View source for Elections to the European Parliament

{{Short description|none}}
{{for|the 2024 elections|2024 European Parliament election}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
[[File:European Parliament Strasbourg Hemicycle - Diliff.jpg|240px|thumb|The hemicycle of the [[European Parliament]] in [[Strasbourg]], France]]

[[File:European Parliament - Strasbourg Chart - July 2024.svg|thumb|240px|Political groups of the European Parliament during the 10th legislature (2024–2029):
{{legend|{{party color|The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL}}|[[The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL]] (The Left)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats}}|[[Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats]] (S&D)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Greens–European Free Alliance}}|[[Greens–European Free Alliance]] (Greens/EFA)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Renew Europe}}|[[Renew Europe]] (Renew)}}
{{legend|{{party color|European People's Party Group}}|[[European People's Party Group]] (EPP)}}
{{legend|{{party color|European Conservatives and Reformists}}|[[European Conservatives and Reformists Group|European Conservatives and Reformists]] (ECR)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Patriots for Europe}}|[[Patriots for Europe]] (PfE)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Europe of Sovereign Nations}}|[[Europe of Sovereign Nations Group]] (ESN)}}
{{legend|{{party color|Non-Inscrits}}|[[Non-Inscrits]] (NI)}}
]]

'''Elections to the European Parliament''' take place every five years by [[Universal suffrage|universal adult suffrage]]; with more than 400 million people eligible to vote, they are the second largest democratic elections in the world after [[Elections in India|India's]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/05/25/eu-elections-2019-country-by-country-guide-on-what-to-look-out-for|title=EU elections 2019: Country-by-country full results|work=Euronews|date=25 May 2019|access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>

Until 2019, 751 [[Member of the European Parliament|MEPs]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8059690.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Euro election country-by-country | date=7 June 2009 | access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref> were elected to the [[European Parliament]], which has been directly elected since [[1979 European Parliament election|1979]]. Since the [[Brexit|withdrawal of the United Kingdom]] from the EU in 2020, the number of MEPs, including the [[President of the European Parliament|president]], has been 705.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200130IPR71407/redistribution-of-seats-in-the-european-parliament-after-brexit|title=Redistribution of seats in the European Parliament after Brexit|publisher=European Parliament|date=31 January 2020|access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref> No other EU institution is directly elected, with the [[Council of the European Union]] and the [[European Council]] being only indirectly legitimated through national elections.<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/public.do?language=en European Parliament: Welcome] europarl.europa.eu</ref> While [[European political party|European political parties]] have the right to campaign EU-wide for the European elections,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/contracts-and-grants/en/20150201PVL00101/Political-parties-and-foundations|title=European political parties|publisher=European Parliament}}</ref> campaigns still take place through national election campaigns, advertising national delegates from national parties.

The election days are 4 consecutive days, from Thursday to Sunday, between April 7th and July 10th.<ref>{{CELEX|31978D0639|text=78/639/Euratom, ECSC, EEC: Council Decision of 25 July 1978 fixing the period for the first election of representatives of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage}}</ref><ref>{{CELEX|01976X1008(01)-20020923|text=Consolidated text: Act concerning the election of the members of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage}}</ref> The latest election took place in [[2024 European Parliament election|2024]] and the next election will take place in [[2029 European Parliament election|2029]].

==Apportionment==
{{Further|Apportionment in the European Parliament}}
The allocation of seats to each member state is based on the principle of [[degressive proportionality]], so that, while the size of the population of each country is taken into account, smaller states elect more MEPs than is proportional to their populations. As the numbers of MEPs to be elected by each country have arisen from treaty negotiations, there is no precise formula for the apportionment of seats among member states. No change in this configuration can occur without the unanimous consent of all governments.<ref name="europarl.europa.eu"/><ref>[http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=4000 The election of members of the European Parliament] European Navigator</ref>

{{clear}}
{{Apportionment in the European Parliament Nice versus Lisbon}}

==Voting system==
[[File:Lead candidates for European Commission Presidency are voting (47936410822).jpg|thumb|[[Margrethe Vestager]] votes in Denmark during the 2019 elections]]
There is no uniform [[voting system]] for the election of MEPs; rather, each member state is free to choose its own system, subject to certain restrictions:<ref name="europarl.europa.eu">[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/1_3_4_en.htm The European Parliament: electoral procedures] europarl.europa.eu</ref>
* The system must be a form of [[proportional representation]], under either the [[party-list proportional representation|party list]] or the [[single transferable vote]] system.
* The electoral area may be subdivided if this will not generally affect the proportional nature of the electoral system.<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/eplive/expert/multimedia/20090303MLT50670/media_20090303MLT50670.pdf The European Elections] europarl.europa.eu</ref>
* The [[electoral threshold]], if there is any, may not exceed 5%. From the [[2024 European Parliament election|2024 election]] there might be a minimum threshold of between 2% and 5% for constituencies with more than 35 seats, if the Council Decision (EU, Euratom) 2018/994 of 13 July 2018 is approved by all EU states in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements.<ref>{{CELEX|32018D0994|text=Council Decision (EU, Euratom) 2018/994 of 13 July 2018 amending the Act concerning the election of the members of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage, annexed to Council Decision 76/787/ECSC, EEC, Euratom of 20 September 1976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The European Parliament: electoral procedures {{!}} Fact Sheets on the European Union  |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/21/the-european-parliament-electoral-procedures |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Parliament |language=en}}</ref>

===Voting difference by country===
Most of the member states of the European Union elect their MEPs with a single constituency covering the entire state, using [[party-list proportional representation]]. There is however a great variety of electoral procedures: some countries use a [[highest averages method]] of proportional representation, some use the [[largest remainder method]], some open lists and others closed. In addition, the method of calculating the quota and the [[election threshold]] vary from country to country. Countries with multiple constituencies are:
* [[Belgium]] is split into three [[European Parliament constituency|constituencies]]: the [[Dutch-speaking electoral college]], the [[French-speaking electoral college]], and the [[German-speaking electoral college]]. The first two of these elect their MEPs using party list PR, but the German-speaking constituency only has one member, who is therefore not elected using a proportional method.
* Ireland is split into three [[European Parliament constituency|constituencies]] and uses the [[single transferable vote]].
* The United Kingdom, historically up until its exit from the Union, was split into [[European Parliament constituency|constituencies]] representing [[Scotland (European Parliament constituency)|Scotland]], [[Wales (European Parliament constituency)|Wales]], [[Northern Ireland (European Parliament constituency)|Northern Ireland]] and each of the [[regions of England]]. Northern Ireland used the single transferable vote while the other constituencies used party lists. Before 1999, England, Scotland and Wales used [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]].

[[Germany (European Parliament constituency)|Germany]], [[Italy]] and [[Poland (European Parliament constituency)|Poland]] use a different system, whereby parties are awarded seats based on their nationwide vote as in all of the states that elect members from a single [[European Parliament constituency|constituency]]; these seats are given to the candidates on regional lists. With the number of seats for each party known, these are given to the candidates on the regional lists based on the number of votes from each region towards the party's nationwide total, awarded proportionally to the regions. These subdivisions are not strictly constituencies, as they do not affect how many seats each party is awarded, but are districts that the members represent once elected. The number of members for each region is decided dynamically after the election, and depends on [[voter turnout]] in each region. A region with high turnout will result in more votes for the parties there, which will result in a greater number of MEPs elected for that region.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://ispo.fss.muni.cz/uploads/EVS/010/EVS2_2010_4.pdf |title=The 2009 European Parliament Elections: From Votes to Seats in 27 Ways |journal=European Electoral Studies |volume=5 |date=2010 |issue=1 |pages=148–182 |first1=Kai-Friederike |last1=Oelbermann |first2=Antonio |last2=Palomares |first3=Friedrich |last3=Pukelsheim |access-date=16 December 2012 |archive-date=15 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915234520/http://ispo.fss.muni.cz/uploads/EVS/010/EVS2_2010_4.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==European political parties==
{{Main|European political party|Political groups of the European Parliament}}
The European Union has a [[multi-party system]] involving a number of ideologically diverse [[European political party|European political parties]]. As no single European party has ever gained power alone, their affiliated [[Political groups of the European Parliament|parliamentary groups]] in the European Parliament work together to pass legislation. Since no pan-European government is formed as a result of European elections, long-term coalitions do not exist.

European parties have the exclusive right to campaign for the European elections; their parliamentary groups are strictly forbidden to campaign and to spend funds on any campaign-related activity. Campaign activities differ per member state since national elections for European Parliament representatives are governed by national law. For instance, a European party may buy unlimited advertising airtime in Estonia, while it is barred from any form of paid advertising in Sweden.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Political Communication in European Parliamentary Elections |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0DwCSY0pNcC&pg=PA91 |last1=Maier|first1=Michaela|last2=Stromback|first2=Jesper|last3=Kaid|first3=Lynda|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|year=2011|isbn=9781409411321|location=Surrey|pages=91}}</ref>

Ahead of the 2014 European elections, European political parties decided to put forward candidates for [[President of the European Commission]], also known as "Spitzenkandidaten" or "lead candidates". Each lead candidate led the pan-European campaign of its European party. Even though there is no legal obligation on the European Council to propose the lead candidate of the strongest party to the European Parliament as its nominee for President of the Commission, it was assumed that the Council would accept voters' decision. Indeed, following the victory of the [[European People's Party]] (EPP) in the 2014 European elections, its lead candidate [[Jean-Claude Juncker]] was nominated by the Council and later approved by the European Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://juncker.epp.eu/|title=Jean-Claude Juncker: Experience. Solidarity. Future. |website=juncker.epp.eu |publisher=European People's Party|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117130239/http://juncker.epp.eu/|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, following the 2019 European elections, the Council nominated [[Ursula von der Leyen]] instead of the EPP's lead candidate, [[Manfred Weber]]; the European Parliament later approved this nomination.

