View source for Edmund Barton

{{short description|Prime Minister of Australia from 1901 to 1903}}
{{for|the Queensland politician|Edward Gustavus Campbell Barton}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Australian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] Sir
| name             = Edmund Barton
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100%|GCMG|KC}}
| image            = Edmund Barton - Swiss Studios (b&w).jpg
| office           = 1st [[Prime Minister of Australia]]<!--No election dates.-->
| term_start       = 1 January 1901
| term_end         = 24 September 1903
| monarch          = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]<br />[[Edward VII]]
| governor-general = [[John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun|Lord Hopetoun]]<br />[[Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson|Lord Tennyson]]
| predecessor      = ''Office established''
| successor        = [[Alfred Deakin]]
| office1          = [[Justice of the High Court of Australia]]
| appointer1       = Lord Tennyson
| nominator1       = Alfred Deakin
| term_start1      = 5 October 1903
| term_end1        = 7 January 1920
| predecessor1     = ''Office established''
| successor1       = [[Hayden Starke]]
| office2          = 2nd [[Protectionist Party|Leader of the Protectionist Party]]
| deputy2          = Alfred Deakin
| term_start2      = 1889
| term_end2        = 24 September 1903
| predecessor2     = [[George Dibbs]]
| successor2       = Alfred Deakin
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Other political offices|titlestyle=background-color:#eee}}
| office3          = [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)|Minister for External Affairs]]
| primeminister3   = ''Himself''
| term_start3      = 1 January 1901
| term_end3        = 24 September 1903
| successor3       = Alfred Deakin
| office4          = [[Leader of the Opposition (New South Wales)|Leader of the Opposition in New South Wales]]
| premier4         = [[George Reid]]
| term_start4      = 5 October 1898
| term_end4        = 23 August 1899
| predecessor4     = [[William Lyne]]
| successor4       = William Lyne
| office5          = [[Attorney General of New South Wales]]
| premier5         = [[George Dibbs]]
| term_start5      = 23 October 1891
| term_end5        = 14 December 1893
| predecessor5     = [[George Bowen Simpson]]
| successor5       = [[Charles Heydon]]
| premier6         = George Dibbs
| term_start6      = 17 January 1889
| term_end6        = 7 March 1889
| predecessor6     = George Bowen Simpson
| successor6       = George Bowen Simpson
| office7          = [[Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start7      = 3 January 1883
| term_end7        = 31 January 1887
| predecessor7     = [[George Wigram Allen|Sir George Wigram Allen]]
| successor7       = [[James Henry Young]]{{Collapsed infobox section end}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Constituencies|titlestyle=background-color:#eee}}
| office8          = Member of the [[Parliament of Australia]] for the [[Division of Hunter]]
| term_start8      = [[1901 Australian federal election|30 March 1901]]
| term_end8        = [[1903 Australian federal election|30 September 1903]]
| predecessor8     = ''Constituency established''
| successor8       = [[Frank Liddell (politician)|Frank Liddell]]
| office9          = Member of the [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency9    = [[Electoral district of Hastings and Macleay|Hastings and Macleay]]
| term_start9      = 23 November 1898
| term_end9        = 1 March 1900
| predecessor9     = [[Francis Clarke (New South Wales politician)|Francis Clarke]]
| successor9       = Francis Clarke
| constituency10   = [[Electoral district of East Sydney|East Sydney]]<!--
| alongside10      = [[William McMillan (Australian politician)|William McMillan]]; [[George Reid]]; [[Varney Parkes]]-->
| term_start10     = 11 July 1891
| term_end10       = 3 August 1894
| predecessor10    = [[Walter Bradley (Australian politician)|Walter Bradley]]
| successor10      = ''Constituency abolished''
| constituency11   = East Sydney<!--
| alongside11      = [[George Reid]]; [[Sydney Burdekin]]; [[John McElhone]]; [[George Griffiths]]; [[Henry Copeland (politician)|Henry Copeland]]-->
| term_start11     = 28 December 1882
| term_end11       = 2 March 1887
| predecessor11    = [[Arthur Renwick]]
| successor11      = [[William McMillan (Australian politician)|William McMillan]]
| constituency12   = [[Electoral district of Wellington (New South Wales)|Wellington]]
| term_start12     = 14 December 1880
| term_end12       = 28 December 1882
| predecessor12    = [[John Shepherd (Australian politician)|John Shepherd]]
| successor12      = [[David Ferguson (Australian politician)|David Ferguson]]
| constituency13   = [[Electoral district of University of Sydney|University of Sydney]]
| term_start13     = 26 August 1879
| term_end13       = 14 December 1880
| predecessor13    = [[William Charles Windeyer|William Windeyer]]
| successor13      = ''Constituency abolished''
| office14         = Member of the [[New South Wales Legislative Council]]
| term_start14     = 12 May 1897
| term_end14       = 18 July 1898
| term_start15     = 8 March 1887
| term_end15       = 12 June 1891{{collapsed infobox section end}}
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=yes|1849|1|18}}
| birth_place      = {{longitem|style=line-height:1.25em; |[[Glebe, New South Wales|Glebe]], [[Colony of New South Wales]], [[British Empire]]}}<br />(now [[New South Wales]], Australia)
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=yes|1920|1|7|1849|1|18}}
| death_place      = [[Hydro Majestic Hotel]],<br />[[Medlow Bath, New South Wales]], Australia
| resting_place    = [[Waverley Cemetery]]
| party            = [[Protectionist Party|Protectionist]] (after 1887)
| otherparty       = 
| education        = {{hlist|[[Fort Street High School]]|[[Sydney Grammar School]]}}
| alma_mater       = [[University of Sydney]]
| spouse           = {{marriage|[[Jane Barton|Jane Ross]]|1877}}
| children         = 6
| profession       = [[Barrister]]<br />Politician
| signature        = Edmund Barton signature.svg
| caption          = Official portrait, 1902
}}

'''Sir Edmund''' "'''Toby'''" '''Barton''' (18 January 1849{{spaced ndash}}7 January 1920) was an Australian politician, barrister and jurist who served as the first [[prime minister of Australia]] from 1901 to 1903. He held office as the leader of the [[Protectionist Party]], before resigning in 1903 to become a founding justice of the [[High Court of Australia]], on which he served until his death in 1920. Barton is regarded as a founding father of Australia, a principal leader in the [[Federation of Australia|federation of the Australian colonies]] and a drafter of the [[Constitution of Australia|Commonwealth Constitution]].

