View source for Edible mushroom

{{Short description|Edible fungi fruit bodies}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{redirect|Mushroom (food)||Mushroom}}
[[File:Edible fungi in basket 2009 G1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Assorted wild edible mushrooms]]

'''Edible mushrooms''' are the fleshy [[fruit bodies]] of numerous species of properly [[Mushroom#Identification|identified]] and prepared [[fungi]]. Edibility may be defined by criteria including their palatability and absence of dangerous [[mycotoxin]]s. Edible mushrooms are consumed for their nutritional and [[culinary]] value, often either being [[fungiculture|cultivated]] or [[mushroom hunting|harvested wild]]. Easily cultivated and common wild mushrooms are often available in markets; those that are more difficult to obtain may be collected on a smaller scale.

To ensure safety, wild mushrooms must be correctly identified before their edibility can be assumed. Deadly [[poisonous mushroom]]s that are frequently confused with edible mushrooms include several species of the genus ''[[Amanita]]'', particularly ''[[Amanita phalloides|A.&nbsp;phalloides]]'' (the death cap). Some mushrooms that are edible for most people can cause [[allergic reaction]]s in others; old or improperly stored specimens can cause [[food poisoning]]. Additionally, mushrooms can absorb chemicals from polluted locations, [[bioaccumulation|accumulating]] pollutants and potentially lethal [[heavy metals]].

[[Psychoactive mushrooms]] can also be confused with edible species. Additionally, mushrooms were [[Medicinal uses of fungi|consumed medicinally]] in [[traditional medicine]], but are not [[Evidence-based medicine|upheld by evidence]]. Edible species typically must be cooked, sometimes requiring [[parboiling]] or [[slow cooking]] to destroy toxins, with only select species able to be eaten raw. Many can also be [[Canning|canned]], [[food drying|dried]], [[Marinated mushrooms|pickled]], or [[Salting (food)|salted]].

== Description ==
{{See also|#Safety concerns|#Uses}}
Edibility may be defined by criteria including desirable [[taste]] and [[aroma]] and the absence of [[Mushroom poisoning|poisonous]] effects on humans.<ref name="Mattila et al">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mattila P, Suonpää K, Piironen V |year=2000 |title=Functional properties of edible mushrooms |journal=Nutrition |volume=16 |issue=7–8 |pages=694–6 |doi=10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00341-5 |pmid=10906601}}</ref> Edible mushrooms are consumed for their [[nutrition]]al and [[culinary]] value. Mushrooms, especially dried [[shiitake]], are sources of [[umami]] flavor.<ref name=":8">{{cite book |author=Ole G. Mouritsen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_U0ZBQAAQBAJ |title=Umami: Unlocking the Secrets of the Fifth Taste |author2=Klavs Styrbaek |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-231-16890-8 |pages=11, 52, 110}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Paul Adams |date=24 November 2015 |title=Put the science of umami to work for you |url=http://www.popsci.com/hidden-secrets-umami |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=Popular Science, Bonnier Corporation}}</ref> Edible mushrooms include many fungal species that are either [[Mushroom hunting|harvested wild]] or [[Fungiculture|cultivated]].{{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=3, 310}}

Wild mushrooms can appear either below ground ([[hypogeous]]) or above ground ([[epigeous]]) and can be picked by hand.<ref name="def">{{cite book |last=Chang |first=Shu-Ting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XO4EGzpp1M0C |title=Mushrooms: cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and Environmental Impact |author2=Phillip G. Miles |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8493-1043-0 |pages=4–6}}</ref> Correct [[Mushroom#Identification|identification]] is required to prevent the confusion of potentially fatal poisonous mushrooms with edible ones.<ref name="ncpc" /><ref name="Barbee et al" /><ref name=":6" /> Some edible species cannot be identified without the use of advanced techniques such as chemistry or microscopy.{{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=19-20}}

Easily cultivated and common wild mushrooms are often available in grocery stores and [[farmers' markets]] when in season; those that are more difficult to obtain (such as the [[Tuber (fungus)|truffle]], [[matsutake]], and [[morel]]) may be collected on a smaller scale and are sometimes even sold as luxury items.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-28 |title=Much Room for Mushrooms: Morel, Truffle, Matsutake and Why They're So Expensive |url=https://guide.michelin.com/en/article/features/mushrooms-morel-truffle-matsutake-why-expensive |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=MICHELIN Guide |language=en-US}}</ref> Mushrooms can be purchased fresh and many are also sold dried.{{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=890-91}} Many species require cooking to eliminate [[toxicity]].<ref name="ncpc" /><ref name=":1" />

