View source for Education in Hungary

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox Education
| country name = Hungary
| agency = [[Minister of Education (Hungary)|Ministry of Human Resources]]
| agency image = 
| leader titles = Minister<br>State Secretary for Education
| leader names = [[Miklós Kásler]]<br>[[Zoltán Maruzsa]]
| primary languages = [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| system type = Central
| literacy year = 2003
| literacy total = 99.4
| literacy men = 99.5
| literacy women = 99.3
| enroll total =  1,877,500
| enroll primary = 886,500
| enroll secondary = 570,000 |
enroll post-secondary = 421,000
| attain secondary = 86|
attain post-secondary = 14
| footnotes =  
}}
[[File:Budapesti Műszaki Egyetem K épület.jpg|thumb|right|[[Budapest University of Technology and Economics]], it is the oldest [[Institute of technology]] in the world, founded in 1782]]
[[File:Iskola-Lotz3.JPG|thumb|right|Rector's Council Hall of [[Budapest Business School]], the first public [[business school]] in the world, founded in 1857]]

The [[educational system]] in [[Hungary]] is predominantly public, run by the [[Minister of Education (Hungary)|Ministry of Human Resources]]. [[Preschool]] [[kindergarten]] education is [[compulsory education|compulsory]] and provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is also [[compulsory education|compulsory]] until age of sixteen.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/documents/facts_and_figures/compulsory_education_EN.pdf | title=Compulsory Education in Europe 2013/2014 | publisher=European commission | access-date=19 May 2014 | author=Eurydice | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223114017/http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/Education/eurydice/documents/facts_and_figures/compulsory_education_EN.pdf | archive-date=23 December 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Primary education]] usually lasts for eight years. [[Secondary education]] includes three traditional types of schools focused on different academic levels: the [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] enrols the most gifted children and prepares students for university studies; the secondary vocational schools for intermediate students lasts four years and the technical school prepares pupils for [[vocational training|vocational education]] and the world of work. The system is partly flexible and bridges exist, graduates from a vocational school can achieve a two years program to have access to vocational higher education for instance.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=HUN | title=Vocational Education in Hungary | date=October 2013 | access-date=19 May 2014 | author=UNESCO-UNEVOC}}</ref> The [[Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study]] (TIMSS) rated 13–14-year-old pupils in Hungary among the best in the world for maths and science.

Most [[List of universities in Hungary|Hungarian universities]] are [[public university|public institutions]], and students traditionally study without fee payment. The general requirement for university is the [[Matura]]. The Hungarian public [[higher education]] system includes universities and other higher education institutes, that provide both education curricula and related degrees up to doctoral degree and also contribute to research activities. Health insurance for students is free until the end of their studies. English and German language is important in Hungarian higher education, there are a number of degree programs that are taught in these languages, which attracts thousands of [[Student exchange program|exchange students]] every year. Hungary's higher education and training has been ranked 44 out of 148 countries in the Global competitiveness Report 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf |title=Global Competitiveness Record 2013/2014 |access-date=19 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604005151/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/06/12/afx3810988.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 }}</ref>

Today there are 67 [[List of universities in Hungary|higher education institutions]] in [[Hungary]], ranging from small colleges to top [[University|research universities]]. These universities and colleges are maintained either by the state, private organizations or a church. In accordance with the objectives of the [[Bologna process]] the degree structure of [[tertiary education]] is based on three cycles. Nearly all study fields lead first to a [[Bachelor's degree]] (usually 3 years), and after a further study period to a [[Master's degree]] (2 years). However, there are some exceptions: medicine, pharmacy, dental and veterinary studies, architecture, law, teacher training, and certain arts-, crafts- and design-related study programmes, which retain a long single-cycle structure of 5 or 6 years of study. The first-cycle programmes last 6–8 semesters (3–4 years, 180–240 [[European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System|credit points]]) and lead to a bachelor's degree (in Hungarian: alapfokozat). The second cycle, leading to a master's degree (in Hungarian: mesterfokozat), lasts 2–4 semesters (1–2 years, 60–120 credit points). Two-year-long vocational higher education programmes (in Hungarian: felsőoktatási szakképzés) are also available on an optional basis prior to first-cycle programmes and lead to advanced vocational qualifications. The 120 credit points gained in vocational higher education programmes are compatible for recognition in the first (Bachelor) cycle. Any Bachelor's or master's degree can be followed by specialised higher education courses (in Hungarian: szakirányú továbbképzés). These do not lead to another degree but offer the option of specialisation in a particular field of study. Courses can be studied full-time, part-time or through distance learning. A four-year [[Doctorate|doctoral programme]] is a [[Postgraduate education|post-graduate]] course to follow any Master's or equivalent qualification.