Barton was an early supporter of the [[Federation of Australia|federation of the Australian colonies]], the goal of which he summarised as "a nation for a continent, and a continent for a nation". After the retirement of [[Henry Parkes]] he came to be seen as the leader of the federation movement in New South Wales. He was a delegate to the [[Constitutional Convention (Australia)|constitutional conventions]], playing a key role in the drafting of [[Constitution of Australia|a national constitution]], and was one of the lead campaigners for federation in [[1898–1900 Australian constitutional referendums|the subsequent referendums]]. In late 1900, despite the initial "[[Hopetoun Blunder]]", Barton was commissioned to form a [[caretaker government]] as Australia's first prime minister. His term began on 1 January 1901, the date on which federation occurred.

At the [[1901 Australian federal election|first federal election]] in March 1901, Barton and the Protectionists won the most seats, but were well short of a majority. He was able to remain as prime minister by forming an alliance with the fledgling [[Australian Labor Party]] (ALP), which held the balance of power. The [[Barton government]] established a number of new national institutions, including the [[Australian Defence Force]] and the [[Australian Public Service|Commonwealth Public Service]]. It introduced [[Women's suffrage in Australia|nation-wide women's suffrage]], and laid the foundations of the [[White Australia policy]] with the ''[[Immigration Restriction Act 1901]]''.

Barton left politics in 1903 to become one of the three founding members of the High Court, which his government had created. He was succeeded as prime minister by [[Alfred Deakin]]. On the court, Barton was able to shape the judicial interpretation of the constitution he had helped write.

==Early life==
[[File:EBarton1866.jpg|thumb|upright|Barton, aged 17|left]]
{{Edmund Barton sidebar}}
Barton was born on 18 January 1849 in [[Glebe, New South Wales|Glebe, Sydney, New South Wales]].{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=5}} He was the eleventh of twelve children born to Mary Louisa (née Whydah) and William Barton. He had seven sisters and four brothers, including the writer [[George Burnett Barton]].{{sfn|Bolton|2000|pp=6–7}} Three of his siblings died during his childhood.{{efn|Edmund's younger brother Sydney was born in 1852 but lived only nine months.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=6}} His older sister Ellen was killed in a fire in 1860,{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=7}} and his oldest brother William Jr. died in 1863.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=8}}}} His given name had not previously been used in the family, and may have been in honour of the recently deceased explorer [[Edmund Kennedy]].{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=5}} Barton's parents were both born in London, England, although his father's family was originally from [[Devon]]. They arrived in the Colony of New South Wales in 1827, and all but two of their children were born in Australia. William Barton worked variously as an accountant, bazaar proprietor, stockbroker, and real estate agent. His business ventures were not always successful, and he went bankrupt on one occasion.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|pp=2–5}}

===Childhood and education===
Barton spent his early years in Glebe, but in 1851 the family moved into the inner city, living on Cumberland Street in [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]].{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=5}} He had a relatively comfortable upbringing, although his father faced financial difficulties on a number of occasions. To support the family during those periods, his mother ran a boarding school for girls.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=4}} His parents were both highly literate, and his mother in particular "provided much of the direction and encouragement for Edmund's impressive academic achievement".{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=15}} Barton began his formal education at what is now the [[Fort Street Public School]]. He later attended [[Sydney Grammar School]], possibly as one of the first students after the school's opening in 1857.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=6}} One of his close friends in his youth was [[Richard Edward O'Connor|Richard O'Connor]], who would eventually join him on the High Court. Barton was the [[Dux#Education|dux]] and school captain at Sydney Grammar in 1863 and 1864. He [[matriculated]] at the [[University of Sydney]] in 1865, aged 16, and was awarded a special prize by the university senate.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=9}} Barton failed to win one of the three entrance scholarships to the University, owing to "an insufficiency of mathematics".<ref>William Coleman,''Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889-1914'', Connor Court, Queensland, 2021, p.106.</ref>

At university, Barton specialised in [[classics]] but also studied English literature, mathematics, physics, and French.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=9}} He became fluent in Ancient Greek and Latin, and retained a command of both later in life.{{efn|In a speech to the Parliament of New South Wales in 1879, Barton quoted [[Homer]] in the original Greek.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Edmund Barton|first=David|last=Ash|url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWBarAssocNews/2007/55.pdf|journal=Bar News|publisher=[[New South Wales Bar Association]]|year=2007|page=47|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050415/http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWBarAssocNews/2007/55.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> As prime minister in 1902, he met with [[Pope Leo XIII]] in Rome and conversed in Latin.{{sfn|Ash|2007|p=52}}}} A new professor, [[Charles Badham]], arrived in 1867 and was a "profound influence". Barton won scholarships in his second and third years. He graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1868 with first-class honours, and was awarded the equivalent of the [[University Medal]] as well as a prize of £20. He proceeded to Master of Arts by examination in 1870.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=10}}

===Sporting activities===
Barton was a member of the [[Sydney University Cricket Club]] and a founding member of the [[Sydney Rowing Club]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Sydney Rowing Club |url=http://www.sydneyrowingclub.com.au/Rowing/about-history.php |publisher=Sydneyrowingclub.com.au |access-date=24 September 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229140647/http://sydneyrowingclub.com.au/Rowing/about-history.php |archive-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> On a cricketing trip to [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] in 1870 he met [[Jane Barton|Jane Mason Ross]], whom he married in 1877.<ref name=austfirstpm>{{cite web|title=Fast facts: Edmund Barton|url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/Barton/fast-facts.aspx|website=Australia's Prime Ministers|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109050443/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/Barton/fast-facts.aspx|archive-date=9 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=adb>{{Australian Dictionary of Biography |first=Martha |last=Rutledge |title=Barton, Sir Edmund (Toby) (1849–1920) |id2=barton-sir-edmund-toby-71 |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>

