View source for Energy Policy Act of 2005

{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| shorttitle        = Energy Policy Act of 2005
| othershorttitles  = {{unbulleted list|Coal Leasing Amendments Act of 2005|Electricity Modernization Act of 2005|Energy Policy Tax Incentives Act of 2005|Energy Research, Development, Demonstration, and Commercial Application Act of 2005|Energy Tax Incentives Act of 2005|Federal Reformulated Fuels Act of 2005|Indian Tribal Energy Development and Self-Determination Act of 2005|EPAct 2005|John Rishel Geothermal Steam Act Amendments of 2005|National Geological and Geophysical Data Preservation Program Act of 2005|No Oil Producing and Exporting Cartels Act of 2005|NOPEC|Oil Shale, Tar Sands, and Other Strategic Unconventional Fuels Act of 2005|Price-Anderson Amendments Act of 2005|Public Utility Holding Company Act of 2005|SAFE Act|Set America Free Act of 2005|Spark M. Matsunaga Hydrogen Act of 2005|Underground Storage Tank Compliance Act}}
| longtitle         = An Act to ensure jobs for our future with secure, affordable, and reliable energy.
| colloquialacronym =
| nickname          =
| enacted by        = 109th
| effective date    = August 8, 2005
| public law url    = http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-119/pdf/STATUTE-119-Pg594.pdf
| cite public law   = 109-58
| cite statutes at large = {{usstat|119|594}}
| acts amended    = [[Energy Policy Act of 1992]]<br>[[Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act|Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) of 1978]]
| acts repealed   = [[Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935]] 
| title amended   = [[Title 16 of the United States Code|16 U.S.C.: Conservation]]<br />[[Title 42 of the United States Code|42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare]]
| sections created = {{Usc-title-chap|42|149}} § 15801 et seq.
| sections amended = {{Usc-title-chap|16|46}} § 2601 et seq.<br />{{Usc-title-chap|42|134}} § 13201 et seq.
| leghisturl      = https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-bill/6/actions
| introducedin    = House
| introducedbill  = {{USBill|109|H.R.|6}}
| introducedby    = [[Joe Barton]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]–[[Texas|TX]])
| introduceddate  = April 18, 2005
| committees      = [[United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce|House Energy and Commerce]], [[United States House Committee on Education and the Workforce|House Education and the Workforce]], [[United States House Committee on Financial Services|House Financial Services]], [[United States House Committee on Agriculture|House Agriculture]], [[United States House Committee on Natural Resources|House Resources]], [[United States House Committee on Science, Space and Technology|House Science]], [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|House Ways and Means]], [[United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure|House Transportation and Infrastructure]]
| passedbody1     = House
| passeddate1     = April 21, 2005
| passedvote1     = 249-183, {{US House Vote|2005|132}}
| passedbody2     = Senate
| passedas2       = <!-- used if the second body changes the name of the legislation -->
| passeddate2     = June 28, 2005
| passedvote2     = 85-12, {{US Senate Vote|109|1|158}}
| conferencedate  = July 27, 2005
| passedbody3     = House
| passeddate3     = July 28, 2005
| passedvote3     = 275-156, {{US House Vote|2005|445}}
| agreedbody3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreeddate3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreedvote3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreedbody4     =
| agreeddate4     =
| agreedvote4     =
| passedbody4     = Senate
| passeddate4     = July 29, 2005
| passedvote4     = 74-26, {{US Senate Vote|109|1|213}}
| signedpresident = [[George W. Bush]]
| signeddate      = August 8, 2005
| unsignedpresident = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing -->
| unsigneddate    = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing -->
| vetoedpresident = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| vetoeddate      = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenbody1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddendate1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenvote1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenbody2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddendate2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenvote2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| amendments = [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]]<br />[[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]]
| SCOTUS cases    =
}}{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
{{Short description|United States Law}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = March 2019}}
[[File:2005 Energy Policy Act.jpg|thumb|[[George W. Bush]] signing the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which was designed to promote US nuclear reactor construction, through incentives and subsidies, including cost-overrun support up to a total of $2 billion for six new nuclear plants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/nov/08/reviving-nuclear-power-debates-is-a-distraction-we-need-to-use-less-energy |title=Reviving nuclear power debates is a distraction. We need to use less energy |first=John |last=Quiggin |date=8 November 2013 |work=The Guardian }}</ref>]]
The '''Energy Policy Act of 2005''' ({{USPL|109|58}}) is a [[federal law]] signed by President [[George W. Bush]] on August 8, 2005, at [[Sandia National Laboratories]] in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]].  The act, described by proponents as an attempt to combat growing energy problems, changed [[US energy policy]] by providing [[Energy subsidies#Allocation of subsidies in the United States|tax incentives]] and loan guarantees for energy production of various types. The most consequential aspect of the law was to greatly increase ethanol production<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/energy/biofuels/energy-briefs/history-of-ethanol-production-and-policy|title = History of Ethanol Production and Policy — Energy}}</ref> to be blended with gasoline. The law also repealed the [[Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935]], effective February 2006.<ref name="repeal" />