== List of provisionally edible mushrooms ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Mushroom image !! Part image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !! Distribution !! Cultivation !! Edibility
|-
| {{center|[[File:Pieczarka polowa vongrzanka.JPG|100px]]}}
| [[File:2008-08-Agaricus-Stuttgart-young.JPG|150px]]
| ''[[Agaricus arvensis]]''
| Horse mushroom<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuo|first=M.|title=100 Edible Mushrooms|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|year=2007|page=238|isbn=978-0-472-03126-9}}</ref>
| Up to {{Convert|20|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}} wide; resembles deadly ''[[Amanita]]'' species{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|p=220}}
|Britain and North America
| Harvested wild
| Edible for most people, but can resemble deadly Amanitas{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=332-33}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Agaricus bisporus Zuchtchampignon2.jpg|125px]]}}
| {{center|[[File:Giant mushroom underside.jpg|125px]]}}
| ''[[Agaricus bisporus]]''
| Button mushroom, common mushroom, cremini, portobello, and others<ref name=huff>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/19/types-of-mushrooms_n_4994638.html|title=Every Type Of Mushroom You Need To Know About|date=24 March 2014|website=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=kitchn>{{cite web|url=https://www.thekitchn.com/whats-the-difference-between-cremini-and-portobello-mushrooms-229645|title=What's the Difference Between Cremini and Portobello Mushrooms?|website=[[The Kitchn]]|access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref>
| As it ages, it turns from small, white and smooth to large and light brown.<ref name="kitchn" />
| Widespread{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} in rich&nbsp;soil{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=319-320}}
| Widely cultivated{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=319-320}}
| Edible and widely consumed<ref name=huff/><ref name=kitchn/>
|-
| [[File:Agaricus campestris.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Agaricus campestris IMG 20200912 170142.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Agaricus campestris]]'' 
| Field mushroom 
| Up to {{Convert|12|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}} wide;{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|pp=224–25}} resembles deadly Amanitas<ref name="Oregon2">{{cite book |last=Meuninck |first=Jim |title=Foraging Mushrooms Oregon: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Mushrooms |date=2017 |publisher=[[Falcon Guides]] |isbn=978-1-4930-2669-2 |page=107}}</ref>
| Widespread in grasses<ref>{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/bookoffungilifes0000pete/page/34/mode/2up |title=The Book of Fungi |last2=Evans |first2=Shelley |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-908005-85-4 |location=Chicago, Illinois |page=35}}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
| Choice,{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|pp=224–25}}{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=283}} but can resemble poisonous species<ref name="Oregon">{{cite book |last=Meuninck |first=Jim |title=Foraging Mushrooms Oregon: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Mushrooms |date=2017 |publisher=[[Falcon Guides]] |isbn=978-1-4930-2669-2 |page=107}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Agasil0big.jpg|150px]] 
| {{center|[[File:Agaricus sylvaticus 238326480.jpg|100px]]}}
| ''[[Agaricus silvaticus]]''
| Pinewood mushroom
| Up to 10&nbsp;cm wide{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=160}}
| 
|  Harvested wild 
| Edible cooked,{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=220}}{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=160}} but resembles some inedible species{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=277}}
|-
| [[File:Aleuria aurantia 1.jpg|150px]] 
| {{center|[[File:Aleuria aurantia (Orange Peel Fungus).JPG|100px]]}} 
| ''[[Aleuria aurantia]]'' 
| Orange peel fungus 
| Up to 10&nbsp;cm wide, orange, cup-shaped, and fuzzy{{sfn|Audubon|2023|p=41}}
| Europe and North America{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=103}}{{sfn|Audubon|2023|p=41}}
| Harvested wild 
|Edible but difficult to collect{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=368}}{{sfn|Trudell|Ammirati|2009|pp=285-86}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Amanita caesarea.JPG|100px]]}} 
| [[File:Amanite Oronge 01.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Amanita caesarea]]'' 
| Caesar's Amanita{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=284}}
| Orange to red [[Pileus (mycology)|cap]], up to 20&nbsp;cm wide;{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=284}} resembles the poisonous ''[[Amanita muscaria]]''<ref name="Breit95">{{cite book |title=Fungi of Switzerland 4: Agarics, 2nd Part |vauthors=Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F |year=1995 |isbn=3-85604-240-7 |page=146}}</ref>
| North Africa, Eurasia, and North America{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=284}}
| Harvested wild 
| Edible, reportedly raw and cooked<ref>{{cite web |title=Ovolo |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ovolo/ |access-date=24 November 2025 |work=[[Enciclopedia Treccani]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Amanita fulva lowpx.jpg|100px]]}} 
| [[File:Amanita.fulva2.-.lindsey.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Amanita fulva]]'' 
| Tawny grisette 
| Up to 10&nbsp;cm wide;{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=287}} resembles poisonous Amanitas
| Europe and North America<ref name="Fraiture">{{cite journal |author=Fraiture A. |year=1993 |title=Les Amanitopsis d'Europe |journal=Opera Botanica Belgica |language=fr |publisher=Jardin Botanique Nationale de Belgique |pages=75–8 |isbn=90-72619-09-9 |issn=0775-9592}}</ref>{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=287}}
| 
| Edible cooked{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=145}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Fly Agaric mushroom 05.jpg|100px]]}} 
| [[File:Fliegenpilz 2.JPG|150px]] 
| ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' 
| Fly agaric
| Red cap with white warts; up to 30&nbsp;cm wide{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=282}} 
| Widespread;<ref>{{cite journal |author=Geml J |author2=Laursen GA |author3=O'Neill K |author4=Nusbaum HC |author5=Taylor DL |date=January 2006 |title=Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly agaric (''Amanita muscaria'') |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=225–39 |bibcode=2006MolEc..15..225G |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x |pmid=16367842}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wartchow F, Maia LC, de Queirox Cavalcanti MA |year=2013 |title=Taxonomic studies of ''Amanita muscaria'' (L.) Lam (Amanitaceae, Agaricomycetes) and its infraspecific taxa in Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=31–39 |bibcode=2013AcBBr..27...31W |doi=10.1590/S0102-33062013000100005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> symbiotic with various trees
| 
| [[Parboil]]ing is required.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rubel W, Arora D |title=A study of cultural bias in field guide determinations of mushroom edibility using the iconic mushroom, ''Amanita muscaria'', as an example |journal=Economic Botany |year=2008 |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=223–243 |url=http://www.williamrubel.com/wp-content/uploads/Rubel_Arora_Muscaria_Economic_Botany3.pdf |doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9040-9 |bibcode=2008EcBot..62..223R |s2cid=19585416 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415015935/http://www.williamrubel.com/wp-content/uploads/Rubel_Arora_Muscaria_Economic_Botany3.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-15 }}</ref> When fresh, it contains the hallucinogen [[muscimol]] and some [[ibotenic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Theobald |first1=W |last2=Büch |first2=O |last3=Kunz |first3=HA |last4=Krupp |first4=P |last5=Stenger |first5=EG |last6=Heimann |first6=H |date=March 1968 |title=Pharmakologische und experimental psychologische Untersuchungen mit 2 Inhaltsstoffen des Fliegenpilzes (''Amanita muscaria'') |trans-title=Pharmacological and experimental psychological studies with 2 components of fly agaric (''Amanita muscaria'') |journal=Arzneimittel-Forschung |language=de |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=311–315 |pmid=5696006}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Amanita rubescens.JPG|100px]]}} 
| [[File:Amanita.Amerirubescens.002.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Amanita rubescens]]'' 
| Blusher 
| Up to 15&nbsp;cm wide;{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|pp=73–74}} resembles related species{{sfn|Audubon|2023|p=536}}
| Eurasia,{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} western North America{{sfn|Audubon|2023|p=536}}
| 
| Edible when cooked,{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=28}} which destroys a toxin<ref name=":12">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Peter |title=The Book of Fungi |last2=Evans |first2=Shelley |date=15 April 2011 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-72117-0 |pages=57}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Armillaria mellea, Honey Fungus, UK 1.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:20021102 Neer Mussenberg Paddenstoelen 06 (9929023436).jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Armillaria mellea]]'' 
| Honey mushroom 
| Up to 15&nbsp;cm wide{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|pp=134–35}}
| Eurasia,{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} North America{{sfn|Audubon|2023|p=446}}
| Harvested wild 
| Edible, usually excluding the tough stalk;{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|pp=134–35}} best&nbsp;when young and well-cooked{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=131}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Boletus edulis (7).jpg|100px]]}} 
| [[File:Boletus.edulis2.-.lindsey.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Boletus edulis]]'' 
| Porcino 
| Reddish-brown cap up to 30&nbsp;cm or more wide{{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=530–31}}
| Widespread in Northern Hemisphere<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang Y, Sinclair L, Hall IR, Cole AL |year=1995 |title=''Boletus edulis'' sensu lato: a new record for New Zealand |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/01140671.1995.9513892?needAccess=true |format=PDF |journal=New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=227–31 |bibcode=1995NZJCH..23..227W |doi=10.1080/01140671.1995.9513892 |access-date=2025-12-12 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
| Commercially harvested 
| Choice{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=530}}
|-
| [[File:Boletus pinophilus3.JPG|150px]] 
| [[File:2008-11-05 Boletus pinophilus Pilát & Dermek 27980 crop.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Boletus pinophilus]]'' 
| Pine bolete 
| Cap up to 40&nbsp;cm wide<ref>{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Roger |title=Mushrooms |publisher=[[Pan MacMillan]] |year=2006 |isbn=0-330-44237-6 |page=275}}</ref>
| Eurasia<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gallardi |first1=Matteo |title=Mushrooms, Humans and Nature in a Changing World: Perspectives from Ecological, Agricultural and Social Sciences |editor=Pérez-Moreno, Jesús |editor2=Guerin-Laguette, Alexis |editor3=Arzú, Roberto Flores |editor4=Yu, Fu-Qiang |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |isbn=978-3-030-37378-8 |pages=236–237 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3DgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237| chapter=Diversity, Biogeographic Distribution, Ecology, and Ectomycorrhizal Relationships of the Edible Porcini Mushrooms (''Boletus'' s. str., Boletaceae) Worldwide: State of the Art and an Annotated Checklist}}</ref>
| Commercially harvested 
| Reportedly edible<ref>{{cite book |last1=Læssøe |first1=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomhowtoide0000laes/page/327/ |title=Mushroom: How to Identify and Gather Wild Mushrooms and Other Fungi |last2=Del Conte |first2=Anna |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4654-0855-6 |location=New York |pages=327 |orig-year=1996}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Boletus variipes 531448.jpg|125px]]}} 
| [[File:Boletus variipes UL 06.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Boletus variipes]]'' 
| 
| Tannish cap{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=522}}
| Eastern North America with hardwoods<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuo |first=Michael |date=2010 |title=Boletus variipes |url=https://www.mushroomexpert.com/boletus_variipes.html |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=MushroomExpert.Com}}</ref>
| Commercially harvested 
| Choice{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=269}}
|-
| [[File:Calbovista subsculpta 42758.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Calbovista subsculpta 226094.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Calbovista subsculpta]]'' 
| Sculptured giant puffball 
| Up to {{convert|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=220}}
| Western North America in montane areas<ref>{{cite book |author=Smith AH. |title=A Field Guide to Western Mushrooms |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |year=1975 |pages=246–8 |isbn=978-0-472-85599-5}}</ref>
| Commercially harvested 
| Choice while the [[gleba]] is still firm and white{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=330}}
|-
| [[File:Calocybe gambosa 080420wa.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Calocybe gambosa (34412661523).jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Calocybe gambosa]]'' 
| St. George's mushroom 
| Up to 15 cm wide<ref name=carl/>
| Europe from spring to summer<ref name=carl/>
| Harvested wild 
| Edible cooked or pickled<ref name=carl>{{cite book |author=Carluccio |first=Antonio |author-link=Antonio Carluccio |url=https://archive.org/details/completemushroom0000carl_i8l5/page/74/mode/2up |title=The Complete Mushroom Book |publisher=Quadrille |year=2003 |isbn=1-84400-040-0 |page=75}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Calvatia cyathiformis 3.JPG|150px]] 
| [[File:Calvatia cyathiformis 2.JPG|150px]] 
| ''[[Calvatia cyathiformis]]'' 
| Purple-spored [[puffball]]
| Up to 20 cm wide{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|pp=365–66}}
| North America{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|pp=365–66}} and Australia
| Harvested wild 
| Reportedly edible when young{{sfn|Hall et al.|2003|p=147}}
|-
| [[File:Calvatia gigantea, Syn. Langermannia gigantea, Lycoperdon gigantea (1) (49147194643).jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Bovist 31.08.08 8.JPG|150px]] 
| ''[[Calvatia gigantea]]'' 
| Giant puffball 
| Up to {{convert|60|cm|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|20|kg|round=5}}<ref name="Kew">{{cite web |title=''Calvatia gigantea'' (giant puffball) |url=http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/calvatia-gigantea-giant-puffball |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223173822/http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/calvatia-gigantea-giant-puffball |archive-date=2016-12-23 |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=Kew Gardens}}</ref> 
