View source for Edward Said

{{Short description|Palestinian-American academic (1935–2003)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| region = [[Western philosophy]]
| era = [[20th-century philosophy]]
| name = Edward Said
| image = Edward Said and Daniel Barenboim in Sevilla, 2002 (Said).jpg
| caption = Said in Seville, Spain, 2002
| birth_name = Edward Wadie Said
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|11|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|09|24|1935|11|01|df=y}}
| death_place = New York City, U.S.
| burial_place = Protestant Cemetery, [[Brummana]], Lebanon
| citizenship = American
| education = {{plainlist|
* [[Princeton University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
* [[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
}}
| school_tradition = {{flatlist|
* [[Continental philosophy]]
* [[postcolonialism]]
}}
| notable_ideas = {{flatlist|
* [[Occidentalism]]
* [[orientalism]]
* [[Other (philosophy)|the{{nbsp}}Other]]
}}
| relatives = {{plainlist|
* [[Rosemarie Said Zahlan]] (sister)
* [[Jean Said Makdisi]] (sister)
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mariam C. Said|Mariam Cortas]]|1970}}
| children = 2, including [[Najla Said|Najla]]
}}

'''Edward Wadie Said'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|s|ɑː|ˈ|iː|d}}; {{Langx|ar|إدوارد وديع سعيد|Idwārd Wadīʿ Saʿīd}}, {{IPA|ar|wædiːʕ sæʕiːd|}}}} (1 November 1935 – 24 September 2003) was a Palestinian-American academic, literary critic, and political activist.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |date=16 February 2023 |title=Edward Said |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=Chicago |access-date=31 July 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Said }}</ref> As a professor of literature at [[Columbia University]], he was among the founders of [[Postcolonialism|post-colonial studies]].<ref name="ryoung">Robert Young, ''White Mythologies: Writing History and the West'', New York & London: Routledge, 1990.</ref> As a [[cultural critic]], Said is best known for his book ''[[Orientalism (book)|Orientalism]]'' (1978), a foundational text which critiques the [[Representation (arts)|cultural representations]] that are the bases of [[Orientalism]]—how the [[Western world]] perceives the [[Orient]].<ref name="Ghazoul2007">{{cite book|editor=Ferial Jabouri Ghazoul|title=Edward Saïd and Critical Decolonization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf9_dbmJyQkC&pg=PA290|access-date=19 November 2011|year=2007|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-416-087-5|pages=290–|quote=Edward W. Saïd (1935–2003) was one of the most influential intellectuals in the twentieth century.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Zamir|first=Shamoon|contribution=Saïd, Edward W.|year=2005|title=Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Lindsay|volume=12|pages=8031–32|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA, Thomas Gale|quote= Edward W. Saïd (1935–2003) is best known as the author of the influential and widely-read ''Orientalism'' (1978) ... His forceful defense of secular humanism and of the public role of the intellectual, as much as his trenchant critiques of Orientalism, and his unwavering advocacy of the Palestinian cause, made Saïd one of the most internationally influential cultural commentators writing out of the United States in the last quarter of the twentieth century.}}</ref><ref name="Gentz2009">{{cite book|first=Joachim|last=Gentz|title=Keywords re-oriented |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Omfg11_rzEAC&pg=PA41|access-date=18 November 2011|series=interKULTUR, European-Chinese intercultural studies, Volume IV|year=2009 |publisher=Universitätsverlag Göttingen|isbn=978-3-940344-86-1|pages=41–|chapter=Orientalism/Occidentalism|quote=Edward Saïd's influential ''Orientalism'' (1979) effectively created a [[Discourse|discursive field]] in [[cultural studies]], stimulating fresh critical analysis of Western academic work on "The Orient". Although the book, itself, has been criticized from many angles, it is still considered to be the seminal work to the field.}}</ref><ref name="Gray2005">{{cite book|editor1=Richard T. Gray|editor2=Ruth V. Gross |editor3=Rolf J. Goebel|editor4=Clayton Koelb|title=A Franz Kafka encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZLW5gXc0X4C&pg=PA212|access-date=18 November 2011|year=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30375-3|pages=212–|quote=In its current usage, ''Orient'' is a key term of cultural critique that derives from Edward W. Saïd's influential book ''Orientalism''.}}</ref> His model of textual analysis transformed the academic discourse of researchers in literary theory, literary criticism, and [[Middle Eastern studies]].<ref name="newhumanist">Stephen Howe, [http://newhumanist.org.uk/1908 "Dangerous mind?"], ''New Humanist'', Vol. 123, November/December 2008.</ref><ref>"Between Worlds", ''Reflections on Exile, and Other Essays'' (2002) pp. 561, 565.</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Mark |last=Sherry|title=Said, Edward Wadie (1935–2003)|chapter=Said, Edward Wadie|encyclopedia=The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers|editor=John R. Shook|publisher=Continuum|location=Oxford|year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-975466-3|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199754663.001.0001/acref-9780199754663-e-835|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=buchanan />

Born in [[Jerusalem]], [[Mandatory Palestine]], in 1935, Said was a [[Citizenship of the United States|United States citizen]] by way of his father, who had served in the [[United States Army]] during [[World War I]]. After the [[1948 Palestine war]], he relocated the family to Egypt, where they had previously lived, and then to the United States. Said enrolled at the secondary school  [[Victoria College, Alexandria|Victoria College]] while in Egypt and [[Northfield Mount Hermon School]] after arriving in the United States. He graduated with a BA in English from [[Princeton University]] in 1957, and later with an MA (1960) and a PhD (1964) in English Literature from [[Harvard University]].<ref name="Britannica"/> His principal influences were [[Antonio Gramsci]], [[Frantz Fanon]], [[Aimé Césaire]], [[Michel Foucault]], and [[Theodor W. Adorno]].<ref name=buchanan>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Said, Edward|editor=Ian Buchanan|encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Critical Theory|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-953291-9|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199532919.001.0001/acref-9780199532919-e-617|url-access=subscription }}</ref> 

In 1963, Said joined [[Columbia University]] as a member of the English and [[Comparative Literature]] faculties, where he taught and worked until 2003. He lectured at more than 200 other universities in North America, Europe, and the Middle East.<ref name="dfgw"/>

As a public intellectual, Said was a member of the [[Palestinian National Council]] supporting a [[two-state solution]] that incorporated the [[Palestinian right of return]], before resigning in 1993 due to his criticism of the [[Oslo Accords]].<ref name="nyt" /><ref>Andrew N. Rubin,[https://archive.today/20120713113355/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_4_26/ai_n13562961/ "Edward W. Said"], ''Arab Studies Quarterly'', Fall 2004: p. 1. Retrieved 5 January 2010.</ref> He advocated for the [[History of the State of Palestine|establishment of a Palestinian state]] to ensure political and humanitarian equality in the [[Israeli-occupied territories]], where Palestinians have witnessed the increased expansion of [[Israeli settlement|Israeli settlements]]. However, in 1999, he argued that sustainable peace was only possible with [[One-state solution|one Israeli–Palestinian state]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Said |first=Edward |date=1999-01-10 |title=The One-State Solution |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/10/magazine/the-one-state-solution.html |access-date=2023-12-27 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Given the collapse of the [[Twenty-seventh government of Israel|Netanyahu Government]] over the [[Wye River Memorandum|Wye peace agreement]], it is time to question whether the entire process begun in [[Oslo Accords|Oslo]] in 1993 is the right instrument for bringing peace between Palestinians and Israelis. It is my view that the [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|peace process]] has in fact put off the real reconciliation that must occur if the hundred-year war between [[Zionism]] and the Palestinian people is to end. Oslo set the stage for separation, but real peace can come only with a [[One-state solution|binational Israeli–Palestinian state]].}}</ref> He defined his oppositional relation with the [[status quo (Israel)|Israeli ''status quo'']] as the remit of the public intellectual who has "to sift, to judge, to criticize, to choose, so that choice and agency return to the individual".