==Provisions==
===General provisions===

* The Act increases the amount of [[biofuel]] (usually [[ethanol]]) that must be mixed with gasoline sold in the United States to {{convert|4|e9USgal|m3}} by 2006, {{convert|6.1|e9USgal|m3}} by 2009 and {{convert|7.5|e9USgal|m3}} by 2012;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/oust/fedlaws/publ_109-058.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-07-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303163112/http://www.epa.gov/oust/fedlaws/publ_109-058.pdf |archive-date=2011-03-03 }}</ref>  two years later, the [[Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007]] extended the target to {{convert|36|e9USgal|m3}} by 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.emerging-markets.com/biodiesel/pdf/Forbes_%20Biofuels%20Bright%20Future_ByWillThurmond_EmergingMarketsOnline.pdf |title= Biofuels' Bright Future | first= Will | last= Thurman |date= November 17, 2008 | work= Forbes | publisher= emerging-markets.com | quote= In December 2007, with the imminent arrival of $100-per-[[Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel|barrel oil]], the U.S. Congress swiftly acted to upgrade the 2005 biofuels initiative and RFS from its original target of {{convert|7|e9USgal|m3}} by 2012 to a revised [[Renewable Fuel Standard|RFS]] target (passed in December 2007) of {{convert|36|e9USgal|m3}} of biofuels production by 2022.}}</ref>

* Under an amendment in the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]], Section 406, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 authorizes [[loan guarantee]]s for innovative technologies that avoid [[greenhouse gases]], which might include advanced [[nuclear reactor]] designs, such as [[pebble bed modular reactor]]s (PBMRs) as well as [[carbon capture and storage]] and [[renewable energy]];

* It seeks to increase [[coal]] as an energy source while also reducing air pollution, through authorizing $200 million annually for clean coal initiatives, repealing the current {{convert|160|acre|km2|adj=on}} cap on coal leases, allowing the advanced payment of royalties from coal mines and requiring an assessment of coal resources on federal lands that are not national parks;

