View source for Emigration

{{Short description|Act of leaving one's country to another}}
{{Distinguish|Immigration|Migration (disambiguation){{!}}migration}}
{{Redirect|Emigrant|other uses|The Emigrants (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Emigrate|other uses|Emigrate (disambiguation)}}
'''Emigration''' is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Miriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/emigrate |title=emigrate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818172527/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/emigrate |archive-date=2017-08-18}}</ref> with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/emigration |title=Emigration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129153043/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/emigration |archive-date=2014-11-29}}</ref> Conversely, immigration describes the movement of people into one country from another (to permanently move to a country).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/immigration |title=Immigration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518081143/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/immigration |archive-date=2016-05-18}}</ref> A migrant ''emigrates'' from their old country, and ''immigrates'' to their new country. Thus, both emigration and immigration describe [[International migration|migration]], but from different countries' perspectives. 

[[File:Affiche émigration JP au BR-déb. XXe s..jpg|thumb|Japanese government poster in the early 20th century promoting emigration to South America, with Brazil highlighted]]

Demographers examine [[push and pull factors]] for people to be pushed out of one place and attracted to another. There can be a desire to escape negative circumstances such as shortages of land or jobs, or unfair treatment. People can be pulled to the opportunities available elsewhere. Fleeing from oppressive conditions, being a [[refugee]] and [[Asylum seeker|seeking asylum]] to get [[Refugee#Refugee status|refugee status]] in a foreign country, may lead to permanent emigration.

[[Forced displacement]] refers to groups that are forced to abandon their native country, such as by enforced [[population transfer]] or the threat of [[ethnic cleansing]]. Refugees and asylum seekers in this sense are the most marginalized extreme cases of migration,<ref name="Szkudlarek 461–484">{{Cite journal|last1=Szkudlarek|first1=Betina|last2=Nardon|first2=Luciara|last3=Osland|first3=Joyce S.|last4=Adler|first4=Nancy J.|last5=Lee|first5=Eun Su|date=August 2021|title=When Context Matters: What Happens to International Theory When Researchers Study Refugees|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amp.2018.0150|journal=Academy of Management Perspectives|language=en|volume=35|issue=3|pages=461–484|doi=10.5465/amp.2018.0150|issn=1558-9080|url-access=subscription}}</ref> facing multiple hurdles in their journey and efforts to integrate into the new settings.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Eun Su|last2=Szkudlarek|first2=Betina|last3=Nguyen|first3=Duc Cuong|last4=Nardon|first4=Luciara|date=April 2020|title=Unveiling the Canvas Ceiling : A Multidisciplinary Literature Review of Refugee Employment and Workforce Integration|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijmr.12222|journal=International Journal of Management Reviews|language=en|volume=22|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.1111/ijmr.12222|s2cid=216204168|issn=1460-8545|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Scholars in this sense have called for cross-sector engagement from businesses, non-governmental organizations, educational institutions, and other stakeholders within the receiving communities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Eun Su|last2=Szkudlarek|first2=Betina|date=2021-04-14|title=Refugee employment support: The HRM–CSR nexus and stakeholder co-dependency|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1748-8583.12352|journal=Human Resource Management Journal|volume=31|issue=4|language=en|pages=1748–8583.12352|doi=10.1111/1748-8583.12352|s2cid=234855263|issn=0954-5395|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Lee|first1=Eun Su|title=Integrating Refugees Into the Workplace – A Collaborative Approach|date=2021-08-16|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/978-1-83982-826-320211011/full/html|work=Intercultural Management in Practice|pages=121–129|editor-last=Chavan|editor-first=Meena|publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited|doi=10.1108/978-1-83982-826-320211011|isbn=978-1-83982-827-0|access-date=2021-09-27|last2=Roy|first2=Priya A.|last3=Szkudlarek|first3=Betina|s2cid=238706123|editor2-last=Taksa|editor2-first=Lucy|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== History ==
{{see|History of human migration}}
Patterns of emigration have been shaped by numerous economic, social, and political changes throughout the world in the last few hundred years. For instance, millions of individuals fled poverty, violence, and political turmoil in Europe to settle in the Americas and Oceania during the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Likewise, millions left South China in the [[Chinese diaspora]] during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

[[File:Aquitaniaposter.PNG|right|thumb|upright=0.9|Poster showing a cross-section of the [[Cunard Line]]'s emigrant liner [[RMS Aquitania|RMS ''Aquitania'']], launched in 1913.]]