In 1879, Barton [[Umpire (cricket)|umpired]] a cricket match at [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] between [[New South Wales]] and an English touring side captained by [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|Lord Harris]]. After a controversial decision by Barton's colleague [[George Coulthard]] against the home side, the crowd spilled onto the pitch and assaulted some of the English players, leading to [[Sydney Riot of 1879|international cricket's first riot]]. In the subsequent public controversy, George Reid censured Coulthard and absolved the crowd, while Barton defended Coulthard and did not spare the crowd.<ref>William Coleman,''Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889-1914'', Connor Court, QLD, 2021, pp 92-93.</ref> The publicity that attended the young Barton's presence of mind in defusing that situation reputedly helped him take his first step towards becoming Australia's first prime minister, winning a state lower house seat later that year.<ref>{{cite news |title=For our PMs, there's just no avoiding the follow-on |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2007/12/27/1198345162006.html |url-status=live |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=28 December 2007 |access-date=29 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228184028/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2007/12/27/1198345162006.html |archive-date=28 December 2007}}</ref>

==New South Wales politics==
[[File:Portrait of Edmund Barton as Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.jpg|thumb|Barton as Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly|left]]
In [[1876 University of Sydney colonial by-election|1876]] Barton stood for the [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly]] in the poll of the graduates of the [[Electoral district of University of Sydney|University of Sydney]] (who were required to wear gowns for the occasion), but was beaten by [[William Charles Windeyer]] 49 votes to 43.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clifford |first=Eamonn |editor1-last=Green |editor1-first=Antony |editor1-link=Antony Green |editor2-last=Clune |editor2-first=David |title=[[The Electoral Atlas of New South Wales]] |publisher=[[New South Wales Department of Lands]] |year=2006 |isbn=0-9752354-2-7}}</ref> When Windeyer resigned, Barton won the [[1879 University of Sydney colonial by-election|1879 by-election]]. When it was abolished in 1880, he became the member for [[Electoral district of Wellington (New South Wales)|Wellington]], from November 1880 to 1882, and [[Electoral district of East Sydney|East Sydney]], from November 1882 to January 1887. At this stage he considered it "almost unnecessary" to point out his support for free trade.<ref name=adb/>

In 1882, he became [[Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly]]. He was aged only 33, and was the youngest person to have been chosen presiding officer of any Australian legislative chamber. In 1884 he was elected President of the [[University of Sydney Union]]. In 1887, he was appointed to the [[New South Wales Legislative Council]] at the instigation of Sir [[Henry Parkes]].<ref name=apmb>{{cite web |title=Edmund Barton, before |work=Australia's Prime Ministers |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/barton/before-office.aspx |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301061502/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/barton/before-office.aspx |archive-date=1 March 2010}}</ref> In January 1889, he agreed to being appointed [[Attorney General of New South Wales]] in [[George Dibbs]]'s [[Protectionist Party|Protectionist]] government, despite his previous support for free trade. This government lasted only until March, when Parkes formed a government again.<ref name=nsw>{{Cite NSW Parliament |id=920 |name=Sir Edmund Barton GCMG (1849–1920) |former=Yes |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>

==Campaign for federation==

===1891 National Australasian Convention===
Barton was an early supporter of federation, which became a serious political agenda after Henry Parkes' [[Tenterfield Oration]], and was a delegate to the March 1891 [[Constitutional Convention (Australia)#1891 convention|National Australasian Convention]]. At the convention he made clear his support for the principle that "trade and intercourse&nbsp;... shall be absolutely free" in a federal Australia. He also advocated that not just the lower house but also the upper house should be representative and that appeals to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] should be abolished. He also took part in producing a draft constitution, which was substantially similar to the [[Constitution of Australia]] enacted in 1900.<ref name=adb/>

Nevertheless, the protectionists were lukewarm supporters of federation and in June 1891, Barton resigned from the Council and stood for election to East Sydney and announced that "so long as Protection meant a Ministry of enemies to Federation, they would get no vote from him". He topped the poll and subsequently voted with Parkes, but refused to take a position in his minority government. After the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] withdrew support and the government fell in October 1891, Parkes persuaded him to take over the leadership of the Federal movement in New South Wales.<ref name=adb/>

===Second Attorney-Generalship===
Dibbs formed a Protectionist government in New South Wales, and Barton agreed to return to the office of Attorney General, with the right of carrying out private practice as a lawyer. His agreement was based on Dibbs agreeing to support federal resolutions in the coming parliamentary session. His attempt to draft the federal resolutions was delayed by a period as acting [[Premier of New South Wales]], during which he had to deal with the [[1892 Broken Hill miners' strike]] and the carriage of a complex electoral reform bill. He introduced the federal resolutions into the House on 22 November 1892, but was unable to get them considered in committee.<ref name=adb/>

Meanwhile, he began a campaign to spread support for federation to the people with meetings in [[Corowa]] and [[Albury]] in December 1892. Although he finally managed to get the federal resolutions considered in committee in October 1893, he then could not get them listed for debate by the House. In December, he and [[Richard Edward O'Connor|Richard O'Connor]], the [[Minister for Justice (New South Wales)|Minister for Justice]], were questioned about their agreement to act as private lawyers against the government in ''[[David Proudfoot (engineer)|Proudfoot]] v. the Railway Commissioners''. While Barton resigned the brief, he lost a motion on the right of ministers to act in their professional capacity as lawyers in actions against the government, and immediately resigned as Attorney-General.<ref name=adb/>