* It authorizes tax credits for [[wind energy|wind]] and other [[alternative energy]] producers;
* It adds ocean energy sources, including [[wave power|wave]] and [[tidal power]] for the first time as separately identified, renewable technologies;
* It authorizes $50 million annually over the life of the law for biomass grants;
* It includes provisions aimed at making [[geothermal energy]] more competitive with fossil fuels in generating electricity;
* It requires the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] to:
** Study and report on existing natural energy resources including wind, solar, waves and tides;
** Study and report on national benefits of [[demand response]] and make a recommendation on achieving specific levels of benefits and encourages [[time-based pricing]] and other forms of demand response as a policy decision;
** Designate [[National Interest Electric Transmission Corridor]]s where there are significant [[Electric power transmission|transmission]] limitations adversely affecting the public (the [[Federal Energy Regulatory Commission]] may authorize federal permits for transmission projects in these regions);
** Report in one year on how to dispose of [[High level waste|high-level nuclear waste]];
* It authorizes the [[United States Department of the Interior|Department of the Interior]] to grant leases for activity that involves the production, transportation or transmission of energy on the [[Outer Continental Shelf]] lands from sources other than gas and oil (Section 388);<ref>{{cite web
|url= https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-109publ58/pdf/PLAW-109publ58.pdf
|title=Sec. 388
|access-date=2008-07-11
|publisher=U.S.LibraryofCongress
|date=2005-08-08
|page=152
}}</ref>
* It requires all [[Public utility|public]] [[Electric utility|electric utilities]] to offer [[net metering]] on request to their customers;
* It prohibits the manufacture and importation of [[mercury-vapor lamp]] ballasts after January 1, 2008;
* It provides [[tax break]]s for those making [[energy conservation]] improvements to their homes;
* It provides incentives to companies to [[Offshore drilling|drill for oil]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]];
* It exempts oil and gas producers from certain requirements of the [[Safe Drinking Water Act]];
* It extends the [[daylight saving time]] by four to five weeks, depending upon the year (see below);
* It requires that no drilling for gas or oil may be done in or underneath the [[Great Lakes]];
* It requires that the Federal Fleet vehicles capable of operating on alternative fuels be operated on these fuels exclusively (Section 701);
* It sets federal reliability standards regulating the electrical grid (done in response to the [[2003 North America blackout]]);<ref>Ken Belsen and Matthew L. Wald, " ’03 Blackout Is Recalled, Amid Lessons Learned", ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 13, 2008, found at [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/14/nyregion/14blackout.html?_r=1&oref=slogin The New York Times website]. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref><ref>David Freedlander, "It could happen again: On fifth anniversary of blackout, nation still vulnerable", ''A.M. N.Y.'', August 12, 2008.  See response at [http://www.amny.com/news/opinion/am-letters0815,0,1329107.story Letter to the Editor]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref><ref>Report, Energy and Commerce Committee, "Blackout 2003: How Did It Happen and Why? Full Committee on Energy and Commerce, September 4, 2003, found at [http://energycommerce.house.gov/reparchives/108/Hearings/09042003hearing1062/print.htm Energy and Commerce Committee website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081125144426/http://energycommerce.house.gov/reparchives/108/Hearings/09042003hearing1062/print.htm |date=2008-11-25 }}. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref>
* It includes nuclear-specific provisions;<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070710094024/http://www.nei.org/documents/Energy_Bill_2005.pdf Congress Passes First Comprehensive Energy Bill in 13 Years], Nuclear Energy Institute, 2005</ref>
** It extends the [[Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act]] through 2025;
** It authorizes cost-overrun support of up to $2 billion total for up to six new [[nuclear power plant]]s;
** It authorizes production tax credit of up to $125 million total a year, estimated at 1.8 US¢/kWh during the first eight years of operation for the first 6.000 MW of capacity,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bellemare |first=Bob |date=January 17, 2007 |title=New Nuclear Plants Coming to the United States? |url=http://www.utilipoint.com/issuealert/article.asp?ID=2789 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225149/http://www.utilipoint.com/issuealert/article.asp?ID=2789 |archive-date=September 26, 2007 |website=Utilipoint}}</ref> consistent with renewables;
** It authorizes loan guarantees of up to 80% of project cost to be repaid within 30 years or 90% of the project's life;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights of Nuclear Energy Provisions in Energy Policy Act of 2005 |url=http://www.nei.org/keyissues/newnuclearplants/factsheets/highlightsenergypolicyactof2005page3/ |archive-url=https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20081024024614/http://www.nei.org/keyissues/newnuclearplants/factsheets/highlightsenergypolicyactof2005page3/ |archive-date=October 24, 2008 |website=nei.gov |page=3}}</ref>
** It authorizes $2.95 billion for R&D and the building of an [[Next Generation Nuclear Plant|advanced hydrogen cogeneration reactor]] at [[Idaho National Laboratory]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights of Nuclear Energy Provisions in Energy Policy Act of 2005 |url=http://www.nei.org/keyissues/newnuclearplants/factsheets/highlightsenergypolicyactof2005page6/ |archive-url=https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20081024024649/http://www.nei.org/keyissues/newnuclearplants/factsheets/highlightsenergypolicyactof2005page6/ |archive-date=October 24, 2008 |website=nei.gov |page=6}}</ref>
** It authorizes 'standby support' for new reactor delays that offset the financial impact of delays beyond the industry's control for the first six reactors, including 100% coverage of the first two plants with up to $500 million each and 50% of the cost of delays for plants three through six with up to $350 million each for;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights of Nuclear Energy Provisions in Energy Policy Act of 2005 |url=http://www.nei.org/keyissues/newnuclearplants/factsheets/highlightsenergypolicyactof2005page5/ |archive-url=https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20081024024710/http://www.nei.org/keyissues/newnuclearplants/factsheets/highlightsenergypolicyactof2005page5/ |archive-date=October 24, 2008 |website=nei.gov |page=5}}</ref>
** It allows nuclear plant employees and certain contractors to carry firearms;
** It prohibits the sale, export or transfer of nuclear materials and "sensitive nuclear technology" to any state sponsor of terrorist activities;
** It updates tax treatment of decommissioning funds;

