View source for Economy of Turkey

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}{{Infobox economy
| country = Turkey
| image = Levent_financial_district_in_Istanbul.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = [[Istanbul]] is the [[List of largest cities in Europe|largest city in Europe]]{{efn|1=[[Istanbul]] straddles both Europe and Asia, with its commercial and historical centre and two-thirds of the population in Europe, the rest in Asia.<br/><br/>Istanbul total (2023) = 15,655,924<ref name="ist_pop"/><br/>European side (25 districts) = 10,030,990<ref name="ist_pop"/><br/>Anatolian side (14 districts) = 5,624,934<ref name="ist_pop">{{cite web |title=The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2023|url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=The-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2023-49684&dil=2|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]]|date=2024-02-06|access-date=2024-02-06}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} and the chief financial and economical center of [[Turkey]].
| currency = [[Turkish lira]] (TRY, {{Turkish lira}})
| year = [[Calendar year]]<ref name="CIAWFTU">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye/ |title=Turkey (Turkiye) |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |website=CIA.gov |accessdate= 10 August 2023}}</ref>
| organs = [[G20|G-20]]; [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]; [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation|BSEC]]; [[MIKTA]]; [[Economic Cooperation Organization|ECO]];  [[EU Customs Union]]; [[Organization of Turkic States|OTS]]; [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], and [[Turkey's membership of international organizations|Others]].!::!.
| group = {{plainlist|
* [[Emerging market]]<ref name="devgroup">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/groups-and-aggregates |title=World Economic Outlook Database Groups and Aggregates Information April 2024|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org}}</ref>
* [[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita|Upper-middle income economy]]
* [[Newly industrialized country]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Principles of Economics|author=N. Gregory Mankiw|year=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=4th|isbn=978-0-324-22472-6}}</ref>
*Diversified, industrializing economy<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Turkey-Turkiye}}</ref>
* Industrial country<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199237043.001.0001 |title=A Dictionary of Economics |year=2009 |last1=Black |first1=John |last2=Hashimzade |first2=Nigar |last3=Myles |first3=Gareth |isbn=978-0-19-923704-3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry=industrial countries |entry-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100002206}}</ref>}}
| population = {{Increase}} 85,664,944<ref name="Population of Turkey">{{cite web |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=The-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2024-53783&dil=2 |title=The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2024 |publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]] |website=www.tuik.gov.tr |date=6 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206082646/https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=The-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2023-49684&dil=2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gdp = {{plainlist|
*{{Increase}} $1.565 trillion ([[Nominal GDP|nominal]], 2025)<ref name="IMF.TR">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April/weo-report?c=186,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Türkiye) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>
* {{Increase}} $3.766 trillion ([[purchasing power parity|PPP]], 2025)<ref name="IMF.TR"/>
}}
| gdp rank = {{plainlist|
*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|16th (Nominal, 2025)]]
*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|11th (PPP, 2025)]]}}
| growth = {{plainlist| 
*5.1%&nbsp;(2023)
*3.2%&nbsp;(2024)
*2.7%&nbsp;(2025)<ref name="IMF.TR"/>
}}
| per capita = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} $18,198 (nominal; 2025)<ref name="IMF.TR"/>
*{{increase}} $43,786 (PPP; 2025)<ref name="IMF.TR"/>
}}
| per capita rank = {{plainlist|
*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|66th (Nominal; 2025)]]
*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|51st (PPP; 2025)]]
}}
| sectors = {{plainlist|
*Manufacturing: 22.1%
*Wholesale and retail trade: 13.5%
*[[Transport in Turkey|Transport]] and storage: 10.0%
*[[Agriculture in Turkey|Agriculture]], [[Forest in Turkey|forestry]] and [[Fishing in Turkey|fishing]]: 6.5%
*[[Turkish construction and contracting industry|Construction]]: 4.9%
*(2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2023 |title=Annual Gross Domestic Product, 2022 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Annual-Gross-Domestic-Product-2022-49742&dil=2 |website=[[Turkstat]]}}</ref>
}}
| inflation = {{DecreasePositive}} 31.1% (2025)<ref name="Consumer Prices 2024">{{Cite web|title=Consumer Prices|url=https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/Statistics/Inflation+Data/Consumer+Prices|access-date=1 March 2025 |website=TCMB|language=en}}</ref>
| poverty = {{plainlist|
*{{DecreasePositive}} 14.4% at 50% of the median equivalised income (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2023 |title=Poverty and Living Conditions Statistics, 2022 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Poverty-and-Living-Conditions-Statistics-2022-49746&dil=2 |website=[[Turkstat]]}}</ref>
*{{decreasePositive}} 30.4% at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE 2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tepsr_lm410/default/table?lang=en |title=Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age and sex |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>}}
| cpi = {{decrease}} 34 out of 100 points (2023; [[Corruption Perceptions Index|115th rank]])
| labor = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} 34,796,000 (2023)<ref name="OCTOBER2023"/>
*about 3.2 million Turks work abroad<ref name="CIAWFTU"/>
*{{increase}} 57.3% employment rate (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Employment_-_annual_statistics |title=Employment rate by sex, age group 20-64 |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref>}}
| occupations = {{plainlist|
*[[Agriculture in Turkey|Agriculture]], [[Forest in Turkey|forestry]] and [[Fishing in Turkey|fishing]]: 14.8%
*[[Secondary sector]]: Industry: 20.8%
*Secondary sector: [[Turkish construction and contracting industry|Construction]]: 6.4%
*[[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: 58.0% 
*(2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2023 |title=Labour Force Statistics, Quarter III: July-September, 2023 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=49381&dil=2 |website=[[Turkstat]]}}</ref>}}
| average gross salary = ₺47,346 / €1,334 (per month, 2024)<ref name="oecd.org">[https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2025/04/taxing-wages-2025_20d1a01d/b3a95829-en.pdf#page176 Taxing Wages 2024: Tax and Gender through the Lens of the Second Earner | READ online.]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/taxing-wages-2025_b3a95829-en.html Taxing Wages 2024: Tax and Gender through the Lens of the Second Earner | OECD iLibrary.]</ref>
| average net salary = ₺33,913 / €956 (per month, 2024)<ref name="oecd.org">[https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2025/04/taxing-wages-2025_20d1a01d/b3a95829-en.pdf#page176 Taxing Wages 2024: Tax and Gender through the Lens of the Second Earner | READ online.]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/taxing-wages-2025_b3a95829-en.html Taxing Wages 2024: Tax and Gender through the Lens of the Second Earner | OECD iLibrary.]</ref>
| unemployment = {{plainlist|
*{{DecreasePositive}} 8.5% (2023)<ref name="OCTOBER2023"/>
*{{decreasePositive}} 16.3% youth unemployment rate (15 to 24 year-olds; October 2023)<ref name="OCTOBER2023">{{cite web |title=İşgücü İstatistikleri, Ekim 2023 |trans-title=Labor Statistics, October 2023 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-Ekim-2023-49377 |website=tuik.gov.tr|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>}}
| gini = {{increaseNegative}} 44.8 {{color|red|high}} (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
| hdi = {{plainlist|
*{{steady}} 0.853 {{color|darkgreen|very high}} (2023, [[List of countries by Human Development Index|51st]])<ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
*{{decrease}} 0.708 {{color|green|high}} (2023, [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI 60th]])<ref name="UNHDR"/>}}
| industries = {{hlist|[[Machinery]]|[[tourism]]|[[textile]]|[[electronics]]|[[construction]]|[[shipbuilding]]|[[autos]]|[[mining]]|[[steel]]|[[iron]]|[[copper]]|[[boron]]|[[Defense industry|defence]]|[[petroleum]]|[[food processing]]|[[cotton]]}}
| exports = {{increase}} $261.9 billion{{efn|name=goods|Goods}} (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ticaret.gov.tr/haberler/2024-yili-aralik-ayi-dis-ticaret-verileri | title=Exports in 2024 }}</ref>
| export-goods = {{hlist|[[Transport|Transport equipment]]|[[machinery]]|[[Metallurgy|metal manufactures]]|[[apparel]]|[[electronics]]|[[foodstuffs]]|[[textile]]|[[plastic]]<ref name="oec.world">{{Cite web|url=https://oec.world/fr/profile/country/tur/|title=Turkey (TUR) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners &#124; OEC|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101011900/https://oec.world/fr/profile/country/tur/|url-status=dead}}</ref> }}
| export-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|European Union}} 41.5%
*{{flag|United States}} 6.2%
*{{flag|United Kingdom}} 5.8%
*{{flag|Russia}} 5.0%
*{{flag|Iraq}} 3.3% 
*(2024)<ref name="TRTRADE">{{cite web |title=Monthly Foreign Trade Statistics Tables - December2024 |url=https://www.trade.gov.tr/statistics/foreign-trade-statistics/monthly-foreign-trade-statistics-tables-december2024 |publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]] |access-date=31 January 2025}}</ref>}}
| imports = {{decreasePositive}} $344.1 billion{{efn|name=goods}} (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ticaret.gov.tr/haberler/2024-yili-aralik-ayi-dis-ticaret-verileri | title=Exports in 2024 }}</ref>
| import-goods = {{hlist|[[Fuel]]s|[[Outline of industrial machinery|machinery]]|[[Chemical substance|chemicals]]|[[Intermediate good|semi-finished goods]]|[[Transport|transport equipment]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2058.html#tu|title=Imports Products of Turkey|publisher=[[CIA World Factbook]]|access-date=2013-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005060619/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2058.html#tu|archive-date=2018-10-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| import-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|European Union}} 32.1%
*{{flag|China}} 13.1%
*{{flag|Russia}} 12.8%
*{{flag|United States}} 4.7%
*{{flag|Switzerland}} 3.2%
*(2025)<ref name="TRTRADE"/>}}
| current account = {{decreasePositive}} −1.74% of GDP (2021)<ref name="Turkey – Current Account">{{cite web |url=https://www.maxinomics.com/turkey/current-account-balance-as-percent-of-gdp |title= Maxinomics |publisher=Maxinomics |website=maxinomics.com |access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref>
| FDI = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} $180.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFTU"/>
*{{increase}} Abroad: $47.44 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFTU"/>}}
| gross external debt = {{IncreaseNegative}} $500 billion (2024) [[List of countries by external debt|(28th)]]<!-- European Union and Hong Kong are subtracted out because they are not countries. --><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/external-debt | title=External Debt &#124; Economic Indicators &#124; CEIC }}</ref>
| debt = {{decreasePositive}} 29.5% of GDP (2024)<ref name="IMF.TR"/>
| revenue = $234.9 billion (2022 est.)<ref name="CIAWFTU"/>
| expenses = $269.1 billion (2022 est.)<ref name="CIAWFTU"/>
| balance = {{decreaseNegative}} −5.4% (of GDP) (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Finance |url=https://en.hmb.gov.tr/public-finance |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=[[Ministry of Treasury and Finance]]}}</ref>
| reserves = {{decreaseNegative}} $144.343 billion (2025) ([[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|22nd]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/cc755e33-b5c0-4632-bfe4-2434d35da011/RT20220114TR.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-cc755e33-b5c0-4632-bfe4-2434d35da011-nVTg3hB|title=Info |website=tcmb.gov.tr}}</ref>
| credit = {{plainlist|
*[[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/eu/?subSectorCode=39 | title=Sovereigns rating list | publisher=Standard & Poor's | access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref>
*BB-
*Outlook: Stable<br>(March 2024)
----
*[[Moody's]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moodys.com/credit-ratings/Turkiye-Government-of-credit-rating-768337 | title=Turkiye, Government of| publisher=Moody's | access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref>
*B1
*Outlook: Positive<br>(December 2024)
----
*[[Fitch Group|Fitch]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fitchratings.com/entity/turkiye-80442217 | title=Turkiye | publisher=Fitch | access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref>
*BB-
*Outlook: Positive<br>(May 2025)
----
*Scope:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scoperatings.com/ratings-and-research/rating/EN/178121|title=Scope upgrades Türkiye's long-term ratings to BB- and revises the Outlooks to Stable|date=6 December 2024|website=Scope Ratings|access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref>
*BB-
*Outlook: Stable (December 2025*)}}
| aid = ''donor'': $8.399 billion, 0.79% of [[Gross national income|GNI]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/humanitarian-assistance-by-turkiye.en.mfa |title=Turkish Emergency Humanitarian Assistance |publisher=mfa.gov.tr |date=2018 |access-date=2023-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey ranks second in the world for humanitarian aid, named most generous donor|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2017/06/21/turkey-ranks-second-in-the-world-for-humanitarian-aid-named-most-generous-donor|newspaper=[[Daily Sabah]]|access-date=2017-06-21|date=15 August 2017}}</ref>
}}
{{Economy of Turkey}}