In [[1894 New South Wales colonial election|July 1894]], Barton stood for re-election for [[Electoral district of Randwick|Randwick]], since the electorate of East Sydney had been abolished, and lost. He did not stand for election in the [[1895 New South Wales colonial election|1895 election]], very possibly because of financial difficulties. However, he continued to campaign for federation and during the period between January 1893 to February 1897, Barton addressed nearly 300 meetings in New South Wales,<ref name=dab>{{cite web|first=Percival|last=Serle|title=Barton, Sir Edmund (1849–1920)|publisher=[[Project Gutenberg Australia]]|work=[[Dictionary of Australian Biography]]|url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogBa.html#barton1|access-date=8 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226202455/http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogBa.html#barton1|archive-date=26 February 2019
|url-status=live}}</ref> including in the Sydney suburb of [[Ashfield, New South Wales|Ashfield]] where he declared that "For the first time in history, we have a nation for a continent and a continent for a nation". By March 1897, he was considered "the acknowledged leader of the federal movement in all Australia".<ref name=adb/>

===Australian Federal Convention and referendum===
[[File:EBarton2.jpg|thumb|left|Photo in 1898 of the future 1st prime minister of Australia Edmund Barton aged 49 and 2nd prime minister of Australia [[Alfred Deakin]]]]
In 1897, Barton topped the poll of the delegates elected from New South Wales to the [[Constitutional Convention (Australia)|Constitutional Convention]], which developed a constitution for the proposed federation. Although [[Samuel Griffith|Sir Samuel Griffith]] wrote most of the text of the Constitution, Barton was the political leader who carried it through the Convention.<ref name=adb/><ref name=apmb/>

In May 1897, Barton was appointed for the second time to the Legislative Council on Reid's recommendations to take charge of the federation bill in the Upper House. This gave Reid's Attorney-General, [[Jack Want]], a free hand to oppose the bill. In September 1897, the convention met in [[Sydney]] to consider 286 proposed amendments from the colonies. It finalised its draft constitution in March 1898 and Barton went back to New South Wales to lead the campaign for a yes vote in the [[1898–1900 Australian constitutional referendums|June referendum]]. Although it gained majority support, it achieved only 71,595; 80,000 was the minimum number for it to pass.<ref name=adb/>

In July 1898 Barton resigned from the Upper House to challenge Reid for the seat of [[Electoral district of Sydney-King|Sydney-King]] in the [[1898 New South Wales colonial election|1898 general election]], but narrowly lost. In September, he won a [[1898 Hastings and Macleay colonial by-election|by-election]] for [[Electoral district of Hastings and Macleay|Hastings and Macleay]] and was immediately elected [[Leader of the Opposition (New South Wales)|leader of the opposition]], which consisted of a mixture of pro-federation and anti-federation protectionists. In January 1899 Reid gained significant concessions from the other states and he joined Barton in campaigning for the [[1898–1900 Australian constitutional referendums|second referendum]] in June 1899, with Barton campaigning all over the state. It passed 107,420 votes to 82,741.<ref name=adb/><ref name=nsw/>

In August 1899 when it became clear that the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] could be manoeuvred into bringing down the Reid government, Barton resigned as leader of the opposition, as he was unacceptable to Labour, and [[William Lyne]] took his place. He allegedly refused an offer to become Attorney-General again. Barton's Convention colleague, J.T. Walker, wrote at the time, "Barton is not well off financially, and some of his friends (he has many) are trying to help him. They would not be so ready to do so were he to join Lyne".<ref>William Coleman,''Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889-1914'', Connor Court, QLD, 2021, p. 111.</ref> He resigned from Parliament in February 1900 so that he could travel to London with [[Alfred Deakin]] and [[Charles Kingston]] to explain the federation bill to the [[Government of the United Kingdom]]. Around the same time on 15 January 1900 Barton published a 28-page ''United Australia'' magazine to disseminate an informative narrative for the propositions of a future Federal Government that he hoped to lead.<ref>Julian Fitzgerald ''On Message: Political Communications of Australian Prime Ministers 1901 – 2014'' Clareville Press 2014 p 23</ref> The British Government was adamant in its opposition to the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council as incorporated in the draft constitution; eventually, Barton agreed that constitutional (''[[inter se]]'') matters would be finalised in the [[High Court of Australia]], but other matters could be appealed to the Privy Council. Edmund was a Justice of the High Court for 16 years.<ref name=adb/>

==Prime minister==
{{main|Barton government}}

===Appointment===
{{further|Hopetoun Blunder}}
[[File:Federation Pavilion, Centennial Park 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Federation Pavilion]] at [[Centennial Parklands|Centennial Park, Sydney]], during the swearing-in ceremony on 1 January 1901
----
{{center|'''External video'''}}
{{center|[[file:Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg|16px]] [https://aso.gov.au/titles/documentaries/inauguration-commonwealth/ Footage from ''Inauguration of the Commonwealth'']}}]]
Barton was appointed [[Prime Minister of Australia|prime minister]] on 1 January 1901, the day on which the new federal constitution came into effect. He and various other dignitaries were driven through the streets of Sydney in a procession watched by thousands of onlookers, beginning in [[The Domain, Sydney|The Domain]] and ending at [[Centennial Parklands|Centennial Park]]. A swearing-in ceremony for the new government was held at the purpose-built [[Federation Pavilion]].<ref>{{cite book |last=La Nauze |first=John |author-link=John La Nauze |title=Alfred Deakin: A Biography |publisher=[[Melbourne University Press]] |year=1962 |page=214}}</ref> The main focus was on [[John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun|Lord Hopetoun]], Australia's first [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]], who swore three separate oaths and read a message from [[Queen Victoria]]. Barton and his ministry only took oaths of allegiance, and were not formally sworn in to the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]] until later in the afternoon.{{sfn|La Nauze|1962|p=215}} The events of the day were captured on film and distributed under the title ''[[Inauguration of the Commonwealth]]'', although the visibility of the leading participants is poor.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=228}} The film has been described as Australia's first feature-length documentary.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://aso.gov.au/titles/documentaries/inauguration-commonwealth/notes|title=Inauguration of the Commonwealth (1901)|publisher=National Film and Sound Archive|access-date=13 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210223/https://aso.gov.au/titles/documentaries/inauguration-commonwealth/notes/|archive-date=14 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Barton had only been commissioned to form a government one week before he became prime minister, due to what became known as the "[[Hopetoun Blunder]]". The new governor-general Lord Hopetoun arrived in Australia on 15 December 1900.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=218}} He was tasked by the [[Colonial Office]] with selecting someone to form a caretaker government prior to the first federal election; this individual would be Australia's first prime minister.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=219}} It was widely assumed that Barton would be offered the position, and he had begun making preparations for the role, including a draft platform for the first federal elections.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=217}} On 19 December, however, Hopetoun commissioned [[William Lyne]] to form a government. His reasons for doing so have been debated, but his decision was widely regarded as a mistake.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=220}}{{sfn|La Nauze|1962|p=208}} Lyne, the premier of New South Wales, had actively campaigned against federation, and the leading politicians in each of the other colonies refused to serve under him.{{sfn|La Nauze|1962|p=209}} On 24 December, he informed Hopetoun that he was unable to form a government and advised him to send for Barton.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=222}} As a result, the composition of Australia's first cabinet was not formally announced until 30 December, two days before it was sworn in.{{sfn|La Nauze|1962|p=210}}

