View source for Energy in Iran

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{{Update|date=May 2016}}[[File:Iran key Petroleum Sector facilities 2004.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|In 2010, Iran held 10% of the world's proven [[oil reserves]] and 15% of its [[Natural gas|gas]]. It is [[OPEC]]'s second largest exporter and the world's fourth largest oil producer.<ref name="EIA">[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/Oil.html US Department of Energy - Iran's entry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331224530/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/Oil.html |date=2008-03-31 }}. Retrieved February 4, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/NaturalGas.html US Department of Energy/Iran/Natural Gas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102161449/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/NaturalGas.html |date=2010-11-02 }}. Retrieved February, 2011.</ref>]]
[[File:Iran's Total Primary Energy Consumption in 2015.svg|thumb|Total primary energy consumption in Iran, by fuel, 2015.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}]]

'''Energy in Iran''' is characterized by vast reserves of [[Fossil fuel|fossil fuels]], positioning the country as a global energy powerhouse. [[Iran]] holds the world's third-largest proved oil reserves and the second-largest natural gas reserves as of 2021, accounting for 24% of the [[Middle East]]'s oil reserves and 12% of the global total.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/IRN |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref>

In 2020, the Total Energy Supply (TES) in Iran was predominantly derived from natural gas (69%) and oil (29%), with nuclear power and renewable sources contributing only 1% each.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=Energy Profile - Iran (Islamic Republic of) |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Statistics/Statistical_Profiles/Middle-East/Iran-Islamic-Republic-of_Middle-East_RE_SP.pdf?rev=65e6e54bae5d45a4b5641b4cb8b86acc |website=International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)}}</ref> Despite the heavy reliance on fossil fuels, Iran possesses significant potential for renewable energy. Due to its geographical location near the equator, 90% of the country's land is suitable for solar power generation for at least 300 days a year.<ref name="zawya.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-31|title=Air Pollution In Iran Reaches Dangerous Levels As Dirty Fuel Is Used In Powerplants|url=https://iranintl.com/en/iran-in-brief/air-pollution-iran-reaches-dangerous-levels-dirty-fuel-used-powerplants|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Iran International|language=en}}</ref>

While Iran's energy wealth provides considerable economic opportunities, it also poses challenges. Heavy dependence on oil and gas has resulted in widespread [[air pollution]] and high greenhouse gas emissions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Documents sent to UNFCCC by Iran|url=https://unfccc.int/documents?search2=&search3=iran&f%5B0%5D=country:938|access-date=2021-07-10|website=unfccc.int}}</ref> 

In recent years, Iran has faced a significant [[Iranian energy crisis|energy crisis]] driven by a combination of aging infrastructure, mismanagement, and [[International sanctions against Iran|international sanctions]]. This has resulted in frequent power outages, disruptions in industrial production, and challenges in meeting domestic energy demands. Additionally, the growth of cryptocurrency mining in the country has further strained the electricity grid, exacerbating the crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qaed |first=Anas Al |date=2022-11-13 |title=Winter is Coming: Iran’s Looming Energy Crisis |url=https://gulfif.org/winter-is-coming-irans-looming-energy-crisis/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Gulf International Forum |language=en}}</ref> Addressing these challenges is crucial for Iran's energy sector to meet the needs of its growing population and economic ambitions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ziabari |first=Kourosh |title=Why Iran is facing a crippling energy crisis |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/why-iran-is-facing-a-crippling-energy-crisis-65473 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Why Iran is facing a crippling energy crisis |language=en}}</ref> The crisis in Iran energy sector may indicate also a [[Allegations of manipulated economic data in the Islamic Republic of Iran|problem in its reported economic data]].

==History==
Iran is in a constant battle to use its energy resources more effectively in the face of [[Iranian targeted subsidy plan|subsidization]] and the need for technological advances in energy exploration and production. In 2008, energy wastage in Iran amounted to six or seven billion dollars. The energy consumption in Iran is extraordinarily higher than international standards. Iran paid $84 billion in subsidies for oil, gas and electricity in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3111/html/economy.htm |access-date=June 18, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612142508/http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3111/html/economy.htm |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |title=Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 04/27/08 }}</ref> 

Iran is one of the most energy-intensive economies of the world, with [[List of countries by energy consumption per capita|per capita energy consumption]] 15 times that of [[Japan]] and 10 times that of [[European Union]]. Also due to [[Iranian subsidy reform plan|huge energy subsidies]], Iran is one of the most energy inefficient countries of the world, with the [[energy intensity]] three times higher than global average and 2.5 times the middle eastern average.<ref>{{cite web|last=Taghizadeh |first=Reza |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Sanctions_And_Irans_Achilles_Heel/2066744.html |title=Sanctions And Iran's Achilles Heel |publisher=Rferl.org |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-02-05}}</ref> In 2014, half of Iran’s energy was wasted in the domestic sector, 3.4 of which is wasted through [[single-occupancy vehicle]] use. 2/3 parts of [[List of power stations in Iran|Iranian power plant]] energy is wasted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.mehrnews.com/detail/News/102219 |title=Iran domestic energy consumption equivalent to EU industries - Mehr News Agency |publisher=En.mehrnews.com |date=2014-03-01 |accessdate=2021-05-03}}</ref>