[[File:EU and Turkey Locator Map.png|thumb|After becoming [[Member states of the Council of Europe|one of the early members]] of the [[Council of Europe]] in 1950, Turkey became an [[Ankara Agreement|associate member]] of the [[European Economic Community|EEC]] in 1963, joined the [[European Union Customs Union|EU Customs Union]] in 1995 and started [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|full membership negotiations]] with the [[European Union]] in 2005.<ref name="TR_EUChrono">{{cite web|url=http://www.abgs.gov.tr/en/tur-eu_relations_dosyalar/chronology.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515022203/http://www.abgs.gov.tr/en/tur-eu_relations_dosyalar/chronology.htm|archive-date=15 May 2007|title=Chronology of Turkey-EU relations|publisher=Turkish Secretariat of European Union Affairs|access-date=30 October 2006}}</ref><ref name="barroso">{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/interview_20061015_en.pdf|title=Interview with European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso on BBC Sunday AM|publisher=[[European Commission]]|access-date=17 December 2006|date=15 October 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061121143823/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/interview_20061015_en.pdf| archive-date= 21 November 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref>]]

[[Turkey]] has an [[Emerging market|emerging]] [[Market economy|free-market economy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Political and economic situation |url=https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/turkiye/political-and-economic-situation#:~:text=Turkey%20is%20a%20free%20market,services%20to%20individuals%20and%20institutions. |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> It ranked as the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|16th-largest in the world]] and [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)|7th-largest]] in [[Europe]] by [[nominal GDP]] in 2025.<ref name="IMF.TR"/> It also ranked as the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|11th-largest in the world]] and 5th-largest in Europe by [[purchasing power parity|PPP]] in 2025.<ref name="IMF.TR"/> Turkey's [[2000s Turkish economic boom|rapid economic growth]] since the 2000s was stranded by the [[Turkish economic crisis (2018–current)|economic crisis]] in 2018, but it began to recover in 2021.<ref name="IMF.TR"/><ref name="IMF.TR-Datamapper"/> Turkey's [[United States dollar|USD]]-based nominal GDP per capita and GDP-PPP per capita have eventually reached their all-time peak values in 2024.<ref name="IMF.TR"/><ref name="IMF.TR-Datamapper"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tekingunduz |first=Alican |title=Türkiye's GDP projected to hit $1.3T by end of 2024 — Vice President Yilmaz |url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkiye/turkiyes-gdp-projected-to-hit-dollar13t-by-end-of-2024-vice-president-yilmaz-18227437 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Türkiye's GDP projected to hit $1.3T by end of 2024 — Vice President Yilmaz |language=en}}</ref>

Turkey is a founding member of the [[OECD]] and [[G20]]. Ratified in 1995, the [[European Union–Turkey Customs Union]] has established a [[European Union Customs Union|free trade area]] between Turkey and the [[European Union]], which has increased bilateral foreign trade, investment and economic activity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey : Customs Unions and preferential arrangements - European Commission |url=https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/turkey-customs-unions-and-preferential-arrangements_en |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>

As the [[World Tourism rankings|fourth-most-visited destination in the world]],<ref name="UNWTO-20232">{{Cite web |title=Tourism on Track for Full Recovery as New Data Shows Strong Start to 2023 |url=https://www.unwto.org/news/tourism-on-track-for-full-recovery-as-new-data-shows-strong-start-to-2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=www.unwto.org |language=en}}</ref> Turkey has a large tourism industry, which accounted for 12% of the country's total GDP in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Türkiye's Travel & Tourism Sector Reached Record-Breaking New Heights Last Year |url=https://wttc.org/news-article/travel-tourism-sector-reached-record-breaking-new-heights-last-year |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> First established in 2000, many technoparks were pioneered by Turkish universities, now hosting over 1,600 [[Research and development|R&D]] centers that draw investment by both domestic and international corporations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Amadeus R&D Center Inaugurated in Istanbul |url=https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/news/news-from-turkey/pages/amadeus-rd-center-inaugurated-in-istanbul.aspx |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.invest.gov.tr |language=en-US}}</ref> Turkey is also among the world's leading producers of motor vehicles, consumer electronics, home appliances and defense products. In 2021, the country was ranked eighth in the world in the technology rankings of the [[Economic complexity index|Economic Complexity Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECI Rankings (HS96) |url=https://oec.world/en/rankings/eci/hs6/hs96?tab=ranking |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |language=en}}</ref>

In the first quarter of the 21st century, there have been major developments in the financial and social aspects of Turkey's economy, such as increases in [[employment]] and average [[income]] since 2000.<ref name="Overview">{{Cite web|title=Overview|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkey/overview|access-date=2021-04-04|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> A period of strong economic growth between 2002 and 2013 (except for 2009 due to the [[2008 financial crisis]])<ref name="2002-2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=186,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2002&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=Turkey, 2002-2024|publisher=IMF World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023}}</ref> was followed by a period of stagnation and recession in terms of [[United States dollar|USD]]-based [[nominal GDP]] figures between 2014 and 2020,<ref name="2002-2024"/> especially during the [[Turkish economic crisis (2018–current)|2018 Turkish currency and debt crisis]]; even though Turkey's USD-based [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP-PPP]] and [[Turkish lira|TL]]-based nominal GDP have continued to grow in this period.<ref name="2002-2024"/> Since 2021, there has been a steady recovery and rapid growth in Turkey's USD-based nominal GDP and GDP-PPP figures,<ref name="IMF.TR"/><ref name="IMF.TR-Datamapper"/> which have reached their all-time highest values in both 2023 and 2024.<ref name="IMF.TR"/><ref name="IMF.TR-Datamapper">{{Cite web|title=GDP, current prices: Billions of U.S. dollars|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/TUR|website=International Monetary Fund|language=en}}</ref>

Growth-focused and populist financial policies, such as the preference to keep interest rates as low as possible (dubbed ''Erdoganomics'')<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2023/07/06/erdoganomics-is-spreading-across-the-world|title=Erdoganomics is spreading across the world|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=6 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Turkey-s-new-cabinet-hints-at-less-unorthodox-Erdoganomics|title=Turkey's new cabinet hints at less unorthodox Erdoganomics|website=asia.nikkei.com|author=Sinan Tavsan|date=5 June 2023}}</ref> have led to one of the world's highest [[inflation]] rates since 2018.<ref name="Euronews_03.11.2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/11/03/annual-inflation-in-turkey-reaches-record-25-year-high-of-855|title=Annual inflation in Turkey reaches record 25-year high of 85.5%|date=3 November 2022|website=euronews.com|publisher=[[Euronews]]}}</ref> Following the Turkish [[2023 Turkish parliamentary election|parliamentary]] and [[2023 Turkish presidential election|presidential]] elections in 2023, and the appointment of [[Mehmet Şimşek]] as the [[List of Finance Ministers of Turkey|Minister of Treasury and Finance]], Turkey has adopted a more orthodox monetary policy regarding interest rates and has succeeded in gradually decreasing inflation from 86% in late 2022 to 31% in late 2025.<ref name="Euronews_03.11.2022"/><ref name="Consumer Prices 2024"/> [[Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey|Right to Clean Air Platform]] estimate that the lack of a legal limit on fine particulate [[Air pollution in Turkey|air pollution]] cost the economy 10% of GDP in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Temiz Hava Hakkı #temizhavahaktır|url=https://temizhavahakki.org/|date=2020-12-24|access-date=2025-12-01|language=tr-TR}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Economic history of the Ottoman Empire|Economic history of Turkey}}

== Data ==
[[File:Turkey_GDP_per_capita_growth_in_time.png|thumb|Change in per capita GDP of Turkey, 1913–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}]]
[[File:Turkey-co2-emissions-and-gdp.svg|thumb|Turkey's CO2 emissions growth compared GDP growth]]
[[File:General government net debt as percentage of GDP - European countries.png|thumb|General government net debt as percentage of GDP for selected European countries, including Turkey]]