| [[Temperate]] areas around the world in meadows, fields, and deciduous forests from late summer and autumn<ref name="Kew" />{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=682–83}} 
| Commercially harvested 
| Choice when immature and white, but may cause a laxative effect{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=682–83}}
|-
| [[File:Chanterelle Cantharellus cibarius.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:2007-07-14 Cantharellus cibarius Detail.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Cantharellus cibarius]]'' 
| Golden chanterelle 
| Up to 15 cm wide{{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=662–64}}
| Europe<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kuo |first1=Michael |date=2015 |title=Cantharellus 'cibarius' |url=https://www.mushroomexpert.com/cantharellus_cibarius.html |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=MushroomExpert.Com}}</ref> 
| Commercially harvested 
| Choice<ref>{{cite web |date=2020 |title=''Cantharellus cibarius'' Fr. - Chanterelle |url=https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/cantharellus-cibarius.php |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=First Nature}}</ref> but resembles some poisonous mushrooms{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=662–64}}{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=248}}
|-
|[[File:Polyporus squamosus Molter.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:Dryad's Saddle - pores.jpg|150px]]
|''[[Cerioporus squamosus]]''
|Dryad's saddle and pheasant's back mushroom
|Up to 30 cm or more wide{{sfn|Audubon|2023|p=265}}{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=123}}
| Europe{{Sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=123}} and eastern U.S.{{sfn|Audubon|2023|p=265}}
|Harvested wild
|Edible young and cooked{{Sfn|Phillips|2010|p=298}}{{Sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=123}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Chroogomphus vinicolor 116581.jpg|100px]]}} 
| 
| ''[[Chroogomphus]]'' 
| Pine-spikes or spike-caps 
| 
| Northern Hemisphere<ref>Aime M, Miller OK. (2005). Proposal to Conserve the Name ''Chroogomphus'' Against ''Brauniellula'' (Gomphidiaceae). Taxon 55(1):227–228. ([https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=187732&pf=1 abstract])</ref>
| Harvested wild 
| Some edible species{{sfn|Phillips|2010|pp=245–46}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Lepista nuda LC0372.jpg|100px]]}} 
| [[File:Clitocybe nuda (Fr.) H.E. Bigelow & A.H. Sm 267650.jpg|150px]]
| ''[[Collybia nuda]]'' 
| Blewit{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=183}} 
| Up to 15 cm wide;{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|pp=25, 151–52}} may resemble toxic ''[[Cortinarius]]'' species
| Europe and North America
| Commercially harvested 
| Edible{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=183}}
|-
| [[File:Lepista personata.JPG|150px]] 
| [[File:Lilafuß-Rötelritterling-3.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Collybia personata]]'' (syn. ''Lepista saeva'')
| Field blewit or blue leg
|Up to 12 cm wide<ref name=bas>{{cite book |author=Bas C. |title=Flora Agaricina Neerlandica: Critical Monographs on Families of Agarics and Boleti Occurring in the Netherlands Vol. 3|publisher=CRC Press |year=1995 |page=74 |isbn=90-5410-616-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGGiXsS9eYwC&pg=PA74|access-date=2025-12-11}}</ref>
|Europe<ref name=bas/>
|
| Edible<ref>{{cite book |last=Peterson|first=Jens H.|year=2023|title=Edible Fungi of Britain and Northern Europe: How to Identify, Collect and Prepare|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691245195|page=133}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Coprinopsis atramentaria 3 - Lindsey.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Coprinopsis atramentaria G3.1.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Coprinopsis atramentaria]]'' (syn. ''Coprinus atramentarius'') 
| Common inkcap 
|Up to 10 cm wide{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|p=206}}
| Northern Hemisphere and Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grzyby.pl/coprinus-site-Kees-Uljee/species/atrament.htm|title=Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.: Fr.) Fr. - Epicrisis: 243. 1838.|last=Uljé|first=Kees|work=Coprinus (studies in coprinus)|access-date=2009-07-31}}</ref><ref name="Fuh05">{{cite book |title=A Field Guide to Australian Fungi|author=Fuhrer B|year=2005|page=43|publisher=Bloomings Books|location=Melbourne|isbn=1-876473-51-7}}</ref>
| 
| Edible when young but toxic if consumed with alcohol due to the presence of [[coprine]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Benjamin|first=Denis R.|title=Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas—a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians|publisher=WH Freeman and Company|location=New York|year=1995|isbn=0-7167-2600-9|pages=284}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Michelot|first1=Didier|title=Poisoning by ''Coprinus atramentarius''|journal=Natural Toxins|volume=1|issue=2|pages=73–80|year=1992|pmid=1344910|doi=10.1002/nt.2620010203}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Coprinus comatus, the shaggy ink cap, lawyer's wig, or shaggy mane mushroom.jpg|150px]]
| {{center|[[File:Coprinus comatus (30053094063).jpg|100px]]}}
| ''[[Coprinus comatus]]'' 
| Shaggy mane, shaggy inkcap or lawyer's wig 
| Up to 8 cm wide{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|pp=31, 209–210}}
| North America in grasslands and meadows{{Sfn|Audubon|2023|p=561}}
| Harvested wild 
|Must be cooked as soon as possible after harvesting or the caps will deliquesce (turn to 'ink'){{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=345–46}}{{Sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=228}}
|-
| [[File:Cortinarius caperatus (31845512414).jpg|150px]]
| [[File:Cortinarius caperatus 329307330.jpg|150px]]
| ''[[Cortinarius caperatus]]'' 
| Gypsy mushroom 
| Tannish cap, up to 12 cm wide{{Sfn|Audubon|2023|p=635}}
| Northern Europe and northern North America<ref>{{cite book |chapter=''Cortinarius caperatus'' (Pers.) Fr. (''Rozites caperatus'' (Pers.) P. Karst.) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=487-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 |pages=164–65 |title=Mushrooms traded as food. Vol II sec 2: Nordic risk assessments and background on edible mushrooms, suitable for commercial marketing and background lists for industry, trade and food inspection. Risk assessments of mushrooms on the four guidance lists | vauthors= Gry J, Andersson C | publisher=Nordic Council of Ministers | year=2014 | isbn=978-92-893-2705-3}}</ref>{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=412}}
| Commercially harvested 
| Choice,{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=299}} but can resemble some poisonous European species<ref>{{cite book |author=Zeitlmayr L. |title=Wild Mushrooms:An Illustrated Handbook |publisher=Garden City Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-584-10324-3 |page=79}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Craterellus cornucopioides 6.jpg|100px]]}}
| [[File:Craterellus cornucopioides1.jpg|150px]]
| ''[[Craterellus cornucopioides]]'' 
| Trumpet of death or horn of plenty 
| Up to 8 cm wide{{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=666–68}}
| Eurasia, North America, and Australia<ref>[http://data.gbif.org/species/2554662/ Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers.]. ''[[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]''. Accessed 12 December 2025.</ref>
| Commercially harvested 
| Choice{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|pp=273–74}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Craterellus tubaeformis LC0374.jpg|100px]]}}
| [[File:Cantharellus tubaeformis G28.JPG|150px]]
| ''[[Craterellus tubaeformis]]'' 
| Tube chanterelle or yellowfoot 
| Up to 4 cm wide{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|p=274}} 
| North America and Asia{{Sfn|Audubon|2023|p=101}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borkar |first1=Pramod |last2=Doshi |first2=Anila |last3=Navathe |first3=Sudhir |year=2015 |title=Mushroom Diversity of Konkan Region of Maharashtra, India |url=http://en.calameo.com/read/001552297201c26c611cb |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=7 |pages=7625–7640 |doi=10.11609/jott.o4283.7625-40 |doi-access=free |number=10}}</ref>
| Commercially harvested 
| Choice{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=251}}
|-
| [[File:Agrocybe aegerita.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Agrocybeaegerita5.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Cyclocybe aegerita]]'' 
| Poplar fieldcap
| Up to 10 cm wide<ref name=aegerita>{{cite web |title=Agrocybe aegerita, Chestnut mushroom, Yanagimatsutake |url=http://www.medicalmushrooms.net/agrocybe-aegerita/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605083444/http://www.medicalmushrooms.net/agrocybe-aegerita/ |archive-date=2016-06-05 |accessdate=3 August 2016 |website=MedicalMushrooms.net}}</ref>
| Grows on [[poplars]] and other trees<ref name=aegerita/>
| Commercially cultivated in Asia and Australia<ref name=aegerita/>
| Difficult to identify<ref name="maggie">{{cite web |last1=Zhu |first1=Maggie |title=Tea Tree Mushroom (茶树菇) |url=http://omnivorescookbook.com/pantry/tea-tree-mushroom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118205133/http://omnivorescookbook.com/pantry/tea-tree-mushroom |archive-date=2025-01-18 |accessdate=2025-10-23 |website=Omnivore's Cookbook}}</ref><ref name="medicalmushrooms">{{cite web |title=Agrocybe aegerita, Chestnut mushroom, Yanagimatsutake |url=http://www.medicalmushrooms.net/agrocybe-aegerita/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605083444/http://www.medicalmushrooms.net/agrocybe-aegerita/ |archive-date=2016-06-05 |accessdate=3 August 2016 |website=MedicalMushrooms.net}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Cyttaria espinosae.jpg|150px]]
| [[File:Cyttaria espinosae Lloyd 884985.jpg|150px]]
| ''[[Cyttaria espinosae]]'' 
| 
| 
| [[Chile]]<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=Digueñe - Arca del Gusto|url=https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/diguene/|website=Slow Food Foundation|access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
| Edible<ref name=":7" />
|-
| [[File:Fistulina hepatica.JPG|150px]]
| [[File:2010-06-26 Fistulina hepatica 47685 cropped.jpg|150px]]
| ''[[Fistulina hepatica]]'' 
| Beefsteak polypore or ox&nbsp;tongue 
| Up to 6 cm wide{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|pp=335–36}}
| Europe and North America{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=126}}{{Sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=426}}
| Harvested wild 
|Edible but older specimens should be soaked overnight then cooked to avoid gastric upset{{Sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=426}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Enoki mushrooms (50313211173).jpg|100px]]}}
| [[File:Golden needle mushrooms 1.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Flammulina filiformis]]'' 
| Enoki 
| Up to 4.5 cm wide<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Pan Meng |last2=Liu |first2=Xiao Bin |last3=Dai |first3=Yu Cheng |last4=Horak |first4=Egon |last5=Steffen |first5=Kari |last6=Yang |first6=Zhu L. |display-authors=3 |title=Phylogeny and species delimitation of ''Flammulina'': taxonomic status of winter mushroom in East Asia and a new European species identified using an integrated approach |journal=Mycological Progress |date=September 2018 |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=1013–1030 |doi=10.1007/s11557-018-1409-2 |bibcode=2018MycPr..17.1013W |s2cid=49299638 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325826280}}</ref>
| Asia
| Commercially cultivated<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tang C, Hoo PC, Tan LT, Pusparajah P, Khan TM, Lee LH, Goh BH, Chan KG |display-authors=3|date=2016 |title=Golden needle mushroom: a culinary medicine with evidenced-based biological activities and health promoting properties |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=7 |page=474 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2016.00474|pmid=28003804 |pmc=5141589 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| Asian cuisine<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Chaey |first=Christina |date=March 2, 2018 |title=You Should Be Cooking with Enoki Mushrooms, the Easiest Fungi to Love |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/enoki-mushrooms |url-access=limited |access-date=2025-10-23 |magazine=[[Bon Appétit]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:2009-11-19 Flammulina velutipes agg biolib.cz crop.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Flammulina velutipes 04.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Flammulina velutipes]]'' 
| Velvet shank 
| Up to 10 cm wide{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=137}}
| Europe and North America{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=137}}{{Sfn|Audubon|2023|p=449}}
| Harvested wild 
| Edible cooked, best with the skin removed{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=220}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Gomphidius glutinosus 131007a.jpg|100px]]}} 
| {{center|[[File:Gomphidius glutinosus 131007.jpg|125px]]}} 
| ''[[Gomphidius glutinosus]]'' 
| Slimy spike-cap 
| Up to 12 cm wide{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|pp=202–203}}
| Eurasia{{citation needed|date=December 2025}} and North America{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=482}}
| Harvested wild 
| Edible<ref name="Lamaison05">{{cite book |title=The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms|last=Lamaison|first=Jean-Louis|author2=Polese, Jean-Marie|year=2005|publisher=Könemann|isbn=978-3-8331-1239-3|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Zeitl76">{{cite book|last=Zeitlmayr|first=Linus|year=1976|title=Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook|publisher=Garden City Press, Hertfordshire|isbn=978-0-584-10324-3|pages=93–94}}</ref> but possibly not recommended; accumulates [[heavy metals]]<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Siegel|first=Noah|title=Mushrooms of Cascadia: A Comprehensive Guide to Fungi of the Pacific Northwest|last2=Schwarz|first2=Christian|date=September 1, 2024|publisher=Backcountry Press|isbn=9781941624197|location=Humboldt County, CA|pages=124}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Grifola frondosa (29715305790).jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Hen of the Woods (22602103527).jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Grifola frondosa]]'' 
| Hen of the woods or sheep's head 
| Up to 50 cm wide{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=124}}
| Eastern North America{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=564–65}} and Eurasia{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=124}}
| Commercially harvested 
| Choice{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=420}} but some may be allergic{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=564–65}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Frühjahrslorchel.JPG|100px]]}} 
| [[File:2007-04-02 Gyromitra esculenta cropped.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Gyromitra esculenta]]'' 
| False morel, turban or brain mushroom 
| Up to 12 cm wide{{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=801–802}}
| North America and Central Europe{{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=801–802}}<ref name="Lamaison052">{{cite book |title=The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms|last=Lamaison|first=Jean-Louis|author2=Polese, Jean-Marie|year=2005|publisher=Könemann|isbn=978-3-8331-1239-3|page=230}}</ref>