The two largest European political parties are the centre-right European People's Party and the centre-left [[Party of European Socialists]] (PES). They also form the two largest parliamentary groups, the [[European People's Party (European Parliament group)|EPP Group]] and [[Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats|S&D]], along with national parties not members of the European parties but represented in the European Parliament. 

There are numerous other European parties and groups, spanning the entire political spectrum. Sometimes, two or more European parties sit in the same group, such as members of the [[European Green Party]] and of the [[European Free Alliance]] sitting together in the [[Greens–European Free Alliance]] group. Members of the European Parliament who are not members of a parliamentary group are known as ''[[non-inscrits]]''.

{{See also|Tenth European Parliament}}
{{#section-h:Tenth European Parliament|Current composition}}

==Voter behaviour==
{{see also|Voter turnout in the European Parliament elections}}
A 1980 analysis by Karlheinz Reif and Hermann Schmitt concluded that European elections were fought on national issues and used by voters to punish their governments mid-term, making European Parliament elections de facto national elections of second rank.<ref>Reif, K. and Schmitt, H. (1980) 'Nine Second-Order National Elections: A Conceptual
Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results'. European Journal of
Political Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 3–45.</ref> This phenomenon is also referred to by some experts as the "punishment traps", wherein voters use the European Parliament elections and other European integration referendums as punishment for governments on account of bad economic performance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=You Vote What You Read?|last=Reichert|first=Fabian|publisher=GRIN Verlag|year=2012|isbn=9783656179412|location=Norderstedt|pages=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84qkf-E928QC&pg=PA4 }}</ref> There is also a study that showed how voters tend to choose candidates of a party at the European level if it has a history of advancing specific issues that they care about.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Salience-Based Voter-Party Congruence in the EU|last=Hölting|first=Jan|publisher=GRIN Verlag|year=2016|isbn=9783668420861|location=Norderstedt|pages=2}}</ref> This is related to the second theory that explains voter behavior and it involves the so-called attitude voting in which voters are assumed to be acting on the basis of their attitude towards the European integration.<ref name=":0" /> This is analogous to the [[Political parties in the United States|American two-party system]] in the sense that voting on issues and legislation in the Parliament only requires a yes or no vote, which means voters vote for options or candidates that are close to their ideals.

Turnout had constantly fallen in every EU election from 1979 until 2014. The 2019 election, however, saw turnout increase to its highest level since 1994, at 51%. In 2009, the overall turnout was at 43%, down from 45.5% in 2004. In Britain the turnout was just 34.3%, down from 38% in 2004.
Despite falling below 50% between 1999 and 2014, turnout was not as low as that of the [[Elections in the United States|US Midterm elections]], which usually falls below 40%. However, the comparison with the US voter turnout is hampered due to the fact that the US president is elected in separate and direct elections ([[presidential system]]), whereas the President of the European Commission is elected by the European Parliament ([[parliamentary system]]), giving the European Parliament elections considerable weight. Some, such as former President of the European Parliament, [[Pat Cox]], have also noted that turnout in the 1999 election was higher than the previous [[1996 United States presidential election|US presidential election]].<ref>Mulvey, Stephen (21 November 2003) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3224666.stm The EU's democratic challenge] [[BBC News]]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3715399.stm Q&A: European elections], [[BBC News]] 21 July 2004</ref> German MEP [[Jo Leinen]] has suggested that EU parties name their top candidate for the position of [[President of the European Commission]] in order to increase turnout.<ref>{{cite web|last=Spongenberg|first=Helena|title=EU wants to dress up 2009 elections on TV|date=26 February 2007|publisher=EU Observer|url=http://www.euobserver.com/9/23566|access-date=8 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="Palmer" /><ref name="EUO Political" /> This happened for the 2014 election, with EPP candidate [[Jean Claude Juncker]] ultimately selected, after the EPP won the most seats overall.

As of 2024, Bulgaria's ([[GERB]], Croatia's ([[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]), Cyprus ([[Democratic Rally|DISY]]), Germany's ([[CDU/CSU]]), Hungary's ([[Fidesz]]), Malta's ([[Malta Labour Party|Labour Party]]) and Sweden ([[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Swedish Social Democratic]] have won every EU election.