===Caretaker ministry and first election===
{{further|Barton ministry}}
[[File:Barton Ministry (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Members of the first [[Barton ministry]], 1 January 1901]]
Barton assembled [[Barton ministry|a ministry]] that was described variously as a "cabinet of kings", "orchestra of conductors", and "army of generals".<ref name=abjorensen>{{cite book |last=Abjorensen |first=Norman |title=The Manner of Their Going: Prime Ministerial Exits from Lyne to Abbott |chapter=Edmund Barton: Tobias Hamlet and the long goodbye |chapter-url=http://honesthistory.net.au/wp/wp-content/uploads/193-Abjorensen-Edmund-Barton_Chapter.pdf |publisher=Australian Scholarly Publishing |year=2015 |page=1}}</ref> It comprised four incumbent colonial premiers (including Lyne), two former premiers, and Barton's key allies [[Alfred Deakin]] and [[Richard Edward O'Connor|Richard O'Connor]]. Deakin was ranked second in cabinet after Barton, and O'Connor would become the inaugural [[Leader of the Government in the Senate (Australia)|Leader of the Government in the Senate]]. Only one change was made to the ministry prior to the election, necessitated by the death of [[James Dickson (Queensland politician)|James Dickson]] on 10 January.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|pp=226–227}} Barton took on the [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)|external affairs portfolio]] himself and conducted official business through the [[Department of External Affairs (1901–1916)|Department of External Affairs]], as there was no [[Prime Minister's Department (Australia)|prime minister's department]] until 1911.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=226}}

The first goal for Barton and his ministry was to retain office at the [[1901 Australian federal election|first federal elections]], which were held in late March 1901. His old rival [[George Reid]] became the chief opponent of the government during the campaign and the ''de facto'' [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|opposition leader]]. There were no national political parties in 1901, but most candidates self-declared as either protectionists or free-traders, following the primary divide in colonial politics. Reid, a free trader, made the tariff issue his primary focus, but its significance was diminished by the fact that the new federal government would have to depend on tariffs for its revenue.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=234}} Barton instead delivered "an electoral masterstroke"<ref name=adb/> by making White Australia the centrepiece of the government's campaign, thereby attracting many working-class voters concerned about "coloured labour". Supporters of the government won 32 out of the 75 seats in the [[Australian House of Representatives]], with their grouping calling itself the [[Protectionist Party]] (or Liberal Protectionists).{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=235}} Barton himself was elected unopposed in the [[Division of Hunter]], having previously represented the area in the New South Wales parliament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/barton/elections.aspx|title=Elections|work=Australia's Prime Ministers|publisher=National Archives of Australia|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715221044/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/barton/elections.aspx|archive-date=15 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The government's continuation was secured by the support of the newly formed [[Australian Labor Party]] (ALP), which had 17 MPs. Reid and his [[Free Trade Party]] formed the [[Opposition (Australia)|official opposition]] with 26 MPs.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=235}} The situation in the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] was similarly complicated, with the government's position even less secure. However, [[party discipline]] was virtually non-existent and Barton was widely seen as having won a [[Mandate (politics)|mandate]] to govern.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=236}}

===Domestic policy===
Barton outlined his platform for the first federal election at a speech on 17 January 1901, delivered at the [[Maitland Town Hall|West Maitland Town Hall]] within his prospective electorate. His plans included the establishment of the federal capital, the High Court and the [[Inter-State Commission]], and a "moderately protectionist tariff" in order to raise the revenue to introduce old-age pensions and a uniform postal system. He also promised to introduce [[universal suffrage]] for federal elections, build the [[Trans-Australian Railway]], legislate to allow federal intervention in industrial disputes, and ban immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|pp=230–232}}

In April 1901, Barton announced that the government would sponsor a [[1901 Federal Flag Design Competition|competition]] to design a new national flag for Australia. The winning design was the basis for the current Australian national flag, although Barton personally favoured the existing [[Australian Federation Flag]] that had been popular in New South Wales for many years. As it was primarily intended to be used in shipping, the design had to be submitted to the [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|British Admiralty]] for approval and was not officially adopted until 1903.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/~/~/link.aspx?_id=A0A94E3E819F4BA094C3DD2F61DC20BE&_z=z|title=National Parliament, National Symbols: From British to Australian Identity|first=Elizabeth|last=Kwan|year=2007|volume=47|journal=Papers on Parliament|publisher=Australian Parliamentary Library|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183630/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/~/~/link.aspx?_id=A0A94E3E819F4BA094C3DD2F61DC20BE&_z=z|archive-date=25 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