The following table shows the main economic indicators from 1980 to 2024 (with [[IMF]] staff estimates in 2024–2029). Inflation below 10% is in green.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=186,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!GDP
<small>(in Bil. US$PPP)</small>
!GDP per capita
<small>(in US$ PPP)</small>
!GDP
<small>(in Bil. US$nominal)</small>
!GDP per capita
<small>(in US$ nominal)</small>
!GDP growth
<small>(real)</small>
!Inflation rate
<small>(in Percent)</small>
!Unemployment
<small>(in Percent)</small>
|-
|1980
|159.2
|3,516.3
|96.6
|2,133.7
|{{Decrease}}-0.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}110.6%
|7.2%
|-
|1981
|{{Increase}}181.9
|{{Increase}}3,926.5
|{{Increase}}97.9
|{{Decrease}}2,113.1
|{{Increase}}4.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}36.4%
|{{Steady}}7.2%
|-
|1982
|{{Increase}}199.7
|{{Increase}}4,215.0
|{{Decrease}}88.9
|{{Decrease}}1,876.6
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}31.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.6%
|-
|1983
|{{Increase}}217.4
|{{Increase}}4,486.2
|{{Decrease}}85.0
|{{Decrease}}1,753.3
|{{Increase}}4.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}31.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}7.5%
|-
|1984
|{{Increase}}240.6
|{{Increase}}4,857.9
|{{Decrease}}82.6
|{{Decrease}}1,668.5
|{{Increase}}6.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}48.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}7.4%
|-
|1985
|{{Increase}}258.8
|{{Increase}}5,116.5
|{{Increase}}92.8
|{{Increase}}1,835.2
|{{Increase}}4.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}44.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}6.9%
|-
|1986
|{{Increase}}282.3
|{{Increase}}5,471.0
|{{Increase}}102.3
|{{Increase}}1,983.1
|{{Increase}}6.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}34.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.7%
|-
|1987
|{{Increase}}318.3
|{{Increase}}6,051.1
|{{Increase}}118.9
|{{Increase}}2,260.7
|{{Increase}}10.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}38.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.1%
|-
|1988
|{{Increase}}336.5
|{{Increase}}6,280.3
|{{Increase}}125.0
|{{Increase}}2,333.2
|{{Increase}}2.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}73.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.7%
|-
|1989
|{{Increase}}350.6
|{{Increase}}6,427.2
|{{Increase}}147.7
|{{Increase}}2,707.9
|{{Increase}}0.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}63.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}8.6%
|-
|1990
|{{Increase}}397.4
|{{Increase}}7,159.3
|{{Increase}}207.5
|{{Increase}}3,738.2
|{{Increase}}9.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}60.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}8.0%
|-
|1991
|{{Increase}}414.7
|{{Increase}}7,344.8
|{{Increase}}208.4
|{{Decrease}}3,691.4
|{{Increase}}0.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}66.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}7.7%
|-
|1992
|{{Increase}}449.5
|{{Increase}}7,831.6
|{{Increase}}219.2
|{{Increase}}3,818.8
|{{Increase}}6.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}70.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.9%
|-
|1993
|{{Increase}}497.2
|{{Increase}}8,523.4
|{{Increase}}248.6
|{{Increase}}4,261.6
|{{Increase}}8.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}66.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.4%
|-
|1994
|{{Decrease}}480.1
|{{Decrease}}8,101.2
|{{Decrease}}179.4
|{{Decrease}}3,026.7
|{{Decrease}}-5.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}104.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}8.0%
|-
|1995
|{{Increase}}525.4
|{{Increase}}8,729.4
|{{Increase}}233.6
|{{Increase}}3,880.9
|{{Increase}}7.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}89.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}7.1%
|-
|1996
|{{Increase}}572.5
|{{Increase}}9,368.7
|{{Increase}}250.5
|{{Increase}}4,099.2
|{{Increase}}7.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}80.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}6.1%
|-
|1997
|{{Increase}}626.2
|{{Increase}}10,096.0
|{{Increase}}261.9
|{{Increase}}4,221.9
|{{Increase}}7.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}85.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.3%
|-
|1998
|{{Increase}}652.8
|{{Increase}}10,376.8
|{{Increase}}275.8
|{{Increase}}4,384.5
|{{Increase}}3.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}84.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.4%
|-
|1999
|{{Decrease}}640.4
|{{Decrease}}10,035.0
|{{Decrease}}256.6
|{{Decrease}}4,020.3
|{{Decrease}}-3.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}64.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.2%
|-
|2000
|{{Increase}}700.3
|{{Increase}}10,819.4
|{{Increase}}274.3
|{{Increase}}4,238.0
|{{Increase}}6.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}55.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}6.0%
|-
|2001
|{{Decrease}}674.9
|{{Decrease}}10,288.1
|{{Decrease}}202.2
|{{Decrease}}3,082.9
|{{Decrease}}-5.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}54.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.8%
|-
|2002
|{{Increase}}729.6
|{{Increase}}10,988.4
|{{Increase}}240.2
|{{Increase}}3,617.2
|{{Increase}}6.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}45.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.8%
|-
|2003
|{{Increase}}786.9
|{{Increase}}11,712.5
|{{Increase}}314.8
|{{Increase}}4,684.7
|{{Increase}}5.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}25.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.9%
|-
|2004
|{{Increase}}887.2
|{{Increase}}13,045.3
|{{Increase}}409.1
|{{Increase}}6,015.7
|{{Increase}}9.8%
|{{Increase}}8.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}9.7%
|-
|2005
|{{Increase}}997.3
|{{Increase}}14,483.1
|{{Increase}}506.2
|{{Increase}}7,350.9
|{{Increase}}9.0%
|{{Increase}}8.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}9.2%
|-
|2006
|{{Increase}}1,099.5
|{{Increase}}15,768.3
|{{Increase}}555.1
|{{Increase}}7,961.1
|{{Increase}}6.9%
|{{Increase}}9.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}8.7%
|-
|2007
|{{Increase}}1,186.2
|{{Increase}}16,804.9
|{{Increase}}680.5
|{{Increase}}9,640.6
|{{Increase}}5.0%
|{{Increase}}8.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.9%
|-
|2008
|{{Increase}}1,218.8
|{{Increase}}17,042.0
|{{Increase}}770.8
|{{Increase}}10,778.1
|{{Increase}}0.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}10.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.8%
|-
|2009
|{{Decrease}}1,167.4
|{{Decrease}}16,089.1
|{{Decrease}}648.8
|{{Decrease}}8,941.4
|{{Decrease}}-4.8%
|{{Increase}}6.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}13.0%
|-
|2010
|{{Increase}}1,281.0
|{{Increase}}17,376.4
|{{Increase}}776.6
|{{Increase}}10,533.5
|{{Increase}}8.4%
|{{Increase}}8.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}11.0%
|-
|2011
|{{Increase}}1,454.1
|{{Increase}}19,459.8
|{{Increase}}838.5
|{{Increase}}11,221.4
|{{Increase}}11.2%
|{{Increase}}6.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}9.0%
|-
|2012
|{{Increase}}1,550.7
|{{Increase}}20,504.4
|{{Increase}}880.1
|{{Increase}}11,637.9
|{{Increase}}4.8%
|{{Increase}}8.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}8.3%
|-
|2013
|{{Increase}}1,703.7
|{{Increase}}22,221.4
|{{Increase}}957.5
|{{Increase}}12,489.0
|{{Increase}}8.5%
|{{Increase}}7.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.9%
|-
|2014
|{{Increase}}1,860.5
|{{Increase}}23,945.5
|{{Decrease}}938.5
|{{Decrease}}12,079.3
|{{Increase}}4.9%
|{{Increase}}8.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.9%
|-
|2015
|{{Increase}}2,022.9
|{{Increase}}25,691.1
|{{Decrease}}864.1
|{{Decrease}}10,973.6
|{{Increase}}6.1%
|{{Increase}}7.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}10.3%
|-
|2016
|{{Increase}}2,116.2
|{{Increase}}26,513.6
|{{Increase}}869.3
|{{Decrease}}10,891.2
|{{Increase}}3.3%
|{{Increase}}7.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}10.9%
|-
|2017
|{{Increase}}2,282.3
|{{Increase}}28,242.5
|{{Decrease}}858.9
|{{Decrease}}10,628.9
|{{Increase}}7.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}11.1%
|{{Steady}}10.9%
|-
|2018
|{{Increase}}2,406.5
|{{Increase}}29,345.6
|{{Decrease}}779.7
|{{Decrease}}9,508.0
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}16.3%
|{{Steady}}10.9%
|-
|2019
|{{Increase}}2,468.7
|{{Increase}}29,688.0
|{{Decrease}}759.5
|{{Decrease}}9,132.9
|{{Increase}}0.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}15.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}13.7%
|-
|2020
|{{Increase}}2,546.9
|{{Increase}}30,490.5
|{{Decrease}}720.1
|{{Decrease}}8,612.3
|{{Increase}}1.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}12.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}13.1%
|-
|2021
|{{Increase}}2,953.9
|{{Increase}}35,063.5
|{{Increase}}817.5
|{{Increase}}9,654.1
|{{Increase}}11.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}19.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}12.0%
|-
|2022
|{{Increase}}3,009.8
|{{Increase}}35,293.4
|{{Increase}}905.8
|{{Increase}}10,621.4
|{{Increase}}5.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}72.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}10.8%
|-
|2023
|{{Increase}}3,277.5
|{{Increase}}38,390.9
|{{Increase}}1,129.9
|{{Increase}}13,235.8
|{{Increase}}5.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}53.8%
|{{DecreasePositive}}10.5%
|-
|colspan=8 | ''Numbers below are 2024 IMF Estimates''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=186,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|{{Increase}}3,456.7
|{{Increase}}40,283.3
|{{Increase}}1,344.3
|{{Increase}}15,665.9
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}60.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}10.4%
|-
|2025
|{{Increase}}3,614.5
|{{Increase}}41,913.6
|{{Increase}}1,455.4
|{{Increase}}16,876.5
|{{Increase}}2.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}32.9%
|{{Steady}}10.4%
|-
|2026
|{{Increase}}3,801.0
|{{Increase}}43,865.0
|{{Increase}}1,477.3
|{{Increase}}17,048.6
|{{Increase}}3.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}19.2%
|{{Steady}}10.4%
|-
|2027
|{{Increase}}4,002.5
|{{Increase}}45,976.9
|{{Increase}}1,565.5
|{{Increase}}17,982.6
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}15.9%
|{{Steady}}10.4%
|-
|2028
|{{Increase}}4,226.6
|{{Increase}}48,333.7
|{{Increase}}1,660.5
|{{Increase}}18,988.9
|{{Increase}}3.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}15.0%
|{{Steady}}10.4%
|-
|2029
|{{Increase}}4,471.8
|{{Increase}}50,917.766
|{{Increase}}1,764.2
|{{Increase}}20,088.2
|{{Increase}}3.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}15.0%
|{{Steady}}10.4%
|}

==Main economic sectors==
As of November 2023, there are 1,086,670 registered companies based in Turkey. The sector with the highest number of companies registered in the country is [[manufacturing]] with 241,362 companies. This is followed by [[Wholesaling|wholesale trading]] and [[Service (economics)|services]] with 197,476 and 187,325 companies respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hithorizons.com/eu/analyses/country-statistics/turkey | title=Industry Breakdown of Companies in Turkey | website=HitHorizons | access-date=9 September 2023 | archive-date=4 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004011404/https://www.hithorizons.com/eu/analyses/country-statistics/turkey | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Agricultural sector===
[[File:Atatürk_Dam.jpg|thumb|380px|The [[Atatürk Dam]] is the largest of the 22 dams in the [[Southeastern Anatolia Project]]. The program includes 22 dams, 19 hydraulic power plants, and the irrigation of 1.82 million hectares of land. The total cost of the project is estimated at $32 billion.]]
{{Excerpt|Agriculture in Turkey|only=paragraphs}}

===Industrial sector===
{{update section|date=April 2019}}
[[Heavy industry]] is tending to move out of the EU due to Turkey's laxer pollution regulations and cheaper energy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Turkey's growing power pollution a sign of things to come |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-growing-power-pollution-sign-things-come-maguire-2025-02-06/|date=6 February 2025|first=Gavin |last=Macguire|access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref>

====Consumer electronics and home appliances====
Turkey's [[Vestel]] is the largest TV producer in [[Europe]], accounting for a quarter of all TV sets manufactured and sold on the continent in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2006/gb20060609_371863.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613161738/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2006/gb20060609_371863.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2006|title=The Unknown TV Giant|author=Michael Kuser|work=Bloomberg Businessweek}}</ref> By January 2005, Vestel and its rival Turkish electronics and white goods brand [[Beko]] accounted for more than half of all TV sets manufactured in Europe.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/BUSINESS/01/17/turkey.beko/|access-date=2008-08-29|title=Turkey switches on to TV market|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=2005-01-17|first=Jim|last=Boulden|archive-date=13 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213121003/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/BUSINESS/01/17/turkey.beko/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another Turkish electronics brand, Profilo Telra, was Europe's third-largest TV producer in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_August_19/ai_n14927389|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530095559/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_August_19/ai_n14927389|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-05-30|access-date=2008-08-29 |title=Europe's No. 3 TV Manufacturer, a Private Company: PROFILO-TELRA |date=2005-08-19 |work=[[Business Wire]] |publisher=BNET}}</ref>

====Textiles and clothing====
Turkey is the world's fifth-largest exporter of textiles, accounting for 10% of the country's GDP and employing 750 000 people in 2018. Turkish companies made clothing exports worth $13.98 billion in 2006; more than $10.67 billion of which (76.33%) were exported to the European Union.<ref>"[http://www.itkib.org.tr/en_new/reports/clothing_2006_annual_report.pdf The Export Performance of the Turkish Clothing Industry in 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128170222/http://www.itkib.org.tr/en_new/reports/clothing_2006_annual_report.pdf |date=2007-11-28 }}," ITKIB</ref>

====Motor vehicles and automotive products====
{{Main|Automotive industry in Turkey}}

{{multiple image
| align             = right
| image1            = Anadol A1 in red.jpg
| width1            = 140
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = 
| image2            = Rahmi Koç Museum DSC 1325 (17478786313).jpg
| width2            = 132
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = 
| footer            = 1966 [[Anadol#Anadol A1 (1966–1975)|Anadol A1]] (left) and 1973 [[Anadol#Anadol STC-16 (1973–1975)|Anadol STC-16]] (right) at the [[Rahmi M. Koç Museum]] in Istanbul. [[Devrim (automobile)|Devrim]] (1961) was the first Turkish car.
}}

The [[automotive industry in Turkey]], which plays an important role in the [[Secondary sector of the economy|manufacturing sector]] of the Turkish economy, produced 1,352,648 motor vehicles in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Türkiye Otomotiv Sanayi 2022 |url=https://www.osd.org.tr/haberler/136 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Otomotiv Sanayi Derneği}}</ref> ranking as the [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|13th largest producer in the world]] (production peaked at 1,695,731 motor vehicles in 2017, when Turkey also [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|ranked 13th]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=2021 Statistics {{!}} www.oica.net|url=https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2021-statistics/|access-date=2022-08-26|website=oica.net}}</ref> Turkish automotive companies like [[TEMSA]], [[Otokar]] and [[BMC (Turkey)|BMC]] are among the world's largest van, bus and truck manufacturers. [[Togg]], or Turkey's Automobile Joint Venture Group Inc. is the first all-electric vehicle company of Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unveren |first=Burak |date=30 October 2022 |title=Turkey launches TOGG car, Erdogan's prestige project |url=https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-launches-togg-car-erdogans-prestige-project/a-63595678 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align             = left
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Togg_Models.jpg
| width1            = 190
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = 
| image2            = Togg Sedan Back.jpg
| width2            = 190
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = 
| footer            = [[Togg T10X]] SUV<ref name="insideevs">{{cite web|url=https://insideevs.com/news/620213/turkey-national-carmaker-togg-starts-production-2023-c-suv-ev/|title=Turkey's National Carmaker Togg Starts Production Of 2023 C SUV EV|website=insideevs.com|author=Dan Mihalascu|date=4 November 2022}}</ref> and [[Togg T10F]] sedan produced by [[Togg]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.togg.com.tr/|title=TOGG Official Website|publisher=togg.com.tr|accessdate=3 April 2020}}</ref> a [[Automotive industry in Turkey|Turkish automotive company]] which manufactures [[electric vehicle|EVs]]<ref name="Jay Ramey">{{cite web|url=https://www.autoweek.com/news/green-cars/a30355931/turkey-bets-on-evs-with-the-pininfarina-designed-togg/|title=Turkey Bets on EVs with the Pininfarina-Designed TOGG|author=Jay Ramey|publisher=autoweek.com|date=30 December 2019|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=2 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602194913/https://www.autoweek.com/news/green-cars/a30355931/turkey-bets-on-evs-with-the-pininfarina-designed-togg/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Togg-2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/a-game-changer-t%C3%BCrkiye-inaugurates-its-first-national-car-plant-62068|title='A game changer': Türkiye inaugurates its first national car plant|publisher=[[TRT World]]|date=30 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="insideevs"/>
}}