In 1999, Said and Argentine-Israeli conductor [[Daniel Barenboim]] co-founded the [[West–Eastern Divan Orchestra]], which is based in [[Seville]], Spain. Said was also an accomplished pianist, and, with Barenboim, co-authored the book ''Parallels and Paradoxes: Explorations in Music and Society'' (2002), a compilation of their conversations and public discussions about music at [[Carnegie Hall]] in New York City.<ref name="democracy">Democracy Now!, [http://www.democracynow.org/features/edward_said "Edward Saïd Archive"], DemocracyNow.org, 2003. Retrieved 4 January 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108201059/http://www.democracynow.org/features/edward_said |date=8 November 2009 }}.</ref>

==Life and career==
===Early life===
[[File:SaidSis.jpg|thumb|right|400px|alt=A photo of Edward Said and his sister as children, dressed in Arab-style clothing.|Edward Said and his sister, [[Rosemarie Said Zahlan|Rosemarie Said]] dressed in traditional Arab clothing, 1940]]
Said was born on 1 November 1935<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ijpj1tB3Qr0C&pg=PA2106|title=Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers|last=Sherry|first=Mark|publisher=Thoemmes Continuum|year=2005|isbn=9781843710370|editor-last=Shook|editor-first=John R.|location=Bristol|pages=2106}}</ref> into a family of [[Palestinian Christians]] in the city of [[Jerusalem]], at the time under the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate for Palestine]].<ref name=Time>{{cite magazine |first=Robert |last=Hughes |title=Envoy to Two Cultures |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978727,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004224830/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978727,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2009 |magazine=Time |date=21 June 1993 |access-date=21 October 2008}}</ref> His parents were born in the [[Ottoman Empire]]: his mother Hilda Said (née Musa) was half Palestinian and half Lebanese, and was raised in the city of [[Nazareth]]; and his father Wadie "William" Said was a Jerusalem-based Palestinian businessman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward Said |url=https://thisweekinpalestine.com/edward-said/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=This Week in Palestine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Said autobiography">{{cite book|last=Said|first=Edward W.|year=1999|title=Out of Place|publisher=Vintage Books, NY}}</ref> Both Hilda and Wadie were [[Arab Christians]], adhering to [[Protestantism]].<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2018/11/edward-place-181114122149652.html "Edward Said: 'Out of Place{{'"}}], 14 November 2018, [[Aljazeera.com]]. Retrieved 7 February 2019.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/edward-said-37181.html |title=Edward Wadie Said a political activist literary critic|first=Gabriel |last=Piterberg|date= 27 September 2003|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|access-date= 7 February 2019}}</ref> During [[World War I]], Wadie served in the [[American Expeditionary Forces]], subsequently earning [[Citizenship of the United States|United States citizenship]] for himself and his immediate family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283211736|title=Narrativising Illness: Edward Said's Out of Place and the Postcolonial Confessional/Indisposed Self|publisher=Arab World English Journal|page=10}}</ref><ref>Ihab Shalback, [https://books.google.com/books?id=b9dPZ1RcSkAC&pg=PA76 'Edward Said and the Palestinian Experience,'] in Joseph Pugliese (ed.) ''Transmediterranean: Diasporas, Histories, Geopolitical Spaces,'' Peter Lang, 2010, pp. 71–83</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/sep/11/2 |title=Out of the shadows |work=The Guardian |date=11 September 1999 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>

In 1919, Wadie and his cousin established a stationery business in [[Cairo]], Egypt.<ref name="Said autobiography"/>{{rp|11}}

Although he was raised Protestant, Said became an [[Agnosticism|agnostic]] in his later years.<ref>{{cite book|title=Edward Saïd: A Legacy of Emancipation and Representation|year=2010|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24546-4|first=Adel |last=Iskander|author2= Hakem Rustom|quote= [Edward Wadie] Saïd was of Christian background, a confirmed agnostic, perhaps even an atheist, yet he had a rage for justice and a moral sensibility lacking in most [religious] believers. Saïd retained his own ethical compass without God, and persevered in an exile, once forced, from Cairo, and now chosen, affected by neither malice nor fear.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Newman's Unquiet Grave: The Reluctant Saint|year=2010|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=9781441150844|first=John |last=Cornwell|page=128|quote=A hundred and fifty years on, Edward Saïd, an agnostic of Palestinian origins, who strove to correct false Western impressions of 'Orientalism', would declare Newman's university [[discourse]]s both true and 'incomparably eloquent'. ...}}</ref><ref name="protestant">{{Cite book |title=Palestine |first=Joe |last=Sacco |year=2001 |publisher=Fantagraphics}}</ref><ref>Amritjit Singh, ''Interviews With Edward W. Saïd'' (Oxford: UP of Mississippi, 2004), pp. 19, 219.</ref><ref>Said, Edward, [http://www.counterpunch.org/said2.html ''Defamation, Revisionist Style''], ''CounterPunch'', 1999. Retrieved 7 February 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021210044310/http://www.counterpunch.org/said2.html |date=10 December 2002 }}.</ref>

=== Education ===
Said's childhood was split between Jerusalem and Cairo: he was enrolled in Jerusalem's [[St. George's School, Jerusalem|St. George's School]], a British boys' school run by the local [[Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem|Anglican Diocese]], but stopped going to his classes when growing intercommunal violence between [[Palestinians|Palestinian Arabs]] and [[Palestinian Jews]] made it too dangerous for him to continue attending, prompting his family to leave Jerusalem at the onset of the [[1948 Palestine war|1947–1949 Palestine War]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/aug/23/israel "Friends rally to repulse attack on Edward Said" by Julian Borger 23 August 1999]</ref> By the late 1940s, Said was in [[Cairo]], enrolled at the Cairo branch of [[Victoria College, Alexandria|Victoria College]].<ref name="Said autobiography"/>{{rp|179}} However, he was expelled in 1951 for troublesome behaviour, though his academic performance was high. Having relocated to the United States, Said attended [[Northfield Mount Hermon School]] in [[Massachusetts]]—a socially élite, college-prep boarding school where he struggled with social alienation for a year. Nonetheless, he continued to excel academically and achieved the rank of either first (valedictorian) or second (salutatorian) out of a class of 160 students.<ref name="Between Worlds">Said, Edward (7 May 1998), [https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v20/n09/edward-said/between-worlds "Between Worlds | Edward Said makes sense of his life"], ''London Review of Books''. Retrieved 24 November 2024.</ref>

In retrospect, he viewed being sent far from the [[Middle East]] as a parental decision much influenced by "the prospects of deracinated people, like us the Palestinians, being so uncertain that it would be best to send me as far away as possible."<ref name="Between Worlds"/> The realities of peripatetic life—of interwoven cultures, of feeling out of place, and of homesickness—so affected the schoolboy Edward that themes of dissonance feature in the work and worldview of the academic Said.<ref name = "Between Worlds"/> At school's end, he had become Edward W. Said—a polyglot intellectual (fluent in English, French, and Arabic). He graduated with an A.B. in English from [[Princeton University]] in 1957 after completing a senior thesis titled "The Moral Vision: [[André Gide]] and [[Graham Greene]]."<ref name="Said 1957 senior thesis">{{cite web | last=Said | first=Edward William | title=The Moral Vision: Andre Gide and Graham Greene | website=Princeton DataSpace | date=1957 | url=https://dataspace.princeton.edu/handle/88435/dsp01r781wh54t?mode=full | access-date=2024-02-04}}</ref> He later received Master of Arts (1960) and Doctor of Philosophy (1964) degrees in [[English Literature]] from [[Harvard University]].<ref name="Said autobiography"/>{{rp|82–83}}<ref name="Britannica"/>

===Career===
In 1963, Said joined [[Columbia University]] as a member of the English and [[Comparative Literature]] faculties, where he taught and worked until 2003. In 1974, he was Visiting Professor of Comparative Literature at Harvard; during the 1975–76 period, he was a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Science, at [[Stanford University]]. In 1977, he became the Parr Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, and subsequently was the Old Dominion Foundation Professor in the Humanities; and in 1979 was Visiting Professor of Humanities at Johns Hopkins University.<ref name="lajewsforpeace.org">LA Jews For Peace, [http://www.lajewsforpeace.org/Bibliography.html ''The Question of Palestine'' by Edward Saïd. (1997)] ''Books on the Israel–Palestinian Conflict – Annotated Bibliography''. Retrieved 3 January 2010.</ref>

Said also worked as a visiting professor at [[Yale University]], and lectured at more than 200 other universities in North America, Europe, and the Middle East.<ref name="dfgw">Dr. Farooq, [http://www.globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/edward_said/banners.html ''Study Resource Page''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609171458/http://globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/edward_said/banners.html |date=9 June 2009 }}, Global Web Post. Retrieved 3 January 2010.</ref><ref>Omri, Mohamed-Salah, "The Portrait of the Intellectual as a Porter"</ref> Editorially, Said served as president of the [[Modern Language Association]], as editor of the ''Arab Studies Quarterly'' in the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], on the executive board of [[International PEN]], and was a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]], the [[Royal Society of Literature]], the Council of Foreign Relations,<ref name="lajewsforpeace.org"/> and the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>[[Moustafa Bayoumi]] and Andrew Rubin, Eds., ''The Edward Saïd Reader'', Vintage, 2000, p. xv.</ref> In 1993, Said presented the BBC's annual [[Reith Lectures]], a six-lecture series titled ''Representation of the Intellectual'', wherein he examined the role of the [[Intellectual|public intellectual]] in contemporary society, which the BBC published in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title = The Reith Lectures: Edward Saïd: Representation of the Intellectual: 1993|publisher=BBC|url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00gmx4c| access-date =13 November 2011}}</ref>

In his work, Said frequently researches the term and concept of the [[cultural archive]], especially in his book ''[[Culture and Imperialism]]'' (1993). He states the cultural archive is a major site where investments in imperial conquest are developed, and that these archives include "narratives, histories, and travel tales."<ref name="cultureimperialism">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NmWrG9PgCQC&q=culture%20and%20imperialism&pg=PP1|title=Culture and Imperialism|last=Said|first=Edward W.|date=24 October 2012|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=9780307829658|language=en}}</ref> Said emphasizes the role of the Western imperial project in the disruption of cultural archives, and theorizes that disciplines such as comparative literature, English, and anthropology can be directly linked to the concept of empire.

