View source for Ecological indicator

{{short description|Attributes of ecosystems which signify their health}}
'''Ecological indicators''' are used to communicate information about [[ecosystem]]s and the impact human activity has on ecosystems to groups such as the public or [[government]] [[policy]] makers. Ecosystems are complex and ecological indicators can help describe them in simpler terms that can be understood and used by non-scientists to make management decisions. For example, the number of different [[beetle]] [[taxon|taxa]] found in a field can be used as an [[Diversity index|indicator]] of [[biodiversity]].{{ref|Gird}}{{ref|Niem}}{{ref|Osi}}

Many different types of indicators have been developed.  They can be used to reflect a variety of aspects of ecosystems, including biological, chemical and physical.  Due to this variety, the development and selection of ecological indicators is a complex process.{{ref|Kurt}}

Using ecological indicators is a pragmatic approach since direct documentation of changes in ecosystems as related to management measures, is cost and time intensive.{{ref|Bert}}{{ref|Osi}} For example, it would be expensive and time-consuming to count every [[bird]], [[plant]] and [[animal]] in a newly [[Restoration ecology|restored]] [[wetland]] to see if the restoration was a success. Instead, a few [[indicator species]] can be monitored to determine the success of the restoration.

:''"It is difficult and often even impossible to characterize the functioning of a complex system, such as an eco-agrosystem, by means of direct measurements.  The size of the system, the complexity of the interactions involved, or the difficulty and cost of the measurements needed are often crippling"''{{ref|Gird}}

The terms ecological indicator and [[environmental indicator]] are often used interchangeably. However, ecological indicators are actually a sub-set of environmental indicators.  Generally, environmental indicators provide information on pressures on the [[Ecosystem|environment]], environmental conditions and societal responses.  Ecological indicators refer only to [[ecology|ecological]] processes; however, sustainability indicators are seen as increasingly important for managing humanity's coupled human-environmental systems.<ref>Shaker, R. R. (2018). A mega-index for the Americas and its underlying sustainable development correlations. Ecological Indicators, 89, 466-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.01.050</ref>

'''The Marine Ecosystem'''

Marine ecosystem status and functioning are influenced by various anthropogenic and environmental stressors that necessitate ecosystem-based, integrative approaches to fisheries management. Ecological indicators play an important role in evaluating policy regarding the environment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Fu |first1=Caihong |last2=Xu |first2=Yi |last3=Bundy |first3=Alida |last4=Grüss |first4=Arnaud |last5=Coll |first5=Marta |last6=Heymans |first6=Johanna J. |last7=Fulton |first7=Elizabeth A. |last8=Shannon |first8=Lynne |last9=Halouani |first9=Ghassen |last10=Velez |first10=Laure |last11=Akoglu |first11=Ekin |last12=Lynam |first12=Christopher P. |last13=Shin |first13=Yunne-Jai |date=October 2019 |title=Making ecological indicators management ready: Assessing the specificity, sensitivity, and threshold response of ecological indicators |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X19304005 |journal=Ecological Indicators |language=en |volume=105 |pages=16–28 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.05.055|bibcode=2019EcInd.105...16F |hdl=10261/192472 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A large number of ecological indicators have been documented and reported worldwide, and an increasing number of studies has been conducted to assess the properties of ecological indicators and determine how they should be selected for assisting fisheries management.<ref name=":0" /> We contrasted the sensitivity of indicators to fishing and primary productivity, by looking at indicators' response to directional change in fishing pressure and to directional change in primary productivity separately. For all ecosystems except the Black Sea, the Southern Catalan Sea and, to some extent, the Southeastern Australia, the cumulative importance shifts (in R2f unit) of the indicator B/C in response to fishing pressure were high even under the lowest fishing levels.<ref name=":0" /> It was concluded that the performance of biomass indicators for evaluating fishing impacts was low, but was high and better suited for assessing the impacts of changes in primary productivity on ecosystem status.<ref name=":0" />

'''Human Effects'''

Building construction is one of the largest final consumers of environmental resources as well as one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gas and other pollution.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Hongxun |last2=Lin |first2=Boqiang |date=August 2016 |title=Ecological indicators for green building construction |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X16300450 |journal=Ecological Indicators |language=en |volume=67 |pages=68–77 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.024|bibcode=2016EcInd..67...68L |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Green building construction constitutes one of the most important elements in sustainable building requirement. Energy and global warming issues have spurred rapid development of green building construction. It is significant to get a thorough understanding of green building construction, especially for strengthening current energy and environmental policies.<ref name=":1" />

Indicators contribute to evaluation of policy development by:{{ref|Pior}}
*Providing decision-makers and the general public with relevant information on the current state and trends in the environment.
*Helping decision-makers better understand cause and effect relationships between the choices and practices of businesses and policy-makers versus the environment.
*Assisting to monitor and assess the effectiveness of measures taken to increase and enhance [[ecological goods and services]].