==Results==
{{EP election results graph}}
{| style="float:right"
|-
|List of elections (excluding [[List of European Parliament by-elections in the United Kingdom|by-elections]])
|-
|valign=top|
* [[2019 European Parliament election|2019 – EU 28]]
* [[2014 European Parliament election|2014 – EU 28]]
* 2013 – [[2013 European Parliament election in Croatia|Croatia]]
* [[2009 European Parliament election|2009 – EU 27]]
* 2007 – [[2007 European Parliament election in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] and [[2007 European Parliament election in Romania|Romania]]
* [[2004 European Parliament election|2004 – EU 25]]
* [[1999 European Parliament election|1999 – EU 15]]
* 1996 – [[1996 European Parliament election in Austria|Austria]] and [[1996 European Parliament election in Finland|Finland]]
* 1995 – [[1995 European Parliament election in Sweden|Sweden]]
* [[1994 European Parliament election|1994 – EU 12]]
* [[1989 European Parliament election|1989 – EC 12]]
* 1987 – [[1987 European Parliament election in Portugal|Portugal]] and [[1987 European Parliament election in Spain|Spain]]
* [[1984 European Parliament election|1984 – EC 10]]
* 1981 – [[1981 European Parliament election in Greece|Greece]]
* [[1979 European Parliament election|1979 – EC 9]]
|-
|<small>[[List of European Parliament elections by state]]</small>
|}
{{Politics of the European Union}}
Historical percentage (of seats) results in union-wide elections of the three major groups by region:<ref name="historicalResultsFrench">[http://www.europe-politique.eu/parlement-europeen.htm Europe Politique: Parlement européen] (in French)</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
! Region
! [[1979 European Parliament election|1979]]
! [[1984 European Parliament election|1984]]
! [[1989 European Parliament election|1989]]
! [[1994 European Parliament election|1994]]
! [[1999 European Parliament election|1999]]
! [[2004 European Parliament election|2004]]
! [[2009 European Parliament election|2009]]
! [[2014 European Parliament election|2014]]
! [[2019 European Parliament election|2019]]
|- style="background:#def;"
| rowspan=3 align=left style="background:#f8f9fa;" | Northern<ref>Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden and, until 2020, United Kingdom</ref>
| 3.6<!--DK: 0, IE: 4, UK: 0 = 4. % of 112 = 3.6-->
| 6.3<!--DK: 1, IE: 6, UK: 0 = 7. % of 112 = 6.3-->
| 6.3<!--DK: 2, IE: 4, UK: 1 = 7. % of 112 = 6.3-->
| 22.0<!--DK: 3, IE: 4, UK: 19 = 26. % of 118 = 22-->
| '''35.3'''<!--DK: 1, IE: 5, UK: 37, SE: 7, FI: 5 = 55. % of 156 = 35.3-->
| '''31.2'''<!--DK: 1, IE: 5, UK: 28, SE: 5, FI: 4 = 43. % of 138 = 31.2-->
| 10.9 <!--DK: 1, IE: 4, UK: 0, SE: 5, FI: 4 = 14. % 128 = 10.9 -->
| 9.2 <!--DK: 1, IE: 4, UK: 0, SE: 4, FI: 3 = 12. % 130 = 9.2 -->
|
|- style="background:#ffd;"
| 3.6<!--DK: 3, IE: 1, UK: 0 = 4. % of 112 = 3.6-->
| 2.7<!--DK: 2, IE: 1, UK: 0 = 3. % of 112 = 2.7-->
| 4.5<!--DK: 3, IE: 2, UK: 0 = 5. % of 112 = 26.7-->
| 6.8<!--DK: 5, IE: 1, UK: 2 = 8. % of 118 = 6.8-->
| 16.7<!--DK: 6, IE: 1, UK: 10, SE: 4, FI: 5 = 26. % of 156 = 16.7-->
| 18.1<!--DK: 4, IE: 1, UK: 12, SE: 3, FI: 5 = 25. % of 138 = 18.1-->
| 20.3 <!--DK: 3, IE: 4, UK: 11, SE: 4, FI: 4 = 26. % 128 = 20.3 -->
| 9.2 <!--DK: 3, IE: 1, UK: 1, SE: 3, FI: 4 = 12. % 130 = 9.2 -->
|
|- style="background:#ffe8e8;"
| '''23.2'''<!--DK: 4, IE: 4, UK: 18 = 26. % of 112 = 23.2-->
| '''33.0'''<!--DK: 4, IE: 0, UK: 33 = 37. % of 112 = 33-->
| '''45.5'''<!--DK: 4, IE: 1, UK: 46 = 51. % of 112 = 29.6-->
| '''56.8'''<!--DK: 3, IE: 1, UK: 63 = 67. % of 118 = 56.8-->
| 27.6<!--DK: 3, IE: 1, UK: 30, SE: 6, FI: 3 = 43. % of 156 = 27.6-->
| 23.9<!--DK: 5, IE: 1, UK: 19, SE: 5, FI: 3 = 33. % of 138 = 23.9-->
| '''21.0''' <!--DK: 4, IE: 3, UK: 13, SE: 5, FI: 2 = 27. % 128 = 21 -->
| '''24.6''' <!--DK: 3, IE: 1, UK: 20, SE: 6, FI: 2 = 32. % 130 = 24.6 -->
|
|-
! colspan="10"|
|- style="background:#def;"
| rowspan=3 align=left style="background:#f8f9fa;" | Western<ref>Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Netherlands</ref>
| 33.6<!--BE: 10, FR: 8, DE: 42, LU: 3, NL: 10 = 73. % of 217 = 33.6-->
| 30.9<!--BE: 6, FR: 9, DE: 41, LU: 3, NL: 8 = 67. % of 217 = 30.9-->
| 26.7<!--BE: 7, FR: 6, DE: 32, LU: 3, NL: 10 = 58. % of 217 = 26.7-->
| '''31.9'''<!--BE: 7, FR: 13, DE: 47, LU: 2, NL: 10 = 79. % of 248 = 31.9-->
| '''36.4'''<!--AU: 7, BE: 6, FR: 21, DE: 53, LU: 2, NL: 9 = 98. % of 269 = 36.4-->
| '''34.9'''<!--AU: 6, BE: 6, FR: 17, DE: 49, LU: 3, NL: 7 = 98. % of 252 = 34.9-->
| '''37.3'''<!--AU: 6, BE: 5, FR: 29, DE: 42, LU: 3, NL: 5 = 90. % of 241 = 27.3-->
| '''29.5'''<!--AU: 5, BE: 4, FR: 20, DE: 34, LU: 3, NL: 5 = 71. % of 241 = 29.5-->
|
|- style="background:#ffd;"
| 6.5<!--BE: 4, FR: 17, DE: 4, LU: 2, NL: 4 = 31. % of 217 = 6.5-->
| 10.6<!--BE: 5, FR: 12, DE: 0, LU: 1, NL: 5 = 23. % of 217 = 10.6-->
| 12.0<!--BE: 4, FR: 13, DE: 4, LU: 1, NL: 4 = 26. % of 217 = 12-->
| 8.5<!--BE: 6, FR: 1, DE: 0, LU: 1, NL: 10 = 18. % of 248 = 7.3-->
| 5.2<!--AU: 0, BE: 5, FR: 0, DE: 0, LU: 1, NL: 8 = 14. % of 269 = 5.2-->
| 11.9<!--AU: 0, BE: 6, FR: 11, DE: 7, LU: 1, NL: 5 = 98. % of 252 = 11.9-->
| 12.5<!--AU: 0, BE: 5, FR: 6, DE: 12, LU: 1, NL: 6 = 30. % of 241 = 12.5-->
| 10.8<!--AU: 1, BE: 6, FR: 7, DE: 4, LU: 1, NL: 7 = 26. % of 241 = 10.8-->
|
|- style="background:#ffe8e8;"
| '''34.1'''<!--BE: 7, FR: 22, DE: 35, LU: 1, NL: 9 = 74. % of 217 = 34.1-->
| '''32.7'''<!--BE: 7, FR: 20, DE: 33, LU: 2, NL: 9 = 71. % of 217 = 32.7-->
| '''32.7'''<!--BE: 8, FR: 22, DE: 31, LU: 2, NL: 8 = 71. % of 217 = 32.7-->
| 29.9<!--BE: 6, FR: 15, DE: 40, LU: 2, NL: 8 = 71. % of 248 = 28.6-->
| 27.9<!--AU: 7, BE: 5, FR: 22, DE: 33, LU: 2, NL: 6 = 75. % of 269 = 27.9-->
| 30.2<!--AU: 7, BE: 7, FR: 31, DE: 23, LU: 1, NL: 7 = 98. % of 252 = 30.2-->
| 20.8<!--AU: 4, BE: 5, FR: 14, DE: 23, LU: 1, NL: 3 = 50. % of 241 = 20.8-->
| 22.0<!--AU: 5, BE: 4, FR: 13, DE: 27, LU: 1, NL: 3 = 53. % of 241 = 22-->
|
|-
! colspan="10"|
|- style="background:#def;"
| rowspan=3 align=left style="background:#f8f9fa;" | Southern<ref>Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain</ref>
| '''37.0'''<!--IT: 13 = 13. % of 81 = 16-->
| '''34.3'''<!--IT: 27, GR: 9 = 36. % of 105 = 34.3-->
| '''29.6'''<!--IT: 27, GR: 10, ES: 16, PT: 3 = 56. % of 189 = 29.6-->
| 25.9<!--IT: 12, GR: 9, ES: 30, PT: 1 = 52. % of 201 = 25.9-->
| '''39.8'''<!--IT: 34, GR: 9, ES: 28, PT: 9 = 80. % of 201 = 39.8-->
| '''38.2'''<!--IT: 24, GR: 11, ES: 24, PT: 9, MT: 2, CY: 3 = 80. % of 201 = 38.2-->
| '''45.2'''<!--IT: 35, GR: 8, ES: 23, PT: 10, MT: 2, CY: 2 = 80. % of 177 = 42.2-->
| 28.2<!--IT: 17, GR: 5, ES: 17, PT: 7, MT: 3, CY: 2 = 51. % of 181 = 28.2-->
|
|- style="background:#ffd;"
| 6.2<!--IT: 5 = 5. % of 81 = 6.2-->
| 4.8<!--IT: 5, GR: 0 = 5. % of 105 = 4.8-->
| 9.5<!--IT: 3, GR: 0, ES: 6, PT: 9 = 18. % of 189 = 9.5-->
| 8.5<!--IT: 7, GR: 0, ES: 2, PT: 8 = 52. % of 201 = 8.5-->
| 5.0<!--IT: 7, GR: 0, ES: 3, PT: 0 = 10. % of 201 = 5-->
| 7.9<!--IT: 12, GR: 0, ES: 2, PT: 0, MT: 0, CY: 1 = 80. % of 201 = 7.9-->
| 5.0<!--IT: 7, GR: 0, ES: 2, PT: 0, MT: 0, CY: 0 = 9. % of 177 = 5.08-->
| 5.5<!--IT: 0, GR: 0, ES: 8, PT: 2, MT: 0, CY: 0 = 10. % of 181 = 5.5-->
|
|- style="background:#ffe8e8;"
| 16.0<!--IT: 13 = 13. % of 81 = 16-->
| 21.0<!--IT: 12, GR: 10 = 22. % of 105 = 21-->
| 29.1<!--IT: 14, GR: 9, ES: 24, PT: 8 = 55. % of 189 = 29.1-->
| '''29.9'''<!--IT: 18, GR: 10, ES: 22, PT: 10 = 52. % of 201 = 29.9-->
| 30.8<!--IT: 17, GR: 9, ES: 24, PT: 12 = 62. % of 201 = 30.8-->
| 33.0<!--IT: 16, GR: 8, ES: 24, PT: 12, MT: 3, CY: 0 = 80. % of 201 = 33-->
| 35.0<!--IT: 21, GR: 8, ES: 21, PT: 7, MT: 3, CY: 2 = 62. % of 177 = 35.03-->
| '''34.3'''<!--IT: 31, GR: 4, ES: 14, PT: 8, MT: 3, CY: 2 = 62. % of 181 = 34.3-->
|
|-
! colspan="10"|
|- style="background:#def;"
| rowspan=3 align=left style="background:#f8f9fa;" | Central and <br/>South-Eastern<ref>Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Croatia</ref>
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| '''46.4'''<!--ET: 1, HU: 13, LV: 3, LH: 2, PO: 19, CZ: 14, SK: 8, SV: 4 = 52. % of 112 = 46.4-->
| '''41.0'''<!--ET: 1, HU: 14, LV: 3, LH: 4, PO: 25, CZ: 2, SK: 6, SV: 3, BG: 6, RO: 14 = 78. % of 190 = 41.05-->
| '''43.7'''<!--ET: 1, HU: 12, LV: 4, LH: 2, PO: 23, CZ: 7, SK: 6, SV: 5, BG: 7, RO: 15, HR: 5 = 87. % of 199 = 43.7-->
|
|- style="background:#ffd;"
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 14.3<!--ET: 2, HU: 2, LV: 1, LH: 7, PO: 4, CZ: 0, SK: 0, SV: 2 = 16. % of 112 = 14.3-->
| 10.0<!--ET: 3, HU: 0, LV: 1, LH: 2, PO: 0, CZ: 0, SK: 1, SV: 2, BG: 5, RO: 5 = 19. % of 190 = 10-->
| 9.5<!--ET: 3, HU: 0, LV: 0, LH: 3, PO: 0, CZ: 4, SK: 1, SV: 1, BG: 4, RO: 1, HR: 2 = 19. % of 199 = 9.5-->
|
|- style="background:#ffe8e8;"
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 21.4<!--ET: 3, HU: 9, LV: 0, LH: 2, PO: 8, CZ: 2, SK: 3, SV: 1 = 24. % of 112 = 21.4-->
| 23.7<!--ET: 1, HU: 4, LV: 1, LH: 3, PO: 7, CZ: 7, SK: 5, SV: 2, BG: 4, RO: 11 = 45. % of 190 = 23.7-->
| 22.6<!--ET: 1, HU: 4, LV: 1, LH: 2, PO: 5, CZ: 4, SK: 4, SV: 2, BG: 4, RO: 16, HR: 2 = 45. % of 199 = 22.6-->
|
|-
! colspan="10"|
|- style="background:#def;"
| rowspan=3 align=left style="background:#f8f9fa;" | Total
| 26.0<!--N: 4, W: 73, S: 30 = 74. % of 107 = 26-->
| 25.3<!--N: 7, W: 67, S: 36 = 110. % of 434 = 25.3-->
| 23.4<!--N: 7, W: 58, S: 56 = 121. % of 518 = 23.4-->
| 27.7<!--N: 26, W: 79, S: 52 = 157. % of 567 = 27.7-->
| '''37.2'''<!--N: 55, W: 98, S: 80 = 157. % of 626 = 37.2-->
| '''36.9'''<!--N: 43, W: 88, S: 73, E: 52 = 256. % of 626 = 36.9-->
| '''36.0'''<!--265/736=36.01-->
| '''29.4'''<!--221/751=29.4-->
|
|- style="background:#ffd;"
| 9.8<!--N: 4, W: 31, S: 5 = 74. % of 40 = 9.8-->
| 7.1<!--N: 3, W: 23, S: 5 = 31. % of 434 = 7.1-->
| 9.5<!--N: 5, W: 26, S: 18 = 49. % of 518 = 9.5-->
| 7.6<!--N: 8, W: 18, S: 17 = 43. % of 567 = 7.6-->
| 8.0<!--N: 26, W: 14, S: 10 = 157. % of 626 = 8-->
| 12.4<!--N: 25, W: 30, S: 15, E: 16 = 86. % of 626 = 12.4-->
| 11.4<!--84/736=11.41-->
| 8.9<!--67/751=8.9--> 
|
|- style="background:#ffe8e8;"
|'''27.6'''<!--N: 26, W: 74, S: 13 = 74. % of 113 = 27.6-->
| '''30.0'''<!--N: 37, W: 71, S: 22 = 130. % of 434 = 30-->
| '''34.2'''<!--N: 51, W: 71, S: 55 = 177. % of 518 = 34.2-->
| '''34.9'''<!--N: 67, W: 71, S: 60 = 198. % of 567 = 34.9-->
| 28.8<!--N: 43, W: 75, S: 62 = 157. % of 626 = 28.8-->
| 28.3<!--N: 33, W: 76, S: 63, E: 24 = 196. % of 626 = 28.3-->
| 25.0<!--184/736=25-->
| 25.4<!--191/751=25.4-->
|
|- style="background:#eaecf0;"
| align=left | Turnout of <br/>registered voters<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://election-results.eu/turnout/|title=Turnout {{!}} 2019 European election results {{!}} European Parliament|date=4 November 2019|website=2019 European election results {{!}} European Parliament|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723221925/https://election-results.eu/turnout/|archive-date=23 July 2019|access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref>
| 61.99
| 58.98
| 58.41
| 56.67
| 49.51
| 45.47
| 42.97
| 42.61
| 50.66
|}