Hungary has a long tradition of higher education reflecting the existence of established [[knowledge economy]]. The established [[List of universities in Hungary|universities in Hungary]] include some of the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest in the world]], the first was the [[University of Pécs]] founded in 1367 which is still functioning, although in the year 1276, the university of [[Veszprém]] was destroyed by the troops of [[Peter I Csák|Peter Csák]], but it was never rebuilt. [[Sigismund]] established [[Óbuda University]] in 1395. Another, [[Universitas Istropolitana]], was established 1465 in [[Pozsony]] by [[Mattias Corvinus]].
[[Nagyszombat]] University was founded in 1635 and moved to Buda in 1777 and it is called [[Eötvös Loránd University]] today. The world's first [[institute of technology]] was founded in [[Selmecbánya]], Kingdom of Hungary in 1735, its legal successor is the [[University of Miskolc]]. The [[Budapest University of Technology and Economics]] is considered the oldest institute of technology in the world with university rank and structure, its legal predecessor the Institutum Geometrico-Hydrotechnicum was founded in 1782 by [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Joseph II]].

==The social environment of education==

The decline of [[Hungary]]'s population that started in 1981 has also continued in recent years. According to the 2001 [[census]], the [[demographics of Hungary|population of Hungary]] was 10,198,000, about half a million less than the figure of twenty years earlier. By 2005 the population dropped to 10,077,000. The age pyramid of the Hungarian population is among the most irregular ones in [[Europe]]. On 1 January 2005, due to the extremely low number of live births in the preceding years the size of the 0-4-year-old population was smaller than the next age groups of five-year increments up to the age group 60–64. There are major differences in the size of the various [[generation]]s.

The official language of instruction is [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], but a number of ethnic and
national [[minorities]] (e.g. [[German people|German]], [[Romanian people|Romanian]], [[Slovenes|Slovene]], [[Serb]] and [[Croats|Croatian]]) have [[minority education]]al institutions with their own languages as first or second language of instruction at primary and secondary level of teaching. According to the 2003 [[statistical survey|survey]], the rate of [[Romani people|Romani]] children in the population entering school education in 2008–2009 is expected to be around 15%.<ref>Medgyesi, M. (2007). [http://www.oki.hu/oldal.php?tipus=cikk&kod=eduhun2006-02_socio_economic ''The socio-economic environment of education.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502131039/http://www.oki.hu/oldal.php?tipus=cikk&kod=eduhun2006-02_socio_economic |date=2008-05-02 }} In Loboda, Z., Lannert, J. and Halász, G. (ed.) [http://www.oki.hu/oldal.php?tipus=kiadvany&kod=eduhun2006 ''Education in Hungary 2006.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118085844/http://www.oki.hu/oldal.php?tipus=kiadvany&kod=eduhun2006 |date=2007-11-18 }} Budapest: Hungarian Institute for Educational Research and Development.</ref>

==School system in Hungary==

A special feature of the Hungarian education system is that [[institutional structure]]s and the structure of [[educational programme]]s are not aligned with each other. The system's institutional structure and the presence of programmes allowing early selection show similarities with [[Central Europe]]an and ex-[[socialist]] countries. The system's content structure, the uniform and general phase of education has extended, and [[secondary education|secondary]] level education may be characterised by increased opportunities for transition. The general phase of education lasts until the age of 18 in Hungary's [[education system]]. Participation in [[secondary education]], offering a wide variety of programmes, is fairly high. Within [[secondary education]], the proportion of students studying in programmes leading to a secondary [[school-leaving certificate]] and offering transition to [[tertiary education]] is around the international average.<ref>Imre, A. and Györgyi, Z. (2007). [http://www.oki.hu/oldal.php?tipus=cikk&kod=eduhun2006-05_system ''The educational system and the progression of students.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502131051/http://www.oki.hu/oldal.php?tipus=cikk&kod=eduhun2006-05_system |date=2008-05-02 }} In Loboda, Z., Lannert, J. and Halász, G. (ed.) [http://www.oki.hu/oldal.php?tipus=kiadvany&kod=eduhun2006 ''Education in Hungary 2006.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118085844/http://www.oki.hu/oldal.php?tipus=kiadvany&kod=eduhun2006 |date=2007-11-18 }} Budapest: Hungarian Institute for Educational Research and Development</ref>