==Literary productions==
{{see also|Edward Said bibliography}}
[[File:Joseph Conrad.PNG|thumb|right|150px|alt=A photo of Joseph Conrad|The 19th-century novelist [[Joseph Conrad]] is the subject of Said's first book, ''Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography'' (1966).]] 
Said's first published book, ''Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography'' (1966), was an expansion of the doctoral dissertation he presented to earn the PhD degree. [[Abdirahman Hussein]] said in ''Edward Saïd: Criticism and Society'' (2010), that Conrad's novella ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'' (1899) was "foundational to Said's entire career and project".<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=M5FIrrLKXDIC&q=joseph+conrad+and+the+fiction+of+autobiography Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography]'' (1966).</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McCarthy|first=Conor|title=The Cambridge Introduction to Edward Said|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pagV6FegTJoC&pg=PA16|access-date=27 February 2013|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge UP|isbn=9781139491402|pages=16–}}</ref> In ''Beginnings: Intention and Method'' (1974), Said analyzed the theoretical bases of literary criticism by drawing on the insights of [[Giambattista Vico|Vico]], [[Paul Valéry|Valéry]], [[Nietzsche]], [[Ferdinand de Saussure|de Saussure]], [[Lévi-Strauss]], [[Husserl]], and [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]].<ref>Edward Saïd, ''Power, Politics and Culture'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2001: pp. 77–79.</ref> Said's later works included

* ''The World, the Text, and the Critic'' (1983), 
* ''Nationalism, Colonialism, and Literature: Yeats and Decolonization'' (1988), 
* ''[[Culture and Imperialism]]'' (1993), 
* ''Representations of the Intellectual: The 1993 Reith Lectures'' (1994), 
* ''Humanism and Democratic Criticism'' (2004), and 
* ''On Late Style'' (2006).

===''Orientalism''===
{{Main|Orientalism (book)}}
Said became an established cultural critic with the book ''[[Orientalism (book)|Orientalism]]'' (1978), a [[critique]] of [[Orientalism]] as the source of the false cultural representations in western-eastern relations. The thesis of ''Orientalism'' proposes the existence of a "subtle and persistent Eurocentric prejudice against Arabo–Islamic peoples and their culture",<ref name="Windschuttle">[[Keith Windschuttle|Windschuttle, Keith]]. "Edward Saïd's 'Orientalism revisited'", ''The New Criterion'' 17 January 1999. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080501055657/http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/17/jan99/said.htm Archived] 1 May 2008, at the Internet Archive. Retrieved 23 November 2011.</ref> which originates from [[Western culture]]'s long tradition of false, romanticized images of Asia, in general, and the Middle East in particular. Said wrote that such cultural representations have served as implicit justifications for the colonial and imperial ambitions of the European powers and of the U.S. Likewise, Said denounced the political and the cultural malpractices of the régimes of the ruling Arab élites who he felt [[Internalization (sociology)|internalized]] the false and romanticized representations of [[Arabic culture]] that were created by Anglo–American Orientalists.<ref name="Windschuttle"/>
[[File:Jean-Léon Gérôme - Le charmeur de serpents.jpg|thumb|alt=This painting shows the back side of a naked man standing with a snake wrapped around his waist and shoulders. The man is lifting up the head of the snake with his left hand. Another man to his right is sitting on the ground playing a pipe. A group of 10 men are sitting on the floor facing the snake handler with their backs against an ornate blue mosaic wall decorated with Arabic calligraphy.|The cover of the book ''Orientalism'' (1978) is a detail from the 19th-century Orientalist painting ''The Snake Charmer'', by [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]] (1824–1904).]]

''Orientalism'' proposed that much Western study of Islamic civilization was political intellectualism, meant for the self-affirmation of European identity, rather than objective academic study; thus, the academic field of Oriental studies functioned as a practical method of cultural discrimination and imperialist domination—that is to say, the Western Orientalist knows more about "the Orient" than do "the Orientals."<ref name="Windschuttle"/><ref name="Orientalism">{{Cite book|title=Orientalism|last=Said|first=Edward|date=2003|orig-date= Reprinted with a new preface, first published 1978|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=0141187425}}</ref>{{Rp|12}}

Western Art, ''Orientalism'' continues, has misrepresented the Orient with stereotypes since [[Ancient Greece|Antiquity]], as in the tragedy ''[[The Persians]]'' (472 BCE), by [[Aeschylus]], where the Greek protagonist falls because he misperceived the true nature of The Orient.<ref name="Orientalism"/>{{rp|56–57}} The European political domination of Asia has biased even the most outwardly objective Western texts about The Orient, to a degree unrecognized by the Western scholars who appropriated for themselves the production of cultural knowledge—the academic work of studying, exploring, and interpreting the languages, histories, and peoples of Asia. Therefore, Orientalist scholarship implies that the [[Subaltern (post-colonialism)|colonial subaltern]] (the colonised people) were incapable of thinking, acting, or speaking for themselves, thus are incapable of writing their own national histories. In such imperial circumstances, the Orientalist scholars of the West wrote the history of the Orient—and so constructed the modern, cultural identities of Asia—from the perspective that the West is the cultural standard to emulate, the norm from which the "exotic and inscrutable" Orientals deviate.<ref name="Orientalism"/>{{rp|38–41}}

==== Criticism of ''Orientalism'' ====
''Orientalism'' provoked much professional and personal criticism for Said among academics.<ref>[[Martin Kramer|Kramer, Martin]]. [http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/3082 "Enough Said (Book review: ''Dangerous Knowledge'', by Robert Irwin)"], March 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2010.</ref> Traditional Orientalists, such as [[Albert Hourani]], [[Robert Graham Irwin]], [[Nikki Keddie]], [[Bernard Lewis]], and [[Kanan Makiya]], suffered negative consequences, because ''Orientalism'' affected public perception of their intellectual integrity and the quality of their [[Oriental studies|Orientalist scholarship]].<ref>[[Bernard Lewis|Lewis, Bernard]]. "The Question of Orientalism", ''Islam and the West'', London: 1993. pp. 99, 118.</ref><ref>Irwin, Robert. ''For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their Enemies'' London:Allen Lane: 2006.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Martin Kramer said that "Fifteen years after [the] publication of ''Orientalism'', the UCLA historian Nikki Keddie (whose work Saïd praised in ''Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World'') allowed that ''Orientalism'' was 'important, and, in many ways, positive' ".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040219000944/http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/SaidSplash.htm "Said's Splash"] ''Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America'', Policy Papers 58 (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001).</ref>}} The historian Keddie said that Said's [[critical theory|critical]] work about the field of Orientalism had caused, in their academic disciplines:

{{blockquote|Some unfortunate consequences ... I think that there has been a tendency in the Middle East [studies] field to adopt the word ''Orientalism'' as a generalized swear-word, essentially referring to people who take the "wrong" position on the Arab–Israeli dispute, or to people who are judged "too conservative." It has nothing to do with whether they are good or not good in their disciplines. So, ''Orientalism'', for many people, is a word that substitutes for thought, and enables people to dismiss certain scholars and their works. I think that is too bad. It may not have been what Edward Saïd meant, at all, but the term has become a kind of slogan.|''Approaches to the History of the Middle East'' (1994), pp. 144–45.<ref>''Approaches to the History of the Middle East'', Nancy Elizabeth Gallagher, Ed., London:Ithaca Press, 1994: pp. 144–45.</ref>}}

