View source for Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia

{{Short description|Electress Palatine from 1613 to 1623}}
{{Redirect|Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia|other people with similar names|Elisabeth of Bohemia (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort      = yes
| name         = Elizabeth Stuart
| image        = Workshop of Michiel Jansz. van Miereveldt Elizabeth Stuart Queen of Bohemia.jpg
| caption      = Portrait by the Workshop of [[Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt]], {{circa}} 1623
| succession   = [[Electress of the Palatinate#House of Palatinate-Simmern, 1559–1623|Electress consort of the Palatinate]]
| reign        = 14 February 1613 – 23 February 1623
| succession1  = [[Queen consort of Bohemia]]
| reign1       = 4 November 1619{{snd}}{{nowrap|8 November 1620}}
| coronation1  = 7 November 1619 <br/> [[St Vitus Cathedral]]
| cor-type1    = [[Coronation of the Bohemian monarch|Coronation]]
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Frederick V, Elector Palatine]]|1613|1632|end=died}}
| issue        = {{collapsible list|title=''See''|[[Henry Frederick, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate|Henry Frederick, Electoral Prince of the Palatinate]]|[[Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine]]|[[Elisabeth of the Palatinate|Elisabeth, Princess-Abbess of Herford]]|[[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert, Duke of Cumberland]]|[[Maurice of the Palatinate|Prince Maurice]]|[[Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate|Louise Hollandine, Abbess of Maubuisson]]|Prince Louis|[[Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern|Prince Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern]]|[[Henriette Marie of the Palatinate|Princess Henriette Marie]]|[[Philip Frederick of the Palatinate|Prince Philip Frederick]]|[[Charlotte of the Palatinate (1628–1631)|Princess Charlotte]]|[[Sophia of Hanover|Sophia, Electress of Hanover]]|[[Gustavus Adolphus of the Palatinate|Prince Gustavus Adolphus]]}}
| house        = [[House of Stuart|Stuart]]
| father       = [[James VI and I]]
| mother       = [[Anne of Denmark]]
| birth_date   = 19 August 1596
| birth_place  = [[Dunfermline Palace]], [[Fife]], [[Kingdom of Scotland]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1662|2|13|1596|8|19|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Leicester House, Westminster|Leicester House]], [[Westminster]], London, [[Kingdom of England]]
| burial_date  = 17 February 1662
| burial_place = [[Westminster Abbey]], London
| signature    = Signature of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia.svg
}}

'''Elizabeth Stuart''' (19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662) was [[Electress of the Palatinate]] and briefly [[Queen consort of Bohemia|Queen of Bohemia]] as the wife of [[Frederick V of the Palatinate]]. The couple's selection for the crown by the nobles of [[Bohemia]] was part of the political and religious turmoil that set off the [[Thirty Years' War]]. Since her husband's reign in Bohemia lasted over only one winter, she is called "'''The Winter Queen'''" ({{langx|de|Die Winterkönigin}}, {{langx|cs|Zimní královna}}).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elizabeth Stuart of Bohemia, the 'Winter Queen' {{!}} Royal Museums Greenwich|url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/elizabeth-stuart-bohemia-winter-queen|access-date=11 May 2021|website=Royal Museums Greenwich}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article625259/Verehrt-und-verdammt-Die-schoene-Winterkoenigin.html|title=Verehrt und verdammt: Die schöne Winterkönigin - WELT|date=15 November 2011|website=DIE WELT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zoom.iprima.cz/historie/zimni-kralovna-alzbeta-stuartovna|title=Zimní královna si české země dlouho neužila. Oliver Cromwell jí popravil bratra|first=F.T.V.|last=Prima|website=Prima Zoom}}</ref>

Princess Elizabeth was the only surviving daughter of [[James VI and I]], [[King of Scotland]], [[King of England|England]], and [[King of Ireland|Ireland]], and his queen, [[Anne of Denmark]]; she was the elder sister of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]. Born in Scotland, she was named in honour of her father's cousin and predecessor on the English throne, [[Elizabeth I]]. During Elizabeth Stuart's childhood, unbeknownst to her, part of the failed [[Gunpowder Plot]] was a scheme to replace her father with her on the throne, and forcibly raise her as a [[Catholic]].

Her father later arranged for her marriage to the [[Protestant]] Frederick V, a senior prince of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. They [[Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of the Palatinate|were married]] in the Chapel Royal in the [[Palace of Whitehall]], and then left for his lands in Germany. Their marriage proved successful, but after they left Bohemia, they spent years in exile in [[The Hague]], while the Thirty Years' War continued. In her widowhood, she eventually returned to England at the end of her own life during the [[Stuart Restoration]] of her nephew and is buried in [[Westminster Abbey]].

With the death in 1714 of Elizabeth's great-niece, [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain]], the last [[House of Stuart|Stuart monarch]], the [[British throne]] passed to her grandson (by her daughter [[Sophia of Hanover]]) as [[George I of Great Britain|George I]], initiating the rule of the [[House of Hanover]].