Iran is one of the leading members of [[OPEC]] (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) and the [[GECF|Organization of Gas Exporting Countries]] (GECF). In 2008, Iran received $47 billion in oil export revenues, which accounts for about 50% of state revenues.<ref name=":0">BBC News, “Iran Energy:  Overview”, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4688984.stm, April 1, 2008.</ref>  Natural gas and oil consumption both account for about half of Iran’s [[domestic energy consumption]].  With its heavy dependence on oil and gas revenues Iran continues to explore for new sources of natural gas and oil. Since 2009, Iran has focused its energy sector on the exploration of the [[South Pars]] offshore natural gas fields in the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name=autogenerated1>EIA, “Iran’s Energy Data”, {{cite web |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/Background.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-04-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402152533/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/Background.html |archive-date=2009-04-02 }}, April 1, 2008.</ref>

Iran has become self-sufficient in designing, building and operating dams and power plants and it has won a good number of international bids in competition with foreign firms.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3266/html/economy.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-11-09 |archive-date=2021-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115184642/http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3266/html/economy.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/mar/1073.html |title=Iran to build power plants in Ecuador |publisher=Payvand.com |access-date=2012-02-05 |archive-date=2012-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051002/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/mar/1073.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2007, energy generation capacity of Iranian thermal power plants reached 173 terawatt hours, accounting for 17.9 percent of energy production in the Middle East and African region. In 2007, Natural gas was the main energy source in Iran, comprising over 55 percent of energy needs, with oil and hydroelectricity accounting for 42 and 2 percent respectively. The region’s energy need will increase by 26.8 percent until 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3280/html/economy.htm |access-date=November 26, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204232447/http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3280/html/economy.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2008 |title=Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 11/26/08 }}</ref> In 2017, the fuel consumption in Iran was equivalent to 5.5 million barrels of fuel per day (bpd), the rate of which is considered as the highest energy consumption rate in the world in terms of energy intensity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.petrolworld.com/africa-middle-east/item/29352-iran-mobile-app-for-online-fuel-purchase-launch|title=Petrol World - Iran: Mobile App For Online Fuel Purchase Launch|last=PWKD|website=www.petrolworld.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>

Energy plays an important role in [[Politics of Iran|Iranian politics]]. [[Robert Baer]] in his 2008 book ''The Devil We Know: Dealing with the New Iranian Superpower'' argued that Iran had attained the status of an [[energy superpower]] and was on its way to become a military-political superpower.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Baer|title=The Devil We Know: Dealing with the New Iranian Superpower|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztdT0tncFnUC|year=2008|publisher=Crown Publishers|isbn=978-0-307-40864-8}}</ref>

Iran plans to create an [[energy saving company]] in conjunction with the 2014 [[Iranian subsidy reform plan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://iran-daily.com/newspaper/page/4836/4/14106/0 | title=دسترسی غیر مجاز}}</ref> {{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ Energy in Iran<ref name=IEA2015>IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld_Statistics_2015.pdf 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040322/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld_Statistics_2015.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}, [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/keyworld2014.pdf 2014 (2012R as in November 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405035039/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/keyworld2014.pdf |date=2015-04-05 }} + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902105825/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf |date=2014-09-02 }},  [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309143010/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf |date=2013-03-09 }}, [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2011/key_world_energy_stats.pdf 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027013037/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2011/key_world_energy_stats.pdf |date=2011-10-27 }}, [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011091637/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf |date=2010-10-11 }}, [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key2009.pdf 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007042901/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key2009.pdf |date=2013-10-07 }}, [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012043312/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf |date=2009-10-12 }} [[International Energy Agency|IEA]] October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15</ref>
|-
! Year
! Population<br/> (million)
! Prim. energy<br/> (TWh)
! Production<br/> (TWh)
! Export<br/> (TWh)
! Electricity<br/> (TWh)
! CO<sub>2</sub>-emission<br/> (Mt)
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2004 || 67.0 || 1,696 || 3,233 || 1,530 || 137 || 369
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2007 || 71.0 || 2,151 || 3,757 || 1,602 || 165 || 466
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2008 || 72.0 || 2,350 || 3,801 || 1,429 || 174 || 505
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2009 || 72.9 || 2,514 || 4,068 || 1,537 || 168 || 533
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2010 ||  73.97||  2,423||  4,060||  1,574 || 196|| 509
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2012 ||  74.80||  2,467 || 4,113 || 1,614 || 200 || 521
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2012R || 76.42 || 2,554  || 3,523 || 961 ||  210 || 532
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2013 || 77.45 || 2,656 || 3,477 || 649 ||  224 ||  526
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Change 2004-10 ||  10.4% || 42.9% || 25.6% || 2.9% || 43.0% || 37.8%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="7"| <small> Mtoe = 11.63 TWh,  Prim. energy includes energy losses</small>
<small>2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated </small> 
|}