In ''Orientalism'', Said described [[Bernard Lewis]], the Anglo–American Orientalist, as "a perfect exemplification [of an] Establishment Orientalist [whose work] purports to be objective, liberal scholarship, but is, in reality, very close to being propaganda ''against'' his subject material."<ref name="Orientalism"/>{{rp|315}}

Lewis responded with a harsh critique of ''Orientalism'' accusing Said of politicizing the scientific study of the Middle East (and Arabic studies in particular); neglecting to critique the scholarly findings of the Orientalists; and giving "free rein" to his biases.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Bernard|author-link1=|title=The Question of Orientalism|url=https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/307584/original/The+Question+of+Orientalism+by+Bernard+Lewis+%7C+The+New+York+Review+of+Books.pdf|work=New York Review of Books|access-date=17 December 2017|date=24 June 1982}}</ref>

Said retorted that in ''The Muslim Discovery of Europe'' (1982), Lewis responded to his thesis with the claim that the Western quest for knowledge about other societies was unique in its display of disinterested curiosity, which Muslims did not reciprocate towards Europe. Lewis was saying that "knowledge about Europe [was] the only acceptable criterion for true knowledge." The appearance of academic impartiality was part of Lewis's role as an academic authority for zealous "anti–Islamic, anti–Arab, Zionist, and Cold War crusades."<ref name="Orientalism"/>{{rp|315}}<ref name="Edward Saïd 1985, p. 96">Saïd, Edward, "Orientalism Reconsidered", ''Cultural Critique'' magazine, No. 1, Autumn 1985, p. 96.</ref> Moreover, in the Afterword to the 1995 edition of the book, Said replied to Lewis's criticisms of the first edition of ''Orientalism'' (1978).<ref name="Edward Saïd 1985, p. 96"/><ref name="Orientalism"/>{{rp|329–54}}

==== Influence of ''Orientalism'' ====
[[File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - The Motherland (1883).jpg|thumb|alt=A seated woman surrounded by 9 children who seem dependent upon her.|''The Motherland'' and her dependent colonies are the subjects of [[Postcolonialism|Post-colonial studies]] ([[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]], 1883).]]

In the academy, ''Orientalism'' became a foundational text of the field of [[Postcolonialism|post-colonial studies]], for what the British intellectual [[Terry Eagleton]] said is the book's "central truth ... that demeaning images of the East, and imperialist incursions into its terrain, have historically gone hand in hand."<ref>Eagleton, Terry. [http://www.newstatesman.com/200602130032 ''Eastern Block'' (book review of ''For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their Enemies'', 2006, by Robert Irwin)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118042021/http://www.newstatesman.com/200602130032 |date=18 November 2009}}, ''New Statesman'', 13 February 2006.</ref>

Both Said's supporters and his critics acknowledge the transformative influence of ''Orientalism'' upon scholarship in the humanities; critics say that the thesis is an intellectually limiting influence upon scholars, whilst supporters say that the thesis is intellectually liberating.<ref>Kramer, Martin (2001). ''Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America''.</ref><ref>Andrew N. Rubin, "Techniques of Trouble: Edward Saïd and the Dialectics of Cultural Philology", ''The South Atlantic Quarterly'', 102.4 (2003). pp. 862–76.</ref> The fields of post-colonial and cultural studies attempt to explain the "post-colonial world, its peoples, and their discontents",<ref name="ryoung"/><ref>Emory University, Department of English, [http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Intro.html Introduction to Postcolonial Studies]</ref> for which the techniques of investigation and efficacy in ''Orientalism'', proved especially applicable in [[Middle Eastern studies]].<ref name="newhumanist"/>

As such, the investigation and analysis Said applied in ''Orientalism'' proved especially practical in [[literary criticism]] and [[cultural studies]],<ref name="newhumanist" /> such as the post-colonial histories of India by [[Gyan Prakash]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Prakash | first = Gyan | author-link = Gyan Prakash | date = April 1990 | title = Writing Post-Orientalist Histories of the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historiography | journal = Comparative Studies in Society and History | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 383–408 | doi=10.1017/s0010417500016534 | jstor = 178920| s2cid = 144435305 |issn=0010-4175 }}</ref> [[Nicholas Dirks]]<ref>[[Nicholas Dirks]], ''Castes of Mind'', Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001.</ref> and [[Ronald Inden]],<ref>[[Ronald Inden]], ''Imagining India'', New York: Oxford UP, 1990.</ref> modern Cambodia by Simon Springer,<ref>Simon Springer, "Culture of Violence or Violent Orientalism? Neoliberalisation and Imagining the 'Savage Other' in Post-transitional Cambodia", ''Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers'' 34.3 (2009): 305–19.</ref> and the literary theories of [[Homi K. Bhabha]],<ref>[[Homi K. Bhabha|Bhabha, Homi K.]], ''Nation and Narration'', New York & London: Routledge, Chapman & Hall, 1990.</ref> [[Gayatri Spivak|Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]]<ref>[[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]], ''In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics'', London: Methuen, 1987.</ref> and [[Hamid Dabashi]] (''[[Iran: A People Interrupted]]'', 2007).

In [[Eastern Europe]], Milica Bakić–Hayden developed the concept of [[Nesting Orientalisms]] (1992), derived from the ideas of the historian Larry Wolff (''Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment'', 1994) and Said's ideas in ''Orientalism'' (1978).<ref>{{cite book |first=John E. |last=Ashbrook |title=Buying and Selling the Istrian Goat: Istrian Regionalism, Croatian Nationalism, and EU Enlargement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uk9VVZ1esGwC&q=%22Nesting+Orientalisms%22&pg=PA22 |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |location=New York |isbn=978-90-5201-391-6 |oclc=213599021 |page=22 |quote=Milica Baki–Hayden built on Wolff's work, incorporating the ideas of Edward Saïd's "Orientalism"}}</ref> The Bulgarian historian [[Maria Todorova]] (''[[Imagining the Balkans]]'', 1997) presented the [[Ethnology|ethnologic]] concept of Nesting Balkanisms (''Ethnologia Balkanica'', 1997), which is derived from Milica Bakić–Hayden's concept of Nesting Orientalisms.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ethnologia Balkanica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ogSzrXJEfMC&q=%22Nesting+Orientalisms%22&pg=PA37 |year=1995 |publisher=Prof. M. Drinov Academic Pub. House |location=Sofia |oclc=41714232 |page=37 |quote=The idea of "nesting orientalisms", in Baki–Hayden 1995, and the related concept of "nesting balkanisms", in Todorova 1997. ...}}</ref>

In ''The Impact of "Biblical Orientalism" in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Palestine'' (2014), the historian [[Lorenzo Kamel]], presented the concept of "Biblical Orientalism" with an historical analysis of the simplifications of the complex, local Palestinian reality, which occurred from the 1830s until the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kamel |first=Lorenzo |author-link=Lorenzo Kamel |date=2014 |title=The Impact of "Biblical Orientalism" in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Palestine |url=http://www.brismes.ac.uk/nmes/archives/1263 |journal=New Middle Eastern Studies |issue=4 |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305075912/http://www.brismes.ac.uk/nmes/archives/1263 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kamel said that the selective usage and simplification of religion, in approaching the place known as "The Holy Land", created a view that, as a place, the Holy Land has no human history other than as the place where Bible stories occurred, rather than as Palestine, a country inhabited by many peoples.