| 
| Parboiling required to reduce [[gyromitrin]] toxicity, which may not be fully effective<ref>{{cite web|title=False Morel Fungi – poisonous when raw|publisher=The Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira|year=2008|url=http://www.evira.fi/portal/en/food/information_on_food/false_morel_fungi/|access-date=2025-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218205805/http://www.evira.fi/portal/en/food/information_on_food/false_morel_fungi/|archive-date=18 December 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:2010-08-29 Lycoperdon utriforme 129357.jpg|150px]] 
| {{center|[[File:RNK 1236 velika puhara.jpg|100px]]}} 
| ''[[Handkea utriformis]]'' (syn. ''Calvatia utriformis'') 
| 
| Puffball, up to 25 cm wide<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Handkea_utriformis.html|title=''Handkea utriformis''|access-date=2025-12-14|website=The Fungi of California|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710091350/http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Handkea_utriformis.html|archive-date=2009-07-10}}</ref>
| Widespread in northern temperate zones<ref>{{cite book| author = Laessoe T| year = 1998| title = Mushrooms| series= Eyewitness Handbooks| publisher = Dorling Kindersley| isbn = 0-7513-1070-0}}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
|Edible when immature and white<ref name="Phillips06">{{cite book |author=Phillips |first=Roger |title=Mushrooms |publisher=Pan MacMillan |year=2006 |isbn=0-330-44237-6 |pages=328}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Hericium erinaceus in Sochi.JPG|100px]]}} 
| [[File:2012-10-02 Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers 268394.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Hericium erinaceus]]'' 
| Lion's mane{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|p=29}} 
| [[Tooth fungus]] up to 40 cm wide<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sokół |first1=Sławomir |last2=Golak-Siwulska |first2=Iwona |last3=Sobieralski |first3=Krzysztof |last4=Siwulski |first4=Marek |last5=Górka |first5=Katarzyna |title=Biology, cultivation, and medicinal functions of the mushroom Hericium erinaceum |journal=Acta Mycologica |date=29 January 2016 |volume=50 |issue=2 |doi=10.5586/am.1069 }}</ref>
| Europe and North America<ref>{{Cite book |title=Distribution, ecology and status of 51 macromycetes in Europe: results of the ECCF Mapping Programme |vauthors=Fraiture A, Otto P |publisher=European Council for the Conservation of Fungi |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-823525-5-9 |oclc=922038479 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Audubon|2023|p=163}}
| Commercially harvested 
| Best when young{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|p=29}}
|-
| [[File:Hedgehog fungi2.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Hydnum repandum 78164.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Hydnum repandum]]'' 
| Sweet tooth or hedgehog mushroom<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Savory Wild Mushroom |vauthors=Ammirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-295-96480-5 |location=Seattle, Washington |page=173}}</ref> 
| Up to 17 cm or more wide{{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=618–19}}
| Europe and North America<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Swenie | first1=Rachel A. | last2=Baroni | first2=Timothy J. | last3=Matheny | first3=P. Brandon | title=Six new species and reports of Hydnum (Cantharellales) from eastern North America | journal=MycoKeys | publisher=Pensoft Publishers | date=2018-11-30 | issue=42 | issn=1314-4049 | doi=10.3897/mycokeys.42.27369 | pages=35–72| pmid=30564052 | pmc=6286385 | doi-access=free }}</ref>{{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=618–19}}
| Commercially harvested 
| Choice; cooking removes bitterness in older specimens<ref>{{cite book |author=Mabey R. |title=Food for Free |publisher=Collins |location=London, UK | year=2007 |pages=196–97 |isbn=978-0-00-724768-4}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Ebe-limanutt1.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Hygrophorus chrysodon a1 (1).JPG|150px]] 
| ''[[Hygrophorus chrysodon]]'' 
| Gold flecked woodwax 
|Up to 14 cm wide<ref>{{cite book|last1=Siegel|first1=Noah|last2=Schwarz|first2=Christian|title=Mushrooms of the Redwood Coast|isbn=9781607748175|publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]]|year=2016|location=Berkeley, CA|page=272}}</ref>
| Northern Hemisphere{{sfn|Trudell|Ammirati|2009|pp=67–68}}
| Harvested wild 
| Edible but bland{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=84}}{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=68}}
|-
| [[File:2010-08-25 Hypsizygus tessulatus (Bull.) Singer 103101.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Hypsizygus tessellatus-389421.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Hypsizygus tessulatus]]'' 
| Beech mushroom 
| Cap up to 15 cm wide{{sfn|Phillips|2010|pp=238–39}}
| North America{{sfn|Phillips|2010|pp=238–39}}
| Commercially cultivated 
| Tough flesh{{sfn|Phillips|2010|pp=238–39}}
|-
|[[File:Boletus badius JPG1.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:2007-07-14 Imleria badia 2.jpg|150px]]
|''[[Imleria badia]]''
|Bay bolete
|Up to 10&nbsp;cm wide{{Sfn|Phillips|2010|p=109}}
|Eurasia and North America<ref>{{cite book |author=Phillips R. |title=Mushrooms |publisher=Pan MacMillan |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-330-44237-4 |location=London |pages=276–77}}</ref>{{Sfn|Phillips|2010|p=109}}
|Harvested wild
|Edible but allergenic for some<ref>{{cite book |author=Dugan FM |title=Conspectus of World Ethnomycology |publisher=American Phytopathological Society |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-89054-395-5 |location=St.&nbsp;Paul |page=78}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bennink A, de Vries B |year=2007 |title=Allergie voor boleten |trans-title=Allergic to boletes |url=http://www.mycologen.nl/Coolia/PDF-files/Coolia_50%281%29.pdf |journal=Coolia |language=nl |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=47–48}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Kalaharitrueffel.jpg|100px]]}}
| 
| ''[[Kalaharituber pfeilii]]'' 
| 
| Up to 12 cm wide<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/case-studies/desert-truffles-aust.html|title=Desert truffles - Australia and the Kalahari|website=Australian National Botanical Gardens|language=en|access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>
| [[Southern Africa]]<ref name=anbg/> 
| Harvested wild 
| Edible<ref name=anbg>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/case-studies/desert-truffles-aust.html|title=Desert truffles - Australia and the Kalahari|website=[[Australian National Botanical Gardens]]|language=en|access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Laccocephalum mylittae.jpg|100px]]}}
|
| ''[[Laccocephalum mylittae]]''
| Blackfellow's bread
| [[Sclerotium]] grows up to 60&nbsp;cm wide<ref>{{cite book| last= Sheperd | first= C.J. | last2= Totterdell | first2= C.J. | date= 1988 | title= Mushrooms and Toadstools of Australia | location= Melbourne | publisher= Intaka Press | page= 139 }}</ref>
| Australia<ref name=Fungimap>{{cite web |url=http://fungimap.org.au/index.php/learn-about-fungi/poisonous-fungi |title=Edible and Poisonous Fungi |website=[[Fungimap]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610020628/http://www.fungimap.org.au/index.php/learn-about-fungi/poisonous-fungi |archive-date=2013-06-10 |access-date=2025-12-14|publication-place=[[South Yarra]], Vic.}}</ref>
| Harvested wild
| Edible but not choice<ref name=Fungimap/>
|-
| [[File:Lactarius corrugis 54984.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Lactarius corrugis Peck 95570.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Lactarius corrugis]]'' 
| Corrugated-cap milky<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Harris DM, Bessette A, Bessette AR |title=Milk Mushrooms of North America: A Field Guide to the Genus ''Lactarius'' |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse |year=2009 |page=166 |isbn=978-0-8156-3229-0}}</ref>
| Brownish-red cap up to 12&nbsp;cm wide{{Sfn|Audubon|2023|p=187}}
| Eastern North America with [[oak]], July–Sept.{{Sfn|Audubon|2023|p=187}}
| 
| Choice{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=94}}
|-
| [[File:Lactarius deliciosus.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:2011-11-26 Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray 187161.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Lactarius deliciosus]]'' 
| Saffron milk cap 
| Up to 20 cm wide{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=169}}
| Europe{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=169}}
| Commercially harvested 
| Not necessarily choice, but popular in Russia{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=68}}
|-
| [[File:Lactarius deterrimus - Lindsey.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Lactarius deterrimus3.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Lactarius deterrimus]]'' 
| Orange milkcap 
| Up to 12 cm wide
| Eurasia<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kaya, Abdullah |title=Macromycetes of Kahramanmaras Province (Turkey) |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=108 |year=2009 |pages=31–34 |url=https://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/kaya-v108-checklist.pdf |doi=10.5248/108.31}}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
|Edible<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6139~source~gallerychooserresult.asp|title=Lactarius deterrimus|author=Phillips, Roger|publisher=|work=RogersMushrooms|access-date=27 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103354/http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6139~source~gallerychooserresult.asp|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Lactarius hygrophoroides 15959.jpg|125px]]}} 
| [[File:Lactarius hygrophoroides 16765.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Lactarius hygrophoroides]]'' 
| 
| Up to 8 cm wide{{sfn|Audubon|2023|p=190}}
| Eastern North America with oak, June–Sept.{{Sfn|Audubon|2023|p=190}}
| 
|Edible{{Sfn|Phillips|2010|p=109}}
|-
| [[File:Indigo Milk Cap (Lactarius indigo) (52381890978).jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Lactarius indigo 7283.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Lactarius indigo]]'' 
| Indigo milk cap
| Blue cap, fading to grayish;<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Bessette A, Fischer DH |title=Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America: A Field-to-Kitchen Guide |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas |year=1992 |page=64 |isbn=0-292-72080-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsJN7NZutTAC}}</ref> up to 15 cm wide<ref>{{cite book |ref=Hesler|title=North American Species of ''Lactarius'' |vauthors=Hesler LR, Smith AH |year=1979 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |isbn=0-472-08440-2|pages=27}}</ref>
| Northern Hemisphere{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=35}}<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Mueller GM, Halling RE, Carranza J, Mata M, Schmit JP|editor-last=Kappelle M|chapter=Saphrotrophic and ectomycorrhizal macrofungi of Costa Rican oak forests|title=Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Oak Forests|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin; New York|year=2006|page=62|isbn=978-3-540-28908-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAmOc428H30C&pg=PA62}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Wang X-H.|year=2000|title=A taxonomic study on some commercial species in the genus ''Lactarius'' (Agaricales) from Yunnan Province, China|journal=Acta Botanica Yunnanica|volume=22|issue=4|pages=419–27|issn=0253-2700|url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20013000446.html}}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
| Edible{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=69}}
|-
| [[File:Lactarius paradoxus 112686.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:2007-11-10 Lactarius paradoxus 2.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Lactarius paradoxus]]'' 
| 
| Blue-green to gray cap; up to 8&nbsp;cm wide{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=90}}
| Southern and eastern U.S., autumn–winter{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=90}}
| 
| Edible but bitter with age{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=90}}
|-
| [[File:Lactarius rubrilacteus 65786.jpg|150px]]
| [[File:Lactarius rubrilacteus 126762.jpg|150px]]
| ''[[Lactarius rubrilacteus]]'' 
| 
| Cap up to 14&nbsp;cm wide{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=68–69}}
| Western North America, June–Oct.<ref name="rog">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6333~gid~.asp|title=''Lactarius rubrilacteus''|accessdate=27 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224308/http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6333~gid~.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|website=RogersMushrooms}}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
| Edible but grainy{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=68–69}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Lact.sub.jpg|100px]]}}
| [[File:Lactarius subdulcis - Lindsey 1b.jpg|150px]]
| ''[[Lactarius subdulcis]]'' 
| Mild milkcap 
| Up to 7 cm wide<ref name=Phillips1981>{{cite book|title= Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Great Britain and Europe|last= Phillips|first= Roger|year= 1981|publisher= [[Pan Books]]|location= London|isbn= 0-330-26441-9|pages=88–89}}</ref>
| Europe{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=82}}
| Harvested wild 
| Edible when cooked but not choice<ref>{{cite book |title= Mushrooms and Toadstools|last= Pegler|first= David N.|year= 1983|publisher= Mitchell Beazley Publishing|location= London|isbn= 0-85533-500-9|pages=78}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Lactarius volemus.jpg|150px]]
| [[File:Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr 246146.jpg|150px]]
| ''[[Lactarius volemus]]'' 
| Fishy milkcap 
|Up to 11 cm wide<ref name=Phillips1981/>
| Eurasia and North America<ref name=Phillips1981/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Wang X-H. |year=2007 |title=Type studies of ''Lactarius'' species published from China |journal=Mycologia |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=253–68 |doi=10.3852/mycologia.99.2.253 |pmid=17682778}}</ref>{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=78}}
| Harvested wild 
| Edible but grainy; best [[slow-cooked]]{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=78}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Laetiporus sulphureus big.jpg|100px]]}}
| {{center|[[File:Chicken of the Woods L. sulphureus.jpg|100px]]}}
| ''[[Laetiporus sulphureus]]'' 
| Sulphur shelf, chicken mushroom 
| A distinct [[bracket fungus]]{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=572–73}}
| Europe and North America{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=125}}{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=572–73}}
| Harvested wild 
| Edible when watery, after cooking<ref name="Medicinal">{{cite book |author=Spahr, David L.|title=Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms of New England and Eastern Canada|publisher=North Atlantic Books|year=2009|page=124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFZ-lwRXuNYC&pg=PA123|isbn=978-1-55643-795-3}}</ref><ref name="field">{{cite book |author=Smith, Alexander H.|author-link=Alexander H. Smith|author2=Smith Weber, Nancy|title=The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1980|page=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYI4f6fqrfkC&pg=RA1-PA63|isbn=978-0-472-85610-7}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Leccinum aurantiacum.jpg|100px]]}}