==Early life==
[[Image:Eliz bohemia 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Elizabeth at the age of 7 by [[Robert Peake the Elder]]]]
Elizabeth was born at [[Dunfermline Palace]], [[Fife]], on 19 August 1596 at 2 o'clock in the morning.<ref>[[Thomas Birch]], ''Memorials of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth'', vol. 2 (London, 1754), p. 112.</ref><ref name=barbieri>M. Barbieri, ''Descriptive and Historical Gazetteer of the Counties of Fife, Kinross, and Clackmannan'' (1857), [https://books.google.com/books?id=bm63tC7rDUIC&pg=PA157 p. 157]: "ELIZABETH STUART.-Calderwood, after referring to a tumult in Edinburgh, says, that shortly before these events, the Queen (of James VI.) was delivered of a daughter in the palace of Dunfermline, on the 19th of August 1596.</ref> King James rode to the bedside from [[Callendar House|Callendar]], where he was attending the wedding of the [[Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney|Earl of Orkney]].<ref>[[Nadine Akkerman]], ''Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Hearts'' (Oxford, 2021), p. 19: ''Calendar of State Papers Scotland'', vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1952), p. 306: [[David Moysie]], ''Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 164.</ref> At the time of her birth, her father was [[List of monarchs of Scotland|King of Scotland]], but not yet King of England.<ref name=plowden>{{Citation |last=Plowden |first=Alison |title=The Stuart Princesses |publisher=Sutton Publishing |location=Gloucestershire, UK |orig-year=1996 |year=2003 |page=3 |isbn=0-7509-3238-4}}</ref> Named in honour of [[Elizabeth I of England]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Stuart of Bohemia, the 'Winter Queen' {{!}} Royal Museums Greenwich |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/elizabeth-stuart-bohemia-winter-queen |website=Royal Museums Greenwich|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> her godmother, the young Elizabeth was christened on 28 November 1596 in the Chapel Royal at [[Holyrood Palace|Holyroodhouse]],<ref>Steven Veerapen, ''The Wisest Fool: The Lavish Life of James VI and I'' (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2023), p. 200.</ref> and was then proclaimed by the heralds as "Lady Elizabeth".<ref name=barbieri/><ref>M. S Guiseppi, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1595-1597'', vol. 12 (Edinburgh, 1952), p. 387.</ref> During her early life in Scotland, Elizabeth was brought up at [[Linlithgow Palace]], where she was placed in the care of [[Alexander Livingstone, 1st Earl of Linlithgow|Lord Livingstone]] and his wife, [[Helenor Hay|Eleanor Hay]].<ref>M. S. Giuseppi, ed., ''Calendar of State Papers Scotland'', vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1952), pp. 336, 388.</ref> A couple of years later the king's second daughter, [[Margaret Stuart (1598–1600)|Margaret]], was placed in their care as well. Elizabeth "did not pay particular attention to this younger sister", as even at this young age her affections were with her brother, [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Henry]].<ref>{{Citation | first = Jessica | last = Gorst-Williams | title = Elizabeth the Winter Queen | orig-year = 1976 | year= 1977 | isbn = 0-200-72472X | publisher = Abelard | location = London | page=4}}</ref>

===Move to England===
When Queen Elizabeth I of England died in 1603, Elizabeth Stuart's father, [[James VI and I|James]], succeeded as King of England and Ireland. The [[Frances Howard, Countess of Kildare|Countess of Kildare]] was appointed the princess's governess. Along with her elder brother, [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Henry]],<ref>[[Charles I of England|Charles]] remained in Scotland for the time being, [[Margaret Stuart (1598–1600)|Margaret]] had died in spring 1600 and [[Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre|Robert]] in May 1602.</ref> Elizabeth made the journey southward to England with her mother "in a triumphal progress of perpetual entertainment".<ref>{{Citation | first = Antonia | last = Fraser | title = The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Faith in 1605 (Part One) | orig-year = 1996 | year = 2002 | publisher = Phoenix | location = London |page=70}}</ref> On her father's birthday, 19 June, Elizabeth danced at [[Worksop Manor]] with [[Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury|Robert Cecil's]] son.<ref>''HMC Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Earl of Salisbury'', vol. 15 (London, 1930), p. 143.</ref>

Elizabeth remained at court for a few weeks, but "there is no evidence that she was present at her [[coronation of James I|parents' coronation]]" on 25 July 1603.<ref>{{Citation | first = Alison | last = Plowden | title = The Stuart Princesses | orig-year = 1996 | year= 2003 | isbn = 0-7509-3238-4 | publisher = Sutton publishing | location = Gloucestershire | page=8}}</ref> It seems likely that by this time the royal children already had been removed to [[Oatlands Palace|Oatlands]], an old Tudor hunting lodge near Weybridge. There was plague in London, and Prince Henry and Princess Elizabeth were moved to [[Winchester Castle|Winchester]].<ref>[[Edmund Lodge]], ''Illustrations of British History'', vol. 3 (London, 1838), pp. 20-1, 36, 38, 140.</ref> Her mother, Anne of Denmark, produced a [[Prince Henry's Welcome at Winchester|masque]] to welcome them.<ref>Martin Wiggins & Catherine Teresa Richardson, ''British Drama, 1533-1642: 1603-1608'', vol. 5 (Oxford, 2015), pp. 51-2.</ref> On 19 October 1603 "an order was issued under the privy seal announcing that the King had thought fit to commit the keeping and education of the Lady Elizabeth to the Lord Harrington{{sic}} and his wife".<ref>{{Citation | first = Alison | last = Plowden | title = The Stuart Princesses | orig-year = 1996 | year= 2003 | isbn = 0-7509-3238-4 | publisher = Sutton publishing | location = Gloucestershire |page=9}}</ref>

Under the care of [[John Harington, 1st Baron Harington of Exton|Lord]] and [[Anne Keilway|Lady Harington]] at [[Coombe Abbey]], Elizabeth met [[Anne (Dudley) Sutton|Anne Dudley]], with whom she was to strike up a lifelong friendship. On 3 April 1604, Princess Elizabeth and her ladies rode from Coombe Abbey to [[Coventry]]. The Mayor and Aldermen met her at "[[Stoke Heath, Coventry|Jabet's Ash on Stoke-green]]". She heard a sermon in [[Coventry Cathedral|St Michael's Church]] and dined in [[St Mary's Guildhall|St Mary's Hall]].<ref>John Nichols, ''Progresses of James the First'', vol. 1 (London, 1828), p. 429.</ref>

===Gunpowder Plot===
[[Image:Johnson CoombeAbbey HAGAM.jpg|thumb|right|[[Coombe Abbey]] painted in 1797 by Maria Johnson]]
Part of the intent of the [[Gunpowder Plot]] of 1605 was to assassinate Elizabeth's father King James and the Protestant aristocracy, kidnap the nine-year-old Elizabeth from [[Coombe Abbey]], and place her on the throne of England – and presumably the thrones of Ireland and Scotland – as a Catholic monarch. The conspirators chose Elizabeth after considering the other available options. Prince Henry, it was believed, would perish alongside his father. Charles was seen as too feeble (having only just learnt to walk) and [[Mary Stuart (1605–1607)|Mary]] too young. Elizabeth, on the other hand, had already attended formal functions, and the conspirators knew that "she could fulfil a ceremonial role despite her comparative youth".<ref>{{Citation | first = Antonia | last = Fraser | title = The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Faith in 1605 (Part One) | orig-year = 1996 | year = 2002 | publisher = Phoenix | location = London |page=140}}</ref>

