''night'').

==Spelling reform proposals==
{{See also|List of language reforms of English}}
Most spelling reforms attempt to improve phonemic representation, but some attempt genuine [[phonetics|phonetic]] spelling,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodges |first1=Richard E. |title=A Short History of Spelling Reform in the United States |journal=The Phi Delta Kappan |date=1964 |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=330–332 |jstor=20343148 }}</ref> usually by changing the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet|basic English alphabet]] or making a new one. All spelling reforms aim for greater regularity in spelling.

===Using the basic English alphabet===

*[[Cut Spelling]]
*''[[Simplified Spelling Board|Handbook of Simplified Spelling]]''
*[[Regularized Inglish]]
*[[SoundSpel]]
*[[SR1|SR1 (Spelling Reform step 1)]]
*[[Traditional Spelling Revised|Traditional Spelling Revised (TSR)]]

=== Extending or replacing the basic English alphabet ===
[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-dsrt.png|thumb|[[Wikipedia logo]], with ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia'' written in the Deseret alphabet]]
These proposals seek to eliminate the extensive use of [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] (such as "ch", "gh", "kn-", "-ng", "ph", "qu", "sh", voiced and voiceless "th", and "wh-") by introducing new letters and/or [[diacritic]]s. Each letter would then represent a single sound. In a digraph, the two letters represent not their individual sounds but instead an entirely different and discrete sound, which can lengthen words and lead to mishaps in pronunciation.

Notable proposals include: <!-- Note: Proposals without an article will be removed -->
* [[Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet]]
* [[Deseret alphabet]]
* [[English Phonotypic Alphabet]]
* [[Interspel]]
* [[Shavian alphabet]] (revised version: [[Quikscript]])
* [[SaypU]] (Spell As You Pronounce Universally)
* [[Simpel-Fonetik Method of Writing]]
* [[Unifon]]

Some speakers of non-Latin script languages occasionally write English phonetically in their respective writing systems, which may be perceived as an ad hoc spelling reform by some.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

==Historical and contemporary advocates of reform==
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2022}}
Many respected and influential people have been active supporters of spelling reform. This list of English-language spelling reform advocates who are [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)|notable]] for other reasons lists them by date of birth where possible.

=== Successful reform advocates ===

* [[Samuel Johnson]], poet, wit, essayist, biographer, critic and eccentric, broadly credited with the standardization of English spelling in his [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901063613/http://newark.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/preface.html ''Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755)].
* [[Noah Webster]], author of the first important American dictionary, believed that Americans should adopt simpler spellings where available and recommended it in his [[s:A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language|''A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language'']] [[s:A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language|(1806)]].

=== Other reform advocates ===

==== Pre-19th century ====

* [[Orrm]], 12th century Augustine canon monk and eponymous author of the ''[[Ormulum]]'', in which he stated that, since he dislikes that people are mispronouncing English, he will spell words exactly as they are pronounced, and describes a system whereby vowel length and value are indicated unambiguously. He distinguished short vowels from long by doubling the following consonants, or, where this is not feasible, by marking the short vowels with a superimposed [[breve]] accent.
* [[Thomas Smith (diplomat)|Thomas Smith]], a secretary of state to [[Queen Elizabeth I]], who published his proposal ''De recta et emendata linguæ angliæ scriptione'', 1568, which advocates for spelling reform while not detailing its own system.<ref name="wijk" />{{rp|17}}
* [[Charles Butler (beekeeper)|Charles Butler]], British naturalist and author of the first natural history of bees: ''Đe Feminin' Monarķi'', 1634. He proposed that "men should write altogeđer according to đe sound now generally received", and espoused a system in which the h in digraphs was replaced with [[Bar (diacritic)|bars]].
* [[John Wilkins]], English Anglican bishop and natural philosopher, published ''An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language'', 1668, in which he proposed that {{Angle brackets|father}} should be spelt {{Angle brackets|fadher}}, among other things.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Failed Attempts to Reform English Spelling |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/grammar/spelling-suggestions-that-didnt-stick |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Benjamin Franklin]], American innovator and revolutionary, added letters to the Roman alphabet for [[Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet|his own personal solution]] to the problem of English spelling in 1768.