* The law exempted fluids used in the [[natural gas extraction]] process of [[hydraulic fracturing]] (fracking) from protections under the [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]], [[Clean Water Act]], [[Safe Drinking Water Act]], and [[CERCLA]] ("Superfund").<ref name="Kosnik">{{cite web |author=Kosnik |first=Renee Lewis |date=October 2007 |title=The Oil and Gas Industry's Exclusions and Exemptions to Major Environmental Statutes |url=http://www.earthworksaction.org/pubs/PetroleumExemptions1c.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018081727/http://www.earthworksaction.org/pubs/PetroleumExemptions1c.pdf |archive-date=October 18, 2011 |access-date=April 17, 2012 |publisher=Earthworks' Oil and Gas Accountability Project}}</ref>
* It directs the Secretary of the Interior to complete a programmatic [[environmental impact statement]] for a commercial leasing program for [[oil shale]] and [[tar sands]] resources on public lands with an emphasis on the most geologically prospective lands within each of the states of [[Colorado]], [[Utah]], and [[Wyoming]].<ref name=anl>{{cite web | publisher= Oil Shale and Tar Sands Leasing Programmatic EIS Information Center | url= http://ostseis.anl.gov/eis/what/index.cfm | title= What's in the Oil Shale and Tar Sands Leasing Programmatic EIS | access-date= 2007-07-10 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070703105351/http://ostseis.anl.gov/eis/what/index.cfm | archive-date= July 3, 2007 | url-status= dead | df= mdy-all }}</ref>

===Tax reductions by subject area===
* $4.3 billion for [[nuclear power]]<ref>[http://www.nei.org/documents/Energy_Bill_2005.pdf Detailed 2005 breakdown nei.org] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710094024/http://www.nei.org/documents/Energy_Bill_2005.pdf |date=July 10, 2007 }} - [[PDF]], 29kB</ref>
* $2.8 billion for fossil fuel production
* $2.7 billion to extend the [[renewable electricity production]] credit
* $1.6 billion in tax incentives for investments in "[[clean coal]]" facilities
* $1.3 billion for [[energy conservation]] and [[Efficient energy use|efficiency]]
* $1.3 billion for [[alternative fuel vehicle]]s and [[alternative fuel|fuels]] ([[bioethanol]], [[biomethane]], [[liquified natural gas]], [[propane]])
* $500 million [[Clean Renewable Energy Bonds]] (CREBS) for [[government agency|government agencies]] for renewable energy projects.