===Hungarian education and training programmes (ISCED-97)===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Institutional setting of programme
! Programme destination and orientation
! Notes
|-
| Pre-school
| 0
| School-based programme for children aged 3–7. Includes basic skills development, pre-reading, drawing, singing, and school preparation.
|-
| General school
| 1AG
| General school primary level, Grades 1–4.
|-
| 
| 2AG
| General school lower secondary level, Grades 5–8.
|-
| Vocational training school (Apprenticeship training)
| 2BG
| Remedial programme for drop-outs and low achievers that provides a second chance for further education
|-
| 
| 2CV
| Vocational training school programmes preparing qualifications for trades identified in the National Register of Vocational Qualifications that do not require the completion of 10 years of general education for entry 
|-
| 
| 3CG
| Vocational training school, Grades 9–10. General subject courses with vocational guidance preparing students for entering into programmes that require 10 years of general education
|-
| 
| 3CV
| 3-year apprenticeship training programmes according to the Education Act of 1985 starting after grade 8 of the general school. 1997/98 was the last year of new enrollments, because the new law does not allow dualsystem vocational education before age 16.
|-
| 
| 4CV
| Post-secondary vocational programmes where the entry requirement is the completion of secondary education
|-
| Special vocational training school
| 2CP
| Basic skills and labour market oriented development programme for students with special educational needs
|-
| General secondary school
| 2AG
| Grades 5–8, and 7–8 of the eight-grade and six-grade general secondary school
|-
| 
| 3AG
| General secondary education, grades 9–12 preparing students for secondary school final examination
|-
| Vocational secondary school
| 3AP
| Vocational secondary school programmes preparing students for secondary school final examination with pre-vocational elements, Grades 9–12 (13).
|-
| 
| 3BP
| Vocational secondary part-time programmes, Grades 9–12 (13) preparing for secondary school final examination with pre-vocational programme elements
|-
| 
| 4AG
| General secondary programme preparing for secondary school final examination for vocational training school graduates (3CV)
|-
| 
| 4CV
| Post-secondary vocational programmes where the entry requirement is a secondary school-leaving certificate
|-
| 
| 5B
|Non-university higher vocational training programmes leading to non-graduate vocational qualifications with credit courses acknowledged in higher education
|-
| College, university
| 5A
| College graduate education and post-graduate specialisation programmes, University graduate education, University supplementary (Master) programme for college graduates, Supplementary teacher training programme for engineers graduated incollege education, University post-graduate specialisation programme for university graduates
|-
| University
| 6
| PhD courses, research work and dissertation DLA, doctoral degree in liberal arts
|}
{{smalldiv|1=
''Source:'' Statistical Yearbook of Education 2002/2003, OM, 2003.<br />
''Notes:'' Destination for which the programmes have been designed to prepare students: A=access to further general education, B=access to further vocational education, C=access to the labour market. Orientation category is based on the degree to which content of programme has been specifically designed: G=general, P=pre-vocational, V=vocational.
}}

===Organization of the educational system===

===Pre-primary education===

This educational level is considered as a crucially important integrated part of the school
system. It caters for children from 3 to 7 years of age. Since 2015, participation in pre-primary education at this level ([[kindergarten]]) is compulsory from age 3 (before 2015 only the final year – beyond age 5 – was compulsory), although exceptions are made for developmental reasons <ref>{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002299/229933E.pdf |title=Review |date=2015 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org }}</ref><ref name="caboodle.hu">[http://www.caboodle.hu/nc/news/news_archive/single_page/?tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=9571  Hungary lowers mandatory school age to three] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109235457/http://www.caboodle.hu/nc/news/news_archive/single_page/?tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=9571 |date=Jan 9, 2012 }}</ref>