==== 19th century onwards ====
* [[Robert Bridges]], British [[Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom|Poet Laureate]] from 1913 to 1930, devised a phonetic alphabet for English, as well as removing useless [[Silent e|silent 'e's]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Some of the Main Efforts to Reform English Spelling from 1875 to 2000 |url=https://www.spellingsociety.org/uploaded_misc/efforts-misc.pdf |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The English Spelling Society}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1913 |title=Robert Bridges' literary alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/independent76newy/page/131/mode/1up |journal=The Independent |volume=76 |pages=131}}</ref>
* [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[playwright]], willed part of his estate to fund the creation of what would become the [[Shavian alphabet]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
* [[Upton Sinclair]], author, wrote a letter to Theodore Roosevelt advocating for spelling reform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |date=1976 |title=Upton Sinclair Cites Need For Spelling Reform In Letter To President Kennedy |url=https://www.spellingsociety.org/uploaded_books/a2arguments.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Mont Follick]], [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] (UK) Member of Parliament, [[Multilingualism|polyglot]] and author who preceded [[James Pitman|Pitman]] in drawing the English spelling reform issue to the attention of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] in 1949 and 1952. Favored replacing w and y with u and i.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
* [[James Pitman]], grandson of [[Isaac Pitman]], publisher and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament]], invented the [[Initial Teaching Alphabet]], which is not technically a spelling reform.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
* [[Ronald Reagan]], U.S. president, supported reform in his youth, and retained some simplified spellings even when in office, such as "bellys", "mysterys", "nite", "burocrat", "burocracy".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Edmund |title=Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan |date=1999 |publisher=[[Modern Library]] |isbn=978-0-375-75645-0}}</ref>
* [[Richard Feynman]], physicist, gave a talk entitled ''This Unscientific Age'' in which he advocated for spelling reform, among other things.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last=Reilly |first=John J. |date=1999 |title=Richard Feynman & Isaac Asimov on Spelling Reform. |url=http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j25/feynman.php |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society |pages=31–32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050923213512/http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j25/feynman.php |archive-date=2005-09-23}}</ref>
* [[Isaac Asimov]], author, wrote several essays on language reform in which he proposed respelling all word-final [[Lexical set|{{Sc2|GOOSE}}]] as {{Angle brackets|oo}}, {{Angle brackets|night}} as {{Angle brackets|nite}} as well as reforming grammar.<ref name=":2" />
* [[Doug Everingham]], former Australian Labor politician and health minister in the [[Whitlam]] government, was a proponent of [[SR1]], which he used in ministerial correspondence.
* [[Valerie Yule]], clinical child psychologist and fellow of the [[Galton Institute]], was vice-president of The English Spelling Society and created [[Interspel]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==== English Spelling Reform Association ====
The English Spelling Reform Association (also known as the British Spelling Reform Association), the precursor to the [[English Spelling Society]], was founded in 1879 with the following people on its list of vice-presidents bar [[Archibald Sayce]], who was the president.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Simplified Spelling Board |url=http://archive.org/details/handbookofsimpli00simprich |title=Handbook of simplified spelling |last2=Paine |first2=Henry Gallup 1859- |date=1920 |publisher=New York [Simplified Spelling Board] |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mencken |first=H. L. |url=https://www.bartleby.com/lit-hub/the-american-language-2nd-ed/page-243-2/ |title=The American Language |date=1921 |pages=243}}</ref>
* [[Charles Darwin]], infamous biologist, whose involvement in the subject was continued by [[Charles Galton Darwin|his physicist grandson of the same name]].
* [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]], poet laureate.
* [[Isaac Pitman]], creator of [[Pitman shorthand]].
* [[Alexander John Ellis]], philologist.
* [[Alexander Bain (philosopher)|Alexander Bain]], philosopher.
* [[Max Müller]], philologist, who published works advocating for spelling reform.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Müller |first=Friedrich Max |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vD9AL5jePQC |title=Max Müller on Spelling ... |date=1894 |publisher=I. Pitman & sons |language=en}}</ref>
* [[John Hall Gladstone]], chemist.
* [[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury]], close friend of Charles Darwin.
* [[Walter William Skeat]], philologist, who would go on to found the [[English Spelling Society]] and was also a member of the [[Simplified Spelling Board]].
* [[James Murray (lexicographer)|James Murray]], editor of the OED, who was also a member of the [[Simplified Spelling Board]].
* [[Henry Sweet]], linguist.
* [[Archibald Sayce]], [[Assyriology|Assyriologist]] and philologist.