The conspirators aimed to cause an uprising in the Midlands to coincide with the explosion in London and at this point secure Elizabeth's accession as a [[Puppet monarch|puppet queen]]. She would then be brought up as a Catholic and later married to a Catholic bridegroom.<ref>{{Citation | first = Antonia | last = Fraser | title = The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Faith in 1605 (Part One) | orig-year = 1996 | year = 2002 | publisher = Phoenix | location = London |page=141}}</ref> The plot failed when the conspirators were betrayed, and [[Guy Fawkes]] was caught by the King's soldiers before he was able to ignite the powder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonfirenight.net/gunpowder.php |title=Guy Fawkes and Bonfire Night |publisher=Bonfirenight.net |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref>

===Education===
[[Image:Eliz bohemia 3.jpg|thumb|upright|Elizabeth, aged about 10 years old, by [[Robert Peake the Elder]]]]
Elizabeth was given a comprehensive education for a princess at that time. This education included instruction in natural history, geography, theology, languages, writing, music, and dancing. She was denied instruction in the classics as her father believed that "Latin had the unfortunate effect of making women more cunning".<ref>{{Citation | first = Antonia | last = Fraser | title = The Weaker Vessel: Woman's Lot in Seventeenth-Century England, part Two | orig-year = 1996 | year = 2002 | isbn = 1407216120 | publisher = Phoenix | location = London | page=71}}</ref> By the age of 12, Elizabeth was fluent in several languages, including French, "which she spoke with ease and grace" and would later use to converse with her husband.<ref>{{Citation | first = Frances | last = Erskine | title = Memoirs Relating to the Queen of Bohemia, Vol.1 | year= 1825 | publisher = Longhurst | location = London | page = 83}}</ref> She was also an excellent rider, had a thorough understanding of the Protestant religion, and had an aptitude for writing letters that "sounded sincere and never stilted".<ref>{{Citation | first = Jessica | last = Gorst-Williams | title = Elizabeth the Winter Queen | orig-year = 1976 | year= 1977 | isbn = 0-200-72472X | publisher = Abelard | location = London | pages= 11–12}}</ref> She also was extremely literary, and "several mementoes of her early love of books exist".<ref>{{Citation | first=Mary Anne | last=Everett Green | title=Elizabeth, electress palatine and queen of Bohemia | orig-year=1855 | edition=1909 | year=2010 | isbn=9781117402697 | publisher=Bibliolife | location=Milton Keynes | page=23}}</ref>

==Courtship and marriage==

===Suitors===
As the daughter of a reigning monarch, the hand of the young Elizabeth was seen as a very desirable prize.<ref>{{Citation | first = Alison | last = Plowden | title = The Stuart Princesses | orig-year = 1996 | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-7509-3238-4 | publisher = Sutton publishing | location = Gloucestershire | page=20}}</ref> Suitors came from across the continent and were many and varied. They included:
* [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]], son (and later successor) of the King of Sweden
* [[Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Frederic Ulric, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
* [[Maurice, Prince of Orange|Prince Maurice of Nassau]]
* [[Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk|Theophilus Howard, Lord Howard of Walden]], later second Earl of Suffolk
* [[Otto, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel|Otto, Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Kassel]], son of [[Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]]
* [[Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy|Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont]], the King of Spain's nephew and heir to the Duke of Savoy
* [[Philip III of Spain]], newly widowed in 1611.<ref>{{cite web |title=James 1 - volume 67: December 1611 Pages 96-109 Calendar of State Papers Domestic: James I, 1611-18. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/jas1/1611-18/pp96-109 |website=British History Online |publisher=HMSO 1858 |access-date=18 December 2022}}</ref>
Each suitor brought to the proposed marriage the prospect of power and greatness for the young Elizabeth.

Marriage could be of great benefit to her father's kingdom. When James had succeeded to the English throne in 1603, England had acquired a new role in European affairs. James, unlike the childless [[Elizabeth I]], by simply "having children, could play an important role in dynastic politics".<ref>{{Citation | first = Jenny | last = Wormald | title = James VI and I (1566–1625) | work = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | year = 2004 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford}}</ref> The selection of Elizabeth's spouse, therefore, had little to do with her personal preference and a great deal to do with the benefits the match could bring.

Most of her suitors were rejected quickly for a variety of reasons. Some simply were not of high enough birth, had no real prospects to offer, or in the case of Gustavus Adolphus, who on all other grounds seemed like a perfect match, because "his country was at war with [[Anne of Denmark|Queen Anne]]'s native Denmark".<ref>{{Citation | first = Josephine | last = Ross | title = The Winter Queen | orig-year = 1979 | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-88029-068-4 | publisher = Dorset Press | location = New York | page=21}}</ref> Furthermore, England could not face another religious revolution, and therefore the religious pre-requisite was paramount.

[[Image:Der junge Friedrich V. C-B 011.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of Frederick believed to have been painted in 1613 the year of his marriage to Elizabeth by [[Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt]]]]
The man chosen was [[Frederick  V, Elector Palatine|Frederick (Friedrich) V, Count Palatine of the Rhine]]. Frederick was of undeniably high lineage. His ancestors included the kings of Aragon and Sicily, the [[landgrave]]s of Hesse, the dukes of Brabant and Saxony, and the counts of Nassau and Leuven. He and Elizabeth also shared a common ancestor in [[Henry II of England]]. He was "a senior Prince of the Empire" and a staunch defender of the Protestant faith.<ref>{{Citation | first = David J. | last = Sturdy | title = Fractured Europe: 1600–1721 | year = 2002 | publisher = Blackwell Publishers | location = Oxford | page= 36}}</ref>

However, Frederick's mother,  [[Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau]], was said to be against the match. His uncles, [[Duke of Bouillon]], and Prince Maurice of [[House of Orange-Nassau]], urged him to accept, since the kingdom of Bohemia was important as being ex offico one of the seven Electors. If he accepted and also had the throne of Palatine, then lutherans would hold 4 out of 7 of the offices, which would endanger the Hasburgs. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Duggan |first1=Josephine |title=Sophia of Hanover: from Winter Princess to heiress of Great britain, 1630-1714 |date=2009 |publisher=London, UK; Chester Springs, PA: Peter Owen |isbn=9780720613421 0720613426 |url=https://archive.org/details/sophiaofhanoverf0000dugg/page/26/mode/2up |access-date=9 November 2025}}</ref>