==Primary energy sources==
Primary energy supply is around two thirds gas and one third oil, with tiny amounts from other sources.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iran - Countries & Regions|url=https://www.iea.org/countries/iran|access-date=2021-11-25|website=IEA|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Natural gas ===
{{Main|Natural gas reserves in Iran}}
{{See also|National Iranian Gas Company|South Pars Gas Field}}

[[File:Gas Balance Iran.svg|thumb|Iran's gas production 2016, domestic consumption and exports{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}]]
Iran is the world's third producer of [[natural gas]] (5.1% of the world's total and 184 BCM); which is primarily used for domestic [[electricity generation]] or heat production.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2016.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-10-18 |archive-date=2016-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026120942/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It contains an estimated  {{convert|1187.3|e12cuft|km3}} (Tcf) in proven natural gas reserves.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/statistical-review/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814004347/http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/statistical-review/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-14 |access-date=2013-06-23}}</ref> In 2005 a large share of Iran’s [[natural gas]] reserves were believed to remain untapped. About 62% of these reserves are located in non-associated fields. Iranian production of natural gas is expected to increase over the next few years due to continuing discoveries in the [[North Pars]] and [[South Pars]] regions.<ref>[[National Iranian Gas Company]]</ref>

Domestic consumption has matched production at {{convert|3.6|e12cuft|km3|abbr=on}} in the year of 2005. Domestic consumption is expected to go up at about 7% per year for the following decade. The Iranian government has also subsidized natural gas prices along with [[gasoline]] prices, and this is expected to sustain this high level of domestic consumption. In lieu of this increasing domestic demand, natural gas exports are expected to decrease in the following years.<ref>EIA, [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/Background.html Iran’s Energy Data] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402152533/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/Background.html|date=2009-04-02}}, April 1, 2008</ref>

In 2021, Iran ranked as the world's fourth-largest consumer of natural gas, behind the United States, Russia, and China. A significant share of its natural gas production is utilized domestically in various sectors. Over the last ten years, consumption of natural gas in Iran has risen by approximately 50%, influenced by a range of factors. These include heavily subsidized prices, an extensive distribution network, enhanced domestic production, and government initiatives aimed at replacing oil with natural gas in residential, commercial, and [[electric power]] sectors.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/IRN |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref>

Natural gas:<ref name="ciafactbook">{{cite web |date=2021-04-27 |title=CIA factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ |accessdate=2021-05-03 |publisher=Cia.gov}}</ref>
* ''production:'' 151.8 billion cu m (2011 est.)
* ''consumption:'' 144.6 billion cu m (2010 est.)
* ''exports:'' 9.05 billion cu m (2011 est.)
* ''imports:'' 10.59 billion cu m (2011 est.)
* ''proved reserves:'' 33.61 trillion cu m (1 January 2013 est.)

===Oil===
{{Main|Petroleum industry in Iran|National Iranian Oil Company|Oil reserves in Iran}}
{{See also|Ministry of Petroleum of Iran|2007 Gas Rationing Plan in Iran|National Iranian Petrochemical Company|Asalouyeh}}

[[Image:Top Oil Producing Countries.png|thumb|Top oil-producing countries, 1973 to 2016, million barrels per day]]
Iran has the second largest oil reserves in the world, and the third largest exporter of it.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} By the end of 2009, Iranian oil [[Reserves-to-production ratio|R/P ratio]] was 89.4 years which is the world's highest.<ref name="bp.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/2010_downloads/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2010.pdf |title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy |access-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825171459/http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/2010_downloads/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2010.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-25 }}</ref> By 2009, Iran had 52 active [[Oil platform|rigs]] and 1,853 producing [[oil well]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/ASB2009.pdf |title=Project data |publisher=www.opec.org |date= |accessdate=2021-05-03}}</ref>

Iran possesses abundant [[fuels]] from which to generate energy. Since 1913 [[Iran]] has been a major oil-exporting country. Oil industry output averaged {{convert|4|Moilbbl|m3}} per day in 2005, compared with the peak output of {{convert|6|Moilbbl/d|m3/d}} reached in 1974. Following the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution|revolution]], however, the government reduced daily oil production in accordance with an oil conservation policy. Further production declines occurred as result of damage to oil facilities during the [[Iran–Iraq War|war with Iraq]]. In the early 2000s, industry infrastructure was increasingly inefficient because of technological lags. Few exploratory wells were drilled in 2005. Iranian oil was [[nationalization of the Iranian oil industry|nationalized in 1953]] and thus is owned and operated by the [[National Iranian Oil Company]] (NIOC).