<small>'''Legend:''' &nbsp; {{Color box|#ffe8e8|border=darkgray}}&nbsp;Socialist ([[Party of European Socialists|PES]]/[[Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats|S&D]]) – {{Color box|#ffd|border=darkgray}}&nbsp;Liberal ([[European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (European Parliament group)|ELDR]]/[[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (European Parliament group)|ALDE]]) – {{Color box|#def|border=darkgray}}&nbsp;People's ([[European People's Party (European Parliament group)|EPP]]/[[EPP-ED]])</small>

{{thumb|caption=Percentage turnout of registered voters in previous elections<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.results-elections2014.eu/en/turnout.html |title=Turnout 2014 – European Parliament |publisher=Results-elections2014.eu |date=25 May 2014 |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/05/22/euroskeptics-are-a-bigger-presence-in-the-european-parliament-than-in-past/ |title=Euroskeptics are a bigger presence in the European Parliament than in past |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=22 May 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref>|align= center|content=
{{Graph:Chart
|type=rect
|width=350
|xAxisTitle=Election
|x=1979, 1984, 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014, 2019
|yAxisTitle=Turnout
|y=.6199, .5898, .5841, .5667, .4951, .4547, .4300, .4254, .5095
|showValues=format:.2%
|yGrid=
|yAxisFormat=%
}}
}}

===Results by member state===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; border-collapse:collapse"
|- 
! Election !![[1979 European Parliament election|1979]]!![[1984 European Parliament election|1984]]!![[1989 European Parliament election|1989]]!![[1994 European Parliament election|1994]]!![[1999 European Parliament election|1999]]!![[2004 European Parliament election|2004]]!![[2009 European Parliament election|2009]]!![[2014 European Parliament election|2014]]!![[2019 European Parliament election|2019]]
![[2024 European Parliament election|2024]]
|-
| align=left | [[European Parliament constituency|Belgium]]||[[1979 European Parliament election in Belgium|Results]]||[[1984 European Parliament election in Belgium|Results]]||[[1989 European Parliament election in Belgium|Results]]||[[1994 European Parliament election in Belgium|Results]]||[[1999 European Parliament election in Belgium|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in Belgium|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Belgium|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Belgium|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Belgium|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Belgium|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Denmark (European Parliament constituency)|Denmark]]||[[1979 European Parliament election in Denmark|Results]]||[[1984 European Parliament election in Denmark|Results]]||[[1989 European Parliament election in Denmark|Results]]||[[1994 European Parliament election in Denmark|Results]]||[[1999 European Parliament election in Denmark|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in Denmark|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Denmark|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Denmark|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Denmark|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Denmark|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[European Parliament constituencies in France|France]]||[[1979 European Parliament election in France|Results]]||[[1984 European Parliament election in France|Results]]||[[1989 European Parliament election in France|Results]]||[[1994 European Parliament election in France|Results]]||[[1999 European Parliament election in France|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in France|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in France|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in France|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in France|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in France|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Germany (European Parliament constituency)|Germany]]||[[1979 European Parliament election in West Germany|Results]]||[[1984 European Parliament election in West Germany|Results]]||[[1989 European Parliament election in West Germany|Results]]||[[1994 European Parliament election in Germany|Results]]||[[1999 European Parliament election in Germany|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in Germany|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Germany|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Germany|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Germany|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Germany|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[European Parliament constituencies in Ireland|Ireland]]||[[1979 European Parliament election in Ireland|Results]]||[[1984 European Parliament election in Ireland|Results]]||[[1989 European Parliament election in Ireland|Results]]||[[1994 European Parliament election in Ireland|Results]]||[[1999 European Parliament election in Ireland|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in Ireland|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Ireland|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Ireland|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Ireland|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Ireland|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[European Parliament constituency|Italy]]||[[1979 European Parliament election in Italy|Results]]||[[1984 European Parliament election in Italy|Results]]||[[1989 European Parliament election in Italy|Results]]||[[1994 European Parliament election in Italy|Results]]||[[1999 European Parliament election in Italy|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in Italy|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Italy|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Italy|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Italy|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Italy|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Luxembourg (European Parliament constituency)|Luxembourg]]||[[1979 European Parliament election in Luxembourg|Results]]||[[1984 European Parliament election in Luxembourg|Results]]||[[1989 European Parliament election in Luxembourg|Results]]||[[1994 European Parliament election in Luxembourg|Results]]||[[1999 European Parliament election in Luxembourg|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in Luxembourg|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Luxembourg|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Luxembourg|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Luxembourg|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Luxembourg|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Netherlands (European Parliament constituency)|Netherlands]]||[[1979 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|Results]]||[[1984 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|Results]]||[[1989 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|Results]]||[[1994 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|Results]]||[[1999 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|Results]]
|-
| align=left | ''[[European Parliament constituencies in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]''||[[1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|Results]]||[[1984 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|Results]]||[[1989 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|Results]]||[[1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|Results]]||[[1999 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|Results]]
| -
|-
| align=left | [[Greece (European Parliament constituency)|Greece]]||-||[[1984 European Parliament election in Greece|Results]]||[[1989 European Parliament election in Greece|Results]]||[[1994 European Parliament election in Greece|Results]]||[[1999 European Parliament election in Greece|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in Greece|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Greece|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Greece|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Greece|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Greece|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Portugal (European Parliament constituency)|Portugal]]||-||-||[[1989 European Parliament election in Portugal|Results]]||[[1994 European Parliament election in Portugal|Results]]||[[1999 European Parliament election in Portugal|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in Portugal|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Portugal|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Portugal|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Portugal|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Portugal|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Spain (European Parliament constituency)|Spain]]||-||-||[[1989 European Parliament election in Spain|Results]]||[[1994 European Parliament election in Spain|Results]]||[[1999 European Parliament election in Spain|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in Spain|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Spain|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Spain|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Spain|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Spain|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Austria (European Parliament constituency)|Austria]]||-||-||-||-||[[1999 European Parliament election in Austria|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in Austria|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Austria|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Austria|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Austria|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Austria|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Finland (European Parliament constituency)|Finland]]||-||-||-||-||[[1999 European Parliament election in Finland|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in Finland|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Finland|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Finland|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Finland|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Finland|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Sweden (European Parliament constituency)|Sweden]]||-||-||-||-||[[1999 European Parliament election in Sweden|Results]]||[[2004 European Parliament election in Sweden|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Sweden|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Sweden|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Sweden|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Sweden|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Cyprus (European Parliament constituency)|Cyprus]]||-||-||-||-||-||[[2004 European Parliament election in Cyprus|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Cyprus|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Cyprus|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Cyprus|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Cyprus|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Czech Republic (European Parliament constituency)|Czech Republic]]||-||-||-||-||-||[[2004 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Estonia (European Parliament constituency)|Estonia]]||-||-||-||-||-||[[2004 European Parliament election in Estonia|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Estonia|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Estonia|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Estonia|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Estonia|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Hungary (European Parliament constituency)|Hungary]]||-||-||-||-||-||[[2004 European Parliament election in Hungary|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Hungary|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Hungary|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Hungary|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Hungary|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Latvia (European Parliament constituency)|Latvia]]||-||-||-||-||-||[[2004 European Parliament election in Latvia|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Latvia|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Latvia|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Latvia|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Latvia|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Lithuania (European Parliament constituency)|Lithuania]]||-||-||-||-||-||[[2004 European Parliament election in Lithuania|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Lithuania|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Lithuania|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Lithuania|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Lithuania|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Malta (European Parliament constituency)|Malta]]||-||-||-||-||-||[[2004 European Parliament election in Malta|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Malta|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Malta|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Malta|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Malta|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Poland (European Parliament constituency)|Poland]]||-||-||-||-||-||[[2004 European Parliament election in Poland|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Poland|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Poland|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Poland|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Poland|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Slovakia (European Parliament constituency)|Slovakia]]||-||-||-||-||-||[[2004 European Parliament election in Slovakia|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Slovakia|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Slovakia|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Slovakia|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Slovakia|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Slovenia (European Parliament constituency)|Slovenia]]||-||-||-||-||-||[[2004 European Parliament election in Slovenia|Results]]||[[2009 European Parliament election in Slovenia|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Slovenia|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Slovenia|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Slovenia|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Bulgaria (European Parliament constituency)|Bulgaria]]||-||-||-||-||-||-||[[2009 European Parliament election in Bulgaria|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Bulgaria|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Bulgaria|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Bulgaria|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Romania (European Parliament constituency)|Romania]]||-||-||-||-||-||-||[[2009 European Parliament election in Romania|Results]]||[[2014 European Parliament election in Romania|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Romania|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Romania|Results]]
|-
| align=left | [[Croatia (European Parliament constituency)|Croatia]]||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||[[2014 European Parliament election in Croatia|Results]]||[[2019 European Parliament election in Croatia|Results]]
|[[2024 European Parliament election in Croatia|Results]]
|}