The automotive industry is an important part of the economy since the late 1960s. The companies that operate in the sector are mainly located in the [[Marmara Region]]. With a cluster of car-makers and parts suppliers, the Turkish automotive sector has become an integral part of the global network of production bases, exporting over $22.94 billion worth of motor vehicles and components in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haberler.com/otomotiv-ihracati-2008-de-22-milyar-944-milyon-haberi/ |title=Otomotiv İhracatı 2008'de 22 Milyar 944 Milyon Dolara Ulaştı |publisher=Haberler |access-date=2011-08-29 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208102218/http://www.haberler.com/otomotiv-ihracati-2008-de-22-milyar-944-milyon-haberi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=29.08.2011 Pazartesi 15:58 |url=https://www.bankakredim.net/2008-otomotiv-ihracati-rekor-kirdi/ |title=2008'de otomotiv ihracatı rekor kırdı |publisher=bankakredimnet |access-date=2011-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313124254/https://www.bankakredim.net/2008-otomotiv-ihracati-rekor-kirdi/ |archive-date=2017-03-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Global car manufacturers with production plants include [[Fiat]]/[[Tofaş]], [[Oyak-Renault]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Toyota]], [[Honda]] and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]/[[Otosan]]. Turkish automotive companies like [[TEMSA]], [[Otokar]] and [[BMC (Turkey)|BMC]] are among the world's largest van, bus and truck manufacturers.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} [[Togg]] is a new Turkish automotive company established in 2018 for producing [[electric vehicle|EV]]s.<ref name="Jay Ramey" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.togg.com.tr/|title=TOGG Official Website|publisher=togg.com.tr|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> Togg's factory in [[Gemlik]], [[Bursa Province]], was inaugurated on 29 October 2022, the 99th anniversary of the Turkish Republic.<ref name="Togg-2022"/>

Turkey's annual auto exports, including trucks and buses, surpassed 1 million units for the first time in 2016 as foreign automakers' investment in new models and a recovery in its mainstay European market lifted shipments. According to the industry group Automotive Manufacturers Association (OSD), Turkey-based car plants exported 1.14 million units in 2016, up 15% from the year before.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sano |first=Akihito |date=15 February 2017 |title=Turkish auto exports hit 1m for first time in 2016 |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Turkish-auto-exports-hit-1m-for-first-time-in-2016 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=[[Nikkei Asia]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Auto exports hit a record high for the fourth straight year. Production grew 9% year on year in 2016 to 1.48 million units, setting a new record for the second consecutive year. Nearly 80% of vehicles produced in Turkey were exported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Turkish-auto-exports-hit-1m-for-first-time-in-2016/|title=Turkish auto exports hit 1m for first time in 2016|website=Nikkei Asian Review}}</ref>

====Multiple unit trains, locomotives and wagons====
[[File:M8 Metro Line.jpg|thumb|[[Istanbul Metro]]'s [[M8 (Istanbul Metro)|M8]] line is among the new lines with fully automated [[automatic train operation|driverless trains]] and [[platform screen doors]] for increasing passenger safety.]]

[[TÜLOMSAŞ]] (1894), [[TÜVASAŞ]] (1951) and [[EUROTEM]] (2006) are among the major producers of [[multiple unit]] trains, [[locomotive]]s and [[Railroad car|wagons]] in Turkey, including [[High-speed rail|high-speed]] [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] and [[Diesel multiple unit|DMU]] models.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

[[Bozankaya]] is a Turkish manufacturer of rolling stock including metro, tram and trolleybus vehicles in Ankara.

====Defence industry====
{{Main|Defense industry of Turkey}}
[[File:IMG-TAI-TFX.jpg|thumb|The [[TAI TF Kaan]], a twin engine fifth generation air superiority fighter, completed its maiden flight on February 21, 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.twz.com/unique-sensor-setup-emerges-on-turkeys-stealthy-new-fighter|title=Unique Sensor Setup Emerges On Turkey's Stealthy New Fighter|website=twz.com|author=Joseph Trevithick|date=10 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.twz.com/our-first-full-look-at-turkeys-new-tf-x-stealthy-fighter|title=Our First Full Look At Turkey's New TF-X Stealthy Fighter|website=twz.com|author=Joseph Trevithick|date=17 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/turkey-kaan-fighter-test|title=Turkey's KAAN fifth-gen fighter jet conducts first test flight|publisher=Aerotime|author=Clément Charpentreau|date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/aircraft-propulsion/turkish-kaan-fighter-jet-makes-much-anticipated-second-flight|title=Turkish Kaan Fighter Jet Makes Much-Anticipated Second Flight|publisher=Aviation Week|author=Tony Osborne|date=7 May 2024}}</ref> [[TAI Anka-3]], a [[flying wing]] type [[stealth aircraft|stealth]] [[UCAV]], completed its maiden flight on December 28, 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAnxwJk0h10|title=Turkey's ANKA III Fighter Drone Makes Debut Flight|publisher=Bloomberg Television|date=29 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-29/turkey-s-stealth-drone-anka-3-makes-debut-flight-with-ukraine-engine|title=Turkish Stealth Drone Makes Debut Flight After Years of Secrecy|publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|date=29 December 2023}}</ref>]]
[[File:TCG Anadolu (L-400) on the Bosphorus (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[TCG Anadolu|TCG ''Anadolu'' (L-400)]] during the naval parade for celebrating the [[Republic Day (Turkey)|centennial of the Turkish Republic]] on October 29, 2023. [[Baykar Bayraktar TB3]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=2024-11-19 |title=TB3 Operates From Turkey's 'Drone Carrier' Amphibious Assault Ship For The First Time |url=https://www.twz.com/air/tb3-drone-lands-takes-off-from-turkeys-drone-carrier-amphibious-assault-ship |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Baykartech_26.11.2024">{{cite web|url=https://baykartech.com/en/press/bayraktar-tb3-uav-successfully-continues-ship-tests/|title=Bayraktar TB3 UAV successfully continues ship tests|website=baykartech.com|publisher=Baykar Technology|date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="TB3_PT-2_Test_59">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPS5Mv8tvXQ|title=Bayraktar TB3 PT-2 59th Test|publisher=Baykar Technology|date=26 November 2024}}</ref> and the jet-powered, low-observable [[Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma|Baykar MIUS Kızılelma]] are two [[UCAV]]s designed to operate on TCG ''Anadolu''.<ref name="Helfrich">{{cite web|url=https://www.twz.com/turkeys-drone-carrier-amphibious-assault-ship-enters-service|title=Turkey's 'Drone Carrier' Amphibious Assault Ship Enters Service|author=Emma Helfrich|website=thedrive.com|date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/05/here-is-how-uavs-will-be-recovered-aboard-tcg-anadolu/|title=Here Is How UAVs Will Be Recovered Aboard TCG Anadolu|website=navalnews.com|publisher=Naval News|author=Tayfun Özberk|date=1 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vS5zTOAqZE|title=Flight of the Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV at Teknofest 2023|publisher=Savunma Sanayii|date=30 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxVpXGf8e8I |title=Bayraktar Kızılelma's Formation Flights – A First in Aviation History |publisher=Baykar Technologies|date=5 June 2023}}</ref> The construction of the first [[MUGEM-class aircraft carrier|''MUGEM''-class aircraft carrier]] began on January 2, 2025.<ref name="NavalNews_02.01.2025">{{cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/01/turkish-navy-starts-construction-of-3-major-projects-mugem-aircraft-carrier-tf-2000-destroyer-and-milden/|title=Turkish Navy starts construction of 3 major projects: MUGEM Aircraft Carrier, TF-2000 Destroyer, MILDEN Submarine|author=Tayfun Ozberk|publisher=Naval News|website=navalnews.com|date=2 January 2025}}</ref>]]Turkey has many modern armament manufacturers. Annual exports reached $1.6 billion in 2014.<ref name="Milliyet">{{cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/savunma-sanayi-ihracat-artisi-turkiye-istanbul-yerelhaber-644220/|title=Savunma Sanayi İhracat Artışı, Türkiye Ortalamasının Dört Katından Fazla Oldu|newspaper=Milliyet|access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> [[Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation|MKEK]], [[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TAI]], [[Aselsan]], [[Roketsan]], [[FNSS Defence Systems|FNSS]], [[Nurol Makina]], [[Otokar]], and [[Havelsan]] are major manufacturers. On 11 July 2002, Turkey became a Level&nbsp;3 partner of the [[F-35 Joint Strike Fighter]] (JSF) development program. [[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TAI]] builds various aircraft types and models, such as the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] for the [[Turkish Air Force]].<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/tnBasicIndustries-SP/idUSL114958220070511 |title=Turkey signs $1.78 bln deal to buy warplanes |work=Reuters| date=11 May 2007}}</ref><ref name="f16art2325">{{cite web |url=http://www.f-16.net/news_article2325.html |work=F-16.net |title=Turkey signs contract to buy 30 F-16 block 50+ jets}}</ref> Turkey has recently launched domestically built new [[reconnaissance satellite|military/intelligence satellites]] including a 0.8m resolution reconnaissance satellite (Project [[Göktürk-1]]) for use by the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] and a 2m resolution reconnaissance satellite (Project [[Göktürk-2]]) for use by the [[National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)|Turkish National Intelligence Organization]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

Other important products include the [[TAI TF Kaan]], [[TF2000-class destroyer]], [[Milgem class corvette]], [[Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma|Baykar MIUS Kızılelma]] UCAV, [[Baykar Bayraktar Akıncı|Baykar Akıncı]] [[High-altitude long endurance|HALE]] UCAV, [[Baykar Bayraktar TB2]] [[Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle|MALE]] UCAV, [[TAI Aksungur]] MALE UCAV, [[TAI Anka]] MALE [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]]/UCAV, [[ASELSAN|Aselsan İzci]] [[Unmanned ground vehicle|UGV]], [[Altay (tank)|Altay main battle tank]], [[T-155 Fırtına|T-155 Fırtına self-propelled howitzer]], [[J-600T missile]], [[TAI/AgustaWestland T-129|T-129 attack helicopter]], [[Airbus A400M Atlas|A400M]], [[UMTAS|Roketsan UMTAS anti-tank missile]], [[Roketsan Cirit|Roketsan Cirit laser-guided rocket]], [[Panter howitzer]], [[ACV-300]], [[Otokar Cobra]] and [[Otokar Akrep|Akrep]], [[BMC Kirpi]], [[FNSS Pars|FNSS Pars 6x6 and 8x8 APC]], [[Nurol Ejder|Nurol Ejder 6x6 APC]], [[TOROS artillery rocket system]], [[Bayraktar Mini UAV]], [[ASELSAN|ASELPOD]], and [[SOM (missile)|SOM cruise missile]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

====Steel-Iron industry====
Turkey ranks 8th in the [[list of countries by steel production]]. In 2013, total steel production was 35.134 million tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=İstatıstıkler |url=https://www.cib.org.tr/tr/istatistikler.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Turkish Steel Exporters Association |language=tr}}</ref> Turkey's crude steel production reached a record high of 34.1 million tons in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcud.org.tr/en/page.asp?id=30|title=Turkish Steel Producers Association|author=Turkish Steel Producers Association|work=dcud.org.tr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109224504/http://www.dcud.org.tr/en/page.asp?id=30|archive-date=2014-01-09}}</ref>
Notable producers (above 2 million tonnes) and their ranks among top steel producing companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gozlemgazetesi.com/671-en-buyuk-celik-ureticileri-listesine-turkiye-damgasi.html|title=Gözlem Gazetesi|author=Gözlem Gazetesi|work=gozlemgazetesi.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104042043/http://www.gozlemgazetesi.com/671-en-buyuk-celik-ureticileri-listesine-turkiye-damgasi.html|archive-date=2011-11-04}}</ref>
* [[Erdemir]] (7.1 million tonnes) (47th) (<small>Only Erdemir-Turkey; Erdemir-Romania is not included</small>)
* Habaş (4.4 million tonnes) (72nd)
* İçdaş (3.6 million tonnes) (76th)
* Diler (2.3 million tonnes) (108th)
* Çolakoğlu (2.1 million tonnes) (110th)