== "Push" and "pull" factors==
{{main|push and pull factors}}
Demographers distinguish factors at the origin that push people out, versus those at the destination that pull them in.<ref>{{cite book|author=Zeev Ben-Sira|title=Immigration, Stress, and Readjustment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpLWW8Xe-tcC&pg=PA7|year=1997|publisher=Greenwood |pages=7–10|isbn=9780275956325}}</ref>  Motives to migrate can be either incentives attracting people away, known as ''pull'' factors, or circumstances encouraging a person to leave. Diversity of push and pull factors inform management scholarship in their efforts to understand migrant movement.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Lee|first1=Eun Su|title=Global Migration and Cross-Cultural Management: Understanding the Past, Moving Towards the Future |date=2020|url=https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-handbook-of-contemporary-cross-cultural-management/i4058.xml|work=The SAGE Handbook of Contemporary Cross-Cultural Management|pages=408–423|place=London |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd|doi=10.4135/9781529714340.n30|isbn=978-1-5264-4132-4|access-date=2021-09-27|last2=Nguyen|first2=Duc Cuong|last3=Szkudlarek|first3=Betina|s2cid=226552956|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Szkudlarek 461–484"/>

=== Push factors ===
* Poor living conditions or [[overcrowding]]
* Lack of employment or entrepreneurial opportunities
* Lack of educational opportunities
* Threat of arrest or punishment
* Persecution or intolerance based on race, religion, gender or sexual orientation
* Political corruption, lack of [[government transparency]] or [[freedom of speech]]
* Inability to find a spouse for marriage
* Lack of [[Religious freedom|freedom to choose religion]], or to choose no religion
* [[Resource depletion]], [[scarcity]] or [[austerity]]
* [[Conscription|Military draft]], warfare or [[terrorism]]
* Expulsion by armed force or coercion
* [[Recession]] or [[economic collapse]]
* [[Famine]] or drought
* [[Cultural imperialism|Cultural fights]] with [[Auto-segregation|other cultural groups]]

=== Pull factors ===
*Higher [[quality of life]], economic growth or lower [[cost of living]]
*Encouragement to join relatives or fellow countrymen; [[chain migration]]
*Quick wealth (as in a gold rush)
*More job opportunities or promise of higher pay
*[[Prosperity]] or [[economic surplus]]
*Educational opportunity (including university for adults or K-12 for children)
*Prepaid travel (as from relatives)
*Building a new nation (historically)
*Building specific cultural or religious communities
*Political freedom
*Cultural opportunities
*Greater opportunity to find a spouse
*Favorable climate 
*Ease of crossing boundaries
*Reduced tariff

=== Criticism ===
Some scholars criticize the "push-pull" approach to understanding [[international migration]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The age of migration : international population movements in the modern world|last=Castles |first=Stephen |date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230355767|pages=20–48|oclc=915478576}}</ref> Regarding lists of positive or negative factors about a place, Jose C. Moya writes "one could easily compile similar lists for periods and places where no migration took place."<ref>Moya, J. C. (1998). Cousins and strangers. Spanish immigrants in Buenos Aires, 1850–1930. Berkeley, University of California Press. p.14</ref>

==Emigration waves by country==
{{search link|intitle:Emigration from|Search for "Emigration from" in titles}}
*[[Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe]]
*[[Yerida]] (Jewish emigration from Israel)
*[[Swedish emigration to the United States]]

== Statistics ==
[[File:Net Migration Rate, Population Reference Bureau, Current.svg|right|upright=1.4|thumb|[[Net migration rate]]s per 1,000 people (2023, [[Population Reference Bureau]])]]
Unlike immigration, in many countries few if any records have been recorded{{Efn|Americans may register to vote in US elections<ref>{{Cite web|title=Absentee Voting Information for U.S. Citizens Abroad|url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/while-abroad/voting.html|access-date=2021-12-24|website=travel.state.gov}}</ref> and pay taxes<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Citizens and Resident Aliens Abroad {{!}} Internal Revenue Service|url=https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/us-citizens-and-resident-aliens-abroad|access-date=2021-12-24|website=www.irs.gov|language=en}}</ref> while living abroad.}} or maintained in regard to persons leaving a country either on a temporary or permanent basis. Therefore, estimates on emigration must be derived from secondary sources such as immigration records of the receiving country or records from other administrative agencies.<ref name=canada>{{cite book|isbn=978-1-100-19900-9|publisher=Statistics Canada Demography Division|title=Population and Family Estimation Methods at Statistics Canada|date=March 2012|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-528-x/91-528-x2011001-eng.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823021330/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-528-x/91-528-x2011001-eng.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-23}}</ref>