| [[File:Leccinum aurantiacum (Bull.) Gray 425398.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Leccinum aurantiacum]]''
| Red-capped scaber stalk 
| Orange-red cap, up to 15&nbsp;cm wide{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=279}}
| Europe<ref>{{cite web | title=The genus ''Leccinum'' in Western and Central Europe | publisher=Noordeloos M. | url=http://www.entoloma.nl/html/leccinum_eng.html#aurantiacum | access-date=July 8, 2010 | archive-date=December 20, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220093319/http://www.entoloma.nl/html/leccinum_eng.html#aurantiacum }}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
| Edible cooked, with risk of toxicity;{{Sfn|Phillips|2010|p=279}}{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=373}} linked to one death<ref name=":02">{{cite web|title=NAMA Toxicology Committee Report for 2009 {{!}} North American Mushroom Poisonings|author=Beug, Michael W.|url=https://namyco.org/docs/NAMA_Toxicology_Committee_Report_2009.pdf|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822192534/https://namyco.org/docs/NAMA_Toxicology_Committee_Report_2009.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Birkenpilz01.jpg|100px]]}}
| [[File:Kasepuravik1.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Leccinum scabrum]]'' 
| Birch bolete 
| Up to 10 cm wide{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=541–42}}
| Europe,{{sfn|Trudell|Ammirati|2009|pp=227-28}} North America{{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=541–42}} and New Zealand<ref name="McNabb 1968">{{cite journal |author=McNabb RFR.|title=The Boletaceae of New Zealand|journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany|year=1968|volume=6|issue=2|pages=137–76 (see p.&nbsp;169)|doi=10.1080/0028825X.1968.10429056|doi-access=free}} {{open access}}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
| Edible when firm{{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=541–42}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Leccinum versipelle LC0366.jpg|125px]]}}
| [[File:Leccinum stipe 96426.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Leccinum versipelle]]'' (syn. ''Boletus testaceoscaber'') 
| Orange birch bolete 
| Orangish cap, up to 15 cm wide{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=179}}
| Europe, Aug.–Nov.{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=179}}
| Harvested wild 
| Edible cooked{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=179}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Shiitakegrowing.jpg|100px]]}}
| [[File:Lentinula edodes 20101113 b.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Lentinula edodes]]'' 
| Shiitake 
| 
| Southeast Asia<ref>{{cite book |author=Wasser S.|editor1=Coates PM|editor2=Blackman M|editor3=Cragg GM|editor4=White JD|editor5=Moss J|editor6=Levine MA.|chapter=Shiitake (''Lentinula edodes'')|title=Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sfmc-fRCj10C&pg=PA653|year=2004|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8247-5504-1|pages=653–64}}</ref>
| Commercially cultivated worldwide<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vane CH.|year=2003|title=Monitoring decay of black gum wood (''Nyssa sylvatica'') during growth of the Shiitake mushroom (''Lentinula edodes'') using diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy|journal=Applied Spectroscopy|volume=57|issue=5|pages=514–517|pmid=14658675|doi=10.1366/000370203321666515|bibcode=2003ApSpe..57..514V|s2cid=27403919}}</ref>
| Edible;<ref name=":8" /> may cause [[Shiitake mushroom dermatitis|dermatitis]] for some unless cooked<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Boels D|author2=Landreau A|author3=Bruneau C|author4=Garnier R|author5=Pulce C|author6=Labadie M|author7=de Haro L|author8=Harry P.|title=Shiitake dermatitis recorded by French Poison Control Centers – New case series with clinical observations|journal=Clinical Toxicology|year=2014|volume=52|issue=6|pages=625–8|doi=10.3109/15563650.2014.923905|pmid=24940644|s2cid=21541970}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Welbaum GE.|title=Vegetable Production and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zq4tBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445|year=2015|publisher=CAB International|isbn=978-1-78064-534-6|page=445}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Macrolepiota-procera.jpg|100px]]}}
| {{center|[[File:Macrolepiota procera, grote parasolzwam (3).jpg|100px]]}}
| ''[[Macrolepiota procera]]'' 
| Parasol mushroom 
| Up to 25 cm wide{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=147}}
| Eurasia<ref>{{cite web |last=Kuo |first=Michael |title=Macrolepiota procera |url=https://www.mushroomexpert.com/macrolepiota_procera.html |date=June 2022 |access-date=Jan 26, 2024 |website=MushroomExpert.Com}}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
| Choice but resembles some poisonous species{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=34}}{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=53}}
|-
| [[File:Feldschwindling 02.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Michigan Marasmius oreades black background.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Marasmius oreades]]'' 
| Fairy ring champignon 
| Up to 5 cm wide<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sisson |first1=Liv |url= |title=Fungi of Aotearoa: a curious forager's field guide |last2=Vigus |first2=Paula |date=2023 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-1-76104-787-9 |location=Auckland, New Zealand |pages=122 |oclc=on1372569849}}</ref>
| Europe and North America{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=141}}{{sfn|Trudell|Ammirati|2009|pp=113–14}}
| Harvested wild 
|Choice{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=53}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Morchella esculenta - DE - TH - 2013-05-01 - 01.JPG|125px]]}}
| {{center|[[File:Morchella esculenta 36795275.jpg|100px]]}}
| ''[[Morchella]]'' spp. including ''[[Morchella esculenta]]'' 
| Morels 
| Can resemble poisonous [[false morel]]s including ''[[Gyromitra esculenta]]'' 
| Northern Hemisphere; open scrub, woodland or open ground in late spring 
| Commercially harvested; difficult to grow commercially<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |author=Alla Katsnelson |date=April 26, 2022 |title=Cultivating Coveted Morels Year-Round and Indoors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/26/science/morel-mushrooms-growing.html |access-date=June 9, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=}}</ref> 
| Potentially toxic if uncooked or consumed with alcohol<ref name=":2">{{cite book |title=Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World |vauthors=Hall IR, Buchanan PK |publisher=Timber Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-586-9}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal |author=Groves JW. |year=1964 |title=Poisoning by morels When taken with alcohol |journal=Mycologia |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=779–780 |doi=10.2307/3756634 |jstor=3756634}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Nordic Council of Ministers|title=Mushrooms Traded As Food |volume=2 |section=Section 1: Nordic Risk Assessments and Background on Edible Mushrooms, Suitable for Commercial Marketing and Background Lists. For Industry, Trade and Food Inspection. Background Information and Guidance Lists on Mushrooms|publisher=Nordic Council of Ministers|year=2012|isbn=978-92-893-2383-3|location=Denmark|page=50}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Phallus indusiatus 82737507.jpg|100px]]}}
| {{center|[[File:Phallus indusiatus 57625738.jpg|100px]]}}
| ''[[Phallus indusiatus]]'' 
| Basket stinkhorn{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=770–71}}
| Cap up to 4&nbsp;cm wide;{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=770–71}} stem up to 25&nbsp;cm long<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=((Chang S-T)), Miles PG |chapter=''Dictyophora'', formerly for the few |title=Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact |url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomscultiva00mile |url-access=limited |edition=2nd |year=2004 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=0-8493-1043-1 |doi=10.1201/9780203492086.ch18 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mushroomscultiva00mile/page/n367 343]–56|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}</ref>
| Tropical regions<ref>{{cite journal |author=Oso BA. |year=1976 |title=''Phallus aurantiacus'' from Nigeria |journal=Mycologia |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=1076–82 |jstor=3758723 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0068/005/1076.htm |pmid=995138 |doi=10.2307/3758723 |access-date=2012-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224929/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0068/005/1076.htm |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Notes on gasteroid fungi of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=110 |vauthors=Trierveiler-Pereira L, Gomes-Silva AC, Baseia IG |year=2009 |pages=73–80  |doi=10.5248/110.73|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| Commercially cultivated 
| Asian cuisine<ref>{{cite book |author=Dunlop F. |title=Sichuan Cookery |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-14-029541-2 |location=London, UK |page=lxii}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Oyster mushoom fells.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Pleurotus ostreatus 2.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Pleurotus ostreatus]]'' 
| Oyster mushroom
| Up to 30 cm wide;{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=142}} resembles toxic species{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|p=30}}
| Widespread in temperate and subtropical areas{{sfn|Trudell|Ammirati|2009|p=134}}
| Commercially cultivated at an industrial scale<ref>{{cite book|title=Mushrooms: cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact|first1=Shu-ting|chapter=''Pleurotus'' – A Mushroom of Broad Adaptability|last1=Chang|first2=Philip G.|last2=Miles|publisher=CRC Press|year=2004|pages=315–325|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XO4EGzpp1M0C|isbn=978-0-8493-1043-0|edition=2nd}}</ref>
| Choice{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=142}} but resembles inedible ''[[Lentinellus]]'' species{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|p=30}}{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=145}}
|-
| [[File:Pseudohydnum gelatinosum Abernethy Forest.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.) P. Karst 269653.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Pseudohydnum gelatinosum]]''
| Toothed jelly fungus 
| Up to 7 cm wide and tall{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=671}}
| Eurasia<ref>{{cite journal | author=Zhou H, Liu H, Gates GM, Wu F, Dai Y, Cooper JA. | year=2022 | title=Phylogeny and diversity of the genus ''Pseudohydnum'' (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota) | journal=Journal of Fungi | volume=8 | issue=7 | page=658 |doi=10.3390/jof8070658| pmid=35887415 | pmc=9325116 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
| Edible{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=671}}
|-
| [[File:Grote sponszwam (Sparassis crispa). 09-11-2023. (d.j.b).jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Krause Glucke Sparassis crispa 8612.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Sparassis crispa]]''
| Cauliflower mushroom 
| Up to 24 cm across{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=657}}
| Europe{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=121}}
| Harvested wild 
| Edible when young;<ref>{{cite book |last=Bon|first=Marcel|author-link=Marcel Bon|title=The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-western Europe|publisher=Domino Books Ltd.|location=St. Helier, Jersey|year=1987|page=308|isbn=978-0-340-39935-4}}</ref> best {{Nowrap|slow-cooked}}{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=438}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Traeuschling Riesen (4).JPG|100px]]}} 
| [[File:2017-04-18 Stropharia rugosoannulata Farl. ex Murrill 738722.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Stropharia rugosoannulata]]'' 
| Wine cap 
| Up to 30 cm wide<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sisson |first=Liv |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1372569849 |title=Fungi of Aotearoa: a curious forager's field guide |last2=Vigus |first2=Paula |date=2023 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-1-76104-787-9 |location=Auckland, New Zealand |pages=138 |oclc=on1372569849}}</ref>
| North America{{Sfn|Audubon|2023|pp=688–89}}
| Commercially cultivated 
| Choice{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=378–79}}
|-
| [[File:2025-10-15 D500-1045 Achim-Lammerts Suillus-bovinus.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Suillus.bovinus2.-.lindsey.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Suillus bovinus]]'' 
| Bovine bolete 
| Up to 10 cm wide<ref>{{cite book |author=Phillips R. |title=Mushrooms |publisher=Pan MacMillan |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-330-44237-4 |location=London |pages=295}}</ref>
| Eurasia,<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Nilsson S, Persson O |title=Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi) |year=1977 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-063005-3 |pages=114–15}}</ref> South Africa,<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Dickinson C, Lucas J |title=VNR Color Dictionary of Mushrooms |year=1982 |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |location=New York |isbn=978-0-442-21998-7 |page=150}}</ref> North America,<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Bessette AR, Bessette A, Roody WC |title=North American Boletes: A Color Guide to the Fleshy Pored Mushrooms |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, New York |year=2000 |pages=229–30 |isbn=978-0-8156-0588-1}}</ref> and Australasia<ref>{{cite journal|title=A nomenclatural checklist of agarics, boletes, and related secotioid and gasteromycetous fungi recorded from New Zealand.|vauthors=Segedin BP, Pennycook, SR |date=2001|journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany|issue=2|pages=285–348|doi=10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512739|volume=39|bibcode=2001NZJB...39..285S |s2cid=85352273 }}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
| Edible<ref>{{cite book |title=The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms|vauthors=Lamaison JL, Polese JM|year=2005|publisher=Könemann|location=Cologne, Germany|isbn=978-3-8331-1239-3|page=90}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Suillus brevipes 98931.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Suillus brevipes 44419.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Suillus brevipes]]'' 
| Short-stemmed slippery Jack 
| Up to 10 cm wide{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=357}}
| North America{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=357}}
| Harvested wild 
| Edible{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=292}}
|-
| [[File:Slippery Jack (2043726672).jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Slippery Jack (2043715922).jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Suillus decipiens]]'' 