====Science and technology====
{{Main|Science and technology in Turkey}}

Turkey boasts over 80 [[Science parks|technoparks]] where around 6,000 national and multinational companies engage in R&D activities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Developing an Innovation-Oriented Society|url=https://horasis.org/developing-an-innovation-oriented-society/|website=horasis.org|publisher=[[Horasis]]|author=Frank-Jürgen Richter|author-link=Frank-Jürgen Richter|date=20 September 2023|access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> [[Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey|TÜBİTAK]] is the leading agency for developing science, technology and innovation policies in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/en/about-us/content-who-we-are|title=Who We Are? – The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey|work=tubitak.gov.tr}}</ref> The [[Turkish Academy of Sciences]] is an autonomous scholarly society acting to promote scientific activities in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tuba.gov.tr/content/amac/id/212/pid/43/mid/49/|title=Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi|work=tuba.gov.tr|access-date=2014-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221214423/http://www.tuba.gov.tr/content/amac/id/212/pid/43/mid/49/|archive-date=2014-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[TAEK]] is the official [[nuclear technology|nuclear energy]] institution of Turkey. Its objectives include academic research in nuclear energy, and the development and implementation of peaceful nuclear tools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taek.gov.tr/en/institutional/mission-of-taek.html |title=Turkish Atomic Energy Authority – Mission of TAEK |access-date=2014-08-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608145555/http://www.taek.gov.tr/en/institutional/mission-of-taek.html |archive-date=2014-06-08 }}</ref>

Turkish government companies for [[research and development]] in [[military technology|military technologies]] include [[Turkish Aerospace Industries]], [[ASELSAN]], [[HAVELSAN]], [[ROKETSAN]], [[Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation|MKE]], among others. [[Turkish Satellite Assembly, Integration and Test Center]] is a spacecraft production and testing facility owned by the Ministry of National Defence and operated by the Turkish Aerospace Industries. The [[Space Launch System (Turkey)|Turkish Space Launch System]] is a project to develop the satellite launch capability of Turkey. It consists of the construction of a [[spaceport]], the development of [[satellite launch vehicle]]s as well as the establishment of remote earth stations.<ref name="ssm1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ssm.gov.tr/home/projects/Sayfalar/proje.aspx?projeID=222|publisher=Undersecretariat for Defence Industries|title=Space Launch System Project|access-date=2013-12-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220135241/http://www.ssm.gov.tr/home/projects/Sayfalar/proje.aspx?projeID=222|archive-date=2013-12-20}}</ref><ref name="dn1">{{cite news|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130728/DEFREG04/307280004/Turkey-s-Sat-Launcher-Plans-Raise-Concerns |newspaper=[[Defense News]] |title=Turkey's Sat-Launcher Plans Raise Concerns |author=Bekdil, Burak Ege |date=2013-07-28 |access-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130830224731/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130728/DEFREG04/307280004/Turkey-s-Sat-Launcher-Plans-Raise-Concerns |archive-date=2013-08-30 }}</ref><ref name="dn2">{{cite news|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131212/DEFREG01/312120022/Turkey-Spends-Big-Innovation |newspaper=[[Defense News]] |title=Turkey Spends Big on Innovation |author=Bekdil, Burak Ege |date=2013-12-12 |access-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220150620/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131212/DEFREG01/312120022/Turkey-Spends-Big-Innovation |archive-date=2013-12-20 }}</ref>{{Obsolete source|date=September 2024}}

===Construction and contracting sector===
{{Main|Turkish construction and contracting industry}}

The [[Turkish construction and contracting industry]] is made up of a large number of businesses. In 2016 a total of 39 Turkish construction and contracting companies were listed in the Top 250 International Contractors List prepared by the [[Engineering News-Record]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-contractors-rank-second-in-world-for-ninth-straight-year-103260 |title=Turkish contractors rank second in world for ninth straight year |date=26 August 2016 |access-date=2018-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.enr.com/toplists/2016-Top-250-International-Contractors1 |title=The Top 250 International Contractors |publisher=Enr.construction.com |date=2016-08-24 |access-date=2018-08-19}}</ref> From the beginning of the 1970s to the end of 2022, Turkish contractors have completed more than 11,605 projects in 133 countries.<ref name="TCA-2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.tmb.org.tr/en|title=Turkish International Contracting Services, 1972-2022|publisher=Turkish Contractors Association|access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> Their business volume abroad has reached 472 billion US Dollars in 2022.<ref name="TCA-2022"/>

{{wide image|File:Istanbul Financial Center and the skyline of the Atasehir district on the Asian side of Istanbul.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|[[Istanbul Financial Center|IFC]] and the skyline of [[Ataşehir]] district on the Asian side of [[Istanbul]]. The construction sector plays an important role in Turkey's economy.}}

As Turkey is prone to strong earthquakes, the buildings that were constructed before the post-[[1999 İzmit earthquake|1999]] safety standards and regulations remain a major concern, with many ongoing urban redevelopment and reconstruction projects, especially in large cities. In 2019, an amnesty plan to register illegally constructed buildings for generating extra tax revenues to the government brought in $3.1 billion, but the plan was criticized for ignoring safety issues.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-construction-idUSKCN1QF1VU|title=Turkish cities could become 'graveyards' with building amnesty|date=26 February 2019|access-date=11 March 2019|work=Reuters|last1=Caglayan|first1=Birsen Altayli}}</ref> The [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes|two major earthquakes]] on February 6, 2023, in southern Turkey have revealed that some of the recently built structures that collapsed were not constructed in accordance with the latest safety regulations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-05 |title=Turkey-Syria earthquakes: deficiencies in building structures and construction shortcuts were main cause of casualties {{!}} University of Cambridge |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/new-report-into-turkey-syria-earthquakes-uncovers-deficiencies-in-building-structures-and |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=www.cam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>

===Service sector===
====Banking and finance====
{{Main|Banking in Turkey}}

[[File:IFM Görsel (cropped).jpg|thumb|400px|The [[Turkish Central Bank]] and other state-owned banks such as [[Ziraat Bank]], [[VakıfBank]] and [[Halkbank]] have their new headquarters at the [[Istanbul Financial Center]] (IFC).<ref name="ifm-aa">{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/istanbul-finance-center-opens-with-inauguration-of-banking-section/2874556|title=Istanbul Finance Center opens with inauguration of banking section|author=Tuba Ongun|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]|date=17 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="ifm-1">{{cite web|url=https://ifm.gov.tr/properties|title=Istanbul Financial Center: Properties|website=ifm.gov.tr|access-date=13 May 2023}}</ref>]]

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, [[Bankalar Caddesi]] (Banks Street) in [[Istanbul]] was the financial center of the [[Ottoman Empire]], where the headquarters of the [[Ottoman Bank]] (established as the ''Bank-ı Osmanî'' in 1856, and later reorganized as the ''Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane'' in 1863)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.obarsiv.com/ob-tarih.html |title=Ottoman Bank Museum: History of the Ottoman Bank |publisher=Obarsiv.com |access-date=2011-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614105241/http://www.obarsiv.com/ob-tarih.html |archive-date=2012-06-14 }}</ref> and the Ottoman Stock Exchange (1866) were located.<ref name=OBM>{{cite web|url=http://www.obmuze.com/eng/voyvoda.asp|title=Ottoman Bank Museum|publisher=Ottoman Bank Museum|access-date=2009-06-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518102012/http://www.obmuze.com/eng/voyvoda.asp|archive-date=2009-05-18}}</ref> Bankalar Caddesi continued to be Istanbul's main financial district until the 1990s, when most Turkish banks began moving their headquarters to the modern [[central business district]]s of [[Levent]] and [[Maslak]].<ref name=OBM/>

Originally established as the Ottoman Stock Exchange (''Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası'') in 1866, and reorganized to its current structure at the beginning of 1986, the [[Istanbul Stock Exchange]] (ISE) is the sole [[Capital market|securities market]] of Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imkb.gov.tr/genel/tarih.htm |title=Istanbul Stock Exchange: History of the Istanbul Stock Exchange |publisher=Imkb.gov.tr |access-date=2011-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225094722/http://www.imkb.gov.tr/genel/tarih.htm |archive-date=2012-02-25 }}</ref> In 1995, the Istanbul Stock Exchange moved to its current building in the [[Istinye]] quarter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imkb.gov.tr/genel/gelismeler.htm |title=Istanbul Stock Exchange: "İMKB'nin Kuruluşundan İtibaren Önemli Gelişmeler" (Timeline of important events since 1985) |publisher=Imkb.gov.tr |access-date=2011-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225094814/http://www.imkb.gov.tr/genel/gelismeler.htm |archive-date=2012-02-25 }}</ref> The Istanbul Gold Exchange was also established in 1995.

The [[Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey]] (''Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası'') was founded in 1930 as a privileged joint-stock company. The CBRT possesses the sole right to issue notes. It also has the obligation to provide for the monetary requirements of the state agricultural and commercial enterprises.

The "New [[Turkish lira]]" (TRY) was introduced on 1 January 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4137469.stm |title=Turkey knocks six zeros off lira|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=2008-07-20|date=2004-12-31}}</ref> On 1 January 2009, the New Turkish lira was renamed once again as the "Turkish lira", with the introduction of [[Turkish lira#9th Emission group|new banknotes]] and [[Turkish lira#Since 2009|coins]].

Banking came under stress beginning in October 2008, as a result of the [[2008 financial crisis]]. Turkish banking authorities warned state-run banks against the pullback of loans from the larger financial sectors.<ref>[http://bankrun.us/forums/index.php?topic=10.0 Turkey warns against potential Bank Runs] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005085455/http://bankrun.us/forums/index.php?topic=10.0 |date=5 October 2011 }}</ref>

[[File:Ankara from bus station.jpg|thumb|right|[[Söğütözü]] business district in [[Ankara]], Turkey's capital and second largest city]]

Turkey's economy resumed its growth between 2009 and 2013, which was followed by a period of stagnation and recession between 2014 and 2020. Turkey's GDP began to recover and grow again in the period between 2020 and 2024.

In 2020, the total value of assets of the banking sector in Turkey amounted to more than $800 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leading banks in Turkey by total assets, 2020|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/857299/leading-banks-in-turkey/ |website=Statista |access-date=14 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> As of January 2021, there were a total of 48 banks operating with 9,880 branches in Turkey and 71 branches abroad.<ref name="banking1">{{cite web |title=Banking System in Turkey |url=https://www.allaboutturkey.com/banks.html |website=www.allaboutturkey.com |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> {{as of|2021|October}}, the foreign currency deposits of the citizens and residents in [[List of banks in Turkey|Turkish banks]] stood at $234 billion, equivalent to around half of all deposits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-14/the-fate-of-turkey-s-battered-lira-hangs-with-local-investors|title=The Fate of Turkey's Battered Lira Hangs With Local Investors|publisher=Bloomberg|website=bloomberg.com|date=14 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/10/14/turkish-lira-falls-out-of-favour-with-local-investors-again|title=Turkish lira falls out of favour with local investors again|publisher=Al Jazeera|website=aljazeera.com|date=14 October 2021}}</ref> {{as of|2024|October}}, the foreign currency reserves of the [[Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey|Turkish Central Bank]] were $85 billion, its gold reserves were $67.4 billion, while its official reserve assets stood at $159.8 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/Statistics/Balance+of+Payments+and+Related+Statistics/International+Reserves+and+Foreign+Currency+Liquidity/|title=International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity - October 2024|publisher=Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey|website=tcmb.gov.tr|access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>

====Transport====
{{Main|Transport in Turkey}}

[[File:Turkish Airlines 1350321.jpg|thumb|[[Turkish Airlines]], [[flag carrier]] of Turkey, has been selected by [[Skytrax]] as [[Europe]]'s best airline for five years in a row (2011–2015).<ref name=TurkishAirlinesSkytrax>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldairlineawards.com/Awards_2012/europe.htm |title=Turkish Airlines is named the Best Airline in Europe at the 2012 World Airline Awards held at Farnborough Air Show |publisher=[[Skytrax]] |date=12 July 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425042957/http://www.worldairlineawards.com/awards_2012/europe.htm |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref><ref name="five">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-airlines-named-best-airline-in-europe-for-fifth-year-in-a-row.aspx?PageID=238&NID=84117&NewsCatID=345|title=Turkish Airlines named best airline in Europe for fifth year in a row – BUSINESS|date=17 June 2015 }}</ref> With destinations in 129 countries worldwide, Turkish Airlines is the [[Largest airlines in the world#Countries served|largest carrier in the world by number of countries served]] {{As of|2024|lc=y}}.<ref name="Turkish Airlines">{{cite web|title=Turkish Airlines: International Flight Destinations|url=http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/flights-tickets/flights-destinations/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519093619/http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/flights-tickets/flights-destinations|archive-date=19 May 2016|access-date=22 June 2016|publisher=Turkish Airlines}}</ref>]]

[[File:İstanbul_Havalimanı_Airport_2019_24.jpg|thumb|[[Istanbul Airport]] is the main international airport serving Istanbul, Turkey. It is a major hub in the world.]]