===Courtship===
Frederick arrived in England on 16 October 1612, and the match seemed to please them both from the beginning. Their contemporaries noted how Frederick seemed to "delight in nothing but her company and conversation".<ref>{{Citation | first=Mary Anne | last=Everett Green | title=Elizabeth, electress palatine and queen of Bohemia | orig-year=1855 | edition=1909 | year=2010 | isbn=9781117402697 | publisher=Bibliolife | location=Milton Keynes | page=45}}</ref> Frederick also struck up a friendship with Elizabeth's elder brother, Prince Henry, which delighted his prospective bride immensely. King James did not take into consideration the couple's happiness, but saw the match as "one step in a larger process of achieving domestic and European concord".<ref>{{cite journal | last=Curran | first=Kevin | title=James I and fictional authority at the Palatine wedding celebrations | journal=Renaissance Studies |year=2006|volume=20|issue=1|page=51 | doi=10.1111/j.1477-4658.2006.00113.x| s2cid=153513889 }}</ref> The only person seemingly unhappy with the match was [[Anne of Denmark|Queen Anne]]. As the daughter of a king, the sister of a king, the wife of a king, and the mother of a future king, she also desired to be the mother of a queen. She is said to have been somewhat fond of Frederick's mild manner and generous nature but simply felt that he was of low stock.

On 6 November 1612, Henry, Prince of Wales, died. His death took an emotional toll on Elizabeth, and her new position as second-in-line to the throne made her an even more desirable match. Queen Anne and those like-minded who had "always considered the [[Palsgrave]] to be an unworthy match for her, were emboldened in their opposition".<ref>{{Citation | first = Alison | last = Plowden | title = The Stuart Princesses | orig-year = 1996 | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-7509-3238-4 | publisher = Sutton publishing | location = Gloucestershire | page= 25}}</ref> Elizabeth stood by Frederick, whom her brother had approved, and whom she found to have the sentiments of a fine gentleman. Above all, he was "regarded as the future head of the Protestant interest in Germany".<ref>{{Citation | first=Mary Anne | last=Everett Green | title=Elizabeth, electress palatine and queen of Bohemia | orig-year=1855 | edition=1909 | year=2010 | isbn=9781117402697 | publisher=Bibliolife | location=Milton Keynes | page=29}}</ref>

===Marriage to Frederick V===
{{main|Wedding of Frederick V of the Palatinate and Elizabeth Stuart}}
[[Image:Elisabeth Stuart Winterkoenigin 1613 von Anonymus.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of Elizabeth by an unknown artist]]

The wedding took place on 14 February 1613 at the royal chapel at the [[Palace of Whitehall]] and was a grand occasion that saw more royalty than ever visit the court of England.<ref>{{Citation | author=Anon. | title=The Marriage of prince Fredericke, and the King's daughter the Lady Elizabeth... | year=1613 | publisher=Thomas Creede | location=London | page=1}}</ref> The marriage was an enormously popular match and was the occasion for an outpouring of public affection with the ceremony described as "a wonder of ceremonial and magnificence even for that extravagant age".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jardine |first=Lisa |title=A Point of View: The Winter Queen of Bohemia |journal=BBC Magazine |date=24 February 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21532311|access-date=29 March 2013}}</ref>

It was celebrated with lavish and sophisticated festivities both in London and [[Heidelberg]], including mass feasts and lavish furnishings that cost nearly £50,000, and nearly bankrupted King James. Among many celebratory writings of the events was [[John Donne]]'s "Epithalamion, Or Marriage Song on the Lady Elizabeth, and Count Palatine being married on St Valentine's Day". A contemporary author viewed the whole marriage as a prestigious event that saw England "lend her rarest gem, to enrich the Rhine".<ref>{{Citation | first=Robert | last=Allyne | title=Tears of joy shed at the happy departure from Great Britaine, of... Frederick and Elizabeth... | year=1613 | publisher=Thomas Archer | location=London | page=3}}</ref>

[[File:Englischer Bau Heidelberg 1645 von Merian.jpg|thumb|upright|''Englischer Bau'' left of the "Thick Tower", 1645 by Matthäus Merian]]

==Electress Palatine==
After almost a two-month stay in London for continued celebrations, the couple began their journey to join the Electoral court in Heidelberg. The journey was filled with meeting people, sampling foods and wines, and being entertained by a wide variety of performers and companies. At each place the young couple stopped, Elizabeth was expected to distribute presents. The cash to allow her to do so was not readily available, so she had to use one of her own jewels as collateral so that the goldsmith [[Abraham Harderet]] would "provide her with suitable presents on credit".<ref>{{Citation | first = Jessica | last = Gorst-Williams | title = Elizabeth the Winter Queen | orig-year = 1976 | year= 1977 | isbn = 0-200-72472X | publisher = Abelard | location = London | page=40}}</ref>

[[File:Schloss Heidelberg Elisabethentor.JPG|thumb|''Elisabethentor'' (Elizabeth Gate) of Heidelberg Castle]]

Her arrival in Heidelberg was seen as "the crowning achievement of a policy which tried to give the Palatinate a central place in international politics" and was long anticipated and welcomed.<ref name="Asch 2004">{{Citation | first = Ronald G. | last = Asch | title = Elizabeth, princess (1596–1662) | work = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | year = 2004 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford}}</ref> Elizabeth's new husband transformed his seat at [[Heidelberg Castle]], creating between 1610 and 1613 the ''Englischer Bau'' (i.e., English Building) for her, a monkey-house, a [[menagerie]], and the beginnings of a new garden in the [[Italian Renaissance garden]] style popular in England at the time.<ref>{{Citation | first=Charles | last =Spencer | title=Prince Rupert: The Last Cavalier | year=2008 | publisher=Routledge | location=London | page=7}}</ref> The garden, the ''[[Hortus Palatinus]]'', was constructed by Elizabeth's former tutor, [[Salomon de Caus]].<ref>{{Citation | first=Tom | last =Turner | title=Garden History: Philosophy and Design, 2000 BC – 2000 AD | year=2005 | publisher=Spon Press| location=London | page=149}}</ref> It was dubbed the "Eighth Wonder of the World" by contemporaries.<ref>{{Citation | first=Richard | last =Kassel | title=The Organ: An Encyclopaedia  | year=2006 | publisher=Routledge| location=London | page=482}}</ref>

[[File:Simon de Passe - Medallion of the Elector Frederick V of the Rhine Palatinate and His Wife and Son - Walters 38217.jpg|thumb|upright|Gold medal made circa 1616 depicting Elizabeth, Frederick, and their son, Frederick Henry]]