An early piece of legislation of the Barton government was the [[Immigration Restriction Act 1901|''Immigration Restriction Act'' 1901]], which put the [[White Australia policy]] into law. The Labour Party required legislation to limit immigration from Asia as part of its agreement to support the government, but Barton had promised the introduction of the White Australia Policy in his election campaign. The Immigration Restriction Act was preceded by the introduction of the [[Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901|''Pacific Island Labourers Act'' 1901]] which facilitate the mass deportation of 7,500 [[Pacific Islander]]s from Australia, and the ''Post and Telegraph Act 1901'' which mandated that only white labour could travel on ships carrying Australian mail.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McNeill |first1=Henrietta |title=Past–Present Differential Inclusion: Australia's Targeted Deportation of Pacific Islanders, 1901 to 2021 |journal=International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy |date=2023 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=42–55 |doi=10.5204/ijcjsd.2743 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 |url=https://www.naa.gov.au/students-and-teachers/learning-resources/learning-resource-themes/society-and-culture/migration-and-multiculturalism/pacific-island-labourers-act-1901 |website=National Archives of Australia |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

Barton did not believe in [[racial equality]], and during the introduction of the Immigration Restriction Act stated:
{{Blockquote|I do not think either that the doctrine of the equality of man was really ever intended to include racial equality. There is no racial equality. There is that basic inequality. These races are, in comparison with white races — I think no one wants convincing of this fact — unequal and inferior. The doctrine of the equality of man was never intended to apply to the equality of the Englishman and the Chinaman.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Watego |first1=Chelsea |title=Fifty years on from the 1967 referendum, it's time to tell the truth about race |url=https://theconversation.com/fifty-years-on-from-the-1967-referendum-its-time-to-tell-the-truth-about-race-78403 |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=The Conversation |date=30 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=House of Representatives, Debates, 26 September 1901 :: Historic Hansard |url=https://historichansard.net/hofreps/1901/19010926_reps_1_4/ |website=Historic Hansard |access-date=21 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

One notable reform was the introduction of women's suffrage for federal elections in 1902.<ref name=apmio>{{cite web|title =Edmund Barton, In office|work=Australia's Prime Ministers|publisher =[[National Archives of Australia]]|url =http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/barton/in-office.aspx|access-date =8 February 2010|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100301061504/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/barton/in-office.aspx|archive-date=1 March 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

Barton was a moderate conservative, and advanced liberals in his party disliked his relaxed attitude to political life. A large, handsome, jovial man, he was fond of long dinners and good wine, and was given the nickname "Toby Tosspot" by ''[[The Bulletin (Australian periodical)|The Bulletin]]''.<ref name=apmff>{{cite web |title=Edmund Barton, fast facts |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/barton/fast-facts.aspx |url-status=live |work=Australia's Prime Ministers |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |access-date=8 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109050443/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/Barton/fast-facts.aspx |archive-date=9 November 2014}}</ref>

===External affairs===
[[File:Edmund Barton Vanity Fair 16 October 1902.jpg|thumb|upright|Caricature in ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', October 1902]]
For much of 1902, Barton was in England for the [[Coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra|coronation]] of King [[Edward VII]], which was postponed from June to August, delaying Barton's return. Accompanying him on this trip was Sir [[John Forrest]], [[Minister for Defence (Australia)|Minister for Defence]], and the trip was also used to negotiate the replacement of the naval agreements between the Australian colonies and the United Kingdom (under which Australia funded [[Royal Navy]] protection from foreign naval threats) by an agreement between the Commonwealth and the United Kingdom at the [[1902 Colonial Conference]].<ref name=adb/> Deakin disliked this arrangement and discontinued it, moving for a substantial expansion of Australia's [[Royal Australian Navy|own navy]] in 1908.<ref>{{Australian Dictionary of Biography  |last=Norris  |first= R.  |year=1981  |id=A080275b  |title= Deakin, Alfred (1856–1919)  |access-date=16 September 2007}}</ref> On their way home from the United Kingdom, Barton and Forrest visited Canada, including Toronto, Ottawa (where they were guests of the Governor-General), and the Pacific Coast.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Latest intelligence – Sir Edmund Barton in Canada|date=5 September 1902 |page=3 |issue=36865}}</ref><ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Latest intelligence – Sir Edmund Barton in Canada|date=11 September 1902 |page=3 |issue=36870}}</ref>

===Retirement===
On 24 September 1903, Barton resigned as prime minister to become one of the founding justices of the High Court of Australia. Speculation about his political future had been rife for several months, particularly after the ''[[Judiciary Act 1903]]'' was passed in August. There were several factors at play in his decision to retire from politics. Some within his own party thought that he lacked the energy and commitment to continue as the leader of the government.{{sfn|Abjorensen|2015}} Barton had also suffered from bouts of ill health, including a fainting spell in his office earlier in the year. He was advised by his doctor to quit active politics. Finally, he had a history of financial difficulties and appreciated the security that a lifetime appointment would bring.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=294}} The appointment of the new judges was made by the governor-general on the advice of cabinet, many of whom had ambitions of their own and encouraged Barton to accept the post.{{sfn|Abjorensen|2015}} His appointment was largely uncontroversial, given his role in drafting the constitution, experience as a barrister, and acceptance of a [[puisne judge]]ship rather than the position of [[Chief Justice of Australia|chief justice]].{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=299}}

==High Court Justice==
[[File:Justice Barton (b&w).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Barton in judicial regalia]]
Barton was sworn in to the High Court on 7 October 1903, along with his close friends [[Samuel Griffith]] and [[Richard Edward O'Connor]]; Griffith became the inaugural [[Chief Justice of Australia]]. The new justices had worked together in drafting the constitution and habitually lunched together. As a result of their closeness and the small number of cases heard, there were few dissents in the early years of the court.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=301}}

Deakin succeeded Barton as prime minister, but the government performed poorly at the [[1903 Australian federal election|December 1903 election]]. The [[hung parliament]] allowed [[Chris Watson]] and the ALP a chance to form government in April 1904, but it was short-lived and [[George Reid]] succeeded Watson as prime minister in August. Later in the year, the court came into conflict with [[Josiah Symon]], Reid's appointee as attorney-general. Symon objected to the judges hearing cases in each of the state capitals, believing the court should sit only in [[Melbourne]] and [[Sydney]], and also thought their travelling expenses were excessive. Relations between the government and the court became so strained that the judges contemplated refusing to hear cases, and Barton seriously considered resigning.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=302}} The situation was only resolved in June 1905 when Deakin returned as prime minister.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=303}}