Iran held 10.3% of the world's total proven [[oil reserves]] and that figures out to be about {{convert|137.6|Goilbbl|m3}} of oil reserves at the end of 2009.<ref name="bp.com"/> Oil also is found in northern Iran and in the offshore waters of the [[Persian Gulf]]. Nevertheless, in 2005 Iran spent US$4 billion on [[gasoline]] imports, mainly because of [[contraband]] and inefficient domestic use that result from [[Ministry of Petroleum of Iran#Gasoline subsidies|subsidies]]. Iran is one of the largest gasoline consumers in the world ranking second behind [[United States]] in consumption per car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-e-sabz.org/news/iranenv.html |title=Green Party of Iran - News |publisher=Iran-e-sabz.org |access-date=2012-02-05}}</ref>

There is a growing recognition that prices must rise faster to curb consumption and ease the burden on the public finances. Cheap energy has encouraged wasteful consumption in Iran, and a brisk business in smuggling petrol into [[Iraq]], [[Turkey]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]]. Demand has also been supported by rapid increases in car production in recent years.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} In the absence of imports, [[Iranian automobile industry|the car industry]] has developed strongly (albeit from a low base) with output reaching over 1m vehicles in fiscal year 2006/07 (March 21 – March 20).<ref name='Iran'/>

[[File:Oil Balance Iran.svg|thumb|right|Iran oil production, domestic consumption and exports{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}]]
The growth in consumption of domestically produced oil has been modest, owing to [[National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company|refining constraints]]. By contrast, fuel imports rose to {{convert|180000|oilbbl/d}} in January 2005 from {{convert|30000|oilbbl/d}} in 2000, and petrol consumption is estimated to have been around {{convert|1800000|oilbbl/d}} in 2007 (before [[rationing]]), of which about one-third is imported. These imports are proving expensive, costing the government about US$4bn in the first nine months of 2007/08, according to parliamentary sources.<ref name='Iran'/> Nearly 40% of refined oil consumed by Iran is imported from [[India]].<ref name=LaFranchi>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0718/p25s05-usfp.html Does US road to better relations with Iran pass through India?], ''The Christian Science Monitor'', July 18, 2009</ref>
[[Image:USGS world oil endowment.png|thumb|A 2003 [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] map of countries where [[oil]] is located]]
Iran contains 27&nbsp;onshore and 13&nbsp;offshore oil-producing fields, largely concentrated in the southwestern [[Khuzestan]] region near the [[Iraq]]i border.<ref name=autogenerated1 />  The Iranian government is heavily reliant on oil revenues and they have heavily subsidized the energy industries, which figures out to be about 12% of Iran’s [[GDP]]. However, domestic oil consumption has decreased due to the alternative use of natural gas. Economic growth from these resources is uncertain and stunted in Iran due to these subsidies and population growth. Iran has been unable to reach it full production levels due to a combination of [[Economic sanctions|sanctions]] and war plaguing the region. Iran’s oil fields have a natural decline rate at 8 percent for onshore wells and 10% for offshore fields. The Iranian recovery rate is currently approximately 27 percent, which is well below the world average. Iran needs structural improvements made to coincide with their [[enhanced oil recovery]] efforts.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

Oil:<ref name=ciafactbook/>
* ''production:'' {{convert|3589000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2012 est.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ |title=CIA - The World Factbook - Iran |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2012-02-05 }}</ref>
* ''consumption:'' {{convert|1755000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2008 est.) (expected to increase 10% each year since 2006)
* ''exports:'' {{convert|2377000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2010 est.)
* ''imports:'' {{convert|156000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2010 est.)
* ''proved reserves:'' {{convert|154.6|Goilbbl|abbr=on}} based on Iranian claims (1 January 2009 est.)

''note:'' as of 2009, 1/3 of Iran's gasoline needs are imported because of insufficient domestic refining capacity, over-consumption and [[contraband]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/Oil.html#Gasoline%20Imports |title=Iran Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal |publisher=Eia.doe.gov |access-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331224530/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/Oil.html#Gasoline%20Imports |archive-date=2008-03-31 }}</ref>

===Nuclear energy===
{{Main|Nuclear program of Iran|Atomic Energy Organization of Iran|Nuclear facilities in Iran}}
[[File:Arak heavy water reactor2.JPG|thumb|The [[IR-40]] facility in [[Arak, Iran|Arak]]]]
Iran plans to generate 23,000 MW of electricity through nuclear technology to meet its increasing demand for energy.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://www.irvl.net/iran-and-nuclear-energy/ |title=Iran and Nuclear Energy |publisher=Irvl.net |access-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215143412/http://www.irvl.net/iran-and-nuclear-energy/ |archive-date=2010-12-15 }}</ref> The first of four 915 MW reactors of [[Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant]], built with help from [[Russia]], came online in August 2010.<ref>{{cite web |author=PRIS.Contact-Point@iaea.org |url=http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.prdeta.htm?country=IR&refno=1 |title=Power Reactor Details - BUSHEHR 1 |publisher=Iaea.org |access-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826050714/http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.prdeta.htm?country=IR&refno=1 |archive-date=2010-08-26 }}</ref> While nuclear power in the US costs a little over 10 cents per kilowatt hour, Iran, with domestic uranium enrichment capabilities, high interest rates, low energy output (a single 1,000 MW reactor), low efficiency, extremely slow reactor construction, and no reprocessing pays around 68 cents per kilowatt hour (this assumes a price of $140 per separative working unit and of $40 per kilogram of uranium).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sfgate.com/technology/businessinsider/article/Iran-s-nuclear-program-has-been-an-astronomical-6359024.php|title = Iran's nuclear program may have cost the country $500 billion or more|date = July 2015|access-date = 2015-07-05|archive-date = 2020-02-16|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200216044025/https://www.sfgate.com/technology/businessinsider/article/Iran-s-nuclear-program-has-been-an-astronomical-6359024.php|url-status = dead}}</ref>{{Obsolete source|date=May 2023}}