Public-sector institutions may only charge for services additional to their basic tasks, including for example extracurricular activities, meals, excursions, etc. Currently, the attendance rate with regard to the age groups 3–5, is just above 86%. The average duration of participation of children aged 3–7 in pre-primary education is just over 3 years (3.3), which is the highest average value in Europe.<ref name="eurydice.org">[http://www.eurydice.org/portal/page/portal/Eurydice/showPresentation?pubid=047EN ''National summary sheets on education systems in Europe and ongoing reforms'']{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. (2006) Brussels: Eurydice.</ref>

[[Image:OVODA.jpg|thumb|A [[Hungary|Hungarian]] pre-school class having outdoor activities, March 2007.]]
In [[Hungary]] a kindergarten is called an ''óvoda'' ('place for caring'). Children attend kindergarten between the ages of 3–6/7 (they go to school in the year in which they have their 7th birthday). Attendance in kindergarten is compulsory from the age of 3 years, though exceptions are made for developmental reasons.<ref name="caboodle.hu"/> Though kindergartens may include programs in subjects such as foreign languages and music, children spend most of their time playing. In their last year children begin to be prepared to attend elementary school.

Most kindergartens are state-funded. Kindergarten teachers are required to have a diploma.

===Primary education===

Children start [[primary school]] when they reach school-maturity, usually in the year in which they have their 6th birthday (7th if they were born after August 31).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oktatas.hu/kozneveles/tankotelezettseg/tankotelezettseg_halasztasa | title=Oktatási Hivatal }}</ref><!-- 6 is the traditional one -->

Primary education can last for 4, 6 or 8 years. 8-year education is the most widespread; the other two options were introduced in the early 1990s.

Subjects include [[literature]], [[grammar]], [[mathematics]], [[music]], [[drawing|art]], [[Physical education]], [[environmental studies]] (from 1st to 6th grade), [[biology]] (from 7th grade), [[geography]] (from 7th grade), [[history]] (from 5th grade), [[history of art]], <!-- from 5th grade, I think) --> [[physics]] (from 7th grade), [[chemistry]] (from 7th grade), one or two foreign languages (usually [[English language|English]], [[German language|German]] or [[French language|French]]). Before 1990, [[Russian language|Russian]] was compulsory.

===Secondary education===

Secondary education usually lasts for 4 years. In ''gimnázium''s it can also last for 5, 6 or 8 years depending on how many years the student spent in primary school. Since 1997 the numbering of years in secondary school are following that of primary school (i. e. after the 8th grade of primary school the student goes to 9th grade, which is actually the 1st year of secondary school.)

There are three kinds of high schools:
* ''Gimnázium'' (grammar school; prepares students for higher education; teaches at least 2 foreign languages)
* ''Szakgimnázium'' (secondary vocational school. It also provides a "secondary school leaving examination" opening higher education curriculum. )
* ''Szakközépiskola'' (vocational school. It also offers "bridge" programs to help low achieving students in primary school to catch up and join the usual vocational school curriculum)<ref name="UNEVOC">{{cite web | url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=HUN | title=Vocational Education in Hungary | date=27 October 2013 | access-date=19 May 2014 | author=UNESCO-UNEVOC}}</ref>

After finishing high school, students take a school-leaving exam ([[Matura]] or final exam, ''érettségi'' in Hungarian). From 2005 this consists of exams on five subjects: written exam in mathematics, verbal and written exams in ''Hungarian literature and grammar'', a ''foreign language'', ''history'', and written and/or verbal exam in a subject of the ''student's choice''. These exams also serve as an entry exam to universities and colleges.

====New secondary form until the school year of 2004/2005====

Many of the ''gimnázium''s have begun to teach a foreign language intensively (usually 12–14 lessons a week) and [[Information technology|IT]] (usually 3–4 lessons a week) in the first year. This is called ''nyelvi előkészítő évfolyam'', literally "Language training class", or simply ''nulladik évfolyam'' (literally "0th grade"). After 2005, students will have fewer foreign language lessons and [[Information technology|IT]].