The post-colonial discourse presented in ''Orientalism'', also influenced post-colonial theology and post-colonial biblical criticism, by which method the analytical reader approaches a scripture from the perspective of a colonial reader.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bible and Zionism: Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine–Israel|last=Masalha|first=Nur|author-link=Nur Masalha|publisher=Zed Books |year=2007 |location=New York}}</ref> Another book in this area is ''Postcolonial Theory'' (1998), by [[Leela Gandhi]], explains Post-colonialism in terms of how it can be applied to the wider philosophical and intellectual context of history.<ref>{{cite book|title=Postcolonial Theory |last=Gandhi |first=Leela|author-link=Leela Gandhi|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1998|location=New York}}</ref>

==Political activities==

=== Arab–Israeli conflict ===
In 1967, consequent to the [[Six-Day War]], Said became a public intellectual when he acted politically to counter the stereotyped misrepresentations (factual, historical, cultural) with which American news media explained the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]; reportage divorced from the historical realities of the [[Middle East]], in general, and from [[Israel]] and the [[Palestinian territories]], in particular. To address, explain, and correct such perceived [[orientalism]], Said published ''The Arab Portrayed'' (1968), a descriptive essay about images of "the [[Arabs|Arab]]" that are meant to evade specific discussion of the historical and cultural realities of the peoples represented in the Middle East, featured in journalism (print, photograph, television) and some types of scholarship (specialist journals).<ref>"Between Worlds", ''Reflections on Exile, and Other Essays'' (2002) pp. 563.</ref>

==== Views on Zionism ====
In the essay "[[Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Victims]]" (1979), Said argued in favour of the [[legitimacy (political)|political legitimacy]] and [[Authenticity (philosophy)|philosophical authenticity]] of the claims and right to a [[Homeland for the Jewish people|Jewish homeland]], while also asserting the simultaneously inherent right of national self-determination for the [[Palestinians|Palestinian people]].<ref>Saïd, Edward, "Zionism from the Standpoint of its Victims" (1979), in ''The Edward Saïd Reader'', Vintage Books, 2000, pp. 114–68.</ref> He also characterized Israel's founding as it happened, the displacement of the Palestinian Arabs that accompanied it, and the subjugation of the Palestinians in the [[Israeli-occupied territories]] as a manifestation of [[Western imperialism in Asia|Western-style imperialism]]. His books on this topic include ''The Question of Palestine'' (1979), ''The Politics of Dispossession'' (1994), and ''The End of the Peace Process'' (2000).

During a lecture conference at the [[University of Washington]] in 2003, Said affirmed that [[Israeli Jews]] had grounds for a territorial claim to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] (or the [[Land of Israel]]), but maintained that it was not "the only claim or the main claim" vis-à-vis all of the other ethnic groups (including [[Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples|Jews and Arabs]]) who have inhabited the region throughout human history:

{{Blockquote|text=Halleran: "Professor Said, do the [[Zionism|Zionists]] have any historical claim to the lands of Israel?"<br /><br />Said: "Of course! But I would not say that the Jewish claim, or the Zionist claim, is the only claim or the main claim; I say that it is a claim among many others. Certainly, the Arabs have a much greater claim because [[Origin of the Palestinians|they have had a longer history of inhabitance]]—of actual residence in Palestine—[[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel|than the Jews did]]. If you look at the [[history of Palestine]], there's been some quite interesting work done by [[Biblical archaeology|biblical archaeologists]]... you'll see that the period of actual [[Israelites|Israelite]]—as it was called in the [[Hebrew Bible|Old Testament]]—dominance in Palestine amounts to about 200 to 250 years. But there were [[Moabites]], there were [[Jebusites]], there were [[Canaanites]], there were [[Philistines]], there were many other people in Palestine at the time and before and after. And to isolate one of them and say, 'That's the real owner of the land,' I mean, that is—that is fundamentalism. Because the only way you can back it up is say, 'Well, [[Promised Land|God gave it to us]].' [...] So, I think the people who have a history of residence in Palestine for a certain amount of time—including Jews, yes, and, of course, the Arabs—have a claim. But... this is very important: I don't think any claim [...] nobody has a claim that overrides all the others and entitles that person with that so-called claim to drive people out!"|author=|title="Imperial Continuity – Palestine, Iraq, and U.S. Policy"<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2003 |title=Imperial Continuity – Palestine, Iraq, and U.S. Policy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgteoJ1LihU |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> (8 May 2003)|source=}}

Said's argument against the [[Religious Zionism]] traditionally espoused by [[Jewish fundamentalism|Jewish fundamentalists]] (i.e., citing [[God in Abrahamic religions|God]] to project the Jewish/Israeli claim as superior to the Arab/Palestinian claim) asserted that such justifications were inherently irrational because they would, among other factors, enable [[Christians]] and [[Muslims]] of all ethnic and cultural backgrounds to lay superseding territorial claims to Palestine on the basis of their faith.

===Palestinian National Council===
From 1977 until 1991, Said was an independent member of the [[Palestinian National Council]] (PNC).<ref>[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Nalise]] (26 September 2003), [https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,2763,1049931,00.html "Edward Said: Controversial Literary Critic and Bold Advocate of the Palestinian Cause in America"], ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 1 March 2006.</ref> In 1988, he was a proponent of the [[two-state solution]] to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], and voted for the establishment of the [[State of Palestine]] at a meeting of the PNC in Algiers. In 1993, Said quit his membership in the Palestinian National Council, to protest the internal politics that led to the signing of the [[Oslo Accords]] (Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, 1993), which he thought had unacceptable terms, and because the terms had been rejected by the [[Madrid Conference of 1991]].

Said disliked the Oslo Accords for not producing an independent State of Palestine, and because they were politically inferior to a plan that [[Yasser Arafat|Yasir Arafat]] had rejected—a plan Said had presented to Arafat on behalf of the U.S. government in the late 1970s.<ref>Saïd, Edward (21 October 1993), [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v15/n20/edward-said/the-morning-after "The Morning After"]. ''London Review of Books'', Vol. 15, No. 20.</ref> Especially troublesome to Said was his belief that Yasir Arafat had betrayed the [[right of return]] of the Palestinian refugees to their houses and properties in the Green Line territories of [[Green Line (Israel)|pre-1967 Israel]], and that Arafat ignored the growing political threat of the [[Israeli settlements]] in the occupied territories that had been established since the [[Israeli Military Governorate|conquest of Palestine]] in 1967.

[[File:Zones A and B in the occupied palestinian territories.svg|thumb|right|300px|alt=A map of the West Bank and Gaza strip highlighting administrative domains of the Palestinian authority in red.|The administrative domains of the Palestinian Authority (red)]]

In 1995, in response to Said's political criticisms, the [[Palestinian Authority]] (PA) banned the sale of Said's books;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/dis-oriented/article720848/|title=Dis-Oriented|first=Carl|last=Senna|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=6 January 2007|access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref> however, the PA lifted the book ban when Said publicly praised Yasir Arafat for rejecting Prime Minister [[Ehud Barak]]'s offers at the [[Camp David 2000 Summit|Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David]] (2000) in the U.S.<ref name="LRB Wood" /><ref>Said, Edward (23 July 2001), [http://www.mediamonitors.net/edward33.html "The price of Camp David"], ''Al Ahram Weekly''. Retrieved 5 January 2010. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815002641/http://www.mediamonitors.net/edward33.html |date=15 August 2014 }}.</ref>

In the mid-1990s, Said wrote the foreword to the history book ''[[Israel Shahak#Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years|Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years]]'' (1994), by [[Israel Shahak]], about Jewish fundamentalism, which presents the cultural proposition that Israel's mistreatment of the Palestinians is rooted in a [[Judaism|Judaic]] requirement (of permission) for Jews to commit crimes, including murder, against Gentiles (non-Jews). In his foreword, Said said that ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion'' is "nothing less than a concise history of classic and modern [[Judaism]], insofar as these are relevant to the understanding of modern Israel"; and praised the historian Shahak for describing contemporary Israel as a nation subsumed in a "Judeo–Nazi" cultural ambiance that allowed the [[dehumanization]] of the Palestinian [[Other (philosophy)|Other]]:<ref>[[Werner Cohn]]: [http://www.wernercohn.com/Said.html What Edward Said knows]. Retrieved 15 June 2012.</ref>

{{blockquote|In all my works, I remained fundamentally critical of a gloating and uncritical nationalism. ... My view of Palestine ... remains the same today: I expressed all sorts of reservations about the insouciant nativism, and militant militarism of the nationalist consensus; I suggested, instead, a critical look at the Arab environment, Palestinian history, and the Israeli realities, with the explicit conclusion that only a negotiated settlement, between the two communities of suffering, Arab and Jewish, would provide respite from the unending war.<ref>Edward Saïd, "Orientalism, an Afterward" ''Raritan'' 14:3 (Winter 1995).</ref>}}

In 1998, Said made ''In Search of Palestine'' (1998), a BBC documentary film about Palestine, past and present. In the company of his son, Wadie, Said revisited the places of his boyhood, and confronted injustices meted out to ordinary Palestinians in the contemporary [[West Bank]]. Despite the social and cultural prestige afforded to BBC cinema products in the U.S., the documentary was never broadcast by any American television company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b813cf212|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106172454/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b813cf212|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2018|title=In Search of Palestine (1998)|website=BFI}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rVxWOkkkFMwC&q=IN+SEARCH+OF+PALESTINE Culture and resistance: conversations with Edward W. Said] By Edward W. Said, David Barsamian, p. 57</ref>