=== Change to daylight saving time ===
{{further|Daylight saving time in the United States}}
The law amended the [[Uniform Time Act]] of 1966 by changing the start and end dates of [[daylight saving time]], beginning in 2007. Clocks were set ahead one hour on the second Sunday of March (March 11, 2007) instead of on the first Sunday of April (April 1, 2007). Clocks were set back one hour on the first Sunday of November (November 4, 2007), rather than on the last Sunday of October (October 28, 2007). This had the net effect of slightly lengthening the duration of daylight saving time.

Lobbyists for this provision included the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association, the [[National Association of Convenience Stores]], and the National [[Retinitis Pigmentosa]] Foundation Fighting Blindness.

Lobbyists against this provision included the [[U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops]], the [[United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]], the National [[Parent-Teacher Association]], the Calendaring and Scheduling Consortium, the [[Edison Electric Institute]], and the [[Air Transport Association]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2005/07/26/dim_witted_proposal_for_daylight_time/|title=Dim-witted proposal for daylight time|work=Boston Globe|first=Alex|last=Beam|date=2005-07-26|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This section of the act is controversial; some have questioned whether daylight saving results in net energy savings.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Ryan |last1=Kellogg |first2=Hendrik |last2=Wolff |title=Does extending daylight saving time save energy? Evidence from an Australian experiment|version=CSEM WP 163|publisher=University of California Energy Institute|date=January 2007|url=http://www.ucei.berkeley.edu/PDF/csemwp163.pdf|access-date=2009-06-24}}</ref>

===Commercial building deduction===
The Act created the Energy Efficient [[Commercial Buildings Tax Deduction]], a special financial incentive designed to reduce the initial cost of investing in [[Green building|energy-efficient building]] systems via an accelerated tax deduction under section §179D of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC)[https://web.archive.org/web/20120628180426/http://www.capitalreviewgroup.com/energy-certification/179d-tax-deduction/] Many building owners are unaware that the [Policy Act of 2005] includes a tax deduction (§179D) for investments in "energy efficient commercial building property" designed to significantly reduce the heating, cooling, water heating and interior lighting cost of new or existing commercial buildings placed into service between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2013.
§179D includes full and partial tax deductions for investments in energy efficient commercial building that are designed to increase the efficiency of energy-consuming functions. Up to $.60 for lighting, $.60 for HVAC and $.60 for building envelope, creating a potential deduction of $1.80 per sq/ft. Interior lighting may also be improved using the Interim Lighting Rule, which provides a simplified process to earn the Deduction, capped at $0.30-$0.60/square foot. Improvements are compared to a baseline of [[American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers|ASHRAE]] 2001 standards.<ref name="cbd2">{{cite web |url=http://www.lightingtaxdeduction.org/ |title=NEMA website dedicated to lighting aspects of the Commercial Buildings Tax Deduction |access-date=2010-04-05 |author=DiLouie, Craig |publisher=[[National Electrical Manufacturers Association]] (NEMA)}}</ref>

To obtain these benefits the facilities/energy division of a business, its tax department, and a firm specializing in EPAct 179D deductions needed to cooperate. IRS mandated software had to be used and an independent 3rd party had to certify the qualification. For municipal buildings, benefits were passed through to the primary designers/architects in an attempt to encourage innovative municipal design.