====Off-year====
1981: [[1981 European Parliament election in Greece|Greece]]

1987: [[1987 European Parliament election in Spain|Spain]], [[1987 European Parliament election in Portugal|Portugal]]

1995: [[1995 European Parliament election in Sweden|Sweden]]

1996: [[1996 European Parliament election in Austria|Austria]], [[1996 European Parliament election in Finland|Finland]]

2007: [[2007 European Parliament election in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[2007 European Parliament election in Romania|Romania]]

2013: [[2013 European Parliament election in Croatia|Croatia]]

====By-elections in the United Kingdom====
{{main|List of European Parliament by-elections in the United Kingdom}}

1979: [[London South West (European Parliament constituency)|London South West]]

1987: [[Midlands West (European Parliament constituency)|Midlands West]]

1988: [[Hampshire Central (European Parliament constituency)|Hampshire Central]]

1996: [[Merseyside West (European Parliament constituency)|Merseyside West]]

1998: [[Yorkshire South (European Parliament constituency)|Yorkshire South]], [[North East Scotland (European Parliament constituency)|North East Scotland]]

==Proposed reforms==
{{Further|Spitzenkandidat}}
The final report of the [[Conference on the Future of Europe]] includes more than 320 proposed measures to reform the European Union.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20220509IPR29102/the-conference-on-the-future-of-europe-concludes-its-work |title=The Conference on the Future of Europe concludes its work |website=europarl.europa.eu|date=5 September 2022 }}</ref> It proposes amending EU electoral law to harmonise electoral conditions (voting age, election date, requirements for electoral districts, candidates, political parties and their financing) for the European Parliament elections, as well as moving towards voting for Union-wide lists, or 'transnational lists', with candidates from multiple member states. It also recommends facilitating digital voting possibilities and guaranteeing effective voting rights for persons with disabilities. The report states that European citizens should have a greater say on who is elected [[President of the European Commission]], suggesting this could be achieved either by the direct election of the Commission President or by a [[President of the European Commission#Spitzenkandidat|lead candidate system]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/media/20220509RES29121/20220509RES29121.pdf |title=Conference on the Future of Europe}}</ref>

==Commission President==
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="2" style="float:right"
|-
!Election
!Largest Group
!President
!Party
|-
| style="background:#ffe8e8"|[[1994 European Parliament election|1994]]
| style="background:#ffe8e8"|[[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
| style="background:#def"|[[Jacques Santer]]
| style="background:#def"|[[European People's Party|EPP]]
|-
| style="background:#def"|[[1999 European Parliament election|1999]]
| style="background:#def"|[[European People's Party-European Democrats|EPP-ED]]
| style="background:#ffd"|[[Romano Prodi]]
| style="background:#ffd"|[[European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party|ELDR]]
|-
| style="background:#def"|[[2004 European Parliament election|2004]]
| style="background:#def"|[[European People's Party-European Democrats|EPP-ED]]
| style="background:#def"|[[José Manuel Barroso]]
| style="background:#def"|[[European People's Party|EPP]]
|-
| style="background:#def"|[[2009 European Parliament election|2009]]
| style="background:#def"|[[European People's Party Group|EPP]]
| style="background:#def"|[[José Manuel Barroso]]
| style="background:#def"|[[European People's Party|EPP]]
|-
| style="background:#def"|[[2014 European Parliament election|2014]]
| style="background:#def"|[[European People's Party Group|EPP]]
| style="background:#def"|[[Jean-Claude Juncker]]
| style="background:#def"|[[European People's Party|EPP]]
|-
| style="background:#def"|[[2019 European Parliament election|2019]]
| style="background:#def"|[[European People's Party Group|EPP]]
| style="background:#def"|[[Ursula von der Leyen]]
| style="background:#def"|[[European People's Party|EPP]]
|}

The third [[Delors Commission]] had a short mandate, to bring the terms of the [[European Commission|Commission]] in line with that of the Parliament. Under the [[European Constitution]] the [[European Council]] would have to take into account the results of the latest European elections and, furthermore, the Parliament would ceremonially "elect", rather than simply approve, the council's proposed candidate. This was taken as the parliament's cue to have its parties run with candidates for the [[President of the European Commission]] with the candidate of the winning party being proposed by the council.<ref name="Epin"/>

This was partly put into practice in 2004 when the European Council selected a candidate from the political party that won [[2004 European Parliament election|that year's election]]. However at that time only one party had run with a specific candidate: the [[European Green Party]], who had the first true pan-European political party with a common campaign,<ref name="Green First">{{cite web|title =European Greens Found European Greens|date=23 February 2004|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1119463,00.html|access-date = 30 January 2008 }}</ref> put forward [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]].<ref name="Epin">{{cite web|last=Hughes |first=Kirsty |title=Nearing Compromise as Convention goes into Final Week? |publisher=EPIN |url=http://www.epin.org/pdf/comment_Hughes2_june03.pdf |access-date=30 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227034911/http://www.epin.org/pdf/comment_Hughes2_june03.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008 }}</ref> However the fractious nature of the other political parties led to no other candidates, the People's Party only mentioned four or five people they'd like to be president.<ref name="Euractiv elect deficit">{{cite web |title=The EP elections: Deepening the democratic deficit |publisher=Euractiv |date=16 June 2004 |url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/future-eu/ep-elections-deepening-democratic-deficit/article-128495 |access-date=27 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018234315/http://euractiv.com/en/future-eu/ep-elections-deepening-democratic-deficit/article-128495 |archive-date=18 October 2007 }}</ref> The Constitution failed ratification but these amendments have been carried over to the [[Treaty of Lisbon]], which came into force in 2009.