In 2013 there were ninety-eight [[List of airports in Turkey|airports in Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=CIA World Factbook: Turkey|access-date=2014-11-17}}</ref> including 22 [[international airport]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studyinturkey.org/en/discover-turkey/first-step-to-turkey/international-airports/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225064653/http://www.studyinturkey.org/en/discover-turkey/first-step-to-turkey/international-airports/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-25 |title=Study in Turkey: International Airports in Turkey |access-date=2014-11-17 }}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, [[Istanbul Atatürk Airport]] is the [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|11th busiest airport in the world]], serving 31,833,324 passengers between January and July 2014, according to [[Airports Council International]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Passenger-Summary/Year-to-date |title=Year to date Passenger Traffic |publisher=ACI |date=2014-09-25 |access-date=2014-09-25 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813170044/http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Passenger-Summary/Year-to-date |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Istanbul Airport|new (third) international airport of Istanbul]] is planned to be the largest airport in the world, with a capacity to serve 150 million passengers per annum.<ref name="dhmi">{{cite web|url=http://www.dhmi.gov.tr/haberler.aspx?HaberID=1451|title=It will be the biggest airport of the world|date=2013-01-24|access-date=2013-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129004331/http://www.dhmi.gov.tr/haberler.aspx?HaberID=1451|archive-date=2013-01-29|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/istanbuls-new-erdogan-backed-airport-be-named-after-erdogan-264580|title=Istanbul's New Erdoğan-Backed Airport to Be Named After... Erdoğan|website=[[Newsweek]]|date=14 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/erdogan-airport-istanbuls-super-hub-be-named-after-turkeys-president-elect-1461166|title=Erdogan Airport: Istanbul's Super Hub 'to be Named After Turkey's President-Elect'|author=Gianluca Mezzofiore|work=International Business Times UK|date=14 August 2014}}</ref>

[[File:1915 Çanakkale Bridge1.JPG|thumb|right|The [[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] on the [[Dardanelles]] strait, connecting Europe and Asia, is the [[List of longest suspension bridge spans#Completed suspension bridges|longest suspension bridge in the world]].<ref name="B1M-website">{{cite web|url=https://www.theb1m.com/video/turkey-has-built-the-worlds-longest-suspension-bridge|title=Turkey Has Built the World's Longest Suspension Bridge|publisher=The B1M|author=Tim Gibson|date=11 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzrdNIsGVc0|title=Why Turkey Built the World's Longest Suspension Bridge|date=11 May 2022 |publisher=The B1M|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="hdn">{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/groundbreaking-ceremony-for-bridge-over-dardanelles-to-take-place-on-march-18.aspx?pageID=238&nID=110948&NewsCatID=345 |newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |title=Groundbreaking ceremony for bridge over Dardanelles to take place on March 18 |date=2017-03-17 |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>]]

The state-owned utility [[Turkish State Railways]] operates the 12,740–km railway network, [[List of countries by rail transport network size|23rd longest in the world]]. Since 2003, [[Turkish State Railways]] has also been investing in [[High-speed rail in Turkey|high-speed rail]] lines, which at 2,175&nbsp;km (1,353&nbsp;mi) ranked ninth longest in the world.<ref name="diction">{{cite book |last1=Heper |first1=Metin |title=Historical Dictionary of Turkey |date=2018}}</ref>

[[File:YHT train at Ankara railway station.jpg|thumb|A [[TCDD HT80000]] [[High-speed rail in Turkey|high-speed train]] of the [[Turkish State Railways]] at the [[Ankara Tren Garı|ATG terminal]] in [[Ankara]]]]

As of 2010, the country had a roadway network of 426,951&nbsp;km, including 2,080&nbsp;km of [[Limited-access road|expressways]] and 16,784&nbsp;km of [[divided highways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Kurumsal/YolAgi.aspx|title=Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü|work=kgm.gov.tr|access-date=10 December 2011|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109030650/http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Kurumsal/YolAgi.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of 2010, the Turkish [[merchant marine]] included 1,199 ships (604 registered at home), ranking 7th in the world.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/> Turkey's coastline has 1,200&nbsp;km of navigable waterways.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/>

In 2008, {{convert|7555|km}} of [[natural gas]] pipelines and {{convert|3636|km}} of [[petroleum]] pipelines spanned the country's territory.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/>

====Communications====
{{Main|Communications in Turkey}}

As of 2008, there were 17,502,000 operational [[landline|landline telephones]] in Turkey, which ranked 18th in the world;<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2021 |title=CIA World Factbook: Turkey |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2011-08-29}}</ref> while there were 65,824,000 registered [[mobile phone]]s in the country, which ranked 15th in the world during the same year.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/> The largest landline telephone operator is [[Türk Telekom]], which also owns [[TTNET]], the largest [[internet service provider]] in Turkey.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} The largest mobile phone operators in the country are [[Turkcell]], [[Vodafone Turkey]], [[Avea]] and [[TTNET|TTNET Mobil]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

The telecommunications liberalisation process started in 2004 after the creation of the Telecommunication Authority, and is still ongoing.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} Private sector companies operate in mobile telephony, long-distance telephony and Internet access. Additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers;{{Citation needed|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both [[Optical fiber|fiber-optic cable]] and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating communication between urban centres.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/>

The remote areas of the country are reached by a domestic satellite system, while the number of subscribers to mobile-cellular telephone service is growing rapidly.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/>

The main line international telephone service is provided by the [[SEA-ME-WE 3]] submarine communications cable and by [[fiber-optic communication|submarine fiber-optic cables]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and [[Black Sea]] that link Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/> In 2002, there were 12 [[Intelsat]] satellite earth stations; and 328 mobile satellite terminals in the [[Inmarsat]] and [[Eutelsat]] systems.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/>

[[Türksat (company)|Türksat A.Ş.]] is the primary [[communications satellite]] operator of Turkey, controlling the [[Turksat (satellite)|Turksat series of satellites]]. [[Göktürk-1]], [[Göktürk-2]] and [[Göktürk-3]] are Turkey's [[earth observation satellite]]s for [[reconnaissance]], operated by the [[Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)|Turkish Ministry of National Defense]]. [[BILSAT-1]] and [[RASAT]] are the scientific observation satellites operated by the [[TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute]], which (together with [[Turkish Aerospace Industries]] and [[Aselsan]]) also takes part in the production of Turkey's satellites.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

As of 2001, there were 16 AM, 107 FM, and 6 shortwave radio stations in the country.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/>{{Update inline|date=May 2024|reason=This data is almost a quarter century old.}}

As of 2015, there were 42,275,017 [[internet user]]s in Turkey, which ranked 15th in the world;<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/> while as of 2012, there were 7,093,000 [[internet host]]s in the country, which ranked 16th in the world.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/>

====Tourism====
{{Main|Tourism in Turkey}}In 2023, Turkey was the [[World Tourism rankings|fifth most visited destination in the world]], with 55.2 million foreign tourists visiting the country.<ref name="UNWTO-2023">{{Cite web |title=Tourism on Track for Full Recovery as New Data Shows Strong Start to 2023 |url=https://www.unwto.org/news/tourism-on-track-for-full-recovery-as-new-data-shows-strong-start-to-2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=www.unwto.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global and regional tourism performance |url=https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/global-and-regional-tourism-performance |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=www.unwto.org}}</ref> In 2019, Turkey [[World Tourism rankings#Most visited destinations by international tourist arrivals|ranked sixth in the world]] in terms of the number of international tourist arrivals, with 51.2 million foreign visitors.<ref name="WTO Tourism Highlights 2019 Edition">{{Cite book|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2019 Edition {{!}} World Tourism Organization|year=2019|doi=10.18111/9789284421152|isbn=978-92-844-2115-2|s2cid=240665765}}</ref>

Over the years, Turkey has emerged as a popular tourist destination for many Europeans, competing with other Mediterranean countries such as [[Greece]], [[Italy]] and [[Spain]]. Resorts in provinces such as [[Antalya province|Antalya]] and [[Muğla province|Muğla]] (which are located on the [[Turkish Riviera]]) have become very popular among tourists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20241203-a-turkish-film-and-tv-stars-guide-to-antalya-turkey|title=A Turkish film and TV star's guide to Antalya, Turkey|author=Eva Sandoval|publisher=[[BBC]]|website=bbc.com|date=4 December 2024}}</ref>

==== Medical tourism ====
{{Main|Health care in Turkey}}
[[File:BaşakşehirCityHospital_(1).jpg|thumb|[[Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital]] in [[Istanbul]]]]

There are numerous private hospitals in Turkey, which has benefited from medical tourism in recent years. Health tourism generated revenues worth $1 billion in 2019 for Turkey's economy.<ref name="sabah-health"/> A total of 662,087 patients were treated at Turkish hospitals in 2019 within the scope of health tourism, with around 60% of the income being obtained from plastic surgeries.<ref name="sabah-health">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/tourism/health-tourism-earns-above-1b-to-turkey-in-2019-under-spotlight-with-covid-19|access-date=2021-04-08 |title=Health tourism earns above $1B to Turkey in 2019, under spotlight with COVID-19|date=2020-08-20|work=[[Daily Sabah]] |publisher=Daily Sabah}}</ref>

==Largest companies==
{{main|List of companies of Turkey}}

In 2024, ten publicly traded Turkish companies were listed in the [[Forbes Global 2000]] list – an annual ranking of the top 2000 public companies in the world by [[Forbes magazine]].<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=6 June 2024 |title=The Global 2000 |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> The banking industry leads with four companies in the list followed by the airline, automotive and retailer with one company each. There are also three conglomerates. As of 2024, the listed public companies were:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
!World Rank !! Company !! class="unsortable"|Industry !! Revenue <br /> (billion $) !! Profits <br /> (billion $) !! Assets <br /> (billion $) !! Market Value <br /> (billion $)
|- style="text-align:right;"
|309 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Koç Holding]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]|| 67.36 || 3.03 || 96.8 || 19.27
|- style="text-align:right;"
|525 || style="text-align:left;" | [[İşbank|İş Bankası]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bank]]ing|| 17.6 || 3.03 || 100.05 || 11.49
|- style="text-align:right;"
|539 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Turkish Airlines]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Airline]]|| 21.17 || 6.84 || 35.55 || 13.81
|- style="text-align:right;"
|666 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Akbank]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bank]]ing|| 14.7 || 2.57 || 64.06 || 10.15
|- style="text-align:right;"
|759 || style="text-align:left;" | [[VakıfBank]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bank]]ing|| 16.34 || 1.33 || 96.81 || 6.59
|- style="text-align:right;"
|878 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Sabancı Holding]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]|| 23.13 || 0.64 || 74.23 || 6.64
|- style="text-align:right;"
|893 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Ford Otosan]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Automotive industry|Automotive Industry]]|| 17.29 || 2.06 || 7.35 || 13.15
|- style="text-align:right;"
|957 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Halk Bankası|Halkbank]] || style="text-align:left;"| [[Bank]]ing|| 15.81 || 0.65 || 77.98 || 3.9
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1384 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Anadolu Grubu]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]|| 15.77 || 0.82 || 13.27 || 2.78
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1446 || style="text-align:left;" |[[Bim (company)|BIM]]|| style="text-align:left;" |[[Retail]]er
|13.79
|0.64
|5.02
|9.02
|}

== Long-term GDP forecasts ==
{{main|List of countries by GDP (PPP)|List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)}}