| 
| Yellowish cap, up to 7 cm wide; yellow [[Fungal tubes|tubes]]{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=286}}
| Southeastern North America{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=286}}
| Harvested wild 
| Edible{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=286}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Suillus granulatus (29066980873).jpg|100px]]}} 
| [[File:2007-07-03 Suillus granulatus Hutunterseite.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Suillus granulatus]]'' 
| Weeping bolete, granulated bolete 
| Brownish cap, up to 12 cm wide{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|pp=331–32}}
| Northern Hemisphere with pines<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Simberloff D, Rejmanek M |title=Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hq5uc8O5pDQC&pg=PA470 |year=2010 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-94843-3 |page=470}}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
| Edible{{sfn|Phillips|2010|pp=290–91}}
|-
| [[File:Suill.grev.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:Suillus grevillei G2.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Suillus grevillei]]'' 
| Tamarack jack{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=497}}
| Orangish cap, up to 10&nbsp;cm wide{{Sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=182}}
| Eurasia and North America under [[larch]]{{Sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=182}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yeh K-W, Chen Z-C. |title=The boletes of Taiwan |journal=Taiwania |year=1980 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=166–184 |url=http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/pdf/tai.1980.25.166.pdf}}</ref>{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=497}}
| Harvested wild 
| Edible cooked, with the [[cap cuticle]] removed{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=286}}{{Sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=182}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Suillus luteus 269479.jpg|100px]]}}
| [[File:Suillus luteus 113280.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Suillus luteus]]'' 
| Slippery jack 
| Brownish cap, up to 10&nbsp;cm or more wide<ref>{{cite book |author=Zeitlmayr L. |year=1976 |title=Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook |publisher=Garden City Press |location=Hertfordshire, UK |isbn=978-0-584-10324-3 |page=101}}</ref>
| Northern Hemisphere<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Nilsson S, Persson O |year=1977 |title=Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi) |publisher=Penguin Books |series=Penguin Nature Guides |location=New York |isbn=978-0-14-063005-3 |page=110}}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
| Edible with the cap cuticle removed;{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=288}}{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=364}} allergenic for some<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF00462225|vauthors=Bruhn J, Soderberg M|year=1991|title=Allergic contact dermatitis caused by mushrooms|journal=Mycopathologia|volume=115|issue=3|pages=191–95|pmid=1749402|s2cid=36511162}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Painted Suillus.jpg|150px]] 
| {{center|[[File:Suillus spraguei 58269.jpg|100px]]}}
| ''[[Suillus spraguei]]'' 
| Painted suillus 
| Yellow cap with reddish scales; up to 12 cm wide<ref>{{cite book |title=Boletes of North America |vauthors=Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR |year=2000 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, New York |isbn=978-0-8156-0588-1 |pages=246–47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Nova Scotian Boletes |vauthors=Grund DW, Harrison AK |year=1976 |publisher=J.&nbsp;Cramer |location=Lehre, Germany |isbn=3-7682-1062-6 |pages=162–63}}</ref>
| Eurasia and North America<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Wu Q, Mueller GM |title=''Suillus spraguei'' (Berk. & Curt.) Kuntze – An eastern North American-eastern Asian disjunct bolete |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/botany/botany_sites/US-China_macrofungi/spraguei.html?_ga=1.98735582.1133459752.1425121647 |work=Comparative Studies on the Macrofungi of China and Eastern North America |publisher=[[The Field Museum]] |year=1998 |access-date=2009-10-02}}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
| Edible{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=359}}
|-
| {{center|[[File:Suillis tomentosus (23822381566).jpg|100px]]}}
| [[File:2008-09-02 Suillus tomentosus 41689.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Suillus tomentosus]]'' 
| Woolly-capped suillus 
| Up to 12 cm wide{{sfn|Davis|Sommer|Menge|2012|pp=334–35}}
| North America{{Sfn|Audubon|2023|p=306}}
| Harvested wild 
| Can cause gastric upset{{sfn|Miller Jr.|Miller|2006|p=359}}
|-
| [[File:Tremella fuciformis 337510.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:2011-08-09 Tremella fuciformis Berk 200941.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Tremella fuciformis]]'' 
| White jelly mushroom 
| Up to 7 cm&nbsp;across<ref name=metf>{{Cite web |last=Kuo |first=Michael |date=2010 |title=Boletus variipes |url=https://www.mushroomexpert.com/boletus_variipes.html |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=MushroomExpert.Com}}</ref>
| Widespread in tropical areas<ref name=metf/>
| Commercially cultivated 
| Asian sweet dishes for texture<ref>{{cite book |last=Chang |first=Shu-Ting |title=Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact |author2=Miles, Philip G. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-8493-1043-1 |edition=2nd |location=Boca Raton, Florida |pages=329 |chapter=''Tremella'' - Increased Production by a Mixed Culture Technique}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:W matutake4111.jpg|150px]] 
| [[File:2016-05-25 Tricholoma matsutake (S. Ito & S. Imai) Singer 691538.jpg|150px]] 
| ''[[Tricholoma matsutake]]'' 
| {{lang|ja-Latn|Matsutake}} 
| Up to 35 cm wide{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=191}}
| Eurasia and northern North America in forests{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=191}}
| Commercially harvested<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-09-26 |title=輸入マツタケに異変 中国産激減、フィンランド参戦 |url=https://www.j-cast.com/2007/09/26011666.html |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=J-CAST ニュース |language=ja}}</ref>
| Prized in [[Japanese cuisine]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beech |first=Hannah |date=May 13, 2010 |title=Play That Fungi Music - The Best of Asia 2010 |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1988463_1988989_1988987,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100517085004/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1988463_1988989_1988987,00.html |archive-date=May 17, 2010 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Time}}</ref> but can resemble ''[[Inocybe pyriodora]]'', a poisonous species with brown spores{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=191}}
|-
| [[File:Tricholoma portentosum35.JPG|150px]] 
| [[File:Tricholoma portentosum a1 (2).JPG|150px]] 
| ''[[Tricholoma portentosum]]'' 
| Streaked tricholoma
| Up to 11 cm wide<ref>{{cite book |author1=Noordeloos M.E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ablJJike0eYC&pg=PA116 |title=Flora Agaricina Neerlandica |author2=Kuyper, Th.W. |author3=Vellinga, E.C. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1999 |isbn=90-5410-493-7 |page=116}}</ref>
| Europe and North America, coniferous woodland<ref name=":4">{{cite book |author1=McKnight, Kent H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&pg=PA189 |title=A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America |author2=McKnight, Vera B. |author3=Peterson, Roger Tory |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=1998 |isbn=0-395-91090-0 |page=189}}</ref>
| Harvested wild 
| Edible but resembles poisonous relatives<ref name=":4" />
|-
| [[File:Tricholoma terreum G3.jpg|150px]]
| [[File:Tricholoma terreum 343884895.jpg|150px]]
| ''[[Tricholoma terreum]]'' 
| Grey knight 
| Up to 7 cm wide;{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=182}} resembles a poisonous species<ref>{{cite book | last = Haas |first=Hans | year = 1969 | title = The Young Specialist looks at Fungi |page= 144| publisher = Burke | isbn= 978-0-222-79409-3}}</ref>
| Europe and North America{{sfn|Francis-Baker|2021|p=142}}{{Sfn|Audubon|2023|p=495}}
| 
| Edible but can cause [[rhabdomyolysis]] if eaten in large quantities<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clericuzio|last2=Serra|last3=Vidari|first1=Marco|first2=Stefano|first3=Giovanni|date=15 April 2024|title=No Evidence Was Found for the Presence of Terreolides, Terreumols or Saponaceolides H-S in the Fruiting Bodies of Tricholoma terreum (Basidiomycota, Agaricales)|journal=[[Molecules (journal)|Molecules]]|volume=29|issue=8|page=1794|doi=10.3390/molecules29081794|doi-access=free|pmid=38675614|pmc=11052463}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Black.summer.truffle.arp (cropped).jpg|150px]]
| {{center|[[File:Tuber aestivum Valnerina 014.jpg|125px]]}}
| ''[[Tuber aestivum]]'' 
| Summer truffle 
| Up to 10 cm wide<ref name=":5">{{cite book |last=Hall |first=Ian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/tamingtrufflehis00hall |title=Taming the truffle: the history, lore, and science of the ultimate mushroom |author2=Gordon Thomas Brown |author3=Alessandra Zambonelli |publisher=Timber Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-88192-860-0 |pages=61–63, 106–110 |chapter=Burgundy or Summer Truffle |url-access=registration}}</ref>
| France, Italy and Spain<ref name=":5" />
| Commercially harvested<ref name=":5" />
|
|-
| [[File:Tartufo marzuolo.jpg|150px]]
| [[File:Tuber borchii.png|150px]]
| ''[[Tuber borchii]]'' 
| Bianchetto truffle 
| 
|
| Commercially cultivated (experimental)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobsen |first=Rowan |date=June 2021 |title=Has the American-Grown Truffle Finally Broken Through? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/american-grown-truffle-breakthrough-180977702/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[File:Truffe nature.JPG|150px]]
| {{center|[[File:Truffière des Grèzes 01.jpg|125px]]}}
| ''[[Tuber melanosporum]]''
| Black truffle 
| Up to 10 cm wide<ref>{{cite book | isbn = 978-3-440-12408-6 | title = Der große Kosmos-Pilzführer. Alle Speisepilze mit ihren giftigen Doppelgängern | last1 = Laux | first1 = Hans E. | year = 2010 | publisher = Kosmos | location = Stuttgart | page = 688}}</ref>
| Europe<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slowlivingmediterraneo.com/slow-food-truffle-season-spain/|title=Spanish Truffle Recipes: Slow Food and the Truffle Season in Spain|date=2017-02-09|work=Slow Living Mediterráneo|access-date=2017-06-13}}</ref>
| Commercially cultivated<ref name="lexikon">{{cite web |title=Schwarze Trüffel |url=http://lexikon.huettenhilfe.de/gemuese/schwarze-trueffel.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704145937/http://lexikon.huettenhilfe.de/gemuese/schwarze-trueffel.html |archive-date=4 July 2013 |access-date=23 November 2025 |website=Huettenhilfe.de}}</ref>
| Choice<ref name="lexikon" />
|-
| {{center|[[File:Ustilago maydis J1b.jpg|100px]]}}
| {{center|[[File:Ustilago maydis 1.jpg|100px]]}}
| ''Ustilago maydis'' 
| [[Corn smut]] 
| 
| Pathogens of cereals 
| Harvested wild 
| Considered a delicacy in Mexico; used as fillings in quesadillas, tacos and soups<ref>{{cite web|title=Scourge No More: Chefs Invite Corn Fungus To The Plate|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/08/24/433232707/scourge-no-more-chefs-invite-corn-fungus-to-the-plate|website=NPR|date=24 August 2015 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-18|last1=Neimark |first1=Jill }}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Verpa bohemica1.jpg|100px]]}}
| [[File:Verpa-bohemica-Xsection.jpg|150px]]
| ''[[Verpa bohemica]]'' 
| Wrinkled thimble-cap
| Up to 4 cm wide<ref name="Healy 1989">{{cite book |vauthors=Healy RA, Huffman DR, Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G |title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide) |url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomsotherfu0000huff/page/278/mode/2up |url-access=limited |publisher=University of Iowa Press |location=Iowa City, Iowa |year=1989 |page=279 |isbn=0-8138-1168-6}}</ref>
| North America and Eurasia<ref name="Healy 1989"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dogan HH, Ozturk C, Kasik G, Aktas S |year=2007 |title=Macrofungi distribution of Mut province in Turkey |journal=Pakistan Journal of Botany |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=293–308 |issn=0556-3321}}</ref>
| 
| Edible cooked, initially only in small portions;<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=McKnight VB, McKnight KH |title=A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston, Massachusetts |year=1987 |page=42 |isbn=0-395-91090-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&pg=PA41}}</ref> contains a toxin similar to gyromitrin<ref>[https://www.fda.gov/ora/fiars/ora_import_ia2502.html FDA Import Alert IA2502] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409172134/https://www.fda.gov/ora/fiars/ora_import_ia2502.html |date=April 9, 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Volvariella bombycina1.jpg|100px]]}}
| [[File:Volvariella bombycina 240767.jpg|150px]]
| ''[[Volvariella bombycina]]'' 
| Silky rosegill{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=261-62}}
| Pale cap, up to 20&nbsp;cm wide{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=261-62}}
| Widespread but uncommon<ref name=VNR158>{{cite book |title=VNR Color Dictionary of Mushrooms |vauthors=Dickinson C, Lucas J |year=1982 |url=https://archive.org/details/vnrcolordictiona0000dick/page/158/mode/2up |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |location=New York |isbn=0-442-21998-9 |pages=158–59}}</ref>
| Commercially cultivated 
|Edible<ref name=VNR158/>
|-
| {{center|[[File:Straw mushrooms.jpg|125px]]}}
| [[File:Strawmushroomsphoto.jpg|150px]]
| ''[[Volvariella volvacea]]'' 
| Paddy straw mushroom or straw mushroom{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=261-62}} 
| Can resemble death caps when immature,<ref>{{cite book |author=Money NP. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ROa52_3bUwC&pg=PA153 |title=Mr. Bloomfield's Orchard: The Mysterious World of Mushrooms, Molds, and Mycologists |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-517158-7 |page=153}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gardiner |first=Stephanie |date=3 January 2012 |title=Two die after eating death cap mushrooms |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/two-die-after-eating-death-cap-mushrooms-20120104-1pk38.html |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> when they are usually picked<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0luzyrBPARgC&q=straw+mushrooms+veil+ruptures&pg=PA120|title=Tropical Mushrooms: Biological Nature and Cultivation Methods|first1=S. T.|last1=Chang|first2=Shu-ting|last2=Chang|first3=T. H.|last3=Quimio|date=9 January 1982|publisher=Chinese University Press|isbn=9789622012646|via=Google Books}}</ref>
| Asia<ref name="Hsiung06">{{cite book |title=The Chinese Kitchen |last=Hsiung |first=Deh-Ta |year=2006 |publisher=Kyle Cathie Ltd. |location=London |isbn=1-85626-702-4|pages=186–87}}</ref>
| Commercially cultivated<ref name="Hsiung06"/>
|Edible with caution{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=261-62}} 
|}