===Hydro===
{{See also|List of dams and reservoirs in Iran}}
Droughts have reduced hydropower.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran's Renewable Energy Potential|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/irans-renewable-energy-potential|access-date=2021-04-08|website=Middle East Institute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-17|title=Replacing worn-out equipment to reduce electricity consumption|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/467135/Replacing-worn-out-equipment-to-reduce-electricity-consumption|access-date=2021-11-25|website=Tehran Times|language=en}}</ref> The Energy Ministry plans to improve existing plants and build more small and medium hydro.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-13|title=Energy Ministry to implement program for improving hydropower plants|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/465009/Energy-Ministry-to-implement-program-for-improving-hydropower|access-date=2021-11-25|website=Tehran Times|language=en}}</ref>

===Biofuel===
In 2016, the Iranian Biofuel Society (IBS) in collaboration with the Vice Presidency for Science of Technology and Tehran and the Suburbs Bus Company executed the first urban pilot project for the consumption of waste cooking oil biodiesel in Tehran`s bus fleet in an attempt to generate public awareness regarding ''Global Climate Change'', wherein they recommend “reducing net [[human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] [[Greenhouse gas emissions|CO2 emissions]] to the atmosphere” and “minimizing anthropogenic disturbances of” atmospheric gasses by partial replacement of fossil fuels with waste-oriented biofuels.<ref>{{cite web| title= تفاهم نامه استفاده از سوخت های زیستی در اتوبوسرانی تهران امضا شد| date= 26 December 2015| url= http://www.irna.ir/fa/News/81895032/}}</ref> The program was also supported by Small Grant Programme, [[Global Environmental Facility]], United Nation Development Program (SGP/GEF/UNDP) Office in Iran.<ref>{{cite web| title= UNDP-GEF Small Grant Programme| url= http://www.sgp.undp.org}}</ref>

===Solar===
In 2021 there were 450 MW of solar power, less than 1% of [[installed capacity]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iran energy profile|url=https://www.irena.org/IRENADocuments/Statistical_Profiles/Middle%20East/Iran%20(Islamic%20Republic%20of)_Middle%20East_RE_SP.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-31|title=Over €500m being invested to build 2 solar farms in Fars province|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/461534/Over-500m-being-invested-to-build-2-solar-farms-in-Fars-province|access-date=2021-11-25|website=Tehran Times|language=en}}</ref> This is tiny compared to electricity demand and neighbouring countries.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title=Low-Carbon Energy in Iran|url=https://agsiw.org/low-carbon-energy-in-iran/|access-date=2021-11-25|website=Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington|language=en-US}}</ref>

Iran has an average of 2,200 kilowatt-hour [[solar radiation]] per square meter annually, and 90% of the country has enough sun to generate [[solar power]] 300 days a year.<ref name="zawya.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20101220044922 |title=Solar Power Plants To Replace Fossil Fuel |publisher=Zawya |date=2010-12-20 |access-date=2012-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610071343/http://www.zawya.com/mobile/default.cfm/sidZAWYA20101220044922/actstory |archive-date=2011-06-10}}</ref>

===Wind===
{{main|Wind power in Iran}}In 2020 there were just over 300 MW of wind power, less than 1% of installed capacity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iran energy profile|url=https://www.irena.org/IRENADocuments/Statistical_Profiles/Middle%20East/Iran%20(Islamic%20Republic%20of)_Middle%20East_RE_SP.pdf}}</ref> The east is suitable to build more, and wind there matches annual demand variation, being higher in spring and summer.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mohamadi|first1=Hossein|last2=Saeedi|first2=Alireza|last3=Firoozi|first3=Zahra|last4=Sepasi Zangabadi|first4=Saeid|last5=Veisi|first5=Shahla|date=2021-06-01|title=Assessment of wind energy potential and economic evaluation of four wind turbine models for the east of Iran|journal=Heliyon|language=en|volume=7|issue=6|pages=e07234|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07234|doi-access=free |pmid=34169172 |pmc=8209083 |bibcode=2021Heliy...707234M |issn=2405-8440}}</ref>