The rate of emigration has continued to grow, reaching 280 million in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf|title=International Migration Report 2017|date=2017|website=United Nations|access-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223091939/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In Armenia, for example, the migration is calculated by counting people arriving or leaving the country via airplane, train, railway or other means of transportation. Here, the emigration index is high: 1.5% of population leaves the country annually.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barsoumian|first=Nanore|date=2013-01-22|title=To Greener Shores: A Detailed Report on Emigration from Armenia|url=https://armenianweekly.com/2013/01/22/to-greener-shores-a-detailed-report-on-emigration-from-armenia/|access-date=2021-04-24|website=The Armenian Weekly|language=en-US}}</ref> In fact, it is one of the countries, where emigration has become a part of culture since 20th century. For example, between 1990 and 2005 approximately 700,000–1,300,000 Armenians left the country. The highly rising numbers of emigration are a direct response to socio-political and economic areas of the country. The internal migration (migration in country) is big (28.7%), while international migration is 71.3% of the total migration by people aging 15 and above. It is important to understand the reasons for both types of migration and the availability of the options. For example, in Armenia, everything is localized in the capital city Yerevan, thus, internal migration is from the villages and small cities to the biggest city of the country. The reason for the migration can be work or study. International migration follows the same reasoning of migration: work or study. The main destinations for it are Russia, France and US.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Migrant support measures from an employment and skills perspective (MISMES)|url=http://www.migration4development.org/sites/default/files/mismes_armenia.pdf|journal=Working Together Learning for Life|access-date=2021-04-29|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429113010/http://www.migration4development.org/sites/default/files/mismes_armenia.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Emigration restrictions ==
{{further|Eastern Bloc emigration and defection|Illegal emigration|Panmunjeom|Operation Keelhaul|Berlin Wall}}
[[File:Berlin Wall Potsdamer Platz November 1975 looking east.jpg|thumb|right|[[East Germany]] erected the [[Berlin Wall]] to prevent emigration westward.]]

Some countries restrict the ability of their citizens to emigrate to other countries. After 1668, the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] Emperor banned Han Chinese migration to [[Manchuria]]. In 1681, the emperor ordered construction of the [[Willow Palisade]], a barrier beyond which the Chinese were prohibited from encroaching on Manchu and Mongol lands.<ref>Elliott, Mark C. "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies." ''Journal of Asian Studies'' 59, no. 3 (2000): 603–46.</ref>

The [[Soviet Russia]] then later [[Soviet Union]] began such restrictions in 1918, with laws and borders tightening until even illegal emigration was nearly impossible by 1928.<ref name="dowty69">{{Harvnb|Dowty|1987|p=69}}</ref> To strengthen this, they set up [[Passport system in the Soviet Union|internal passport controls]] and individual city [[Propiska in the Soviet Union|Propiska]] ("place of residence") permits, along with internal freedom of movement restrictions often called the [[101st kilometre]], rules which greatly restricted mobility within even small areas.<ref name="dowty70">{{Harvnb|Dowty|1987|p=70}}</ref>

At the end of [[World War II]] in 1945, the Soviet Union occupied several Central European countries, together called the [[Eastern Bloc]], with the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas aspiring to independence and wanted the Soviets to leave.<ref name="thackeray188">{{Harvnb|Thackeray|2004|p=188}}</ref> Before 1950, over 15 million people emigrated from the Soviet-occupied eastern European countries and immigrated into [[Western Bloc|the west]] in the five years immediately following World War II.<ref name="bocker207">{{Harvnb|Böcker|1998|p=207}}</ref> By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling national movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc.<ref name="dowty114">{{Harvnb|Dowty|1987|p=114}}</ref> Restrictions implemented in the Eastern Bloc stopped most east–west migration, with only 13.3 million migrations westward between 1950 and 1990.<ref name="bocker209">{{Harvnb|Böcker|1998|p=209}}</ref> However, hundreds of thousands of [[East Germany|East Germans]] annually immigrated to [[West Germany]] through a "loophole" in the system that existed between East and West [[Berlin]], where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement.<ref name="harrison99">{{Harvnb|Harrison|2003|p=99}}</ref> The emigration resulted in massive "brain drain" from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals, such that nearly 20% of East Germany's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961.<ref name="dowty122">{{Harvnb|Dowty|1987|p=122}}</ref> In 1961, East Germany erected a barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the [[Berlin Wall]], effectively closing the loophole.<ref name="pearson75">{{Harvnb|Pearson|1998|p=75}}</ref> In 1989, the [[Berlin Wall#The Fall, 1989|Berlin Wall fell]], followed by [[German reunification]] and within two years the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].