There are plans to strengthen the European political parties<ref name="EUO Political">{{cite web|last = Mahony |first=Honor|title = European politics to get more political|publisher=EU Observer|date=27 June 2007|url=http://euobserver.com/9/24370|access-date = 28 June 2007 }}</ref> in order for them to propose candidates for the 2009 election.<ref name="Palmer">{{cite news|last = Palmer|first=John|title = Size shouldn't matter|work=The Guardian |date=10 January 2007|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jan/10/goodratherthanbadnotbig|access-date = 28 June 2007 | location=London}}</ref><ref name="FU Leadership">{{cite web|title=Leadership of the EU |publisher=[[Federal Union]] |url=http://www.federalunion.org.uk/europe/democracyleadership.shtml |access-date=27 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609002711/http://www.federalunion.org.uk/europe/democracyleadership.shtml |archive-date=9 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party]] have already indicated, in their October 2007 congress, their intention for forward a candidate for the post as part of a common campaign.<ref name="Lib Cand">{{cite web|title=Resolution ELDR Congress in Berlin 18–19 October 2007 |publisher=ELDR party |url=http://www.eldr.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1127 |date=24 October 2007 |access-date=4 January 2008 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> They failed to do so however the [[European People's Party]] did select Barroso as their candidate and, as the largest party, Barroso's term was renewed. The Socialists, disappointed at the 2009 election, agreed to put forward a candidate for Commission President at all subsequent elections. There is a campaign within that party to have open primaries for said candidate.<ref>{{cite web|last=Phillips |first=Leigh|title=Socialists want US-style primaries for commission president candidate|publisher=EU Observer|date=12 August 2010|url=http://euobserver.com/9/30615|access-date=12 August 2010}}</ref>

In February 2008, President Barroso admitted there was a problem in legitimacy and that, despite having the same legitimacy as Prime Ministers in theory, in practice it was not the case. The low turnout creates a problem for the President's legitimacy, with the lack of a "European political sphere", but analysis claim that if citizens were voting for a list of candidates for the post of president, turn out would be much higher than that seen in recent years.<ref name="Barroso Legitimacy">{{cite news |last=Mahony|first=Honor|title=Barroso admits legitimacy problem for commission president post |publisher=EU Observer|url=https://euobserver.com/political/25740|date=28 February 2008|access-date = 29 February 2008 }}</ref>

The President of the European Parliament [[Jerzy Buzek]] proposed in 2010 that Commissioners be directly elected, by member states placing their candidate at the top of their voting lists in European elections. That would give them individually, and the body as a whole, a democratic mandate.<ref>Mahony, Honor (23 March 2010) [http://euobserver.com/9/29742 EP president suggests election of future EU commissioners], [[EU Observer]]</ref>

==Eligibility==
[[File:Act-React-Impact.jpg|thumb|Logo and slogan of the European Parliament election 2014: Act. React. Impact.]]
Each Member State has different rules determining who can vote for and run as the European Parliamentary candidates. In ''Spain v United Kingdom'', the [[European Court of Justice]] held that member states are permitted to extend the franchise to non-EU citizens.<ref>{{CELEX|62004CJ0145|format=PDF|text=Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 12 September 2006, Case C-145/04, Kingdom of Spain v United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}}, {{ECLI|ECLI:EU:C:2006:543}}</ref>

Every EU citizen residing in an EU country of which they are not a national has the right to vote and to stand as a candidate in European Parliamentary elections in their country of residence, under the same conditions as nationals of that country – this right is enshrined in Article 39 of the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union]]. In addition, the right to vote is included in Articles 20(1) and 22(1) of the [[Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]]. To this extent all EU countries keep electoral registers containing the names of all eligible voters in the specific region, to which eligible newcomers to the area can apply at any time to have their names added. EU citizens are then eligible to vote for the duration of their stay in that country.

It is therefore possible for a person to have the choice of voting in more than one EU member state. For example, a Portuguese citizen who studies at university in France and lives at home outside term-time in the family home in the Netherlands has the option of voting in the European Parliamentary election in France, Portugal or the Netherlands. In this scenario, although the Portuguese citizen qualifies to vote in three EU member states, they are only permitted to cast one vote in one of the member states.
[[File:Voting Age - European Elections.svg|thumb|500px|'''Minimum age to vote in European elections by country'''
{{legend|#66c2a5;|18}}
{{legend|#e78ac3;|17}}
{{legend|#a6d854;|16*}}