===Geothermal===
According to global tectonics Iran is impacted by subduction of the Arabian Plate under the Central Iranian Plate and four thrust faults: two that make the Southern Caspian Sea [[Mazandaran]] Depression and two in the north of Iran, part of the Caucasian Range. Mt. [[Sabalan]] and Mt. [[Sahand]] are two Quaternary Volcanos in the area. Sabalan is a large stratovolcano consisting of 3 summits named Soltan (4811), Heram (4612m) and Kasra (4573m). The stratovolcano is situated on a possible horst trending northeast-southwest and erupted at latest in the Holocene. Caldera collapsing has caused a depression about 400 m in height and 12&nbsp;km in diameter. The lava flows consists of trachyandesite, andesite and dacite and pyroclastic deposits. There are 9 hot springs with a temperature in the range of 25-85&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2005/0607.pdf |title=Data |publisher=www.geothermal-energy.org |date= |accessdate=2021-05-03}}</ref>

[[File:Iran electricity production.svg|thumb|Iran electricity production by source{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}|400px]]
==Electricity==
{{See also|List of reservoirs and dams in Iran|List of power stations in Iran|Ministry of Energy (Iran)}}
[[File:Energy consumption per capita-Iran.png|thumb|right|Energy consumption in [[Iran]] is 6.5 times that of global average.<ref name="waste">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210115183654/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3374/html/economy.htm Iran daily:Energy Wastage Criticized]  Retrieved April 15, 2009</ref> About 18.5% of electricity is wasted before it reaches consumers due to technical problems. [[Electric power]] wastage hit $1.1 billion in 2006.<ref name='Elec'/>]]
{{Pie chart| caption= Electricity generation by fuel in Iran - 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/irn |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref>
| label1 = [[National Iranian Gas Company|natural gas]]
| value1 = 81
| color1 = violet
| label2 = [[National Iranian Oil Company|oil]]
| value2 = 14
| color2 = red
| label3 = [[National Iranian Oil Company|hydropower]]
| value3 = 4
| color3 = green
| label4 = non-hydro [[renewable energy|renewables]] (e.g. [[Wind power in Iran|wind]], [[List of power stations in Iran#Geothermal|geothermal]] or [[List of solar power stations in Iran|solar]]) 
| value4 = <1
| color4 = blue
| label5 = [[coal]]
| value5 = <1
| color5 = brown
|value6=<1|label6=[[National Iranian Oil Company|nuclear]]|color6=silver}}
[[File:Shazand Combined-cycle power plant.JPG|thumb|Shazand power plant]]

Iran’s domestic consumption and production have steadily grown together since 1984 and it is still heavily reliant on traditional [[Thermal power station|thermal]] energy sources of electricity, with a small fraction being produced by [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] plants.<ref>[http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3103/html/economy.htm#s295833 retrieved April 2, 2008.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012074726/http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3103/html/economy.htm#s295833 |date=October 12, 2008 }}</ref> As of 2023 a quarter of electricity is generated from oil and most of the rest is gas-fired.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Proctor |first=Darrell |date=2023-02-12 |title=Iran Brings More Natural Gas-Fired Units Online |url=https://www.powermag.com/iran-brings-more-natural-gas-fired-units-online/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=POWER Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> In recent years,{{Date missing|date=April 2024}} Iran has put greater emphasis on participation of domestic and foreign investors in electricity generation sector, with projects underway to add 40,000 MWh more capacity to the national grid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/|title=Entrepreneur - Start, run and grow your business.|website=Entrepreneur}}</ref>

It is estimated that some 18.5 percent of electricity generated in Iran are wasted before it reaches consumers due to technical problems.<ref name="waste"/> Iran is among the top ten manufacturers of [[gas turbine]]s with a capacity of 160 megawatts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3402/html/economy.htm |title=Gas Turbine Production Promising |date=May 18, 2009 |publisher=Iran Daily |access-date=May 24, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521090141/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3402/html/economy.htm |archive-date=May 21, 2009 }}</ref> Iran has acquired self-sufficiency of over 80 percent in constructing hydraulic turbines and over 90 percent in producing gas turbines. Within the next few years, Iran can join the list of countries that produce [[power plant]] technology (2009).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3473/html/economy.htm |access-date=August 16, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819023142/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3473/html/economy.htm |archive-date=August 19, 2009 |title=Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 08/16/09 }}</ref> Iran has achieved the technical expertise to set up hydroelectric, gas and combined cycle power plants.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Iran is not only self-sufficient in power plant construction but has also concluded a number of contracts on implementing projects in neighboring states.<ref>[http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3103/html/economy.htm#s295833 Iran-Daily:Hydroelectric Power Generation Will Increase] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012074726/http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3103/html/economy.htm#s295833 |date=October 12, 2008 }}</ref>

The exploration efforts for sources of power generation are wide and diverse in Iran. Plans are being made to make oil efficient power plants as well as an emphasis on natural gas production in order to meet their growing electricity demand. [[Nuclear power]] and hydroelectric power are not focused on for the time being, but they are part of an overall strategy to meet electricity demands.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} The electricity sector is also heavily subsidized and mostly state owned companies control power distribution, transmission and generation. In order to meet the demands of the electricity sector, however, Iran is beginning to look into private investment.<ref>EIA, “Iran’s Energy Data”, {{cite web |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/Background.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-04-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402152533/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/Background.html |archive-date=2009-04-02 }}, Retrieved April 2, 2008</ref> [[Foreign Direct Investment in Iran#FIPPA|A by-law]] has been passed allowing the energy ministry to conclude rial or combined rial/foreign-currency contracts for the purchase of electricity from private companies.<ref name='Iran'/>