At schools where there is no ''nulladik évfolyam'' (beginners classes), they may be required to introduce them because the majority of Hungarians do not speak more than one language, or only speak their parents' language or dialect. Most students will finish High School at the age of 18 or 19, or when they complete Year 13.

Those who had at least an intermediate level language exam weren't required to pass a language exam at Matura, but has become compulsory since 2006. In language training classes, a student must pass an intermediate level language exam in the second year, and the same level Matura in the third year.

===Higher education===
{{see also|List of universities in Hungary}}
{{see also|Academic ranks in Hungary}}

Higher education in Hungary dates back to 1367 when [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis the Great]] founded the first Hungarian university in the city of [[Pécs]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pte.hu/menu/21 |title=Magyarország első egyeteme. PTE |access-date=2009-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216091403/http://www.pte.hu/menu/21 |archive-date=2008-12-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spainexchange.com/school-3387-en.htm |title=University of Pécs |access-date=2009-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120182810/http://spainexchange.com/school-3387-en.htm |archive-date=2009-01-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Higher education is divided between [[college]]s and [[University|universities]]. College education generally lasts for 4 years, while university education lasts for 4 to 6 years depending on the course undertaken. Vocational curriculum usually last 2 years: they are opened to secondary vocational school's graduates, and eventually vocational school students (after 5 years of work in the desired field or after a two-year program leading to a "secondary school leaving certificate").<ref name=UNEVOC/> University [[PhD]] courses usually take 3 years to complete.

Before students get their degree, they must pass an intermediate level language exam in the foreign language of their choice. English and German are the most popular. The number of Spanish-learners has been growing in the last few years.<ref name=akconsultants>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-11-30 |title=Study in Hungary: A Guide for International Students 2023-24 |url=https://www.akconsultants.org/study-in-hungary/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=AK Consultants |language=en-US}}</ref> Recently{{when|date=September 2019}} a high number{{how many|date=September 2019}} of students chose [[Esperanto]] and [[Romani language|Romani]] languages.<ref name=akconsultants/> Both are said to have a relatively small vocabulary and easy grammar.

In 1999 there were 62 institutes of higher education in Hungary serving 280000 students.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Benfeld, R. W.|author2=Raffay, Z.|year=2002|chapter=Hungary|editor=R.Marlow-Ferguson |title=World education encyclopedia : A survey of educational systems worldwide|volume=1 : A - H|edition=2nd|place=Detroit etc.|publisher=Gale Group|pages=577|ISBN=0-7876-5578-3}}</ref>