The following "[[OECD]] Long Term Projections" table was published in February 2022 for the 16 largest economies by GDP using PPP exchange rates from 2030 to 2060.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic Outlook No 109 – February 2022 – Long-term baseline projections|url=https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gdp-long-term-forecast.htm|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120203842/https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gdp-long-term-forecast.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Static row numbers}}{{mw-datatable}}{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable static-row-numbers sticky-header sort-under defaultright col1left col3left col5left col7left col9left"
|-
|+The top 16 largest economies in the world (GDP at 2010 constant PPP in billions [[USD]])
!Country
!2021
!Country
!2030
!Country
!2040
!Country
!2050
!Country
!2060
|-
| {{CHN}}
|26,656
| {{CHN}}
|36,977
| {{CHN}}
|47,306
| {{CHN}}
|54,765
| {{CHN}}
|62,140
|-
| {{USA}}
| 22,675
| {{USA}}
|24,302
| {{USA}}
|28,063
| {{IND}}
|33,363
| {{IND}}
|42,204
|-
| {{IND}}
|10,181
| {{IND}}
|16,603
| {{IND}}
|25,083
| {{USA}}
|32,119
| {{USA}}
|36,527
|-
| {{JPN}}
|5,585
| {{JPN}}
|5,632
| {{IDN}}
|7,507
| {{IDN}}
|9,846
| {{IDN}}
|12,320
|-
| {{DEU}}
|4,743
| {{IDN}}
|5,309
| {{JPN}}
|5,908
| {{JPN}}
|6,060
| style="background: #FA6E79" |{{TUR}}
|7,068
|-
| {{RUS}}
|4,328
| {{DEU}}
|4,566
| {{DEU}}
|4,914
| style="background: #FA6E79" |{{TUR}}
|5,934
| {{JAP}}
|6,333
|-
| {{IDN}}
|3,507
| {{RUS}}
|4,233
| style="background: #FA6E79"  |{{TUR}}
|4,776
| {{DEU}}
|5,362
| {{DEU}}
|5,891
|-
| {{BRA}}
|3,328
| {{BRA}}
|3,759
| {{RUS}}
|4,624
| {{BRA}}
|5,168
| {{BRA}}
|5,746
|-
| {{FRA}}
|3,231
| style="background: #FA6E79" |{{TUR}}
|3,653
| {{BRA}}
|4,492
| {{RUS}}
|4,882
| {{MEX}}
|5,407
|-
| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}
|3,174
| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}
|3,375
| {{MEX}}
|3,832
| {{MEX}}
|4,620
| {{RUS}}
|5,340
|-
| style="background: #FA6E79" |{{TUR}}
|2,749
| {{FRA}}
|3,267
| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}
|3,800
| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}
|4,249
| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}
|4,768
|-
| {{MEX}}
|2,613
| {{MEX}}
|3,073
| {{FRA}}
|3,679
| {{FRA}}
|4,148
| {{FRA}}
|4,736
|-
| {{ITA}}
|2,610
| {{KOR}}
|2,675
| {{KOR}}
|2,866
| {{ITA}}
|2,959
| {{ITA}}
|3,366
|-
| {{KOR}}
| 2,436
| {{ITA}}
|2,499
| {{ITA}}
|2,692
| {{KOR}}
|2,880
| {{AUS}}
|3,104
|-
| {{CAN}}
| 2,027
| {{ESP}}
|2,094
| {{CAN}}
|2,370
| {{SAU}}
|2,698
| {{SAU}}
|3,066
|-
| {{ESP}}
| 1,959
| {{CAN}}
|2,062
| {{SAU}}
|2,362
| {{CAN}}
|2,694
| {{CAN}}
|3,046
|}

==External trade and investment==
{{See also|Free trade agreements of Turkey}}As of 2016, the main trading partners of Turkey are the European Union, [[Russia]], the [[United Kingdom]], the UAE, Iraq, and China, many being top in both export as well as import.<ref name="TSI_ForeignTrade2012">{{cite web|url=http://rapor.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?disticaretdb2=&report=IHT0151.RDF&p_kod=1&p_ulke1=-1&p_yil1=2012&p_kod1=1&p_kod2=4&p_dil=2&desformat=html&ENVID=disticaretEnv|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221194510/http://rapor.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?disticaretdb2=&report=IHT0151.RDF&p_kod=1&p_ulke1=-1&p_yil1=2012&p_kod1=1&p_kod2=4&p_dil=2&desformat=html&ENVID=disticaretEnv|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-21|title=Foreign Trade Statistics as of October 2012|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]]|access-date=2008-08-29|date=2006-11-30|format=Word document}}</ref> Turkey has taken advantage of a [[European Union–Turkey Customs Union|customs union with the EU]], signed in 1995, to increase industrial production for exports, while benefiting from EU-origin foreign investment into the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/05/03/000016406_20060503112446/Rendered/PDF/wps3908.pdf |title=Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets |author=Bartolomiej Kaminski |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2008-08-29 |date=2006-05-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614030216/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/05/03/000016406_20060503112446/Rendered/PDF/wps3908.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-14 }}</ref> In addition to the European-Turkish Customs Union, the Turkish government has signed [[Free trade agreements of Turkey|free-trade agreements]] with 22 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı |url=https://www.ticaret.gov.tr/dis-iliskiler/serbest-ticaret-anlasmalari/yururlukte-bulunan-stalar |website=ticaret.gov.tr |access-date=8 September 2018 |language=tr}}</ref>

A very large aspect of Turkey trade revolves around the automotive industry, where its top exports are cars, accounting for $13.2 billion. Other top exports from the country are gold, delivery trucks, vehicle parts and jewelry, which are respectively, $6.96 billion, $5.04 billion, $4.64 billion, and $3.39 billion. These values are calculated using the 1992 revision of the Harmonized System classification. Comparatively, it imports many of the same industries, such as, gold valued at $17.1 billion, refined petroleum at $9.8 billion, cars at $8.78 billion, vehicle parts at $6.34 billion and scrap iron at $5.84 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/tur/|title=OEC – Turkey (TUR) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners|website=oec.world|language=en|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref>

[[Turkish Construction/Contracting Industry|The construction and contracting companies]], such as [[Enka Insaat ve Sanayi A.S.|Enka]], [[Rönesans Holding]] and [[Tekfen Construction and Installation|Tekfen]], have been significant players in the country's economy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watch |first=Corporate |date=2021-04-29 |title=ENKA: key facts about the Turkish megacorp behind the Rioni Valley dams |url=https://corporatewatch.org/enka-key-facts-about-the-turkish-megacorp-behind-the-rioni-valley-dams/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Corporate Watch |language=en-GB}}</ref> As the [[Turkish Emissions Trading System|Turkish emissions trading system]] has not yet been legislated the country has no [[carbon price]], so large exporters to the European Union will have to pay the [[EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]] from 1 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ekonomim |date=2025-05-27 |title=AB'den yeni karar: Firmaların yüzde 90'ı karbon vergisinden muaf olacak |url=https://www.ekonomim.com/kuresel-ekonomi/abden-yeni-karar-firmalarin-yuzde-90i-karbon-vergisinden-muaf-olacak-haberi-820828 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Ekonomim |language=tr-TR}}</ref>

Turkey had many improvements in the [[ease of doing business index]]. Its rank increased from 68th in 2017 to 33rd in 2020. As of 2021, it was performing better than countries like the Netherlands and Belgium.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank Group to Discontinue Doing Business Report|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/statement/2021/09/16/world-bank-group-to-discontinue-doing-business-report|access-date=2021-09-16|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Zumbrun|first=Josh|date=2021-09-16|title=World Bank Cancels Flagship 'Doing Business' Report After Investigation|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/world-bank-cancels-flagship-doing-business-report-after-investigation-11631811663|access-date=2021-09-16|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last1=Machen|first1=Ronald|last2=Jones|first2=Matthew|last3=Varghese|first3=George|last4=Stark|first4=Emily|date=15 September 2021|title=Investigation of Data Irregularities in Doing Business 2018 and Doing Business 2020|url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/84a922cc9273b7b120d49ad3b9e9d3f9-0090012021/original/DB-Investigation-Findings-and-Report-to-the-Board-of-Executive-Directors-September-15-2021.pdf|url-status=live|website=[[World Bank]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916154554/https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/84a922cc9273b7b120d49ad3b9e9d3f9-0090012021/original/DB-Investigation-Findings-and-Report-to-the-Board-of-Executive-Directors-September-15-2021.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2021 }}</ref>{{Vague|reason=Multiple sources given, yet they all point out that the 'ease of doing business index' is not reliable|date=May 2024}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Trade statistics<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goods exports (BoP, current US$) - Turkey |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.MRCH.CD?locations=TR |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goods imports (BoP, current US$) - Turkey |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BM.GSR.MRCH.CD?locations=TR |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Net trade in goods (BoP, current US$) - Turkey |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BN.GSR.MRCH.CD?locations=TR |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
!Year
!1975
!1980
!1985
!1990
!1995
!2000
!2005
!2010
!2015
!2020
!2023
|-
|Goods exports, billion US$
|1.5
|2.9
|8.3
|13.0
|22.0
|30.9
|78.5
|121.0
|154.9
|168.4
|251.0
|-
|Goods imports, billion US$
|4.5
|7.5
|11.2
|22.5
|35.1
|52.9
|111.4
|177.3
|203.9
|206.3
|337.3
|-
|Net trade, billion US$
|−3.0
|−4.6
|−2.9
|−9.5
|−13.1
|−22.0
|−32.9
|−56.3
|−49.0
|−37.9
|−86.3
|}

== Natural resources ==

===Energy===
{{Excerpt|Energy in Turkey#Economics}}

====Renewable energy====
[[File:Wind turbines in Bozcaada.jpg|thumb|280px|Wind turbines on the island of [[Bozcaada]] in the far west]]
{{Excerpt|Renewable energy in Turkey|only=paragraphs}}

====Fossil fuels====
[[Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey|Right to Clean Air Platform]] estimate that the lack of a legal limit on fine particulate [[Air pollution in Turkey|air pollution]] cost the economy 10% of GDP in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Temiz Hava Hakkı #temizhavahaktır|url=https://temizhavahakki.org/|date=2020-12-24|access-date=2025-12-01|language=tr-TR}}</ref>

=====Gas=====
{{Excerpt|Natural gas in Turkey}}

=====Oil=====
{{Excerpt|Oil in Turkey}}

=====Coal=====
{{Excerpt|Coal in Turkey}}

===Minerals===
[[File:ALİ_EKŞİ_KMPAŞA_BEJİ_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Marble quarries in Turkey]]

In 2019, the country was the world's 2nd largest producer of [[chromium]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-chromium.pdf| title = USGS Chromium Production Statistics}}</ref> the largest producer of [[boron]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf| title = USGS Boron Production Statistics}}</ref> 6th largest producer of [[antimony]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf| title = USGS Antimony Production Statistics}}</ref> 9th largest producer of [[lead]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf| title = USGS Lead Production Statistics}}</ref> 13th largest producer of [[iron ore]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf| title = USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics}}</ref> 11th largest producer of [[molybdenum]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf| title = USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics}}</ref> 4th largest producer of [[gypsum]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gypsum.pdf| title = USGS Gypsum Production Statistics}}</ref> 15th largest producer of [[graphite]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-graphite.pdf| title = USGS Graphite Production Statistics}}</ref> in addition to being the 11th largest producer of [[table salt|salt]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf| title = USGS Salt Production Statistics}}</ref>

As a gold producer Turkey is currently ranked 22nd globally. Hosting some of the largest gold deposits on the European continent it is currently Europe's largest gold producer, producing 42 tonnes of gold in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gold Mining Industry {{!}} Turkish Gold Miners Association|url=http://turkishgoldminersassociation.org/madenciligin-onemi/|access-date=2021-10-05|language=en-US}}</ref> World class deposits include [[Kişladağ mine|Kisladag Mine]] 17Moz and [[Çöpler mine|Copler]] 10Moz.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