The Commercial Buildings Tax Deduction expiration date had been extended twice, last by the [[Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008]]. With this extension, the CBTD could be claimed for qualifying projects completed before January 1, 2014.<ref name="cbd2"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Goulding|first=Charles|title=EPAct Section 179D|url=http://www.energytaxsavers.com/About.php}}</ref>

===Energy management===
The commercial building tax deductions<ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.gov/eere/buildings/179d-commercial-buildings-energy-efficiency-tax-deduction |title=§179D Commercial Buildings Energy Efficiency Tax Deduction}}</ref> could be used to improve the payback period of a prospective energy improvement investment. The deductions could be combined by participating in demand response programs where building owners agree to curtail usage at peak times for a premium. The most common qualifying projects were in the area of lighting.

===Energy savings===
'''Summary of Energy Savings Percentages Provided by IRS Guidance'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/irb/2012-17_IRB |title=Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2012-17 |quote=See table in §3 of Part III. Administrative, Procedural, and Miscellaneous}}</ref>

Percentages permitted under Notice 2006-52
<small>(Effective for property placed in service January 1, 2006 – December 31, 2008)</small>
* Interior Lighting Systems {{frac|16|2|3}}%, 
* Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, and Hot Water Systems {{frac|16|2|3}}%, 
* Building Envelope {{frac|16|2|3}}%.
Percentages permitted under Notice 2008-40
<small>(Effective for property placed in service January 1, 2006 – December 31, 2013)</small>
* Interior Lighting Systems 20%,
* Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, and Hot Water Systems 20%,
* Building Envelope 10%. 
Percentages permitted under Notice 2012-22
* Interior Lighting Systems 25%,
* Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, and Hot Water Systems 15%, 
* Building Envelope 10%.
Effective date of Notice 2012-22 – December 31, 2013; if §179D is extended beyond December 31, 2013, is also effective (except as otherwise provided in an amendment of §179D or the guidance thereunder) during the period of the extension.

==Cost estimate==
The [[Congressional Budget Office]] (CBO) review of the conference version of the bill estimated the Act would increase direct spending by $2.2 billion over the 2006–2010 period, and by $1.6 billion over the 2006–2015 period. The CBO did not attempt to estimate additional effects on discretionary spending. The CBO and the Joint Committee on Taxation estimated that the legislation would reduce revenues by $7.9 billion over the 2005–2010 period and by $12.3 billion over the 2005–2015 period.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

==Support==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2008}}
The collective reduction in national consumption of energy (gas and electricity) is significant for home heating. The Act provided gible financial incentives (tax credits) for average homeowners to make environmentally positive changes to their homes.  It made improvements to home energy use more affordable for walls, doors, windows, roofs, water heaters, etc.  Consumer spending, and hence the national economy, was abetted.  Industry grew for manufacture of these environmentally positive improvements.  These positive improvements have been near and long-term in effect.

The collective reduction in national consumption of oil is significant for automotive vehicles.  The Act provided tangible financial incentives (tax credits) for operators of hybrid vehicles.  It helped fuel competition among auto makers to meet rising demands for [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel-efficient vehicles]].  Consumer spending, and hence the national economy, was abetted.  Dependence on imported oil was reduced.  The national trade deficit was improved.  Industry grew for manufacture of these environmentally positive improvements.  These positive improvements have been near and long-term in effect.