===Court dynamics===
The Deakin government added two extra judges to the High Court in 1906, appointing former attorneys-general [[H. B. Higgins]] and [[Isaac Isaacs]]. Their elevation brought an adversarial aspect to the court for the first time, as the new judges were political radicals and had not been involved in drafting the constitution.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=304–306}} Barton and Griffith formed a conservative bloc, almost always joined by O'Connor.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=306}} Barton did not dissent from Griffith in the first eight years of the court's existence. In the 44 cases heard by the court from 1904 to 1905 he delivered only 12 separate judgments, choosing to join Griffith's opinion in every other case. Some writers have taken this as indicative of laziness or reluctance to lead the court.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|pp=304–305}} However, others have suggested that his lack of separate judgments was not representative of his work ethic and reflected more a general dislike of [[concurring opinion]]s as liable to complicate the interpretation of rulings.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=305}}

Barton was acting chief justice for nine months in 1913, while Griffith was overseas. The same year saw a major shift in the composition of the court, with two new seats created and a third judge appointed to fill the vacancy caused by O'Connor's death. One of the new judges was Barton's friend [[Albert Piddington]], whose appointment proved controversial due to his political views. He resigned from the court after a month, despite Barton's attempts to convince him to stay.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=313}} The three vacancies were eventually filled by [[Frank Gavan Duffy]], [[Charles Powers]] and [[George Rich]], none of whom had been involved in the drafting of the constitution. As a result, Barton and Griffith increasingly found themselves in a minority on constitutional matters, seeking to preserve the intentions of the framers rather than allow the constitution to evolve. The new judges were also less familiar with the North American federal precedents that the original judges had often relied upon.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=314}} The influx of new voices contributed to Barton's movement away from Griffith, as he showed "a return of energy and initiative [...] greater independence and at times disagreement" than in his earliest years on the court.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=313}}

===Notable cases===
[[File:Edmund Barton - Sarony (b&w).jpg|thumb|upright|Barton later in life]]
In ''[[D'Emden v Pedder]]'' (1904), the High Court formulated a doctrine of [[Intergovernmental immunity (Australia)|implied immunity of instrumentalities]], modelled closely on the American concept of [[Intergovernmental immunity (United States)|intergovernmental immunity]] which Barton and the other authors of the constitution had closely studied. The court followed this precedent in ''[[Deakin v Webb]]'' (1904), which was subsequently overturned by the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] in ''[[Webb v Outtrim]]'' (1906). Barton was angered by the Privy Council's intervention, having always believed the High Court should be the final court of appeal. In personal correspondence he described the 83-year-old presiding judge [[Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury|Lord Halsbury]] as an "old pig" who did not understand the needs of a federation.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|pp=306–307}}

Sitting as the [[Court of Disputed Returns (Australia)|Court of Disputed Returns]], Barton was the sole judge in ''[[Blundell v Vardon]]'' (1907), where he ruled that [[Joseph Vardon]]'s election to the Senate was void due to electoral irregularities.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=305}} He joined with Griffith and O'Connor in the majority opinion in ''[[R v Barger]]'' (1908), "the High Court's most decisive intervention to date in thwarting social reforms passed by the Commonwealth parliament".{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=308}} In a series of cases around the same time, the trio also restricted the powers of the [[Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration]].{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=309}} Barton and Griffith split notably in ''[[New South Wales v Commonwealth (1915)|New South Wales v Commonwealth]]'' (1915), with the court voting 4–2 to strip the [[Inter-State Commission]] of any judicial power, much to Barton's dismay. Only Gavan Duffy sided with his argument that parliament should determine the commission's powers rather than the court. The decision was "a rebuff to Barton's authority as an interpreter of the Constitution and his special authority as one of its draftsman".{{sfn|Bolton|2000|pp=318–319}}

During World War I, Barton joined the majority in ''[[Farey v Burvett]]'' (1915), which saw the court adopt a broad view of the federal government's [[Section 51(vi) of the Constitution of Australia|defence power]].{{sfn|Bolton|2000|p=322}} In ''Duncan v Queensland'' (1916), he and Isaacs were the only dissenters from the court's interpretation of [[Section 92 of the Constitution of Australia|section 92]] of the constitution. With Griffith authoring the majority opinion, the court held that state governments could circumvent the constitution's free-trade provisions simply by banning the movement of goods across state boundaries. Barton expressed a "heavy sorrow" at the court's decision and Isaacs was highly critical. In 1920, after Barton's death, Isaacs led the court in reversing ''Duncan'', in what became known as the ''[[Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd|Engineers' case]]''.{{sfn|Bolton|2000|pp=322–323}}

===Other activities and final years===
Along with Griffith, Barton was several times consulted by Governors-General of Australia on the exercise of the [[reserve power]]s.<ref>[[Donald Markwell]], "Griffith, Barton and the early governor-generals: aspects of Australia's constitutional development", ''Public Law Review'', 1999.</ref> In 1919, although ill, he was extremely disappointed to be passed over for the position of Chief Justice on the retirement of Griffith.<ref>Markwell, "Griffith, Barton and the early governor-generals", [[Public Law Review]], 1999.</ref>

==Death and family==
Barton died on 7 January 1920 from heart failure at the [[Hydro Majestic Hotel]], [[Medlow Bath, New South Wales]]. He was interred in South Head General Cemetery in the Sydney suburb of [[Vaucluse, New South Wales|Vaucluse]] (see [[Waverley Cemetery]]). He was survived by his [[Jane Barton|wife]] and six children:<ref name=adb/>

* Edmund Alfred (29 May 1879&nbsp;– 13 November 1949), a New South Wales judge
* Wilfrid Alexander (1880–1953), first NSW [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholar]] (1904)
* Jean Alice (1882–1957), married Sir [[David Maughan]] (1873–1955) in 1909
* Arnold Hubert (3 January 1884 – 1948), married Jane Hungerford in Sydney 1907; he later emigrated to Canada
* Oswald (8 January 1888&nbsp;– 6 February 1956), medical doctor
* Leila Stephanie (1892–1976), married Robert Christopher Churchill Scot Skirving, son of Sydney doctor [[Robert Scot Skirving]], in London 1915<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article142985560 |title=Australians Abroad. |newspaper=[[The Australasian]] |volume=C |issue=2,598 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=15 January 1916 |access-date=30 August 2018 |page=38 |via=Trove}}</ref>