Although Elizabeth and Frederick were considered to be genuinely in love and remained a romantic couple throughout the course of their marriage, problems already had begun to arise.<ref>{{Citation | last =Spencer | first=Charles | title=Prince Rupert: The Last Cavalier | year=2008 | publisher=Routledge | location=London | page=6}}</ref> Before the couple had left England, King James had made Frederick promise that Elizabeth "would take precedence over his mother ... and always be treated as if she were a Queen".<ref>{{Citation | first = Jessica | last = Gorst-Williams | title = Elizabeth the Winter Queen | orig-year = 1976 | year= 1977 | isbn = 0-200-72472X | publisher = Abelard | location = London | page= 35}}</ref> This at times made life in the Palatinate uncomfortable for Elizabeth, for Frederick's mother [[Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau|Louise Juliana]] had "not expected to be demoted in favour of her young daughter-in-law" and, as such, their relationship was never more than civil.<ref>{{Citation | last = Gorst-Williams | first = Jessica  | title = Elizabeth the Winter Queen | orig-year = 1976 | year= 1977 | isbn = 0-200-72472X | publisher = Abelard | location = London | page= 45}}</ref>

Elizabeth gave birth to three children in Heidelberg: [[Henry Frederick, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate|Frederick Henry, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate]] (sometimes called Henry Frederick) was born in 1614, [[Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine|Charles]] in 1617, and [[Elisabeth of the Palatinate|Elisabeth]] in 1618.

==Queen of Bohemia==
In 1619 Elizabeth's husband Frederick was one of those offered the [[List of rulers of Bohemia|throne of Bohemia]].

The [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] was "an aristocratic republic in all but name", whose nobles elected the monarch. It was one of the few successful [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralist]] states.<ref>{{Citation | first = Richard | last = Bonney | title = The European Dynastic State: 1494–1660| year= 1991 | publisher = OUP | location = New York | page= 190}}</ref> The country had enjoyed a long period of religious freedom, but in March 1619, on the death of Emperor [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]], this seemed about to change. The [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] heir, Archduke Ferdinand, crowned King of Bohemia in 1617, was a fervent Catholic who brutally persecuted Protestants in his Duchy of [[Styria]]. The Bohemian nobles had to choose between "either accepting Ferdinand as their king after all or taking the ultimate step of deposing him".<ref>{{Citation | first = Ronald | last = Asch | title = The Thirty Years War, the Holy Roman Empire and Europe: 1618–1648| year= 1997 | publisher = Macmillan Press | location = London | page=55}}</ref> They decided on deposition, and, when others declined because of the risks involved, the Bohemians "pandered to the elector's royalist pretensions" and extended the invitation to Elizabeth's husband.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Wilson | first=Peter H. | title=The Causes of the Thirty years War 618-48 | journal=English Historical Review |date=June 2008 |volume=CXXIII | issue=502 | page=583 | doi=10.1093/ehr/cen160}}</ref>

Frederick, although doubtful, was persuaded to accept. Elizabeth "appealed to his honour as a prince and a cavalier, and to his humanity as a Christian", aligning herself with him completely.<ref>{{Citation | first = Frances | last = Erskine | title = Memoirs Relating to the Queen of Bohemia, Vol.1 | year= 1825 | publisher = Longhurst | location = London | page=273}}</ref> The family moved to [[Prague]], where "the new King was received with genuine joy".<ref>{{Citation | first = Josephine | last = Ross | title = The Winter Queen: The Story of Elizabeth Stuart | orig-year = 1979 | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-88029-068-4 | publisher = Dorset Press | location = New York | page = 72}}</ref> Frederick was crowned officially in the [[St. Vitus Cathedral]] at the [[Prague Castle]] on 4 November 1619. The [[Coronation of the Bohemian monarch|coronation]] of Elizabeth as Queen of Bohemia followed three days later.

[[Image:Frederick V King of Bohemia; Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia.jpg|thumb|left|Engraving by [[Balthasar Moncornet]] of Frederick and Elizabeth as king and queen of Bohemia, 1620]]

The royal couple's third son, [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]], was born in Prague one month after the coronation. There was great popular rejoicing. Thus, Frederick's reign in Bohemia had begun well, but only lasted one year. The Bohemian crown "had always been a corner-stone of Habsburg policy" and the heir, Ferdinand, now [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]], would not yield.<ref>{{Citation | first = Jessica | last = Gorst-Williams | title = Elizabeth the Winter Queen | orig-year = 1976 | year= 1977 | isbn = 0-200-72472X | publisher = Abelard | location = London | page= 57}}</ref> Frederick's reign ended with the defeat of Bohemian Protestant armies at the [[Battle of White Mountain]] (which ended the first phase of the [[Thirty Years' War]]) on 8 November 1620.

Elizabeth is remembered as the "Winter Queen", and Frederick as the "Winter King", in reference to the brevity of their reign, and to the season of the battle.

==Exile==
Fearing the worst, by the time of the defeat at the [[Battle of White Mountain]], Elizabeth already had left Prague and was awaiting the birth of her fifth child at the Castle of [[Kostrzyn nad Odrą|Custrin]], about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from [[Berlin]]. It was there on 6 January 1621 that she "in an easy labour lasting little more than an hour" was delivered of a healthy son, [[Maurice of the Palatinate|Maurice]].<ref>{{Citation | first = Josephine | last = Ross | title = The Winter Queen: The Story of Elizabeth Stuart | orig-year = 1979 | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-88029-068-4 | publisher = Dorset Press | location = New York | page=85}}</ref>

[[Image:Queen Elizabeth with Prince Gustavus.jpg|thumb|upright|Detail of 1636 family ''Triumph'' portrait, Elizabeth's eldest daughter, [[Elisabeth of the Palatinate]], and youngest son, [[Gustavus Adolphus of the Palatinate]]]]

The military defeat removed the prospect of returning to Prague, and the entire family was forced to flee. They could no longer return to the Palatinate as it was occupied by the Catholic league and a Spanish contingent. Hence, after an invitation from the [[Prince of Orange]], they moved to [[The Hague]].