==Criticism==
* The ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' contended that the spending bill was a broad collection of subsidies for United States energy companies; in particular, the nuclear and oil industries.<ref>Grunwald, Michael and Juliet Eilperin. "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/29/AR2005072901128.html Energy Bill Raises Fears About Pollution, Fraud Critics Point to Perks for Industry]." ''The Washington Post''. July 30, 2005.</ref>
* Speaking for the National Republicans for Environmental Protection Association, President Martha Marks said that the organization was disappointed in the law because it did not support conservation enough, and continued to subsidize the well-established oil and gas industries that didn't require subsidizing.<ref>"[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna8870039 Bush signs $12.3 billion energy bill into law]." ''MSNBC''. August 8, 2005.</ref>
* The law did not include provisions for drilling in the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]] (ANWR); some Republicans claimed "access to the abundant [[oil reserves]] in ANWR would strengthen America's energy independence without harming the environment."<ref>Knight, Peyton. "[http://www.nationalcenter.org/TSR111005.html Small Group of House Republicans Derails ANWR Drilling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803110211/http://nationalcenter.org/TSR111005.html |date=2014-08-03 }}." Washington, DC: [http://www.nationalcenter.org/ The National Center for Public Policy Research]. November 10, 2005.</ref>
* Senator [[Hillary Clinton]] criticized Senator [[Barack Obama]]'s vote for the bill in the [[2008 Democratic Primary]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_557416.html | title=Clinton preaches to her choir | author=Zito, Salena | newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]] | date=March 15, 2008 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Legislative history==
The Act was voted on and passed twice by the [[United States Senate]], once prior to [[conference committee]], and once after.  In both cases, there were numerous senators who voted against the [[Bill (proposed law)|bill]].  [[John McCain]], the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] nominee for [[President of the United States]] in the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 election]] voted against the bill. Democrat [[Barack Obama]], President of the United States from January 2009 to January 2017, voted in favor of the bill.

===Provisions in the original bill that were not in the act===
* Limited liability for producers of [[MTBE]].
* Drilling for oil in the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]] (ANWR).
* Increasing vehicle efficiency standards ([[Corporate Average Fuel Economy|CAFE]]).
* Requiring increased reliance on non-greenhouse gas-emitting energy sources similar to the [[Kyoto Protocol]].

To remove from 18 CFR Part 366.1 the definitions of "electric utility company" and [[Power purchase agreement|exempt wholesale generator]] (EWG), that an EWG is not an electric utility company.<ref name="repeal">{{cite web|url=https://www.ferc.gov/whats-new/comm-meet/042006/M-1.pdf|title=Repeal of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 and Enactment of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 2005|website=ferc.gov|date=24 Apr 2006|access-date=12 Apr 2014|archive-date=December 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220231521/https://ferc.gov/whats-new/comm-meet/042006/M-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Preliminary Senate vote===
June 28, 2005, 10:00&nbsp;a.m. Yeas - 85, Nays - 12

===Conference committee===
The bill's conference committee included 14 Senators and 51 House members.  The senators on the committee were: Republicans Domenici, Craig, Thomas, Alexander, Murkowski, Burr, Grassley and Democrats Bingaman, Akaka, Dorgan, Wyden, Johnson, and Baucus.

===Final Senate vote===
July 29, 2005, 12:50&nbsp;p.m.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 109th Congress - 1st Session |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1091/vote_109_1_00213.htm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00213 |access-date= |website=senate.gov}}</ref> Yeas - 74, Nays - 26

===Legislative history===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Stage !! House of Representatives !! Senate
|-
| colspan=3 | '''Initial Debate'''
|-
| Introduction || April 18, 2005 || June 11
|-
| Committed || April 18 || June 14
|-
| Committee Name(s) || Energy and Commerce <br /> Education and the Workforce <br /> Financial Services <br /> Agriculture <br /> Resources <br /> Science <br /> Ways and Means <br /> Transportation and Infrastructure ||
|-
| Committee Stage || April 18 to 19 ||
|-
| Committee Report || April 19 ||
|-
| Floor Debate || April 19 to 21 || June 14 to 23 <br />
Cloture invoked June 23,<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00152 92-4 senate.gov]</ref>
|-
| Passage || April 21,<ref>[http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll132.xml 249-183 clerk.house.gov]</ref>  || June 28,<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00158 85-12 senate.gov]</ref>
|-
| colspan=3 | '''Conference Stage'''
|-
| Conference Demanded/Accepted || July 13 ||  July 1
|-
| Conference Meetings || colspan=2 align=center | July 14 to 24
|-
| Report Filed || colspan=2 align=center | July 27
|-
| colspan=3 | '''Final Passage'''
|-
| Final Debate || July 28 || July 28 to 29 <br /> Budget Act waived, July 29,<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00212 71-29 senate.gov]</ref>
|-
| Concurrence and Passage || July 28,<ref>[http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll445.xml 275-156 clerk.house.gov]</ref>  || July 29,<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00213 74-26 senate.gov]</ref>
|-
| Presented to President || colspan=2 align=center | August 4
|-
| Signed || colspan=2 align=center | August 8
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Energy Policy Act of 1992]]
* [[Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act|Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) of 1978]]
* [[Demand response]]
* [[Energy crisis]]
* [[FutureGen]], zero-emissions coal-fired power plant
* [[Hydrogen economy]]
* [[Internal Revenue Service]]
* [[Loan guarantee]]
* [[Nuclear Power 2010 Program]]
* [[Oil depletion]]
* [[Oil industry]]
* [[Power plant]]
* [[Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act]]
* [[Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935]]
* [[Renewable energy in the United States]]
* [[Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act]]
* [[Energy policy of the United States]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource}}