By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling international movement was also emulated by China, [[Mongolia]], and [[North Korea]].<ref name="dowty114"/> North Korea still tightly restricts emigration, and maintains one of the strictest emigration bans in the world,<ref name="dowty208">{{Harvnb|Dowty|1987|p=208}}</ref> although some North Koreans still manage to illegally emigrate to China.<ref>Kleinschmidt, Harald, ''Migration, Regional Integration and Human Security: The Formation and Maintenance of Transnational Spaces, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006,{{ISBN|0-7546-4646-7}}, page 110</ref> Other countries with tight emigration restrictions at one time or another included [[Angola]], [[Egypt]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tsourapas|first1=Gerasimos|title=Nasser's Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-'Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967|journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Countries|date=2016|volume=43|issue=3|pages=324–341|doi=10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708|s2cid=159943632|url=http://www.gtsourapas.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BJMES_Tsourapas.pdf|access-date=4 December 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120151508/http://www.gtsourapas.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BJMES_Tsourapas.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> [[Ethiopia]], [[Mozambique]], [[Somalia]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Burma]], [[Democratic Kampuchea|Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia from 1975 to 1979)]], [[Laos]], [[North Vietnam]], [[Iraq]], [[South Yemen]] and [[Cuba]].<ref name="dowty186">{{Harvnb|Dowty|1987|p=186}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Canvas ceiling]]
*[[Deportation]]
*[[Diaspora]]
*[[Eastern Bloc emigration and defection]]
*[[Émigré]]
*[[Exile]]
*[[Expatriate]]
*[[Feminization of migration]]
*[[Immigration]]
*[[Foot voting]]
*[[Human capital flight]]
*[[Human migration]]
*[[Human settlement|Settlement]]
*[[International Organization for Migration]]
*[[Migration Letters]]
*[[Political asylum]]
*[[Political migration]]
*[[Population transfer]]
*[[Refugee]]
*{{RMS|Mooltan}}
*[[Separation barrier]]
*[[Snowbird (people)]]
*[[Xenophobia]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Wiktionary|emigration}}
*{{Citation|last=Böcker|first=Anita|title=Regulation of Migration: International Experiences|publisher=Het Spinhuis|year=1998|isbn=978-90-5589-095-8}}
*{{Citation|last=Dale|first=Gareth|title=Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945-1989: Judgements on the Street|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7146-5408-9}}
*{{Citation|last=Dowty|first=Alan|title=Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-300-04498-0}}
*{{Citation|last=Harrison|first=Hope Millard|title=Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953-1961|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-691-09678-0}}
*{{Citation|last=Krasnov|first=Vladislav|title=Soviet Defectors: The KGB Wanted List|publisher=Hoover Press|year=1985|isbn=978-0-8179-8231-7}}
*{{Citation|last=Mynz|first=Rainer|title=Where Did They All Come From? Typology and Geography of European Mass Migration In the Twentieth Century; European Population Conference Congress European De Demographie |publisher=United Nations Population Division|year=1995}}
*{{Citation|last=Pearson|first=Raymond|title=The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire|publisher=Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-17407-1}}
*Labour market efficiency and emigration in Slovakia and EU neighbouring countries, 
*{{Citation|last=Thackeray|first=Frank W.|title=Events that changed Germany|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2004|isbn=978-0-313-32814-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/eventsthatchange00fran}}
*{{Citation|last1=Tsourapas|first1=Gerasimos|title=Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt|journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies|date=2015|volume=41|issue=13|pages=2192–2214|doi=10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940|s2cid=73675854|url=http://www.gtsourapas.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/JEMS_Tsourapas.pdf|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220060550/http://www.gtsourapas.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/JEMS_Tsourapas.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last=Bello | first=Valeria | title=International Migration and International Security: Why Prejudice is a Global Security Threat | publisher=Routledge | publication-date=2017 | isbn=9781138689473 | oclc=957742876 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TycDvgAACAAJ}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|emigration}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Emigration|lcfirst=yes}}
* [https://emigrationballads.neocities.org/ Translation from Galician to English of 4 Classic Emigration Ballads]

{{Population}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Emigration| ]]
[[Category:Human migration]]
[[Category:Population]]