===Lebanon stone-throwing incident===
On 3 July 2000, whilst touring the Middle East with his son, Wadie, Said was photographed throwing a stone across the [[Blue Line (withdrawal line)|Blue Line Lebanese–Israel border]], which image elicited much political criticism about his action demonstrating an inherent, personal sympathy with terrorism; and, in ''Commentary'' magazine, the journalist Edward Alexander labelled Said as "The Professor of Terror", for aggression against Israel.<ref name="Julian Vigo 2004 pp. 43">Julian Vigo, "Edward Saïd and the Politics of Peace: From Orientalisms to Terrorology", ''A Journal of Contemporary Thought'' (2004): pp. 43–65.</ref> Said explained the stone-throwing as a two-fold action, personal and political; a man-to-man contest-of-skill, between a father and his son, and an Arab man's gesture of joy at the end of the [[Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon]] (1985–2000): "It was a pebble; there was nobody there. The guardhouse was at least half a mile away."<ref name="nytimes.com">[[Dinitia Smith]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/10/arts/a-stone-s-throw-is-a-freudian-slip.html?scp=1&sq=%22edward+said%22&st=nyt "A Stone's Throw is a Freudian Slip"], ''The New York Times'', 10 March 2001.</ref>

[[File:BlueLine.jpg|thumb|right|375px|alt=A map showing a light blue and a dark blue line between Lebanon and Israel.|For throwing a stone at an Israeli guardhouse across the Blue Line Lebanese–Israeli border, ''Commentary'' magazine labelled Said "The Professor of Terror" in 2000.<ref name="Julian Vigo 2004 pp. 43"/>]]
Said described the incident as trivial and said that he "threw the stone as a symbolic act" into "an empty place". The Beirut newspaper ''[[As-Safir]]'' (The Ambassador) interviewed a Lebanese local resident who said that Said was less than ten metres (ca. 30&nbsp;ft.) from the [[Israel Defense Force]] (IDF) soldiers manning the two-storey guardhouse, when he threw the stone, which hit the barbed wire fence in front of the guardhouse.<ref>Sunnie Kim, [http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2000/07/19/edward-said-accused-stoning-south-lebanon ''Edward Said Accused of Stoning in South Lebanon''], Columbia Spectator, 19 July 2000.</ref> In the U.S., Said's action was criticised by some students at Columbia University and the [[Anti-Defamation League]] of [[B'nai B'rith|B'nai B'rith International]] (Sons of the Covenant). The university provost published a five-page letter stating that Said's action was protected under [[academic freedom]]: "To my knowledge, the stone was directed at no-one; no law was broken; no indictment was made; no criminal or civil action has been taken against Professor Saïd."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/19/nyregion/19COLU.html?ex=1176523200&en=ea585e33b37df5f2&ei=5070|title=Columbia Debates a Professor's 'Gesture'|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Karen W. Arenson |author-link=Karen W. Arenson |date=19 October 2000}}</ref>

In February 2001, the Freud Society in Austria cancelled a lecture by Said due to the stone-throwing incident.<ref>Edward Saïd and David Barsamian, ''Culture and Resistance – Conversations with Edward Said'', South End Press, 2003: pp. 85–86</ref> The President of the Freud Society said "[t]he majority [of the society] decided to cancel the Freud lecture to avoid an internal clash. I deeply regret that this has been done to Professor Said".<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

===Criticism of U.S. foreign policy===
In the revised edition of ''[[Covering Islam|Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World]]'' (1997), Said criticized the Orientalist bias of the Western news media's reportage about the Middle East and Islam, especially the tendency to editorialize "speculations about the latest conspiracy to blow up buildings, sabotage commercial airliners, and poison water supplies."<ref>Martin Kramer, [http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/3082 Enough Said review of ''Dangerous Knowledge'', by Robert Irwin], March 2007.</ref> He criticized the American military involvement in the [[Kosovo War]] (1998–99) as an imperial action; and described the [[Iraq Liberation Act]] (1998), promulgated during the Clinton Administration, as the political license that predisposed the U.S. to invade Iraq in 2003, which was authorised with the [[Iraq Resolution]] (2 October 2002); and the continual support of Israel by successive U.S. presidential governments, as actions meant to perpetuate regional political instability in the Middle East.<ref name="democracy" />

In the event, despite being sick with leukemia, as a public intellectual, Said continued criticising the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|U.S. Invasion of Iraq]] in mid-2003;<ref>Democracy Now!, [http://www.democracynow.org/2003/4/15/syrian_expert_patrick_seale_and_columbia "Syrian Expert Patrick Seale and Columbia University Professor Edward Said Discuss the State of the Middle East After the Invasion of Iraq"], DemocracyNow.org, 15 April 2003. Retrieved 4 January 2010.</ref> and, in the Egyptian ''[[Al-Ahram Weekly]]'' newspaper, in the article "Resources of Hope" (2 April 2003), Said said that the U.S. war against Iraq was a politically ill-conceived military enterprise.<ref>Said, Edward.[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/631/focus.htm "Resources of Hope"], ''Al-Ahram Weekly'', 2 April 2003. Retrieved 26 April 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221221020/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/631/focus.htm |date=21 February 2015 }}.</ref>

==== Under FBI surveillance ====
In 2003, [[Haidar Abdel-Shafi]], Ibrahim Dakak, [[Mustafa Barghouti]], and Said established Al-Mubadara (the [[Palestinian National Initiative]]), headed by Barghouti, a third-party reformist, democratic party meant to be an alternative to the usual [[two-party system|two-party politics]] of Palestine. Its ideology is to be an alternative to the extremist politics of the social-democratic [[Fatah]] and the [[Islamism|Islamist]] [[Hamas]]. Said's founding of the group, as well as his other international political activities concerning Palestine, were noticed by the U.S. government, and Said came under FBI surveillance, which became more intensive after 1972. [[David Price (anthropologist)|David Price]], an anthropologist  at [[Evergreen State College]], requested the FBI file on Said through the [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] on behalf of [[CounterPunch]] and published a report there on his findings.<ref>Price, David (13 January 2006), [https://www.counterpunch.org/2006/01/13/how-the-fbi-spied-on-edward-said/ "How the FBI Spied on Edward Said"], ''CounterPunch''. Retrieved 15 January 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116100931/http://www.counterpunch.org/price01132006.html |date=16 January 2006 }}.</ref> The released pages of Said's FBI files show that the FBI read Said's books and reported on their contents to Washington.<ref name=Brennan2021>{{cite book|last=Brennan|first=Timothy|title=Places of Mind. A Life of Edward Said|year=2021|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=9780374146535}}</ref>{{rp|158}}<ref>{{cite web | last=Cockburn | first=Alexander | title=The FBI and Edward Said | website=The Nation | date=12 January 2006 | url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/fbi-and-edward-said/ | access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref>

==Musical interests==
[[File:Diván Este-Oeste 2005.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of an orchestra playing in casual dress.|The harmonious Middle East: the [[West-Eastern Divan Orchestra]] conducted by Daniel Barenboim]]
Besides having been a public intellectual, Edward Said was an accomplished pianist, worked as the music critic for ''The Nation'' magazine, and wrote four books about music: ''Musical Elaborations'' (1991); ''Parallels and Paradoxes: Explorations in Music and Society'' (2002), with Daniel Barenboim as co-author; ''On Late Style: Music and Literature Against the Grain'' (2006); and ''Music at the Limits'' (2007) in which final book he spoke of finding musical reflections of his literary and historical ideas in bold compositions and strong performances.<ref>Ranjan Ghosh, [http://www.ewidgetsonline.com/dxreader/Reader.aspx?token=lHNy0CN9jdX%2fkV3%2f8IVtAA%3d%3d&rand=1414102986&buyNowLink= ''Edward Said and the Literary, Social, and Political World''], New York: Routledge, 2009: p. 22. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710211037/http://www.ewidgetsonline.com/dxreader/Reader.aspx?token=lHNy0CN9jdX%2FkV3%2F8IVtAA%3D%3D&rand=1414102986&buyNowLink= |date=10 July 2011 }}.</ref><ref>Columbia University Press, [http://cup.columbia.edu/book/978-0-231-13936-6/music-at-the-limits ''Music at the Limits'' by Edward W. Saïd]. Retrieved 5 January 2010.</ref>