<small>*Belgium and Germany lowered the voting age to 16 for the next European elections.</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/05/20/belgium-lowers-voting-age-to-16-for-european-parliament-elections |title=Belgium lowers voting age to 16 for European Parliament elections |date=20 May 2022 |publisher=Euronews |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iamexpat.de/expat-info/german-expat-news/germany-lowers-voting-age-16-future-eu-elections |title=Germany lowers voting age to 16 for future EU elections |publisher=I AM EXPAT |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
|-
! Member state
! Eligible voters
! Eligible candidates
|-
| Austria
|
* [[Austrian nationality law|Austrian]] citizens who are aged 16 or over on polling day and resident in Austria.
* Austrian citizens who are aged 16 or over on polling day, resident abroad, and have submitted a notification to be listed in the electoral register of the Austrian commune they were a resident of.
* European Union citizens aged 16 or over, resident in Austria, and have submitted a notification to be listed in the electoral register of the Austrian commune they are a resident of.
|
* Same as on the left; the passive voting age is 18 instead of 16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmi.gv.at/cms/BMI_wahlen/europawahl/start.aspx |title=Wahlen – Europawahlen |publisher=BM.I |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Belgium
|
* [[Belgian nationality law|Belgian]] citizens aged 18 or over on polling day resident in Belgium and entered in the population register of a Belgian commune.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/index.php?id=1193&L=0 |title=Les conditions d'électorat pour les différentes élections – Elections européennes et régionales 2009 |publisher=Ibz.rrn.fgov.be |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
* Belgian citizens aged 18 or over on polling day resident outside Belgium, who have sent an application to vote to the Belgian diplomatic or consular post in their country of residence '''up to 16 days before polling day'''.
* European Union citizens resident in Belgium, aged 18 or over on polling day, entered in the population register or in the foreigners' register of their commune of residence and enrolled in the electoral register.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/index.php?id=1194&L=0 |title=Le droit de vote des Belges résidant dans l'Union européenne et des citoyens européens résidant en Belgique, pour l'élection du Parlement Européen – Elections européennes et r |publisher=Ibz.rrn.fgov.be |date=19 December 2008 |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
* Voting is '''compulsory''' and failing to vote can lead to a fine of up to €137.50.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/index.php?id=1197&L=0 |title=L'obligation de vote – Elections européennes et régionales 2009 |publisher=Ibz.rrn.fgov.be |date=16 December 2008 |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
|
* European Union citizens aged 21 or over on polling day who speak French, Dutch or German.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/index.php?id=1192&L=0 |title=La candidature pour les différentes élections – Elections européennes et régionales 2009 |publisher=Ibz.rrn.fgov.be |date=18 December 2008 |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Bulgaria
|
* [[Bulgarian nationality law|Bulgarian]] citizens who have attained the age of 18 years by polling day, have resided in the Republic of Bulgaria or in another Member State of the European Union at least 60 days during the last three months, are not interdicted and do not serve a custodial sentence<ref name="legislationline.org">{{cite web|url=http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/3495/file/Bulgaria%20Election%20Code_2011_En.pdf |title=ELECTION CODE Promulgated, State Gazette No. 9/28.01.2011 |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
* Each national of a Member State of the [[European Union]], who is not a Bulgarian citizen, shall have the right to elect Members of the European Parliament for the Republic of Bulgaria if the said person has attained the age of 18 years by polling day, is not interdicted, does not serve a custodial sentence, has a certificate for residence status in the Republic of Bulgaria, has resided in the Republic of Bulgaria or in another Member State of the European Union at least 60 days during the last three months, is not deprived of the right to elect in the Member State of which the person is a national, and has stated in advance, by a declaration in writing, the desire thereof to exercise his or her right to vote within the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria.<ref name="legislationline.org"/>
|
* Bulgarian citizen who has attained the age of 21 years by polling day, does not hold the citizenship of any State that is not a Member State of the European Union, is not interdicted, does not serve a custodial sentence, has a permanent address in the Republic of Bulgaria, and has resided in the Republic of Bulgaria or in another Member State of the European Union at least during the last six months.<ref>The [http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/CDL-REF%282011%29008-e.aspx Bulgarian Election Code, (2011)], as amended by [http://legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/16600 Act to Amend and Supplement the Election Code (2011)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109170215/http://legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/16600 |date=9 November 2013 }}</ref>
* Any national of a Member State of the [[European Union]], who is not a Bulgarian citizen, has attained the age of 21 years by polling day, does not hold the citizenship of any State that is not a Member State of the European Union, is not interdicted, does not serve a custodial sentence, is not deprived of the right to be elected in the Member State of which the person is a national, enjoys a durable or permanent residence status for the Republic of Bulgaria, has resided in the Republic of Bulgaria or in another Member State of the European Union at least during the last six months, and has stated, by a declaration in writing, the desire thereof to be elected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/16600 |title=Act to Amend and Supplement the Election Code (2011) |publisher=Legislationline.org |date=2 June 2011 |access-date=15 June 2014 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109170215/http://legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/16600 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Croatia
|
* [[Croatian nationality law|Croatian]] citizens aged 18 or over
* European Union citizens resident in Croatia enrolled in the electoral register '''at least 30 days before the election'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=37678 |title=Republic of Croatia European Parliamentary Elections Act, Article 4 (Zakon o izborima zastupnika iz RH u Europski parlament, Članak 4) |publisher=Sabor.hr |access-date=15 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109171226/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=37678 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
* European Union citizens resident in Croatia enrolled in the electoral register '''at least 30 days before the election'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=37678 |title=Republic of Croatia European Parliamentary Elections Act, Article 5 (Zakon o izborima zastupnika iz RH u Europski parlament, Članak 5) |publisher=Sabor.hr |access-date=15 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109171226/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=37678 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Cyprus
|
|
|-
| Czech Republic
|
* European Union citizens aged 18 or over on polling day who are registered in the register of citizens for at least 45 days before polling day, unless a statutory limitation is imposed for reasons of protection of health or withdrawal or legal capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mvcr.cz/mvcren/article/information-for-citizens-of-other-eu-member-states-on-voting-in-the-european-parliament-elections-in-the-czech-republic.aspx |title=Information for citizens of other EU member states on voting in the European Parliament elections in the Czech Republic – Ministry of the interior of the Czech Republic |publisher=Mvcr.cz |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
|
* European Union citizens
|-
| Denmark
|
* [[Danish nationality law|Danish citizens]] aged 18 or over on polling day who are resident in Denmark or another EU member state, unless deprived of legal capacity.
* European Union citizens aged 18 or over on polling day and resident in Denmark, unless deprived of legal capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://valg.im.dk/English/European-Parliament-elections.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716030331/http://valg.im.dk/English/European-Parliament-elections.aspx|url-status=dead|title=European Parliament elections – valg.sum.dk|date=16 July 2012|archive-date=16 July 2012|website=archive.is}}</ref>
|
* European Union citizens eligible to vote, unless they have been convicted of an action that in the public opinion makes them unworthy of being a [[member of the European Parliament]].
|-
| Estonia
|
* European Union citizens aged 18 or over on polling day and whose address is entered in the population register. A person who has been divested of their active legal capacity with regard to the right to vote and a person who has been convicted of a crime and is serving sentence in a penal institution, cannot vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vvk.ee/info-for-voters/voting-right/ |title=Right to vote |publisher=Vvk.ee |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
|
* European Union citizens at least 21 years of age and satisfying the requirements of the right to cast a vote, except members of the [[Military of Estonia|Defence Forces]].
|-
| Finland
|
* Every [[Finnish citizen]] aged 18 or over on polling day, regardless of domicile.
* European Union citizens aged 18 or over on polling day and who are enrolled on the voting register in Finland and whose municipality of residence, as defined by law, is in Finland on the 51st day before election day, unless they have lost the right to vote in the Member State whose citizen they are.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vaalit.fi/21954.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109170324/http://www.vaalit.fi/21954.htm|url-status=dead|title=Right to Vote and Compilation of the Voting Rights|archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref>
|
* Finnish citizens entitled to vote and not legally incompetent.
* European Union citizens who are entitled to vote, registered with and entered into the voting register in Finland and not lost the right to stand as a candidate in elections in their home state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vaalit.fi/21955.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109170211/http://www.vaalit.fi/21955.htm|url-status=dead|title=Eligibility and Nomination of Candidates|archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| France
|
* [[French nationality law|French]] citizens aged 18 or over on polling day resident in France and enrolled in the electoral register.
* French citizens aged 18 or over on polling day resident outside France and entered either in the consular register of electors (''la liste électorale consulaire'') or in the register of a municipality with which they are related (place of birth, last residence in France, municipality of one of forebears, spouse or relatives, municipality where they own a residence or pay local taxes) .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/F16904.xhtml |title=Service-Public.fr (Élections : Français domicilié à l'étranger) |publisher=Vosdroits.service-public.fr |access-date=15 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724155931/http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/F16904.xhtml |archive-date=24 July 2013 }}</ref>
* European Union citizens resident in France, aged 18 or over on polling day and enrolled in the electoral register.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/F1937.xhtml |title=Élections : droit de vote d'un citoyen européen – Service-public.fr |publisher=Vosdroits.service-public.fr |access-date=15 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807081346/http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/F1937.xhtml |archive-date=7 August 2013 }}</ref>
|
* European Union citizens aged 23 or over.
|-
| Germany
|
* European Union citizens aged 18 or over on polling day resident in Germany, if they are resident in member states of the European Union for at least three months.
* Additionally, [[German nationality law|German citizens]] aged 18 or over who have lived in Germany for at least three consecutive months within the last 25 years when they were at least aged 14.
|
* European Union citizens aged 18 or over.
|-
| Greece
|
* [[Greek nationality law|Greek citizens]] aged 17 or over on the last day of the year the election happens who are resident in Greece and registered in the electoral roll in a Greek municipality or community, unless deprived of legal capacity.<ref name="GR-voting-reuters">{{Cite news
|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-greece-electoral-bill-idUSKCN1011NS
|title=Greek MPs approve end to bonus seats, lower voting age
|date=21 July 2016
|work=Reuters
|access-date=16 April 2019
}}</ref>
<ref name="GR-voting-laws">
* {{cite act
| type=Act
| index=4255/2014
| date=11 April 2014
| legislature=[[Hellenic Parliament]]
| title=Εκλογή μελών του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου και άλλες διατάξεις.
| trans-title=Election of Members of the European Parliament and other provisions.
| url=http://www.publicrevenue.gr/elib/view?d=/gr/act/2014/4255/
| language=Greek
}}, article 1, paragraph 1: {{Blockquote|Η εκλογή των μελών του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου στις έδρες που κάθε φορά αναλογούν στην Ελλάδα, διενεργείται με άμεση, καθολική και μυστική ψηφοφορία από τους πολίτες που έχουν το δικαίωμα του εκλέγειν, σύμφωνα με τις διατάξεις των άρθρων 4, 5 και 6 του π.δ. 26/2012 «Κωδικοποίηση σε ενιαίο κείμενο των διατάξεων της νομοθεσίας για την εκλογή βουλευτών» (Α΄ 57). Το δικαίωμα του εκλέγειν έχουν και οι πολίτες των λοιπών κρατών − μελών της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης κατά τα οριζόμενα στο ν. 2196/1994 (Α΄ 41). Η άσκηση του εκλογικού δικαιώματος είναι υποχρεωτική.}} In English: {{Blockquote|Election of Members of the European Parliament in the seats each time allocated to Greece shall be effected by direct, universal and secret ballot by the citizens entitled to vote in accordance with the provisions of Articles 4, 5 and 6 of the Presidential Decree. 26/2012 'Codification in a single text of the provisions of the legislation on the election of Members' (A 57). The citizens of other Member States of the European Union have the right to vote, as provided for in Law 2196/1994 (A 41). Exercise of the right to vote is compulsory.}}<br /> Referencing:
* {{cite act
| type=Presidential Decree
| index=26/2012
| date=15 March 2012
| legislature=[[President of Greece]]
| title=Κωδικοποίηση σ' ενιαίο κείμενο των διατάξεων της νομοθεσίας για την εκλογή βουλευτών
| trans-title=Codification in a single text of the provisions of the legislation on the election of Members of the Hellenic Parliament
| url=http://www.publicrevenue.gr/elib/view?d=/gr/pd/2012/26/
| language=Greek
| access-date=7 March 2019
}}, article 4, paragraph 1: {{Blockquote|Το δικαίωμα του εκλέγειν έχουν οι πολίτες Έλληνες και Ελληνίδες που συμπλήρωσαν το δέκατο όγδοο έτος της ηλικίας τους.}}<br /> In English: {{Blockquote|Greek citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote."}}<br /> Last changed by....:
* {{cite act
| type=Act
| index=4406/2016
| date=22 July 2016
| legislature=[[President of Greece]]
| title=Αναλογική εκπροσώπηση των πολιτικών κομμάτων, διεύρυνση του δικαιώματος εκλέγειν και άλλες διατάξεις περί εκλογής Βουλευτών
| trans-title=Proportional representation of political parties, widening of the right to vote and other provisions on the election of Members
| url=http://www.publicrevenue.gr/elib/view?d=/gr/act/2016/4406
| language=Greek
| access-date=7 March 2019
}}, article 1: {{Blockquote|Η παρ. 1 του άρθρου 4 του Π.δ. 26/2012 (Α ́57) αντι-καθίσταται ως εξής: «1. Το δικαίωμα του εκλέγειν έχουν οι πολίτες Έλλη-νες και Ελληνίδες που συμπλήρωσαν το δέκατο έβδομο (17ο) έτος της ηλικίας τους».}}<br /> In English: {{Blockquote|Article 1 (1) of the PD. 26/2012 (A 57) is replaced by the following: «1. The citizens of Greece and Greeks who have reached their seventeenth (17th) year of age have the right to vote.»}}
</ref>
* Greek citizens aged 17 or over on the last day of the year the election happens who are resident in another EU member state, registered in the electoral roll in a Greek municipality or community and have submitted an application to vote overseas to the Greek embassy or consulate in their country of residence '''on or before 31 March 2014'''{{update inline|date=April 2019}}, unless deprived of legal capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ypes.gr/en/Elections/ElectionsEuropeanParliament/ElectionsforEuropeanParliament/InterstGreeksAbroad/ |title=Ministry of Interior – Information for Greek residents abroad |publisher=Ypes.gr |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="GR-voting-reuters"/><ref name="GR-voting-laws"/>
* European Union citizens aged 17 or over on the last day of the year the election happens, resident in Greece and registered in the electoral roll '''on or before 3 March 2014'''{{update inline|date=April 2019}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ypes.gr/en/Elections/ElectionsEuropeanParliament/ElectionsforEuropeanParliament/CitizensofEuropeanUnion/ |title=Hellenic Republic Ministry of the Interior: EU Citizens |publisher=Ypes.gr |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="GR-voting-reuters"/><ref name="GR-voting-laws"/>
* Voting is '''compulsory but not enforced'''.<ref name="GR-voting-reuters"/><ref name="GR-voting-laws"/>
|
* European Union citizens aged 25 or over, unless deprived of legal capacity.
|-
| Hungary
|
* Hungarian citizens aged 18 or over on polling day and whose municipality of residence is in Hungary. (automatically listed in the electoral register)
* European Union citizens aged 18 or over on polling day and whose municipality of residence is in Hungary and have submitted a notification to be listed in the electoral register.
|
* Any European Union citizens who are entitled to vote (whose municipality of residence is in Hungary).
|-
| Ireland
|
* European Union citizens who are ordinarily resident in Ireland on 1 September in the year before the Register of Electors comes into force.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/elections_and_referenda/european_elections/voting_procedure_in_a_european_election.html#l7faf7 |title=Citizens Information: Voting in a European election |publisher=Citizensinformation.ie |date=21 May 2019 |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Irish citizen]]s who are officials on duty abroad (and their spouses) who are registered on the postal voters list.
|
* European Union citizens over the age of 21, not otherwise disqualified from election to the [[Dáil]].
|-
| Italy
|
* [[Italian nationality law|Italian]] and European Union citizens aged 18 or over on polling day who are resident in Italy and enrolled in the electoral list of their town of residence '''up to 19 days before polling day'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=ELEZIONE DEI MEMBRI DEL PARLAMENTO EUROPEO SPETTANTI ALL'ITALIA|url=http://www.interno.gov.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/assets/files/23/9954_Schede_elezione_PE.pdf|publisher=Interno.it|access-date=15 September 2013|language=it|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213110/http://www.interno.gov.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/assets/files/23/9954_Schede_elezione_PE.pdf|archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref>
* Italian citizens aged 18 or over on polling day who are resident in other EU member states and have submitted an application to the Italian consulate '''up to 18 days before polling day'''.
* Italian citizens aged 18 or over on polling day who are resident outside the [[European Union]] for the purpose of work, study or living with family and have submitted an application to the Italian consulate '''up to 18 days before polling day'''.
|
* European Union citizens aged 25 or over on polling day and not deprived of the right to stand in their home country.
|-
| Latvia
|
|
|-
| Lithuania
|
|
|-
| Luxembourg
|
* [[Luxembourgian nationality law|Luxembourgish]] citizens aged 18 or over on polling day resident in Luxembourg or overseas and enrolled in the electoral list '''up to 87 days before polling day'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.public.lu/fr/elections-europeennes/2009/mode-emploi/conditions/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916024313/http://www.elections.public.lu/fr/elections-europeennes/2009/mode-emploi/conditions/index.html|url-status=dead|title=Conditions de l'électorat – Site officiel des élections au Grand-Duché du Luxembourg – Mode d'emploi|archive-date=16 September 2013}}</ref>
* European Union citizens resident in Luxembourg for at least 2 years, aged 18 or over on polling day and enrolled in the electoral list '''up to 87 days before polling day'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guichet.public.lu/citoyens/fr/citoyennete/elections/elections-europeennes/inscription-listes-electorales-europeennes/index.html |title=S'inscrire sur les listes électorales pour les élections européennes – guichet.lu // Luxembourg – Participation aux élections européennes |publisher=Guichet.public.lu |date=24 December 2013 |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
* Voting is '''compulsory'''.
|
* Luxembourgish citizens aged 18 or over on polling day and resident in Luxembourg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guichet.public.lu/citoyens/fr/citoyennete/elections/elections-europeennes/candidat-election-europeennes/index.html |title=Etre candidat aux élections européennes |publisher=Guichet.public.lu |date=24 December 2013 |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
* European Union citizens aged 18 or over on polling day and resident in Luxembourg for at least 5 years.
|-
| Malta
|
* Maltese citizens aged 18 or over on polling day.
|-
| Netherlands
|
* Dutch citizens aged 18 or over on polling day.
* European Union citizens resident in the Netherlands, aged 18 or over on polling day and not deprived of the right to stand in their home country.
|
* European Union citizens aged 18 or over on polling day.
* Any people aged 18 or over on polling day and legally resident in the European Union at the time of candidature.<ref name="pvdd">This based on a Dutch decision by the 'Kiesraad', which disallowed South Africa's [[J. M. Coetzee]] and two other non-European candidates on the sole ground that they had no proof of legal residence.</ref>
|-
| Poland
|
* [[Polish nationality law|Polish citizens]] aged 18 or over on polling day who are resident outside Poland and registered to vote.
* European Union citizens aged 18 or over on polling day who are resident in Poland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sip.lex.pl/akty-prawne/dzu-dziennik-ustaw/kodeks-wyborczy-17679859/art-10 |title=Art. 10. - [Czynne prawo wyborcze] - Kodeks wyborczy. |access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref>
|
* European Union citizens aged 21 or over on polling day and resident in Poland or the European Union for at least 5 years, were never sentenced to imprisonment for a crime committed intentionally prosecuted by public indictment or for an intentional fiscal offence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sip.lex.pl/akty-prawne/dzu-dziennik-ustaw/kodeks-wyborczy-17679859/art-11 |title=Art. 11. - [Bierne prawo wyborcze] - Kodeks wyborczy. |access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Portugal
|
* European Union citizens aged 18 or over on polling day who are resident in Portugal and registered to vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cne.pt/sites/default/files/dl/legis_lepe_2012.pdf |title=Lei Eleitoral para o Parlamento Europeu (Lei nº 14/87, de 29 Abril), Artigo 3º |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
* [[Portuguese nationality law|Portuguese citizens]] aged 18 or over on polling day who are resident outside Portugal and registered to vote.
* [[Brazilian nationality law|Brazilian citizens]] enjoying special status of equal political rights in Portugal (''cidadãos brasileiros com estatuto especial de igualdade de direitos políticos'') aged 18 or over on polling day who are resident in Portugal and registered to vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cne.pt/sites/default/files/dl/apoio_faq_pe.pdf|title=Comissão Nacional de Eleições: FAQ – Eleição para o Parlamento Europeu}}</ref>
|
* European Union citizens.
* [[Brazilian nationality law|Brazilian citizens]] enjoying special status of equal political rights in Portugal (''cidadãos brasileiros com estatuto especial de igualdade de direitos políticos'') aged 18 or over on polling day who are resident in Portugal and registered to vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cne.pt/faq2/96/6|title=Perguntas Frequentes: Candidatura – Comissão Nacional de Eleições|website=cne.pt}}</ref>
|-
| Romania
|
* [[Romanian nationality law|Romanian citizens]] aged 18 or over on polling day, regardless of domicile.
* European Union citizens aged 18 or over on polling day and whose municipality of residence is in Romania.
|
* European Union citizens who are entitled to vote.
|-
| Slovakia
|
|
|-
| Slovenia
|
|
|-
| Spain
|
* [[Spanish nationality law|Spanish citizens]] aged 18 or over on polling day.
* European Union citizens aged 18 or over on polling day who are recorded in the register kept by the Municipal Council of their municipality of residence (''Padrón'') and have formally expressed their wish to vote in the European Parliament election in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Elections to the European Parliament of June 2009|url=http://www.ine.es/en/prensa/np518_en.pdf|work=ine.es|access-date=15 September 2013|language=es}}</ref>
|
* European Union citizens
|-
| Sweden
|
* [[Swedish citizen]]s aged 18 or over on polling day who are, or at some time have been, registered residents in Sweden.
* European Union citizens aged 18 or over on polling day who are current registered residents in Sweden and have submitted a notification to be listed on the electoral roll.<ref>[http://www.val.se/in_english/general_information/suffrage_and_electoral_rolls/index.html Valmyndigheten: Suffrage and electoral rolls] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103031535/http://www.val.se/in_english/general_information/suffrage_and_electoral_rolls/index.html |date=3 November 2013 }}</ref>
|
* European Union citizens
|}