Alas, Frederick had also made a mistake in leaving his homeland without adequate protection when he went off to Bohemia. His mother, [[Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau]], had to flee to her daughter, [[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Electress of Brandenburg]] in Berlin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Duggan |first1=Josephine |title=Sophia of Hanover : from Winter Princess to heiress of Great britain, 1630-1714 |date=2009 |publisher=London, UK ; Chester Springs, PA : Peter Owen |isbn=9780720613421 0720613426 |url=https://archive.org/details/sophiaofhanoverf0000dugg/page/28/mode/2up}}</ref>

Elizabeth arrived in The Hague in spring 1621 with only a small court. Her sense of duty to assist her husband out of the political mess in which they had found themselves meant that "she became much more an equal, if not the stronger, partner in the marriage".<ref name="Asch 2004"/> Her lady-in-waiting, [[Amalia van Solms]], soon became involved with [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange]], and married him in 1625. The two women became rivals at the court of The Hague.<ref>[https://www.haagshistorischmuseum.nl/tentoonstelling/rivalen-aan-het-haagse-hof Rivals at Court] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120235943/https://www.haagshistorischmuseum.nl/tentoonstelling/rivalen-aan-het-haagse-hof |date=20 January 2018}}, 25 oktober 2014 – 15 maart 2015 exhibition at the Hague Historical Museum about the rivalry between the two women</ref>

While in exile Elizabeth produced eight more children, four boys and four girls. The last, [[Gustavus Adolphus of the Palatinate|Gustavus]], was born on 2 January 1632 and baptised in the [[Kloosterkerk, The Hague|Cloister Church]] where two of his siblings who had died young, Louis and [[Charlotte of the Palatinate (1628–1631)|Charlotte]], were buried. Later that same month, Frederick said farewell to Elizabeth and set out on a journey to join [[Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War|the king of Sweden on the battlefield]]. After declining conditions set out by King Gustavus Adolphus that would have seen the Swedish king assist in his restoration, the pair parted with Frederick heading back toward The Hague. He had been ill with an infection since the beginning of October 1632, and died on the morning of 29 November before reaching The Hague.

==Widowhood==
When Elizabeth received the news of Frederick's death, she became senseless with grief and for three days did not eat, drink, or sleep. When Charles I heard of Elizabeth's state, he invited her to return to England, but she refused. The rights of her son and Frederick's heir [[Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine|Charles Louis]] "remained to be fought for".<ref>{{Citation | first = Josephine | last = Ross | title = The Winter Queen: The Story of Elizabeth Stuart | orig-year = 1979 | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-88029-068-4 | publisher = Dorset Press | location = New York | page=109}}</ref> Elizabeth then fought for her son's rights, but she remained in The Hague even after he regained the [[Electoral Palatinate|Electorate of the Palatinate]] in 1648. She became a patron of the arts, and commissioned a larger family portrait to honour herself and her husband, to complement the impressive large seascape of her 1613 joyous entry to the Netherlands. Her memorial family portrait of 1636 was outdone by Amalia van Solms, who commissioned the [[Oranjezaal]] in 1648–1651 after the death of her husband Frederick Henry.

<gallery widths="180" heights="120">
File:Gerrit van Honthorst - Triumph of the Winter Queen.jpg|''Triumph of the Winter Queen: Allegory of the Just'', 1636, by [[Gerard van Honthorst]].
File:Bust of Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia. Marble, circa 1641 CE. By Francois Dieussart. From the Dutch Republic, Now the Netherlands. The Victoria and Albert Museum, London.jpg|Marble bust of ''Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia'', circa 1641, by [[François Dieussart]].
File:Gerard van Honthorst 007.jpeg|''Elizabeth Stuart as a Widow'', 1642, by [[Gerard van Honthorst]].
</gallery>

Elizabeth filled her time with copious letter writing and making marriage matches for her children. Between Frederick's death in 1632 and her own 30 years later, she witnessed the deaths of four more of her ten surviving children: Gustavus in 1641, [[Philip Frederick of the Palatinate|Philip]] in 1650,<ref name="oman">{{Citation | first = Carola | last = Oman | title = Elizabeth of Bohemia | year = 1938 | publisher = Hodder and Stoughton Limited | location = London}}</ref> Henriette Marie in 1651, and Maurice in 1652. Her brother [[Charles I of England|Charles I, King of England]] was executed in early 1649, and the surviving Stuart family was exiled during the years of the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]]. The relationships with her remaining living children also became somewhat estranged, although she did spend time with her growing number of grandchildren. She began to pay the price for having been "a distant mother to most of her own children", and the idea of going to England now was uppermost in her thoughts.<ref>{{Citation | first = Josephine | last = Ross | title = The Winter Queen: The Story of Elizabeth Stuart | orig-year = 1979 | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-88029-068-4 | publisher = Dorset Press | location = New York | pages=144–149}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Leicester House in 1748.jpg|thumb|[[Leicester House, Westminster|Leicester House]] (c. 1748)]]
In 1660, the Stuarts were [[Restoration (England)|restored]] to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland in the person of Elizabeth's nephew [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. Elizabeth arrived in England on 26 May 1661. By July, she was no longer planning on returning to The Hague and made plans for the remainder of her furniture, clothing, and other property to be sent to her. She then proceeded to move to [[Drury House]], where she established a small, but impressive and welcoming, household. On 29 January 1662 she made another move, to [[Leicester House, Westminster]], but by this time she was quite ill.<ref>{{Citation | first = Alison | last = Plowden | title = The Stuart Princesses | orig-year = 1996 | year= 2003 | isbn = 0-7509-3238-4 | publisher = Sutton publishing | location = Gloucestershire | pages= 146–149}}</ref> Elizabeth caught [[pneumonia]], bled from her lungs on 10 February 1662 and died soon after midnight on 13 February.