===Government===
* [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10914/uslm/COMPS-10914.xml Energy Policy Act of 2005] as amended ([https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10914/pdf/COMPS-10914.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-10914 details]) in the [[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection]
* [https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/109/public/58?link-type=pdf&.pdf Energy Policy Act of 2005] as enacted ([https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/109/public/58?link-type=details details]) in the [[United States Statutes at Large|US Statutes at Large]]
* {{USBill|109|hr|6}} on [[Congress.gov]]
* [https://www.energy.gov/taxbreaks.htm Department of Energy spotlight on the bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728004717/http://www.energy.gov/taxbreaks.htm |date=July 28, 2011 }} - listing consumer savings (tax breaks).
* [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/08/20050808-6.html Official News release and Allocution Bush / Albuquerque / 2005-08-08]
* [http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=6581&sequence=0 Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate for the bill conference agreement, July 27, 2005]
* [https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-bill/6|Congressional Research Service summary]

===Events===
* [[GovEnergy|GovEnergy Workshop and Trade Show]]

===News===
* [http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0808/p01s01-uspo.htm Christian Science Monitor: How Much New Oil? Not a Lot]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051122125425/http://news.bostonherald.com/opinion/view.bg?articleid=95929&format=text Boston Herald: Editorial]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050711062822/http://wireservice.wired.com/wired/story.asp?section=Breaking Reuters: brief summary]
* [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8866543/ MSNBC: news story]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050809003615/http://www.taxpayer.net/energy/energywatch.htm TaxPayer.net: How the Bill Passed] – a view of the reasons for the bills passage and its costs to taxpayers. See also: [https://web.archive.org/web/20051028060427/http://www.taxpayer.net/energy/ TaxPayer.net on Subsidies]
* [https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20050808/ts_nm/bush_energy_dc_7 Yahoo! News: bill signing]
* [http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/08/08/bush.ap/index.html CNN: Bush: Energy bill effects will be long-term]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100911154108/http://www.washingtonwatch.com/ww/sum.php?cn=200500073 WashingtonWatch.com page on P.L. 109-58: The Energy Policy Act of 2005]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070302072438/http://weblog.infoworld.com/sustainableit/archives/2007/02/study_daylight.html InfoWorld.com Sustainable IT blog: New daylight saving time not so bright an idea] – a criticism of the change to daylight saving time

===Non-profit===
* [http://www.cleanfuelsohio.org Clean Fuels Ohio] - This site focuses on alternative fuels as well as alt-fuels incentives created by the Energy Policy Act of 2005.

{{Energy in the USA}}
{{United States environmental law}}
{{Presidency of George W. Bush}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:2005 in the environment]]
[[Category:United States federal energy legislation]]
[[Category:United States federal taxation legislation]]
[[Category:Energy policy]]
[[Category:Renewable energy law]]
[[Category:Acts of the 109th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Daylight saving time in the United States]]