== Cultivation ==
{{Main|Fungiculture}}

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:13em; text-align:center;"
|+ Mushroom and truffle production<br>{{small|2023, tonnes}}<br/>
|-
| {{CHN}} || 47,143,126
|-
| {{JAP}} || 462,158
|-
| {{USA}} || 302,390
|-
| {{POL}} || 240,400
|-
| {{NLD}} || 205,000
|-
| '''World''' || '''50,010,109'''
|-
|colspan=2|<small>Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Production of mushrooms and truffles in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref></small>
|}

Mushroom cultivation has a long history, with over [[Fungiculture#Commercially cultivated fungi|twenty species]] commercially cultivated. Mushrooms are cultivated in at least 60 countries.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Fereira |url=https://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1395 |title=U.S. Mushroom Industry |website=Usda.mannlib.cornell.edu |access-date=2010-05-30}}</ref> A fraction of the many fungi consumed by humans are currently cultivated and sold commercially. Commercial cultivation is important ecologically, as there have been concerns of the depletion of larger fungi such as [[chanterelle]]s in Europe, possibly because the group has grown popular yet remains a challenge to cultivate.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} Some mushrooms, particularly [[mycorrhiza]]l species, have not yet been successfully cultivated.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

In 2023, world production of commercial mushrooms and recorded truffle collection reported to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] was 50 million [[tonne]]s, led by China with 94% of the total (table).

==Safety concerns==
Some wild species are toxic, or at least indigestible, when raw.<ref name="ncpc">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Wild Mushroom Warning. Mushroom Poisoning: Don't Invite 'The Death Angel' to Dinner |url=http://www.poison.org/articles/2009-jun/wild-mushroom-warning |access-date=11 January 2017 |publisher=US National Capital Poison Center, Washington, DC}}</ref> Failure to identify poisonous mushrooms and confusing them with edible ones has resulted in death.<ref name=ncpc/><ref name="Barbee et al">{{cite journal|vauthors=Barbee G, Berry-Cabán C, Barry J, Borys D, Ward J, Salyer S |title=Analysis of mushroom exposures in Texas requiring hospitalization, 2005–2006 |journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=59–62 |year=2009 |pmid=19415588 |pmc=3550325 |doi=10.1007/BF03161087}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-03/deadly-death-cap-mushrooms-found-in-canberra-season-begins-early/7138204 |work=ABC News |first=Tegan |last=Osborne |title=Deadly death cap mushrooms found in Canberra's inner-south as season begins early |access-date=2 May 2016|date=2016-02-03 }}</ref> Although in the 21st century primitive digital applications exist to aid with identification, these are unreliable and some inexperienced hunters relying upon them have been seriously poisoned.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lapienytė |first=Jurgita |date=March 25, 2024 |title=AI tools can lead to severe mushroom poisoning |url=https://cybernews.com/tech/ai-severe-mushroom-poisoning/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Cybernews}}</ref>

Deadly poisonous mushrooms that are frequently confused with edible mushrooms and responsible for many fatal poisonings include several species of the genus ''[[Amanita]]'', particularly ''[[Amanita phalloides|A.&nbsp;phalloides]]'' (the death cap). Some mushrooms that are edible for most people can cause [[allergic reaction]]s in some individuals with no prior knowledge of an allergy; old or improperly stored specimens can go rancid quickly and cause [[food poisoning]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McKnight |first1=Karl B. |title=Peterson field guide to mushrooms of North America |last2=Rohrer |first2=Joseph R. |last3=McKnight Ward |first3=Kirsten |last4=MacKnight |first4=Kent H. |last5=MacKnight |first5=Vera B. |date=2021 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-544-23611-0 |edition=2nd |series=Peterson field guides |location=Boston |pages=32–35}}</ref> When eating any fungus for the first time, only a small quantity of one species should be consumed at a time, allowing for several hours to identify any potential allergic reaction.{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=889}} Even normally edible species of mushrooms may be dangerous, as certain mushrooms growing in polluted locations can act as chemical-absorbers, [[bioaccumulation|accumulating]] pollutants and [[heavy metals]], including [[arsenic]] and [[iron]], sometimes in lethal concentrations.<ref name="kalac00">{{cite journal |last1=Kalač |first1=Pavel |last2=Svoboda |first2=Lubomír |date=15 May 2000 |title=A review of trace element concentrations in edible mushrooms |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=69 |pages=273–281 |doi=10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00264-2 |number=3}}</ref> On the other hand, cooking preparations may reduce the toxicity of certain slightly poisonous mushrooms (e.g. Morchellas) enough to be consumed.<ref name=":2" />

Additionally, several varieties of fungi are known and documented to contain [[psychedelic]] drugs—the so-called [[magic mushroom]]s—yet resemble perfectly edible, non-[[psychoactive]] species. While not necessarily lethal to consume, to the uninitiated, an accidentally induced psychedelic experience can run the gamut from benign to terrifying, even depressing or psychotic. The most commonly consumed for recreational psychoactive use are ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' (the fly agaric) and ''[[Psilocybe cubensis]]'', with the former containing alkaloids such as [[muscimol]] and the latter predominately [[psilocybin]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} Both have the potential to induce in the user feelings of awe, wonder with nature, interesting visual hallucinations and inner peace (even in mild doses), but excessive or accidental consumption can create feelings of insanity, helplessness and fear, usually persisting for a few hours.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

{{nutritional value
| name = White mushrooms, boiled
| kJ = 117
| water = 91.1 g
| protein = 2.2 g
| fat = 0.5 g
| carbs = 5.3 g
| iron_mg = 1.7
| calcium_mg = 6
| magnesium_mg = 12
| phosphorus_mg = 87
| potassium_mg = 356
| zinc_mg = 0.9
| copper_mg = 0.5
| manganese_mg = 0.1
| selenium_ug = 13.4
| pantothenic_mg = 2.2
| folate_ug = 18
| thiamin_mg = 0.1
| riboflavin_mg = 0.3
| niacin_mg = 4.5
| vitB6_mg = 0.1
| vitK_ug = 0
| choline_mg = 19.9
| vitD_iu = 21
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/1999629/nutrientss Link to Full USDA Database entry]
}}

==Nutrition==
Boiled white mushrooms are 91% water, 5% [[carbohydrate]]s, 2% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and 0.3% [[fat]] (table). In a reference amount of {{convert|100|g}}, boiled white mushrooms supply 28 [[calorie]]s of [[food energy]] and rich contents (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[riboflavin]], [[Niacin (nutrient)|niacin]], and [[pantothenic acid]], [[copper in biology|copper]], and [[selenium in biology|selenium]] (23-56% DV), with a moderate content of [[potassium in biology|potassium]] (12% DV, table).

=== Vitamin D ===
The content of [[vitamin D]] is absent or low unless mushrooms are exposed to [[sunlight]] or purposely treated with artificial [[ultraviolet light]], even after harvesting and being processed into dry powder.<ref name=LATeat/><ref name=d2/>

<div style="display: inline-block;">
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table; margin: 0 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;"
|-
! Name !! Chemical composition !! Structure
|-
! Vitamin D<sub>1</sub>
| [[ergocalciferol]] with [[lumisterol]], 1:1<ref name="pmid22868105">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kalaras MD, Beelman RB, Holick MF, Elias RJ | title=Generation of potentially bioactive ergosterol-derived products following pulsed ultraviolet light exposure of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) | journal=Food Chemistry | year= 2012 | volume= 135 | issue= 2 | pages= 396–401 | doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.132 | pmid=22868105  }}</ref>
|
|-
! Vitamin D<sub>2</sub>
| [[ergocalciferol]] (made from [[ergosterol]])
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Ergocalciferol.svg|70px|Note [[double bond]] at top center.]]
|-
! Vitamin D<sub>3</sub>
| [[cholecalciferol]] (made from [[7-Dehydrocholesterol]] in the skin).
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Cholecalciferol.svg|70px]]
|}
</div>

When exposed to [[UV light]] before or after [[harvest]], mushrooms convert their large concentrations of [[ergosterol]] into vitamin&nbsp;D<sub>2</sub>.<ref name="LATeat">{{cite news |last=Bowerman |first=S |date=March 31, 2008 |title=If mushrooms see the light |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-mar-31-he-eat31-story.html}}</ref><ref name="d2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong SC, Song CH, Cho KY, Pang G |title=Vitamin D2 formation and bioavailability from ''Agaricus bisporus'' button mushrooms treated with ultraviolet irradiation |journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]] |volume=57 |issue=8 |pages=3351–3355 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19281276 |doi=10.1021/jf803908q |bibcode=2009JAFC...57.3351K }}</ref> This is similar to the [[Vitamin D-binding protein|reaction in humans]], where [[Cholecalciferol|vitamin D<sub>3</sub>]] is synthesized after exposure to sunlight.