Her death caused little public stir as by then her "chief, if not only, claim to fame [in London] was as the mother of [[Rupert of the Rhine]], the legendary Cavalier general".<ref>{{Citation | first = Alison | last = Plowden | title = The Stuart Princesses | orig-year = 1996 | year= 2003 | isbn = 0-7509-3238-4 | publisher = Sutton Publishing | location = Gloucestershire | page=150}}</ref> On the evening of 17 February, when her coffin (into which her remains had been placed the previous day) left [[Somerset House]], Rupert was the only one of her sons to follow the funeral procession to [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref>{{Citation | first = Mary Anne | last = Everett Green | title = Elizabeth, electress palatine and queen of Bohemia | orig-year = 1855 | edition = 1909 | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781117402697 | publisher = Bibliolife | location = Milton Keynes | page= 411}}</ref> There in the [[Henry VII Chapel|chapel of Henry VII]], "a survivor of an earlier age, isolated and without a country she could really call her own", she was laid to rest among her ancestors and close to her beloved elder brother, Henry, Prince of Wales, in the [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] vault.<ref name="Asch 2004"/>

==Issue==
Elizabeth and Frederick had 13 children, six of whom outlived their mother:

# [[Frederick Henry, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate|Henry Frederick, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate]] (1614–1629); drowned
# [[Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine]] (1617–1680); married [[Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel]], had issue including [[Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine]], Duchess of Orleans; married [[Marie Luise von Degenfeld]], had issue; married again Elisabeth Holländer von Berau (1659-1702), had issue
# [[Elisabeth of the Palatinate]] (1618–1680)
# [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine]] (1619–1682); had two illegitimate children
# [[Maurice of the Palatinate]] (16 January 1621 – 1 September 1652)
# [[Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate]] (18 April 1622{{snd}}11 February 1709)
# Louis (21 August 1624{{snd}}24 December 1624)
# [[Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern]] (1625–1663); married [[Anne Gonzaga]], had issue
# [[Henriette Marie of the Palatinate]] (7 July 1626{{snd}}18 September 1651); married Prince Sigismund [[Rákóczi]], brother of [[George II Rákóczi]], Prince of Transylvania, on 16 June 1651
# [[Philip Frederick of the Palatinate|John Philip Frederick of the Palatinate]] (26 September 1627{{snd}}16 February 1650<ref name="oman"/>); also reported to have been born on 15 September 1629 
# [[Charlotte of the Palatinate (1628–1631)|Charlotte of the Palatinate]] (19 December 1628{{snd}}14 January 1631)
# [[Sophia of Hanover|Sophia, Electress of Hanover]] (14 October 1630{{snd}}8 June 1714); married [[Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover]], had issue, including King [[George I of Great Britain]]. Many other royal families are Sophia's, and therefore, Elizabeth's, descendants. Sophia came close to ascending to the British throne, but died two months before [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]].
# [[Gustavus Adolphus of the Palatinate]] (14 January 1632{{snd}}1641)

==Ancestry and family tree ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''Elizabeth Stuart'''
| 2 = 2. [[James VI and I|James I of England and VI of Scotland]]
| 3 = 3. [[Anne of Denmark]]
| 4 = 4. [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]
| 5 = 5. [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]
| 6 = 6. [[Frederick II of Denmark]]
| 7 = 7. [[Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow|Sophie of Mecklenburg]]
| 8 = 8. [[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox]]
| 9 = 9. [[Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox|Margaret Douglas]]
| 10 = 10. [[James V of Scotland]]
| 11 = 11. [[Mary of Guise]]
| 12 = 12. [[Christian III of Denmark]]
| 13 = 13. [[Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg]]
| 14 = 14. [[Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg|Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow]]
| 15 = 15. [[Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg|Elizabeth of Denmark]]
}}
{{Stuart to Hanover family tree}}

==Legacy==
Under the English [[Act of Settlement 1701]], the succession to the English and Scottish crowns (later British crown) was settled on Elizabeth's youngest daughter Sophia of Hanover and her issue. In August 1714, Sophia's son (Elizabeth's grandson) [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] ascended to the throne, with the future Royal family all his descendants and hence, also descendants of Elizabeth.

The [[Elizabeth River (Virginia)|Elizabeth River]] in colonial [[Virginia|Southeastern Virginia]] was named in honour of the princess, as was [[Cape Elizabeth, Maine|Cape Elizabeth]], a peninsula (and today a town) in the United States in the state of [[Maine]]. [[John Smith of Jamestown|John Smith]] explored and mapped New England and gave names to places mainly based on the names used by Native Americans. When Smith presented his map to Charles I, he suggested that the king should feel free to change the "barbarous names" for "English" ones. The king made many such changes, but only four survive today, one of which is Cape Elizabeth.<ref>{{Citation |last= Stewart |first= George R. |author-link= George R. Stewart |title= Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |orig-year= 1945 |edition= Sentry edition (3rd) |year= 1967 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |page= 38}}</ref>

According to legend, [[William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697)|William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven]], built [[Ashdown House, Berkshire|Ashdown House]] in [[Berkshire]], England, in honour of Elizabeth, although she died before the house was completed.