Elsewhere in the musical world, the composer [[Mohammed Fairouz]] acknowledged the deep influence of Edward Said upon his works; compositionally, Fairouz's ''First Symphony'' thematically alludes to the essay "Homage to a Belly-Dancer" (1990), about [[Tahia Carioca]], the Egyptian dancer, actress, and political militant; and a piano sonata, titled ''Reflections on Exile'' (1984), which thematically refers to the emotions inherent to being an exile.<ref name=qonstage>Rase, Sherri (8 April 2011), [http://www.qonstage.com/QOnStage_articles/2011fairouz-rase/index.html Conversations—with Mohammed Fairouz] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322231341/http://www.qonstage.com/QOnStage_articles/2011fairouz-rase/index.html |date=22 March 2012 }}, ''[Q]onStage''. Retrieved 19 April 2011.</ref><ref>"Homage to a Belly-dancer", ''Granta'', 13 (Winter 1984).</ref><ref>"Reflections on Exile", ''London Review of Books'', 13 September 1990.</ref>

=== West–Eastern Divan Orchestra ===
In 1999, Said and Barenboim co-founded the [[West-Eastern Divan (orchestra)|West-Eastern Divan Orchestra]], composed of young Israeli, Palestinian, and Arab musicians. They also established The Barenboim–Said Foundation in [[Seville]], to develop education-through-music projects. Besides managing the West–Eastern Divan Orchestra, the Barenboim–Said Foundation assists with the administration of the Academy of Orchestral Studies, the Musical Education in Palestine Project, and the Early Childhood Musical Education Project, in Seville.<ref>Barenboim–Saïd Foundation, [http://www.barenboim-said.org/index.php?id=119 official website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027113059/http://www.barenboim-said.org/index.php?id=119 |date=27 October 2009 }}, Barenboim-Said.org. Retrieved 4 January 2010.</ref>

==Honors and awards==
Besides honors, memberships, and postings to prestigious organizations worldwide, Edward Said was awarded some twenty honorary university degrees in the course of his professional life as an academic, critic, and Man of Letters.<ref>The English Pen World Atlas, [http://penatlas.org/online/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=16 "Edward Said"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727172211/http://penatlas.org/online/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=16 |date=27 July 2011 }} Retrieved 3 January 2010.</ref> Among the honors bestowed to him were:

* the [[Bowdoin Prize]] by [[Harvard University]]. 
* He twice received the [[Lionel Trilling Book Award]]; the first occasion was the inaugural bestowing of said literary award in 1976, for ''Beginnings: Intention and Method'' (1974). He also received the 
* Wellek Prize of the American Comparative Literature Association
* The inaugural [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]] Lens Prize.<ref>Spinozalens, [http://www.spinozalens.nl/pages/laureaten_en.htm ''Internationale Spinozaprijs Laureates''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805011845/http://www.spinozalens.nl/pages/laureaten_en.htm |date=5 August 2008 }}. Retrieved 3 January 2010.</ref> 
* [[Lannan Literary Award]] for Lifetime Achievement in 2001
* [[Princess of Asturias Awards|Prince of Asturias Award]] for Concord in 2002 (shared with [[Daniel Barenboim]]). 
* First U.S. citizen to receive the [[Al Owais Award|Sultan Owais Prize]] (for Cultural & Scientific Achievements, 1996–1997).<ref>Columbia University Press, "About the Author", ''Humanism and Democratic Criticism'', 2004.</ref> 
* The autobiography ''Out of Place'' (1999)<ref name="Said autobiography"/> was bestowed three awards, the 1999 [[The New Yorker|New Yorker]] Book Award for Non-Fiction; the 2000 [[Anisfield-Wolf Book Award]] for Non-Fiction; and the Morton Dauwen Zabel Award in Literature.<ref>The English Pen World Atlas, [http://penatlas.org/online/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=16 ''Edward Said''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727172211/http://penatlas.org/online/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=16 |date=27 July 2011 }}. Retrieved 3 January 2010.</ref>

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Edward Said.jpg|thumb|Edward Said's gravestone]]
[[File:Poster of Edward Said.jpg|thumb|alt=Tattered poster on wall, partially covered by graffiti.|''In Memoriam Edward Wadie Saïd'': a [[Palestinian National Initiative]] poster at the [[Israeli West Bank wall]]]]

Said died at the age of 67 in New York City on 24 September 2003, after a 12-year struggle with [[chronic lymphocytic leukemia]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/26/arts/edward-w-said-literary-critic-advocate-for-palestinian-independence-dies-67.html|url-access=subscription|title=Edward W. Said, Literary Critic and Advocate for Palestinian Independence, Dies at 67|last=Bernstein|first=Richard|date=26 September 2003|work=The New York Times|page=23|access-date=6 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520040836/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/26/arts/edward-w-said-literary-critic-advocate-for-palestinian-independence-dies-67.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|archive-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> He was survived by his wife, [[Mariam C. Said]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saeed |first=Saeed |date=2019-04-01 |title=Life beyond Edward: how Mariam Said is carving her own legacy |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/life-beyond-edward-how-mariam-said-is-carving-her-own-legacy-1.843862 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> his son, Wadie Said, and his daughter, [[Najla Said]].<ref name=ruthven>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/sep/26/guardianobituaries.highereducation|title=Obituary: Edward Said|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|author-link=|date=26 September 2003|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=6 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114153120/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/sep/26/guardianobituaries.highereducation|archive-date=14 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/03/09/edwardSaid_2.html |title=Columbia Community Mourns Passing of Edward Said, Beloved and Esteemed University Professor |author=<!--No author name given.--> |date=26 September 2003 |department=Office of Public Affairs |website=Columbia News |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=6 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031002225327/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/03/09/edwardSaid_2.html |archive-date=2 October 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2003/09/26/edward_said_critic_scholar_palestinian_advocate_at_67/|title=Edward Said, critic, scholar, Palestinian advocate; at 67|last=Feeney|first=Mark|date=26 September 2003|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=6 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407000732/http://archive.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2003/09/26/edward_said_critic_scholar_palestinian_advocate_at_67/|archive-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> The eulogists included [[Alexander Cockburn]] ("A Mighty and Passionate Heart");<ref>{{cite news |last=Cockburn |first=Alexander |date=25 September 2003 |title=Edward Said: A Mighty and Passionate Heart |url=https://www.counterpunch.org/2003/09/25/edward-said-a-mighty-and-passionate-heart/ |url-status=live |work=CounterPunch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627174807/https://www.counterpunch.org/2003/09/25/edward-said-a-mighty-and-passionate-heart/ |archive-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> [[Seamus Deane]] ("A Late Style of Humanism");<ref>{{cite journal |last=Deane |first=Seamus |author-link=Seamus Deane |year=2005 |title=Edward Said (1935–2003): A Late Style of Humanism |url=https://fieldday.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/SDeaneFDR.pdf |journal=Field Day Review |volume=1 |pages=189–202 |issn=1649-6507 |jstor=30078611 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617043929/https://fieldday.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/SDeaneFDR.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> [[Christopher Hitchens]] ("A Valediction for Edward Said");<ref>{{cite news |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Hitchens |date=26 September 2003 |title=A valediction for Edward Said |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2003/09/a-valediction-for-edward-said.html |url-status=live |work=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307033719/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2003/09/a-valediction-for-edward-said.html |archive-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> [[Tony Judt]] ("The Rootless Cosmopolitan");<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Judt |first=Tony |author-link=Tony Judt |date=1 July 2004 |title=The Rootless Cosmopolitan |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/rootless-cosmopolitan/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |magazine=The Nation |publication-date=19 July 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125135723/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/rootless-cosmopolitan/ |archive-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> [[Michael Wood (academic)|Michael Wood]] ("On Edward Said");<ref name="LRB Wood">{{cite magazine |last=Wood |first=Michael |date=23 October 2003 |title=On Edward Said |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v25/n20/michael-wood/on-edward-said |url-access=limited |url-status=live |magazine=London Review of Books |volume=25 |issue=20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630071727/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v25/n20/michael-wood/on-edward-said |archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref> and [[Tariq Ali]] ("Remembering Edward Said, 1935–2003").<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ali |first=Tariq |author-link=Tariq Ali |year=2003 |title=Remembering Edward Said, 1935–2003 |url=https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii24/articles/tariq-ali-remembering-edward-said |journal=New Left Review |volume=24 |pages=59–65 |issn=0028-6060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203213707/https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii24/articles/tariq-ali-remembering-edward-said |archive-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> Said is buried in the Protestant Cemetery in Broumana, Jabal Lubnan, Lebanon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2003 |title=Edward Said to be buried in Lebanon |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/10/2/edward-said-to-be-buried-in-lebanon |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-11-01 |title=Ashes of Edward Said Buried in Lebanon |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/106842/Ashes-of-Edward-Said-Buried-in-Lebanon |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-10-03 |title=Said to be buried in Lebanon |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/118185/said-to-be-buried-in-lebanon |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> His headstone indicates he died on 25 September 2003.