===Vocational schools ===
This school type (in Hungarian: szakiskola) typically provides general and pre-vocational education in grades 9 and 10, normally followed by three or two years of VET. At the end of their studies, students will acquire a qualification (ISCED 2C or mostly 3C).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.tpf.hu/pages/content/index.php?page_id=81 |title=Tempus: Studying in Hungary – Education system |access-date=2014-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719113948/http://english.tpf.hu/pages/content/index.php?page_id=81 |archive-date=2014-07-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Foreign students in Hungary ==
Hungary attracts foreign students from both EU and non-EU countries. Three quarters of the students arriving in Hungary arrive from just ten countries, while one quarter of the students arrives from another 100 countries. Among the countries sending the most students are Germany, Iran, Norway, Israel and Sweden, while the majority of guest students are citizens of the neighbouring countries. In the 2008/2009 academic year, the total number of foreign students studying in Hungary was 16 916, while this number was only 14 491 in 2005/2006.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.felvi.hu/for_foreigners/research/increasing_number_of_foreign_students |title=Felvi.hu: An increasing number of foreign students each year |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114073926/https://www.felvi.hu/for_foreigners/research/increasing_number_of_foreign_students |url-status=dead }}</ref> The figures are increasing owing to the following advantages:
* Hungary offers affordable tuition fees and living costs within the European Union and Schengen area;
* A number of Nobel Prize Winners and scientific inventors were educated there;
* There are easier admission procedures and fewer documents are needed for obtaining admission;
* Hungary offers different types of scholarships for foreigners;
* The cost of student accommodation in Hungary is lower than in most Western European Countries and Scandinavia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.studyinginbudapest.com/2014/06/accommodation-in-budapest.html |title="Student accommodation costs in Budapest" |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509144958/http://www.studyinginbudapest.com/2014/06/accommodation-in-budapest.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Many education programmes are offered in English and/or German;
* Hungarian embassies issue education visas more easily than other European Union and Schengen Member States;
* Residence permits issued in Hungary for foreign students allow them to travel to other Schengen countries without any further visa;
* A number of low cost flights connect Hungarian cities to other countries and popular travel destinations;
* There are employment opportunities in the European Union during education years and after graduation, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.study-hungary.com/why-to-study-in-hungary |title=Study-hungary.com: Why study in Hungary? |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930015722/http://en.study-hungary.com/why-to-study-in-hungary/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Preparatory courses===
Students interested in continuing their studies in Hungary will find preparatory courses in numerous universities from Debrecen to Budapest, from Budapest to Szeged, from Szeged to Pécs.<ref>[https://archive.today/20140617232627/http://www.felvi.hu/for_foreigners/useful_cues/preparatory_courses Felvi.hu: University preparatory courses]</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Hungary]]
* [[:Category:Schools in Hungary]]
* [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]]
* [[Matura]]
* [[OKTV]]
* [[Open access in Hungary]] to scholarly communication
* [[School social work in Hungary]]
* [[Ballagás]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Campos, Nauro F., and Dean Jolliffe. "After, before and during: returns to education in Hungary (1986–1998)." ''Economic Systems'' 27.4 (2003): 377–390. [http://www.academia.edu/download/39178172/00b7d5248828ecbbc9000000.pdf online]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* Földvári, Péter, and Bas van Leeuwen. "Average Years of Education in Hungary: Annual Estimates, 1920–2006." ''Eastern European Economics'' 47.2 (2009): 5–20 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Foldvari/publication/46509925_Average_Years_of_Education_in_Hungary_Annual_Estimates_1920-2006/links/0fcfd50dde3a9c125d000000.pdf online].
* Gosztonyi, Katalin. "Mathematical culture and mathematics education in Hungary in the XXth century." in ''Mathematical cultures'' (Birkhäuser, Cham, 2016) pp. 71–89. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Katalin_Gosztonyi/publication/303537690_Mathematical_Culture_and_Mathematics_Education_in_Hungary_in_the_XXth_Century/links/5f38264792851cd302fa8989/Mathematical-Culture-and-Mathematics-Education-in-Hungary-in-the-XXth-Century.pdf online]
* Kornis, Gyula. ''Education in Hungary'' (Teachers College, Columbia University, 1932) scholarly history [http://www.mtda.hu/books/kornis_gyula_education_in_hungary.pdf online].
* Passow, A. Harry et al. ''The National Case Study: An Empirical Comparative Study of Twenty-One Educational Systems.''  (1976) [https://archive.org/details/nationalcasestud0000unse online]
* Pusztai, Gabriella, and Péter Cs Szabó. "The Bologna Process as a Trojan Horse: restructuring higher education in Hungary." ''European Education'' 40.2 (2008): 85–103 [https://dea.lib.unideb.hu/dea/bitstream/handle/2437/114194/file_up_The%20Bologna%20Process%20in%20Hungary.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y online].

==Sources==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050909061451/http://www.om.hu/main.php?folderID=539&articleID=4822&ctag=articlelist&iid=1 Number of enrolled students]
* [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Analytic/companion/educ/tables/canada/oecd.cfm About educational attainment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331081601/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/analytic/companion/educ/tables/canada/oecd.cfm |date=31 March 2009 }} (data from 2000)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051106002911/http://www.om.hu/main.php?folderID=731&articleID=1421&ctag=articlelist&iid=1 About the educational budget] (Hungarian only)

==External links==

* [http://www.okm.gov.hu/main.php?folderID=137 Ministry of Education] (in Hungarian and English)
* [http://www.euroeducation.net/prof/hungarco.htm Hungary's profile at EuroEducation.net]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071223023905/http://www.oki.hu/oldal.php?tipus=index&kod=english Hungarian Institute for Educational Research and Development] (in Hungarian and English)

{{Hungary topics}}
{{Education in Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Education In Hungary}}
[[Category:Education in Hungary| ]]