==Literary references==
*The Polish baroque poet [[Daniel Naborowski]] wrote a short poem praising Elizabeth's eyes.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mariusz Górniak, Roman Mazurkiewicz |url=http://staropolska.pl/barok/D_Naborowski/wybor_19.html |title=Daniel Naborowski – Na Oczy Królewny Angielskiej, Która Była Za Fryderykiem, Falcgrafem Reńskim, Obranym Królem Czeskim |publisher=Staropolska.pl |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref> He had seen her in 1609, when he visited London on a diplomatic mission.
* A poem in praise of Elizabeth was written by the courtier and poet Sir [[Henry Wotton]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wotton |first1=Henry |title=Elizabeth of Bohemia |url=https://allpoetry.com/Elizabeth-Of-Bohemia |website=All Poetry |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref>
*The Winter Queen plays a seminal role in [[Neal Stephenson]]'s ''[[The Baroque Cycle]]'' which is largely set during her lifetime.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
* Elizabeth is a main character in [[Daniel Kehlmann]]'s novel ''[[Tyll (novel)|Tyll]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cummins |first=Anthony |date=18 February 2020 |title=Tyll by Daniel Kehlmann review – plague, war and practical jokes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/feb/18/tyll-daniel-kehlmann-review |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Scotland and the Thirty Years' War]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation |title=The Correspondence of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia
|author=Akkerman, Nadine
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnnGaw--MHoC | publisher = Oxford University Press | location=Oxford |year=2011|isbn=9780199551088
}}
*{{Citation |title=Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Hearts
|author=Akkerman, Nadine
|url= | publisher = Oxford University Press | location=Oxford |year=2021|isbn=9780199668304
}}
*{{Citation | author=Anon. | title = Guy Fawkes and Bonfire Night | publisher = Bonfirenight.net | access-date = 13 February 2013 | url=http://www.bonfirenight.net/gunpowder.php}}
*{{Citation | author=Anon. | title=The Marriage of prince Fredericke, and the King's daughter the Lady Elizabeth... | year=1613 | publisher=Thomas Creede | location=London}}
*{{Citation | first=Robert | last=Allyne | title=Tears of joy shed at the happy departure from Great Britaine, of... Frederick and Elizabeth... | year=1613 | publisher=Thomas Archer | location=London}}
*{{Cite ODNB |last1=Asch |first1=Ronald G. |access-date=26 May 2016 |edition=online |doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/8638 |id=8638 |title=Elizabeth, Princess [Elizabeth Stuart] (1596–1662), queen of Bohemia and electress palatine, consort of Frederick V |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8638 }}
*{{Citation | first = Ronald | last = Asch | title = The Thirty Years War, the Holy Roman Empire and Europe: 1618–1648| year= 1997 | publisher = Macmillan Press | location = London}}
*{{Citation | first = Richard | last = Bonney | title = The European Dynastic State: 1494–1660| year= 1991 | publisher = OUP | location = New York}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Elizabeth (daughter of James I.)|volume=9|pages=285–286}}
*{{cite journal|last=Curran|first=Kevin|title=James I and fictional authority at the Palatine wedding celebrations|journal=Renaissance Studies|year=2006|volume=20|issue=1|pages=51–67|doi=10.1111/j.1477-4658.2006.00113.x|s2cid=153513889 }}
*{{Citation | first = Frances | last = Erskine | title = Memoirs Relating to the Queen of Bohemia, Vol.1 | year= 1825 | publisher = Longhurst | location = London}}
* {{Citation | first = Mary Anne | last = Everett Green | title = Elizabeth, electress palatine and queen of Bohemia | orig-year = 1855 | edition = 1909 | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781117402697 | publisher = Bibliolife | location = Milton Keynes}}
*{{Citation | first = Antonia | last = Fraser | title = The Weaker Vessel: Woman's Lot in Seventeenth-Century England, part Two | year = 2002 | isbn = 1407216120 | publisher = Phoenix | location = London}}
*{{Citation | first = Jessica | last = Gorst-Williams | title = Elizabeth the Winter Queen | orig-year = 1976 | year= 1977 | isbn = 0-200-72472X | publisher = Abelard | location = London}}
*{{Citation | first = Marie | last = Hay | url = https://archive.org/details/winterqueenbeing00haym |title = The Winter Queen: being the unhappy history of Elizabeth Stuart, electress palatine, queen of Bohemia; a romance | year = 1910 | publisher = Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin company | location = Boston, New York}}
*{{cite journal|last=Jardine|first=Lisa|title=A Point of View: The Winter Queen of Bohemia|journal=BBC Magazine|date=24 February 2013|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21532311}}
* Kassel, Richard (2006), ''The Organ: An Encyclopedia,'' London: Routledge.
* {{Citation | first = Alison | last = Plowden
  | title = The Stuart Princesses | orig-year = 1996 | year = 2003
  | isbn = 0-7509-3238-4 | publisher = Sutton Publishing | location = Gloucestershire}}
*{{Citation | first = Josephine | last = Ross | title = The Winter Queen: The Story of Elizabeth Stuart | orig-year = 1979 | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-88029-068-4 | publisher = Dorset Press | location = New York}}
* Spencer, Charles (2008) ''Prince Rupert: the Last Cavalier,'' London: Phoenix.
* {{Citation | first = Jane | last = Stevenson | title = The Winter Queen: A Novel | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-618-14912-0 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | location = Boston | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/winterqueen00stev }} (alternative {{ISBN|0-618-38267-4}})
*{{Citation | first=George R. | last=Stewart | title=Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States | orig-year=1945 | edition= Sentry (3rd) | year=1967 | publisher= Houghton Mifflin | location= Boston}}
*{{Citation | first = Tom | last = Turner | title = Garden History: Philosophy and Design, 2000 BC{{snd}}2000 AD | year=2005 | publisher=Spon Press| location=London}}
*{{cite journal | last=Wilson | first=Peter H. | title=The Causes of the Thirty years War 1618–48 | journal=English Historical Review |date=June 2008 |volume=CXXIII | issue=502 | pages=554–586 | doi=10.1093/ehr/cen160}}
* Williams, Deanne (2014), "A Dancing Princess," ''Shakespeare and the Performance of Girlhood'' (New York: Palgrave, 2014): 127-148.
* {{Citation | last = Yates  | first = Frances  | author-link = Frances Yates
  | title = The Rosicrucian Enlightenment  | publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul
  | year = 1972  | place = London | isbn = 0-7100-7380-1}}, devotes its early chapters to describing her 1613 wedding and the reputation she and her husband had in Europe at the time.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia}}
*{{UK National Archives ID}}
*{{NPG name|name=Princess Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia and Electress Palatine}}
* [https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/royal-weddings-history-stuart-valentine/ Royal weddings in history: a Stuart Valentine, Elizabeth and Frederick, National Archives]

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou| [[House of Stuart]] |19 August|1596|13 February|1662|name=Elizabeth Stuart}}
{{s-roy}}
|-
{{S-vac|last=[[Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau|Louise Juliana of Nassau]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Electress of the Palatinate#House of Palatinate-Simmern, 1559–1623|Electress consort Palatine]]|years=14 February 1613{{snd}}23 February 1623}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Elisabeth of Lorraine, Electress of Bavaria|Elisabeth of Lorraine]]}}
|-
{{S-vac|last=[[Anna of Tyrol]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen consort of Bohemia]]|years=4 November 1619{{snd}}9 November 1620}}
{{S-vac|next=[[Eleonora Gonzaga (1598–1655)|Eleonora Gonzaga]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Royal consorts of Bohemia}}
{{Electresses Palatine}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bohemia, Elizabeth Of}}
[[Category:1596 births]]
[[Category:1662 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Dunfermline]]
[[Category:17th-century Scottish women]]
[[Category:17th-century English women]]
[[Category:Heirs presumptive to the Scottish throne]]
[[Category:Heirs presumptive to the English throne]]
[[Category:Scottish princesses]]
[[Category:English princesses]]
[[Category:Queens consort of Bohemia]]
[[Category:Electresses of the Palatinate]]
[[Category:House of Stuart|Elizabeth]]
[[Category:German people of the Thirty Years' War]]
[[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]]
[[Category:Children of James VI and I]]
[[Category:Daughters of kings]]
[[Category:Mothers of German monarchs]]
[[Category:Frederick V of the Palatinate]]