==Environment==
{{See also|Environmental issues in Turkey}}Almost all "post-COVID" stimulus was detrimental to the environment, with Russia being the only worse country.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.f4b-initiative.net/publications-1/greenness-of-stimulus-index---6th-edition|title=Greenness of Stimulus Index – 6th Edition|date=July 2021|publisher=F4B}}</ref> In the 21st century, Turkey's fossil fuel subsidies are around 0.2% of GDP,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Acar|first1=Sevil|last2=Challe|first2=Sarah|last3=Christopoulos|first3=Stamatios|last4=Christo|first4=Giovanna|year=2018|title=Fossil fuel subsidies as a lose-lose: Fiscal and environmental burdens in Turkey|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ca3d/038634a2b6bf7886688e17840aa7dc19652d.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=New Perspectives on Turkey|volume=58|pages=93–124|doi=10.1017/npt.2018.7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227003746/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ca3d/038634a2b6bf7886688e17840aa7dc19652d.pdf|archive-date=2020-02-27|s2cid=149594404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/new-report-finds-g-20-member-countries-support-fossil-fuels-at-levels-untenable-to-achieve-paris-agreement-goals/|title=Climate Policy Factbook|date=2021-07-20|publisher=BloombergNEF|page=29}}</ref> including at least US$14&nbsp;billion (US$169 per person) between January 2020 and September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey|url=https://www.energypolicytracker.org/country/turkey/|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Energy Policy Tracker|language=en-US}}</ref> Data on finance for fossil fuels by state-owned banks and [[export credit agencies]] is not public.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/new-report-finds-g-20-member-countries-support-fossil-fuels-at-levels-untenable-to-achieve-paris-agreement-goals/|title=Climate Policy Factbook|date=2021-07-20|publisher=BloombergNEF|page=32}}</ref>
As of 2023 fossil gas is subsidized more than electricity - equalizing the subsidies would benefit the environment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://shura.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/SHURA-2023-08-YO-Elektrifikasyon.pdf |title=Executive Summary: Electrification of Türkiye's Residential and Industrial Process Heat |publisher=SHURA Energy Transition Center |location=Istanbul |date=August 2023 |access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref>

== Employment ==
{{Expand section|date=November 2021}}

The minimum wage in Turkey is [[Turkish lira|₺]] 22,104 ([[United States dollar|US$]] 630.36) as of January 1, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ce qui change en Turquie au 1ᵉʳ janvier 2025 : salaires, taxes et nouvelles règles |url=https://lepetitjournal.com/istanbul/actualites/change-turquie-1r-janvier-2025 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=lepetitjournal.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khandelwal |first=Manish |date=2024-12-25 |title=Turkey Sets New Minimum Wage for 2025: What It Means for Foreign Workers |url=https://travelobiz.com/turkey-sets-new-minimum-wage-for-2025-what-it-means-for-foreign-workers/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=travelobiz |language=en-GB}}</ref>

[[Turkish Statistical Institute|TurkStat]] estimated unemployment at 9.4% in 2023. The province with the highest unemployment rate was [[Hakkari Province|Hakkari]] at 23.3% and the province with the lowest unemployment rate was [[Sinop Province|Sinop]] at 4.8%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TÜİK Kurumsal |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Provincial-Level-Labour-Force-Statistics-2023-53838 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=data.tuik.gov.tr}}</ref>

In 2021, trade unions complained that according to TurkStat data the unemployment rate was falling, whereas the data provided by the government's Employment Agency (İŞKUR) showed that it was rising.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unemployment rises according to Employment Agency, TurkStat says the opposite|url=https://m.bianet.org/english/labor/253151-unemployment-rises-according-to-employment-agency-turkstat-says-the-opposite}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2024|reason=Has this discrepancy been resolved?|?=yes}} Environmentalists argue that some actions to improve the environment would also benefit the economy. For example, investing in [[wind power in Turkey]] and [[solar power in Turkey]] would create jobs and is competitive with fossil fuels.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Yilmaz|first1=Onur|last2=Yetisgin|first2=Cansu|date=2020-07-27|title=Turkey's 11th Development Plan Needs to be Updated to Ensure a Green Recovery for Sectors Affected by COVID-19|url=https://www.climatescorecard.org/2020/07/turkeys-11th-development-plan-needs-to-be-updated-to-ensure-a-green-recovery-for-sectors-affected-by-covid-19/|access-date=2020-07-29|website=Climate Scorecard|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Poverty==
{{Main|Poverty in Turkey}}

Turkey made steady progress in reducing [[poverty]] from the early 2000s to the mid-2010s, after which the trend levelled off.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief |url=https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/987B9C90-CB9F-4D93-AE8C-750588BF00QA/current/Global_POVEQ_TUR.pdf|publisher=The World Bank|date=April 2023| author1-first=Samuel |author1-last=Freije-Rodriguez |author2-first= Cigdem |author2-last=Celik}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey TR: Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines: % of Population {{!}} Economic Indicators {{!}} CEIC |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/turkey/poverty/tr-poverty-headcount-ratio-at-national-poverty-lines--of-population |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.ceicdata.com}}</ref>{{Vague|reason=How much has poverty been reduced?date=May 2024|date=June 2025}} In 2022, [[Welfare state#Effects|social security expenditure]] stood at 12.4% of GDP according to OECD data.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.oecd.org/social/expenditure.htm | title=Social Expenditure – Aggregated data|work=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]}}</ref>

==Regional disparities==
{{See also|List of Turkish provinces by GDP}}

According to [[Eurostat]] data, Turkish GDP per capita adjusted by [[purchasing power]] standards stood at 64 percent of the EU average in 2018.<ref name="GDP per capita in PPS">{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tec00114|title=GDP per capita in PPS|publisher=Eurostat|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> [[Istanbul]] has the largest GDP, while [[İzmit|Kocaeli]] comes first in GDP per capita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TÜİK - Coğrafi İstatistik Portalı |url=https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=cip.tuik.gov.tr}}</ref>

The country's wealth is mainly concentrated in the northwest and west, while the east and southeast suffer from poverty, lower economic production and higher levels of unemployment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2010/10/23/anchors-aweigh|title=Anchors aweigh|first=John|last=Peet|date=21 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> However, in line with the rapid growth of Turkey's GDP during the first two decades of the 21st century (with brief periods of stagnation and recession), parts of [[Anatolia]] began reaching a higher economic standard. These cities are known as the [[Anatolian Tigers]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Atiyas |first1=Izak |last2=Bakis |first2=Ozan |last3=Gurakar |first3=Esra Ceviker |title=Anatolian Tigers and the Emergence of the Devout Bourgeoisie in Turkey |url=https://erf.org.eg/programs/anatolian-tigers-and-the-emergence-of-the-devout-bourgeoisie-in-turkey/?tab=undefined&c=undefined |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Economic Research Forum |date=12 December 2015 }}</ref> 
{{clear right}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Richest and poorest NUTS-2 regions (GDP PPP 2022)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | 
! rowspan=2 | Region
! colspan=2 | GDP per capita 2022
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! style="width:5em;" | <small>in euros</small>
! style="width:5em;" | <small>As % of EU-28 average</small>
|- style="text-align:right;"
! style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"|{{flag|Turkey}}
| '''23,800''' || 67%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|'''Richest'''
|[[Istanbul Subregion|Istanbul]]
|''38,700'' || ''109%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|
|[[Kocaeli Subregion|Kocaeli]]
|''31,500'' || ''89%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Ankara Subregion|Ankara]]
|''31,100'' || ''88%''
|- style="text-align:right;" 
|
|[[Tekirdağ Subregion|Tekirdağ]] 
|''29,700'' || ''84%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Izmir Subregion|Izmir]]
|''29,500'' || ''83%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Bursa Subregion|Bursa]]
|''25,700'' || ''73%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Antalya Subregion|Antalya]]
|''23,900'' || ''68%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Balıkesir Subregion|Balıkesir]]
|''21,600'' || ''61%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Aydın Subregion|Aydın]]
|''20,900'' || ''59%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|
|[[Manisa Subregion|Manisa]]
|''20,000'' || ''56%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  
|[[Adana Subregion|Adana]]
|''20,000'' || ''56%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Konya Subregion|Konya]]
|''19,100'' || ''54%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Zonguldak Subregion|Zonguldak]]
|''18,700'' || ''53%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Kırıkkale Subregion|Kırıkkale]]
|''17,700'' || ''50%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Kayseri Subregion|Kayseri]]
|''17,500'' || ''49%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|
|[[Gaziantep Subregion|Gaziantep]]
|''17,400'' || ''49%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Kastamonu Subregion|Kastamonu]]
|''16,700'' || ''47%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Hatay Subregion|Hatay]]
|''15,700'' || ''44%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Samsun Subregion|Samsun]]
|''14,000'' || ''39%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Erzurum Subregion|Erzurum]]
|''13,900'' || ''39%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Trabzon Subregion|Trabzon]]
|''13,200'' || ''37%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Malatya Subregion|Malatya]]
|''12,900'' || ''37%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Mardin Subregion|Mardin]]
|''12,200'' || ''34%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Ağrı Subregion|Ağrı]]
|''9,800'' || ''28%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|
|[[Şanlıurfa Subregion|Şanlıurfa]]
|''9,100'' || ''26%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|'''Poorest'''
|[[Van Subregion|Van]]
|''8,600'' || ''24%''
|}

Source: Eurostat – ESA<ref name="ec.europa.eu">https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00005/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10reg</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00006/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10reg</ref>

{{col-2}}

===Richest and poorest NUTS-1 regions (GDP PPP 2022)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | 
! rowspan=2 | Region
! colspan=2 | GDP per capita 2022
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! style="width:5em;" | <small>in euros</small>
! style="width:5em;" | <small>As % of EU-28 average</small>
|- style="text-align:right;"
! style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"|{{flag|Turkey}}
| '''23,800''' || 67%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|'''Richest'''
|[[Istanbul Region (statistical)|Istanbul]]
|''38,700''|| ''109%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[East Marmara Region (statistical)|East Marmara]]
|''28,600''|| ''81%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[West Anatolia Region (statistical)|West Anatolia]]
|''27,400''|| ''77%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[West Marmara Region (statistical)|West Marmara]]
|''25,800''|| ''73%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Aegean Region (statistical)|Aegean]]
|''24,200''|| ''68%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Mediterranean Region (statistical)|Mediterranean]]
|''19,900''|| ''56%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Central Anatolia Region (statistical)|Central Anatolia]]
|''17,600''|| ''50%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[West Black Sea Region (statistical)|West Black Sea]]
|''15,500''|| ''44%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[East Black Sea Region (statistical)|East Black Sea]]
|''13,200''|| ''37%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Southeast Anatolia Region (statistical)|Southeast Anatolia]]
|''12,500''|| ''35%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|
|[[Northeast Anatolia Region (statistical)|Northeast Anatolia]]
|''11,800''|| ''33%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|'''Poorest'''
|[[Central East Anatolia Region (statistical)|Central East Anatolia]]
|''10,500''|| ''30%''
|}

Source: Eurostat – ESA<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/>
{{col-2}}
{{col-end}}

==See also==
* [[Economic history of Turkey]]
* [[National debt of Turkey]]
*[[List of companies of Turkey]]
*[[List of countries by labour force]] 
*[[List of countries by real GDP growth rate]] 
*[[List of countries by total wealth]] 

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite report |title=Turkey Energy Outlook |first1=Carmine |last1=Difiglio |first2=Bora Şekip |last2=Güray |first3=Ersin |last3=Merdan |publisher=Sabanci University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate (IICEC) |url=https://iicec.sabanciuniv.edu/teo |date=November 2020 |website=iicec.sabanciuniv.edu |isbn=978-605-70031-9-5}}
* {{cite report |last=Ersoy |first=Mücella |year=2019 |title=Turkish coal mining sector: Current State, Strategy for the Future |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/images/CMM/CMM_CE/Turkey_2019/3._2019-_CBM_Workshop-M_Ersoy-100619.pdf |publisher=Turkish Coal Operations Authority}}
* {{Cite report |last1=Taranto |first1=Yael |last2=Aydınalp Köksal |first2=Merih |last3=Dal |first3=Eda |date=December 2020 |title=The external cost of fossil fuel use in power generation, heating and road transport in Turkey |url=https://www.shura.org.tr/the-external-cost-of-fossil-fuel-use-in-power-generation-heating-and-road-transport-in-turkey/ |website=SHURA Energy Transition Center}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/TUR Turkey Trade Statistics, World Bank]
*[https://goldpriceturkey.com Turkey gold prices] – daily updates of gold and silver prices in Turkey.

*[https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/country/turkey Green growth knowledge platform] − {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629060631/https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/country/turkey |date=29 June 2020 }}

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[[Category:Economy of Turkey| ]]
[[Category:World Trade Organization member economies|Turkey]]
[[Category:OECD member economies|Turkey]]
[[Category:Economies of Europe by country|Turkey]]