==== Simplified Spelling Board ====
[[Simplified Spelling Board]] was founded in 1906 with the following people on its list of members.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Andrew Carnegie]], philanthropist, who donated to spelling reform societies on the U.S. and Britain,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Simplified Spelling Society Minutes |url=https://spellingsociety.org/uploaded_newsletters/earlyminutes-newsletter.pdf |website=The English Spelling Society}}</ref> and funded the [[Simplified Spelling Board]].<ref name="NYT190603062">[https://www.nytimes.com/1906/03/12/archives/carnegie-assaults-the-spelling-book-to-pay-the-cost-of-reforming.html "Carnegie Assaults the Spelling Book; To Pay the Cost of Reforming English Orthography. Campaign About to Begin Board Named, with Headquarters Here – Local Societies Throughout the Country."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404030227/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F02E5D6103EE733A25751C1A9659C946797D6CF&scp=1|date=April 4, 2016}}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 12, 1906. Retrieved August 28, 2008.</ref>
* [[Theodore Roosevelt]], U.S. president, commissioned the [[Simplified Spelling Board]] to research and recommend simpler spellings and tried to require the U.S. government to adopt them,<ref name="NYT1906">{{cite news |date=1906-12-13 |title=House Bars Spelling in President's Style |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/12/13/101853127.pdf |access-date=2007-12-17 |work=New York Times}}</ref> though his approach to assume popular support by [[executive order]] rather than to garner it,<ref name="NYT1906" /> was a likely factor in the limited change of the time.<ref>{{cite web |author=John J. Reilly |title=Theodore Roosevelt and Spelling Reform |url=http://www.johnreilly.info/alt20.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707171609/http://www.johnreilly.info/alt20.htm |archive-date=2007-07-07 |access-date=2007-07-07}} Based on H.W. Brand's, T.R.: The Last Romantic, pp. 555-558</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Daniel R. MacGilvray |year=1986 |title=A Short History of GPO |url=http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/fdlp/history/macgilvray.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608191329/http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/fdlp/history/macgilvray.html |archive-date=2007-06-08 |access-date=2007-07-07}}</ref>
* [[Mark Twain]], author and humorist.<ref name="NYT19060306">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F02E5D6103EE733A25751C1A9659C946797D6CF&scp=1 "Carnegie Assaults The Spelling Book; To Pay the Cost of Reforming English Orthography. Campaign About To Begin Board Named, with Headquarters Here – Local Societies Throughout the Country."], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 12, 1906. Accessed August 28, 2008.</ref>
* [[Melvil Dewey]], inventor of the [[Dewey Decimal Classification|Dewey Decimal System]], wrote published works in simplified spellings and even simplified his own name from ''Melville'' to ''Melvil''.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1876 |title=The Spelling Reform Association |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44765879 |journal=New England Journal of Education |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=115 |issn=2578-4145 |jstor=44765879}}</ref>

==== English Spelling Society ====
The [[English Spelling Society|Simplified Spelling Society]], whose name changed around 2000, was founded in 1908 and is still in operation. A full list of their presidents can be found on that page.