Testing showed an hour of UV light exposure before harvesting made a serving of mushrooms contain twice the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]]'s [[Dietary Reference Intake#Vitamins and choline|daily recommendation]] of vitamin&nbsp;D. With 5 minutes of artificial UV light exposure after harvesting, a serving of mushrooms contained four times as much.<ref name="LATeat" /> Analysis also demonstrated that natural sunlight produced vitamin&nbsp;D<sub>2</sub>.<ref name=d2/>

The form of vitamin D found in UV-irradiated mushrooms is [[ergocalciferol]], or vitamin&nbsp;D<sub>2</sub>. This is not the same as cholecalciferol, called vitamin&nbsp;D<sub>3</sub>, which is produced by UV-irradiation of human or animal skin, fur, and feathers. Although vitamin D<sub>2</sub> has vitamin-D activity in humans, and is widely used in [[food fortification]] and [[nutritional supplement]]s, vitamin&nbsp;D<sub>3</sub> is more commonly used in dairy and cereal products.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

===Research===
A 2021 review of [[Prospective cohort study|prospective studies]] found that eating mushrooms did not significantly affect [[Cardiovascular disease#Risk factors|risk factors for cardiovascular diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Krittanawong C, Isath A, Hahn J, Wang Z, Fogg SE, Bandyopadhyay D, Jneid H, Virani SS, Tang WH |year=2021|title=Mushroom Consumption and Cardiovascular Health: A Systematic Review|journal=[[American Journal of Medicine]]|url=|volume=134|issue=5|pages=637–642|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.10.035|pmid=33309597|s2cid=229179866}}</ref>

== Uses ==
[[File:060725 vendedora de hongos guatemala.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|A vendor in [[Guatemala]] with a variety of mushrooms for sale]]

The accurate determination of and proper identification of a species is required to ensure its edibility and to safeguard against poisoning.<ref name="ncpc" /><ref name="Barbee et al" /><ref name=":6" /> 

=== History ===
The earliest evidence of consumption of mushrooms comes from 13,000-year-old archaeological sites in [[Chile]].{{cn|date=June 2025}} [[Ötzi]], the [[mummy]] of a man who lived between 3400 and 3100&nbsp;[[BCE]] in Europe, was found with two types of mushroom in his belongings.{{cn|date=June 2025}} [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] and [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]], particularly the upper classes, used mushrooms for culinary purposes. [[Food taster]]s were employed by [[Roman emperor]]s to ensure that mushrooms were safe to eat.<ref name=Jordan2006>{{cite book |author=Jordan P. |title=Field Guide to Edible Mushrooms of Britain and Europe |year=2006 |publisher=New Holland Publishers |isbn=978-1-84537-419-8 |page=10}}</ref> ''[[The Forme of Cury]]'', a 14th-century compilation of medieval English recipes, features a recipe of mushrooms and leeks cooked in broth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Forme of Cury |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8102/pg8102-images.html |publisher=Project Gutenberg |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref>

=== Culinary ===
{{see also|List of mushroom dishes}}

A minimal amount of water should be used to clean specimens, ideally in the field.{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=889}} Only select species can be safely eaten raw.{{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=652, 892}}

====Cooking====
[[File:Stuffed portabella mushrooms, June 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Stuffed mushrooms]] prepared using [[Agaricus bisporus|portobello]] mushrooms]]

Cooking mushrooms before consumption is often required, both to eliminate [[mycotoxin]]s, including trace levels of toxic [[hydrazines]], and also to improve palatability and texture.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sayner |first=Adam |date=2021-09-27 |title=Can You Eat Mushroom Stems? How to Cook With Them |url=https://grocycle.com/can-you-eat-mushroom-stems/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=GroCycle |language=en-GB}}</ref> Frying, roasting, baking, and microwaving are all used to prepare mushrooms. Cooking lowers the amount of water present in the food. [[Chitin]], a structural polymer in the cell walls of mushrooms, does not break down until {{convert|380|C}}, which is not reached in any normal cooking.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Deguchi |first1=Shigeru |last2=Tsujii |first2=Kaoru |last3=Horikoshi |first3=Koki |date=2015-07-07 |title=In situ microscopic observation of chitin and fungal cells with chitinous cell walls in hydrothermal conditions |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=11907 |doi=10.1038/srep11907 |pmid=26148792 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=4493705 |bibcode=2015NatSR...511907D }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-20 |title=Why you can't really overcook mushrooms |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/mushrooms-overcook-heat-chitin/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.pbs.org |language=en-US}}</ref> However, chitin connections may be broken down by cooking, allowing for easier digestion.<ref name=":1" />

====Storage====
[[File:Dried mushrooms.jpg|thumb|A collection of dried mushrooms]]

Mushrooms should be used as soon as possible, even if refrigerated (particularly ''[[Coprinus]]'' species).{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=889}} Mushrooms can be frozen, but they freeze best when cooked first.{{Sfn|Arora|1986|p=891}} Those that do not require cooking can also be [[Canning|canned]], [[food drying|dried]], [[Marinated mushrooms|pickled]], or [[Salting (food)|salted]].{{Sfn|Arora|1986|pp=890–92}}

=== In traditional medicine ===
{{Main|Medicinal uses of fungi}}

Medicinal mushrooms are mushrooms or [[extract]]s from mushrooms that are thought to be treatments for [[disease]]s, yet remain unconfirmed in mainstream science and medicine, and so are not approved as [[drug]]s or [[medical treatment]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sullivan R, Smith JE, Rowan NJ |year=2006 |title= Medicinal mushrooms and cancer therapy: translating a traditional practice into Western medicine|journal=Perspect Biol Med |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=159–70 |doi= 10.1353/pbm.2006.0034|pmid=16702701 |s2cid=29723996 }}<!--|access-date=17 March 2013--></ref> Such use of mushrooms therefore falls into the domain of [[traditional medicine]]<ref name=Hobbs1995>{{cite book |author=Hobbs CJ. |title=Medicinal Mushrooms: An Exploration of Tradition, Healing & Culture |publisher=Culinary Arts Ltd |location=Portland, Oregon |year=1995 |page=20 |isbn=978-1-884360-01-5}}</ref> for which there is no direct [[evidence-based medicine|high-quality clinical evidence]] of efficacy.<ref name="mlp2019">{{cite web |date=19 January 2019 |title=Reishi mushroom |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/905.html |access-date=24 January 2019 |publisher=MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine}}</ref><ref name="Money">{{cite journal |last=Money |first=Nicholas P. |year=2016 |title=Are mushrooms medicinal? |journal=Fungal Biology |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=449–453 |doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2016.01.006 |issn=1878-6146 |pmid=27020147 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2016FunB..120..449M }}</ref> (Since about the mid-20th century, some compounds found in fungi have been developed scientifically for medicine, e.g. [[antibiotic]]s.)<ref name="pmid16589015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kavanagh F, Hervey A, Robbins WJ |date=September 1951 |title=Antibiotic substances from basidiomycetes: VIII. ''Pleurotus multilus'' (Fr.) Sacc. and ''Pleurotus passeckerianus'' Pilat. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=570–574 |bibcode=1951PNAS...37..570K |doi=10.1073/pnas.37.9.570 |pmc=1063423 |pmid=16589015 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="HoMBRG">{{cite Q|Q29581637}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kusakabe |first1=Y |last2=Yamauchi |first2=Y |last3=Nagatsu |first3=C |last4=Abe |first4=H |last5=Akasaki |first5=K |year=1969 |title=Citromycin, a new antibiotic. I. Isolation and characterization |journal=The Journal of Antibiotics |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=112–8 |doi=10.7164/antibiotics.22.112 |pmid=4978096 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Preliminary research on mushroom extracts has been conducted to determine if anti-disease properties exist, such as for {{Nowrap|[[polysaccharide-K]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69194.cfm |title=Coriolus versicolor |website=About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products |publisher=Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center|date=3 October 2018|access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref> or [[lentinan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69279.cfm|title=Lentinan (Shiitake)|publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York|date=2017|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> Some extracts have widespread use in Japan, Korea and China, as potential [[adjuvant]]s for [[radiation treatment]]s and [[chemotherapy]].<ref name="CancerResearchUK">{{cite journal |last1=Sullivan |first1=Richard |last2=Smith |first2=John E. |last3=Rowan |first3=Neil J. |title=Medicinal Mushrooms and Cancer Therapy: translating a traditional practice into Western medicine |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=159–70 |year=2006 |pmid=16702701 |doi=10.1353/pbm.2006.0034|s2cid=29723996 }}</ref><ref name=Borchers>{{cite journal |last1=Borchers |first1=A. T. |last2=Krishnamurthy |first2=A. |last3=Keen |first3=C. L. |last4=Meyers |first4=F. J. |last5=Gershwin |first5=M. E. |title=The Immunobiology of Mushrooms |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |volume=233 |issue=3 |pages=259–76 |year=2008 |pmid=18296732 |doi=10.3181/0708-MR-227|citeseerx=10.1.1.546.3528 |s2cid=5643894 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Fungi|Food}}
* [[List of foods]]
* [[List of Chinese mushrooms and fungi]]
* [[Mushroom diet]]
* [[Mushroom ketchup]]
* [[List of mushroom dishes]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book|last=Arora|first=David|author-link=David Arora|title=Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi|year=1986|publisher=Ten Speed Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-89815-169-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomsdemysti00aror_0/|edition=Second|orig-year=1979}}
* {{Cite book |last=[[Audubon]] |title=Mushrooms of North America |publisher=[[Knopf]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-593-31998-7}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Davis |first1=R. Michael |title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America |last2=Sommer |first2=Robert |last3=Menge |first3=John A. |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-520-95360-4 |location=Berkeley |oclc=797915861 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Field_Guide_to_Mushrooms_of_Western_Nort.html?id=961gjLm2o9EC}}
* {{Cite book |last=Francis-Baker |first=Tiffany |title=Concise Foraging Guide |date=2021 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] |isbn=978-1-4729-8474-6 |series=[[The Wildlife Trusts]] |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Ian R.|last2=Stephenson |first2=Steven |last3=Buchanan |first3=Peter K. |last4=Yun |first4=Wang |last5=Cole |first5=Anthony L. J.|title=Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World |publisher=Timber Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-586-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/ediblepoisonousm0000unse |ref={{sfnref|Hall et al.|2003}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Miller Jr. |first1=Orson K. |author-link=Orson K. Miller Jr. |title=North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi |last2=Miller |first2=Hope H. |publisher=[[FalconGuide]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7627-3109-1 |location=Guilford, CN |url=https://archive.org/details/northamericanmus0000mill}}
* {{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Roger |title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America |publisher=Firefly Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-55407-651-2 |location=Buffalo, NY |url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomsotherfu0000phil}}
* {{cite book |last1=Trudell |first1=Steve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WevHvt6Tr8kC |title=Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest |last2=Ammirati |first2=Joe |publisher=Timber Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-88192-935-5 |series=Timber Press Field Guides |location=Portland, OR |language=en}}

== External links ==
{{Cookbook|Mushroom}}
* {{Commons category inline|Edible mushrooms}}

{{Non-timber forest products}}
{{Yunnan cuisine}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Edible fungi| ]]
[[Category:Lists of foods|Mushrooms]]
[[Category:Meat substitutes]]
[[Category:Vegan cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian cuisine]]

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