Barton's nephews via his older sister Harriet included Victorian federal MP [[Arthur Robinson (Australian politician)|Arthur Robinson]] and businessmen [[Lionel Robinson|Lionel]] and [[William Sydney Robinson]].<ref>{{cite AuDB |last=Foster |first=Leonie |year=1988|id2=robinson-sir-arthur-8241 |title= Robinson, Sir Arthur (1872–1945) | accessdate=15 September 2023}}</ref>

==Honours==
Barton refused knighthoods in 1887, 1891 and 1899, but agreed to be appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (GCMG) in the [[1902 Coronation Honours]] list published on 26 June 1902,<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Coronation Honours |date=26 June 1902 |page=5 |issue=36804}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27448 |date=26 June 1902 |supp=y |pages=4189–4196 }}</ref><ref name=nsw/> and was invested by [[Edward VII|King Edward VII]] at [[Buckingham Palace]] on 8 August 1902.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular |date=9 August 1902 |page=6 |issue=36842}}</ref> (He was the only prime minister to be knighted during his term of office until [[Robert Menzies]] in 1963; various others were knighted after leaving the office; [[Earle Page|Sir Earle Page]] was already a knight when he briefly became prime minister in 1939.) He received an honorary [[Doctor of Law]]s (LL.D.) from the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1900,<ref name=adb/> and honorary [[Doctor of Civil Law]] from the [[University of Oxford]] and LL.D. from the [[University of Edinburgh]] while visiting the United Kingdom in the summer of 1902.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=University intelligence |date=25 June 1902 |page=12 |issue=36803}}</ref> He also received the [[Freedom of the City]] of [[Edinburgh]] during a visit to that city on 26 July 1902.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Colonial Premiers in Edinburgh |date=28 July 1902 |page=4 |issue=36831}}</ref>

In 1905, the Japanese government conferred the [[Order of the Rising Sun|Grand Cordon, Order of the Rising Sun]], and Barton was granted permission to retain and wear the insignia. The honour was presented in acknowledgement of his personal role in resolving a conflict concerning the Commonwealth's [[Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901|Pacific Island Labourers Act]] and the Queensland protocol to the [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance|Anglo-Japanese Treaty]].<ref name=adb/>

In 1951 and again in 1969, Barton was honoured on postage stamps bearing his portrait issued by [[Australia Post]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Stamp |url=http://www.australianstamp.com/images/large/0006080.jpg |publisher=Australian Stamp and Coin Company |access-date=8 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415032235/http://www.australianstamp.com/images/large/0006080.jpg |archive-date=15 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Stamp |publisher=Australian Stamp and Coin Company |url=http://www.australianstamp.com/images/large/0009190.jpg |access-date=8 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415032244/http://www.australianstamp.com/images/large/0009190.jpg |archive-date=15 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Barton Highway]] near [[Canberra]], Australia was named after Barton. The [[Division of Barton]] in New South Wales is named after him, as is [[Barton, Australian Capital Territory]], a suburb of [[Canberra]] close to Capital Hill which is the location of many government departments and national institutions, and the headquarters of Australia's main political parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.masons.org.au/news/605-sir-edmund-barton.html|title=Sir Edmund Barton|publisher=Freemasons NSW & ACT|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231050423/https://www.masons.org.au/news/605-sir-edmund-barton.html|archive-date=31 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Edmund Barton Building]] is a government office building in that suburb. The [[Barton College (Deakin University)|Barton College]] of [[Deakin University]] is also named after Barton.
<gallery>
Grave_of_Sir_Edmund_Barton_2018.jpg| Grave of Sir Edmund & Lady Barton
Edmund Barton bust.jpg|Bust of Sir Edmund Barton in the [[Prime Ministers Avenue]] in the [[Ballarat Botanical Gardens]] 
SIR EDMUND BARTON.JPG|Sir Edmund Barton Memorial in [[Barton, Australian Capital Territory]]
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms51 Papers of Sir Edmund Barton] / digitised and held by the National Library of Australia
* {{cite book |last=Bolton |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Bolton |title=Edmund Barton |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=St Leonards, NSW |date=2000 |isbn=978-1-86508-409-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Hughes |title=Mr Prime Minister. Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1976 |isbn=0-19-550471-2}}
* {{cite book |last=La Nauze |first=John |author-link=John La Nauze |title=The Hopetoun Blunder: The Appointment of the First Prime Minister of Australia, December 1900 |publisher=[[Melbourne University Press]] |year=1957}}
* {{cite journal |last=Markwell |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Markwell |title=Griffith, Barton and the Early Governor-Generals<!--sic-->: Aspects of Australia's Constitutional Development |journal=Public Law Review |date=1999 |volume=10 |page=280}}
* {{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=John |title=Edmund Barton: Prime Minister of Australia 1901–1903 |year=1999 |publisher=Bookman P. |location=Melbourne, VIC |orig-date=1948 |edition=c.1999 |isbn=978-1-86395-377-1}}
* {{Dictionary of Australian Biography|first=Edmund|last=Barton|shortlink=0-dict-biogBa.html#barton1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Edmund Barton}}
* {{cite Australasia|Barton, Hon. Edmund}}

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[[Category:Australian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Hunter]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of Australia]]
[[Category:Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People educated at Fort Street High School]]
[[Category:People educated at Sydney Grammar School]]
[[Category:People from Glebe, New South Wales]]
[[Category:Politicians from Sydney]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Australia]]
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of Australia]]
[[Category:Protectionist Party members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Speakers of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:University of Sydney alumni]]
[[Category:Australian people of English descent]]
[[Category:19th-century Australian politicians]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1901–1903]]
[[Category:Australian white nationalists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun| ]]
[[Category:Protectionist Party politicians]]