* [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell]] was a vice-president.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE PIONEER OF SIMPLIFIED SPELLING |url=https://www.spellingsociety.org/uploaded_newsletters/1918pioneer-newsletter-1420047469.pdf |website=The English Spelling Society}}</ref>
* [[Israel Gollancz]], philologist, was a founding member.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Simplified Spelling Society. Newsletter July 1983 |url=https://www.spellingsociety.org/uploaded_newsletters/news3-newsletter.pdf |website=The English Spelling Society}}</ref>
* [[H. G. Wells]], science fiction writer, became a one-time vice-president after granting permission to publish one of his short stories in reformed spelling, presumably ''[[The Star (Wells short story)|The Star]]'', given its continued use by the society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notes on the Pamphlets of The Spelling Society |url=https://www.spellingsociety.org/uploaded_pamphlets/pnotes-pamphlet.pdf |website=The English Spelling Society}}</ref>
* [[Daniel Jones (phonetician)|Daniel Jones]], phonetician and professor of [[phonetics]] at [[University College London]], was a president.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Simplified Spelling Society Presidents, and Officers and Committee Members, between 1908 and 1987 |url=https://www.spellingsociety.org/uploaded_newsletters/officers-newsletter.pdf |access-date= |website=The English Spelling Society}}</ref>
* [[Charles Galton Darwin]], physicist grandson of [[Charles Darwin]], was a wartime vice-president.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Simplified Spelling Society Officers and Committee Members |url=http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/pamflets/officers.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720143726/http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/pamflets/officers.php |archive-date=20 July 2008 |access-date=27 May 2009 |publisher=The Spelling Society |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], was a one-time patron,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simplified Spelling Society News Sheet 5 |url=https://spellingsociety.org/uploaded_newsletters/ns5-newsletter.pdf |website=English Spelling Society}}</ref> and stated that spelling reform should start outside of the UK, and that the lack of progress originates in the discord amongst reformers. However, his abandonment of the cause was coincident with literacy being no longer an issue for his own children, and his less than lukewarm involvement may have ended as a result of the society's rejection of attempts to 'pull strings' behind the scenes.{{Dubious discuss|date=March 2025}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
* [[Anatoly Liberman]], professor in the Department of [[German language|German]], [[Scandinavia|Scandinavian]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] at the [[University of Minnesota]], is the current president,<ref>{{cite web |title=Officers |url=http://spellingsociety.org/officers |access-date=16 October 2015 |website=The English Spelling Society}}</ref> and has advocated for spelling reforms in his weekly column on word origins at the [[Oxford University Press]] blog.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2014 |title=Casting a last spell: After Skeat and Bradley |url=http://blog.oup.com/2014/05/spelling-reform-after-skeat-and-bradley/ |access-date=9 August 2014 |website=The Oxford Etymologist |publisher=OUP}}</ref> He has expressed a desire to remove the letters 'c', 'q', and 'x', where possible.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liberman |first=Anatoly |date=2022-07-06 |title=Spelling Reform and after |url=https://blog.oup.com/2022/07/spelling-reform-and-after/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=OUPblog |language=en}}</ref>
* [[John C. Wells]], former professor of [[phonetics]] at [[University College London]], is a former president who advocated for [[SoundSpel|New Spelling]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Language}}
* "[[The Chaos]]", a poem demonstrating the irregularity of English spelling
* [[Folk etymology]]
* [[Ghoti]]
* [[History of English grammars]]
* [[History of the English language]]
* [[List of reforms of the English language]]
* [[Orthographies and dyslexia]]
* [[Phonemic orthography]]
* ''[[The Phonetic Journal]]''
* [[Phonological history of English]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Lacking ISBN|date=June 2025}}
* Bell, Masha (2004), ''Understanding English Spelling'', Cambridge: Pegasus
* Bell, Masha (2012), [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Spelling-it-out-ebook/dp/B008GKU1ZA/ SPELLING IT OUT: the problems and costs of English spelling], ebook
* Bell, Masha (2017), ''[https://www.amazon.co.uk/English-Spelling-Explained-Masha-Bell/dp/1910903086/ English Spelling Explained]'', Cambridge, Pegasus
* [http://www.childrenofthecode.org/ Children of the Code] An extensive, in depth study of the illiteracy problem.
* Crystal, David. ''Spell It Out: The Curious, Enthralling and Extraordinary Story of English Spelling'' (St. Martin's Press, 2013)
* Condorelli, M. (2022). Pragmatic Framework. In ''Standardising English Spelling: The Role of Printing in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-century Graphemic Developments'' (Studies in English Language, pp.&nbsp;40–58). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* {{cite book|first=Gabe|last=Henry|title=Enough Is Enuf: Our Failed Attempts to Make English Easier to Spell|year=2025|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=9780063360235}}
* Hitchings, Henry. ''The language wars: a history of proper English'' (Macmillan, 2011)
* Kiisk, Allan (2013) ''Simple Phonetic English Spelling - Introduction to Simpel-Fonetik, the Single-Sound-per-Letter Writing Method'', in printed, audio and e-book versions, Tate Publishing, Mustang, Oklahoma.
* Kiisk, Allan (2012) ''Simpel-Fonetik Dictionary - For International Version of Writing in English'', Tate Publishing, Mustang, Oklahoma.
* Lynch, Jack. ''The Lexicographer's Dilemma: The Evolution of 'Proper' English, from Shakespeare to South Park'' (Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2009)
* Marshall, David F. "The Reforming of English Spelling". ''Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts'' (2011) 2:113+
* Wolman, David. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090217173652/http://www.rightingthemothertongue.com/ ''Righting the Mother Tongue: From Olde English to Email, the Tangled Story of English Spelling'']. HarperCollins, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-06-136925-4}}.
* Zimmerman, Jonathan. "Simplified Spelling and the Cult of Efficiency in the 'Progressiv' Era." ''Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era'' (2010) 9#3 pp.&nbsp;365–394

==External links==
* [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/accents_spellingreform.htm "English accents and their implications for spelling reform", by J.C. Wells, University College London]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181010180117/http://home.earthlink.net/~disembodiedbrain/eng.htm The OR-E system]: Orthographic Reform of the English Language
* [http://englishspellingproblems.blogspot.com ''EnglishSpellingProblems'' blog by Masha Bell]
* [https://www.economist.com/blogs/johnson/2010/09/spelling_reform "Spelling reform: It didn't go so well in Germany"] article in the Economist's ''Johnson'' Blog about spelling reform
* [http://www.wyrdplay.org/reform-files.html Wyrdplay.org] has an extensive list of current spelling reform proposals.

{{DEFAULTSORT:English Spelling Reform}}
[[Category:English spelling reform| ]]
[[Category:History of the English language]]