Iran has displayed a new approach to this sector.  After the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the construction of hydroelectric power plants became both a popular private and public venture. Often, construction projects did not meet basic environmental standards, engineering standards, and technical requirements. As a result, many of these dams were destroyed or left in dilapidated conditions.<ref>International Journal of Water Resources Development; Mar2002, Vol. 18 Issue 1, p179-182, 4p</ref>

[[Image:Karun3-dam.jpg|thumb|The [[Karun-3 dam]] & [[hydroelectric power plant]] was commissioned in 2005. Iran has emerged as one of the world's largest [[dam]] builders in recent years.<ref name='Elec'>[http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2771/html/economy.htm Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 02/01/07] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930183642/http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2771/html/economy.htm |date=September 30, 2007 }}</ref>]]
By 2004, the addition of new hydroelectric stations and the streamlining of conventional [[coal]]- and [[oil]]-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33,000 megawatts (MW). Of that amount, about 75 percent was based on [[natural gas]], 18 percent on [[oil]], and 7 percent on [[hydroelectric power]]. However, in 2004 Iran opened its first [[wind]]-powered and [[Geothermal power|geothermal]] plants, and the first solar thermal plant was to come online in 2009.<ref name='Iran'/>

In 2021, Iran produced 341 terawatt-hours (TWh) of net electricity, 94% of which came from fossil fuels. Natural gas was the primary source, accounting for about 81% of electricity generation. Oil’s contribution rose from 9% in 2018 to 14% in 2021, driven by [[international sanctions]] that limited oil exports and impacted associated natural gas production, leading to increased domestic use and substitution with diesel and fuel oil in power generation. Additionally, condensate storage capacity constraints hindered non-associated natural gas production, prompting greater reliance on alternative fuels. In response, Iran is upgrading its older natural gas plants to more efficient [[Combined cycle plant|combined-cycle plants]] and expanding capacity to reduce hydropower dependency, improve generation efficiency, and increase oil availability for export.<ref name=":3" />

It has been estimated that Iran has the potential to produce at least 6,150 MWh of electricity by [[wave power]] from its coastline on [[Persian Gulf]] alone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilica.com/EnPaper-NSMI07-NSMI07_068.html |title=Study on feasibility of establishing a wave power-plant in Persian Gulf |publisher=Civilica.com |access-date=2012-02-05 |archive-date=2016-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010000415/http://www.civilica.com/EnPaper-NSMI07-NSMI07_068.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iran is also experimenting with electricity generation from organic wastes and plans to build power plants using sewage and organic waste of domestic and industrial origin as fuel.<ref>{{cite web |author=Suna |url=http://www.suna.org.ir/projectdetail-fa-28.html |title=مطالعه امکان سنجی و طراحی مفهومی نیروگاه بیوگاز ساوه سازمان انرژی های نو ایران |publisher=Suna.org.ir |access-date=2012-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305202212/http://www.suna.org.ir/projectdetail-fa-28.html |archive-date=2012-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> With about 300 clear sunny days a year and an average of 2,200 kilowatt-hour [[solar radiation]] per square meter, Iran has significant potential to tap [[solar energy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20101220044922 |title=Solar Power Plants To Replace Fossil Fuel |publisher=Zawya |date=2010-12-20 |access-date=2012-02-05 |archive-date=2011-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617075510/http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20101220044922 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2021, Iran's electricity generation was primarily sourced from natural gas, accounting for 81% of total production. Oil contributed 14%, followed by hydropower at 4%, and nuclear power at 1%. Both coal and non-hydro renewable sources each made up less than 1% of the electricity generation mix.<ref name=":3" />

According to a 2022 [[Energy Information Administration|U.S. Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) report, Iran has experienced escalating electricity demand driven by factors including illegal [[cryptocurrency mining]], population growth, highly subsidized electricity prices, and fuel supply shortages. This increase in demand has been particularly acute during the peak seasons of summer and winter, putting significant strain on the nation's electrical infrastructure. As a result, Iran encountered notable [[Power shortage|power shortages]] in 2020 and 2021. During the summer of 2021, the situation intensified when electricity demand exceeded the available supply by nearly 12 gigawatts (GW).<ref name=":3" />

==Subsidies==
{{See also|Iranian targeted subsidy plan}}
Iran was estimated to have paid 19% of GDP for [[Energy subsidy|energy subsidies]] in 2019.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Value of fossil-fuel subsidies by fuel in the top 25 countries, 2019 – Charts – Data & Statistics|url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/value-of-fossil-fuel-subsidies-by-fuel-in-the-top-25-countries-2019|access-date=2021-07-10|website=IEA|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Iran is the world largest energy subsidizer,<ref name=":2" /> leading to highly wasteful consumption patterns, [[distortion (economics)|price distortions]] in its economy, pollution and very lucrative contraband with neighboring countries because of price differentials.