The tributes to Said include books and schools. The books include ''Waiting for the Barbarians: A Tribute to Edward W. Said'' (2008) that features essays by [[Akeel Bilgrami]], [[Rashid Khalidi]], and [[Elias Khoury]];<ref>[http://ejts.revues.org/index931.html "Conference: Waiting for the Barbarians: A Tribute to Edward Said."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213233123/http://ejts.revues.org/index931.html |date=13 February 2010 }} 25–26 May 2007. Bogazici University. ''European Journal of Turkish Studies''. Ejts.org. Retrieved 5 January 2010.</ref><ref>Jorgen Jensehausen, [http://jpr.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/46/3/458 "Review: 'Waiting for the Barbarians'"] ''Journal of Peace Research'', Vol. 46, No. 3 May 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2010.</ref> ''Edward Said: The Charisma of Criticism'' (2010), by Harold Aram Veeser, a critical biography; and ''Edward Said: A Legacy of Emancipation and Representations'' (2010), with essays by [[Joseph Massad]], [[Ilan Pappé]], [[Ella Shohat]], [[Ghada Karmi]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]], and [[Daniel Barenboim]]. 

In 2002, [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nayhan]], the founder and president of the [[United Arab Emirates]], and others endowed the Edward Said Chair at Columbia University; it is currently filled by [[Rashid Khalidi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fish|first=Rachel|title=Antisemitism on the Campus: Past and Present|publisher=Academic Studies Press|year=2010|isbn=9781618110428|editor-last=Pollack|editor-first=Eunice G.|location=Boston|pages=376|chapter=Standing up for Academic Integrity on Campus}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 September 2016|title=Khalidi, Rashid|url=https://history.columbia.edu/person/khalidi-rashid/|access-date=25 November 2021|website=Department of History – Columbia University|language=en-US}}</ref>

In November 2004, in Palestine, [[Birzeit University]] renamed their music school the [[Edward Said National Conservatory of Music]].<ref>[[Birzeit University]], [http://ncm.birzeit.edu/ ''Edward Said National Conservatory of Music''].</ref>

The [[Barenboim–Said Academy]] (Berlin) was established in 2012. 

In 2016, [[California State University, Fresno]] started examining applicants for a newly created Professorship in Middle East Studies named after Edward Said, but after months of examining applicants, Fresno State canceled the search. Some observers claim that the cancellation was due to pressure from pro-Israeli individuals and groups.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Flaherty |first1=Colleen |title=Why did Fresno State cancel a search for a professorship named after the late Edward Said? |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/05/31/why-did-fresno-state-cancel-search-professorship-named-after-late-edward-said |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=Inside Higher Ed |date=31 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book|last=Barsamian|first=David|title=Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. Said|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SUt6EAoH0xgC&pg=PA57|year=2003|publisher=Pluto|isbn=9780745320175}}
* {{cite book|last=Brennan|first=Timothy|title=Places of Mind. A Life of Edward Said|year=2021|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=9780374146535}}
* {{cite book|last=Cornwell|first=John|title=Newman's Unquiet Grave: The Reluctant Saint|year=2010|publisher=Continuum International|isbn=9781441150844}}
* {{cite book|first=Joachim |last=Gentz|title=Keywords re-oriented|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Omfg11_rzEAC&pg=PA41|access-date=18 November 2011|series=interKULTUR, European-Chinese intercultural studies, Volume IV|year=2009|publisher=Universitätsverlag Göttingen|isbn=978-3-940344-86-1|pages=41–|chapter=Orientalism/Occidentalism}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Ghazoul|editor1-first=Ferial Jabouri|title=Edward Said and Critical Decolonization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf9_dbmJyQkC&pg=PA290|access-date=19 November 2011|year=2007|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-416-087-5|quote=Edward W. Said (1935–2003) was one of the most influential intellectuals in the twentieth century.}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Gray|editor1-first=Richard T.|editor2-last=Gross|editor2-first=Ruth V.|editor3-last=Goebel|editor3-first=Rolf J.|display-editors=3 |editor4-last=Koelb|editor4-first=Clayton|title=A Franz Kafka encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZLW5gXc0X4C&pg=PA212|access-date=18 November 2011|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-30375-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Iskander|first1=Adel|last2=Rustom|first2=Hakem|title=Edward Said: A Legacy of Emancipation and Representation|year=2010|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24546-4}}
* {{cite book|last=McCarthy|first=Conor|title=The Cambridge Introduction to Edward Said|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pagV6FegTJoC&pg=PA10|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge UP|isbn=9781139491402}}
* {{cite book|last=Said|first=Edward W.|title=Orientalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yivirt2t1lYC|year=1979|publisher=Knopf Doubleday|isbn=9780394740676}}
* {{cite book|last=Said|first=Edward W.|title=Peace and Its Discontents: Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Peace Process|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n61tAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=9780679767251}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Singh|editor1-first=Amritjit|editor2-last=Johnson|editor2-first=Bruce G.|title=Interviews with Edward W. Said|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OC6PxMiYc3YC|year=2004|publisher=UP of Mississippi|isbn=9781578063666}}
* {{cite book|last1=Turner|first1=Bryan S|last2=Rojek|first2=Chris|title=Society and Culture: Scarcity and Solidarity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaGLmpN1RXMC&pg=PA224|year=2001|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9780761970491}}
* {{cite book|last=Zamir|first=Shamoon|contribution=Said, Edward W.|year=2005|title=Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Lindsay|volume=12|pages=8031–32|publisher=Macmillan}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Brennan, Timothy. ''Places of Mind: A Life of Edward Said'' (2021). [https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/places-of-mind-a-life-of-edward-said-timothy-brennan-review-robert-irwin/ online review] 
* Kennedy, Valerie. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EYMQ44XjIegC&q=critical+introduction+edward+said Edward Said: A Critical Introduction]''. Key Contemporary Thinkers. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2000.
* McCarthy, Conor. ''[http://www.cambridge.org/aus/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521683050 The Cambridge Introduction to Edward Said]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
* {{Cite book|first = Prasad|last = Pannian |title = Edward Said and the Question of Subjectivity|url = http://www.palgrave.com/in/book/9781137548641 |location=New York and London |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan|date = 20 January 2016|isbn = 9781137548641|language = en}} {{Google books|_WEkswEACAAJ|Edward Said and the Question of Subjectivity}}.
* Rubin, Andrew N. ed. ''Humanism, Freedom, and the Critic: Edward W. Said and After''. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2005.
* Said, Edward W. Moustafa Bayoumi, et al. ''The Selected Works of Edward Said, 1966 – 2006'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Selected-Works-Edward-Said-1966/dp/0525565310/ excerpt]

==External links==
* Edward Said, 2000: [https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v22/n11/edward-said/diary "My Encounter with Sartre"], ''London Review of Books''.
* {{IMDb name|0756429|Edward Said}}
* [http://othervoices.org/3.1/bvanderlinden/index.php Review of ''Reflections on Exile and Other Essays'' and ''Edward Said: The Last Interview''], in ''[[Other Voices (open-access journal of cultural criticism)|Other Voices]]'', vol. 3, no. 1.
* {{OL author|id=OL26322A}}
* {{C-SPAN|8001}}
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_5483040 Finding aid to Edward Said papers at Columbia University – Rare Book & Manuscript Library]

{{Edward Said}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Articles related to Edward Said
|list=
{{Social and political philosophy}}
{{Prince of Asturias Award for Concord}}
{{American Book Awards}}
}}
{{Subject bar
| portal1  = Biography
| portal2  = Literature
| commons  = y
| q        = y
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Said, Edward}}
[[Category:Edward Said| ]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American philosophers]]
[[Category:Academics from Jerusalem]]
[[Category:American activists]]
[[Category:American agnostics]]
[[Category:American Book Award winners]]
[[Category:American humanists]]
[[Category:American literary critics]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American writers of Lebanese descent]]
[[Category:American writers of Palestinian descent]]
[[Category:Arab-American writers]]
[[Category:Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Deaths from leukemia in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Islam and politics]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern studies in the United States]]
[[Category:Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni]]
[[Category:Orientalism]]
[[Category:Palestinian activists]]
[[Category:Palestinian agnostics]]
[[Category:Palestinian literary critics]]
[[Category:Palestinian people of Lebanese descent]]
[[Category:Palestinian philosophers]]
[[Category:Palestinian political writers]]
[[Category:Postcolonial literature]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Modern Language Association]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Said family]]
[[Category:Scholars of nationalism]]
[[Category:St. George's School, Jerusalem alumni]]
[[Category:The Nation (U.S. magazine) people]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]