Based on the [[United Nations]] [[convention to combat desertification]] and [[convention for biodiversity]], indicators are planned to be built in order to evaluate the evolution of the factors.  For instance, for the CCD, the [[Unesco]]-funded [[Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel]] (OSS) has created the Réseau d'Observatoires du Sahara et du Sahel ([[ROSELT]]) (website [http://www.roselt-oss.teledection.fr]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) as a network of cross-Saharan observatories to establish ecological indicators.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}

==Limitations==

There are limitations and challenges to using indicators for evaluating policy programs.

For indicators to be useful for policy analysis, it is necessary to be able to use and compare indicator results on different scales (local, regional, national and international).  Currently, indicators face the following spatial limitations and challenges:

# Variable availability of data and information on local, regional and national scales.
# Lack of methodological standards on an international scale.
# Different ranking of indicators on an international scale which can result in different legal treatment.
# Averaged values across a national level may hide regional and local trends.
# When compiled, local indicators may be too diverse to provide a national result.{{ref|Pior}}

Indicators also face other limitations and challenges, such as:

# Lack of reference levels, therefore it is unknown if trends in environmental change are strong or weak.
# Indicator measures can overlap, causing over estimation of single parameters.
# Long-term monitoring is necessary to identify long-term environmental changes.
# Attention to more easily handled measurable indicators distracts from indicators less quantifiable such as aesthetics, ethics or cultural values. {{ref|Pior}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ecological science]]
* [[Ecology movement]]
* [[Ecosystem valuation]]
* [[Ecological yield]]
* [[Deep ecology]]
* [[Human ecology]]
* [[Systems ecology]]
* [[Ecosystem ecology]]
* [[Ecoinformatics]]
* [[Ecosystem]]
* [[Environmental ethics]]
* [[Environmental economics]]
* [[Indicator plants]]
* [[Indicator species]]
* [[Measurement of biodiversity]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
# {{note|Bert}} {{cite journal | author= Bertollo, P. | title= Assessing ecosystem health in governed landscapes: A framework for developing core indicators | journal= Ecosystem Health |year=1998 | volume=4 | pages=33–51| doi= 10.1046/j.1526-0992.1998.00069.x}}
# {{note|Gird}} {{cite journal | author= Girardin, P., Bockstaller, C. & Van der Werf, H. | title= Indicators: Tools to evaluate the environmental impacts of farming systems | journal= Journal of Sustainable Agriculture |year=1999 | volume=13 | pages=6–21 | doi= 10.1300/J064v13n04_03 | issue= 4| bibcode= 1999JSusA..13d...5G }}
# {{note|Kurt}} {{cite journal | author=Kurtz, J.C., Jackson, L.E. & Fisher, W.S.. | title= Strategies for evaluating indicators based on guidelines from the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development | journal = Ecological Indicators |year=2001 | volume=1 | issue= 1 | pages=49–60| doi= 10.1016/S1470-160X(01)00004-8| bibcode= 2001EcInd...1...49K | citeseerx= 10.1.1.522.9568 }}
# {{note|Niem}} {{cite journal | author= Niemeijer, D. | title= Developing indicators for environmental policy: data-driven and theory-driven approaches examined by example | journal = Environmental Science and Policy |year=2002 | volume=5 | pages=91–103| doi= 10.1016/S1462-9011(02)00026-6 | issue= 2| bibcode= 2002ESPol...5...91N }}
# {{note|Osi}} {{cite journal |author1=Osinski, E. |author2=Meier, U. |author3=Büchs, W. |author4=Weickel, J. |author5= Matzdorf, B. |name-list-style=amp | title= Application of biotic indicators for evaluation of sustainable land use – current procedures and future developments | journal = Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment |year=2003 | volume=98 |issue=1–3 | pages=407–421| doi= 10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00100-2|bibcode=2003AgEE...98..407O }}
# {{note|Pior}} {{cite journal | author= Piorr, H.P. | title= Environmental policy, agri-environmental indicators and landscape indicators | journal = Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment |year=2003 | volume=98 | issue= 1–3 | pages=17–33| doi= 10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00069-0| bibcode= 2003AgEE...98...17P | citeseerx= 10.1.1.456.105 }}
{{refend}}

'''Specific'''
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060414082038/http://dizzy.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/ Journal of Political Ecology]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060426043402/http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/articles/publications/journals/ Journals of the British Ecological Society]
*[http://www.ieem.org.uk/ Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507022501/http://www.ieem.org.uk/ |date=2006-05-07 }}
*[https://cieem.net/ Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management]
*[http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/ Ecology and Society]
*[http://www.epa.gov/roe/ U.S. EPA's Report on the Environment]

{{Environmental science}}
{{modelling ecosystems|expanded=other}}

[[Category:Environmental impact assessment]]
[[Category:Systems ecology]]
[[Category:Ecology terminology]]
[[Category:Indicators]]
[[Category:Environmental and ecological indicators|*]]