==Environment==
[[File:20210703 Variwide chart of greenhouse gas emissions per capita by country (includes OTHER).svg |thumb |Iran is one of the largest CO2 polluters.<ref name=GHGemissionsByCountry>● Emissions data source: {{cite web |title=Territorial (MtCO₂) / 1) Emissions / Carbon emissions / Chart View |url=https://globalcarbonatlas.org/emissions/carbon-emissions/ |date=2024 |publisher=Global Carbon Atlas }} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250113130608/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co2-emissions-per-country archive on Our World in Data])<br>● Country population data source: {{cite web |title=Population, total / All Countries and Economies / Most Recent Value (Thousands) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2023&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=1960&view=chart |publisher=World Bank |date=2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250122171803/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2023&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=1960&view=chart |archive-date=22 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
{{See also|Environmental issues in Iran}}Air pollution, much of which is from fossil fuels, is estimated to cause nearly 3000 deaths a year in [[Tehran]] alone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iran's capital suffocating amid blame game over pollution|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/01/iran-capital-tehran-pollution-environment-traffic-fines.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East|date=12 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per capita:'' 11.9  tonnes (2015 est.)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-20|title=The Carbon Brief Profile: Iran|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-iran|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Carbon Brief|language=en}}</ref>
* ''GDP per unit of energy use:'' 4.0 (2007)<ref name='Iran'>{{Citation| contribution=Iran at a glance| title=Development Economics, Development Data Group (DECDG).| publisher=[[World Bank]]| date=27 March 2009| contribution-url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTIRAN/Resources/Iran_AAG_March09.pdf | access-date=2009-07-12}}</ref>
* ''Energy use per capita (kg of oil equivalent)'' (2005 PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent): 2,352 (2007)<ref name='Iran'/>

==Renewable energy==
{{See also|Iranian targeted subsidy plan}}
[[Image:Manjeel windmills.jpg|thumb|right|Iran has established wind farms in several areas, this one near [[Manjeel]].]]

In 2022 less than 1% of electricity was generated by solar and wind.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-11 |title=Global Electricity Review 2023 |url=https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2023/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Ember |language=en-US}}</ref>

Iran plans to introduce 10,000 megawatts of renewable electricity into the electricity grid by the end of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Iran Achieves Significant 1,085 MW Renewable Power Plant Capacity Milestone|date=13 September 2023 |url=https://solarquarter.com/2023/09/13/iran-achieves-significant-1085-mw-renewable-power-plant-capacity-milestone/}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Economy of Iran]]
*[[Ministry of Energy (Iran)]]
*[[Wind power in Iran]]
*[[Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry]]
*[[Iran's Gasoline Crisis]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Energy in Iran}}
*{{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20171130155257/http://www.moe.gov.ir/ Ministry of Energy Of Iran] - Official Website
*{{in lang|en}} [http://www.satba.gov.ir/en/home Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Organization Of Iran ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301081513/http://www.saba.org.ir/home-en.html |date=2012-03-01 }} - Official Website
*{{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081216011637/http://www.mefa.gov.ir/ Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance Of Iran] - Official Website
*{{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20180102120651/http://en.mimt.gov.ir/ Ministry of Industry, Mine & Trade  Of Iran] – Official Website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100611174355/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=IR Iran Energy Profile] - [[International Energy Agency]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080723090455/http://www.austrade.gov.au/Agribusiness-to-Iran/default.aspx Annual Reviews] - Reports by the [[Central Bank of Iran]], including statistics about the energy sector in Iran.
*[http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=IR&trk=p1 US Department of Energy - Iran]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000332/http://www.atiehbahar.com/Resources/Environment.htm Brief Sector & Environment Study] (2003)
*[http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159:energysecurityimplicationsofaniranintransition&catid=83:middle-east&Itemid=324 Energy Security Implications of an Iran in Transition]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030409115923/http://www.tavanir.org.ir/ Tavanir] - Iran's Electric Power Generation Organization
*[http://www.iags.org/iran121206.pdf Ahmadinejad's Gas Revolution: A Plan to Defeat Economic Sanctions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130230631/http://www.iags.org/iran121206.pdf |date=2020-11-30 }}
*[http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/cnpp2004/CNPP_Webpage/pages/..%5Ccountryprofiles%5CIran%5CIran2003.htm IAEA: Energy and electricity in Iran] (2002)
*[http://solargis.com/products/maps-and-gis-data/free/download/iran Solar insolation maps]

{{Energy in Iran|state=expanded}}
{{Energy in OPEC}}
{{OPEC}}
{{Asia topic|Energy in}}{{Renewable energy by country}}{{Middle East topic|Energy in}}
{{Middle East topic|Energy policy of}}
{{Portalbar|Iran|Energy|Renewable energy|Environment}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Energy In Iran}}
[[Category:Energy in Iran| ]]