==Opinion polling==

Opinion polling for EU Parliament elections is less common than for national parliament elections, and no polls are available on the aggregate level. [[Europe Elects]] introduced a monthly seat projection based on publicly available polling data in 2014. This was complemented in 2019 by a popular vote projection based on EU parliament groups.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://europeelects.eu/ep2024/ | title=EU Election Projection 2024 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Democratic legitimacy of the European Union]]
* [[History of the European Union]]
* [[European Commission#Appointment|Appointment of the European Commission]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/13540688221083553 EU-NED dataset]: subnational election data in European Parliament elections, 1990–2020
* [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/elections2009/default.htm?language=EN Section devoted to the 2009 election on the European Parliament website]
* [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/e/europeanunion/ Adam Carr's Election Archive]
* [http://www.europeanelectionstudies.net European Election Studies]
* [http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/06251/sample/9780521806251ws.pdf The European Parliament and Supranational Party System (Cambridge University Press 2002)]
* [http://aei.pitt.edu/view/eusubjects/xelections.html Archive of European Integration (AEI) > Institutional Administration, Developments & Reform > Parliament > Elections]
* [https://juncker.epp.eu EPP Juncker 2014 campaign site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117130239/http://juncker.epp.eu/ |date=17 November 2020 }}
* [http://electionresults-2016.com/ Election Results 2016]

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[[Category:European Parliament elections]]
[[Category:Politics of the European Union]]
[[Category:Quinquennial events]]