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{{Short description|Poem collection by Virgil}}
{{About|a major work of Virgil|the genre of poetry known as "bucolics" or "eclogues"|Eclogue|the poems by Dante|Eclogues (Dante)}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:RomanVirgilFolio001rEclogues.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The opening lines of the ''Eclogues'' in the 5th-century [[Vergilius Romanus]]]]
The '''''Eclogues''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|k|l|ɒ|g|z}}; {{Langx|la|Eclogae}} {{IPA|la|ˈɛklɔɡae̯|}}, {{lit|selections}}), also called the '''''Bucolics''''', is the first of the three major works of the [[Latin literature|Latin poet]] [[Virgil]].<ref>Davis, Gregson (2010). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=MfXkWEpv_DUC&pg=PR7 Introduction]". ''Virgil's'' Eclogues, trans. Len Krisak. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P. p. vii. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-4225-6}}</ref>

==Background==
Taking as his generic model the Greek [[bucolic]] poetry of [[Theocritus]], Virgil created a Roman version partly by offering a dramatic and mythic interpretation of revolutionary change at Rome in the turbulent period between roughly 44 and 38 BC. Virgil introduced political clamor largely absent from Theocritus' poems, called [[idyll]]s ('little scenes' or 'vignettes'), even though erotic turbulence disturbs the "idyllic" landscapes of Theocritus.

Virgil's book contains ten pieces, each called not an idyll but an [[eclogue]], from the Greek {{lang|grc|ἐκλογή}} ('selection', 'extract').<ref>Liddell, Scott, Jones, ''Greek Lexicon'' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/%E1%BC%90%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AE έκλογή]</ref> The poems are populated by and large with herdsmen imagined conversing and performing [[amoebaean singing]] in rural settings, whether suffering or embracing revolutionary change or happy or unhappy love. Performed with great success on the Roman stage, they feature a mix of visionary politics and eroticism that made Virgil a celebrity in his own lifetime.

Like all of Virgil's works, the ''Eclogues'' are composed in [[dactylic hexameter]]s.

== Structure and organization ==
[[Image:Vergilius Maro - Bucolica, A. D. MCCCCLXXXI die ultimi februarii - 2463993.jpg|thumb|Incipit page of Eclogue 1 in a 1482 Italian translation of ''Bucolics'']]

Several scholars have attempted to identify the organizational principles underpinning the construction of the book.<ref>[[Niall Rudd|Rudd, Niall]] (1976). ''Lines of Enquiry: Studies in Latin Poetry''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 119.</ref><ref>Clausen, Wendell (1994). ''Virgil: Eclogues''. Clarendon, Oxford University Press. p. xxi. {{ISBN|0-19-815035-0}}.</ref> Most commonly the structure has been seen to be symmetrical, turning around eclogue 5, with a triadic pattern. The following scheme comes from Steenkamp (2011):<ref>Steenkamp, J. (2011). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24592529 "The structure of Vergil's Eclogues"]. In ''Acta Classica: Proceedings of the Classical Association of South Africa'' (Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 101-124). Classical Association of South Africa (CASA); p. 113.</ref>

:1 – Confiscation of land
:2 – Love song
:3 – Singing contest

::4 – Religion and the world that will be
::5 – The 'pastor' becomes a god
::6 – Mythology and the world that was

:7 – Singing contest
:8 – Two love songs
:9 – Confiscation of land

The tenth eclogue stands alone, summing up the whole collection. 

Numerous verbal echoes between the corresponding poems in each half reinforce the symmetry: for example, the phrase "Plant pears, Daphnis" in 9.50 echoes "Plant pears, Meliboeus" in 1.73.<ref>Steenkamp (2011), pp. 104–110.</ref> Eclogue 10 has verbal echoes with all the earlier poems.<ref>Steenkamp (2011), p. 114.</ref><ref>Brooks Otis (1964) also detects a symmetry, in that eclogues 2, 3, 7 and 8 are particularly based on Theocritan models: Otis B. (1964), ''Vergil: A Study in Civilized Poetry'' (Oxford), pp. 128–31.</ref> Thomas K. Hubbard (1998) has noted, "The first half of the book has often been seen as a positive construction of a pastoral vision, whilst the second half dramatizes progressive alienation from that vision, as each poem of the first half is taken up and responded to in reverse order."<ref>Hubbard, Thomas K. (1998). ''The Pipes of Pan: Intertextuality and Literary Filiation in the Pastoral Tradition from Theocritus to Milton''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 46. {{ISBN|978-0-472-10855-8}}</ref>

However, the arrangement of the eclogues into three groups of three does not prevent the collection also being seen as divided at the same time into two halves, with a second opening at the beginning of eclogue 6.<ref>Steenkamp (2011), p. 112.</ref> 

The average length of each eclogue is 83 lines, and long and short poems alternate. Thus the 3rd eclogue in each half is the longest, while the 2nd and 4th are the shortest:<ref>Van Sickle, J. (1980). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26308089 "The book-roll and some conventions of the poetic book"]. ''Arethusa'', 13(1), 5–42; p. 20.</ref>

:1 – 83 lines
:2 – 73
:3 – 111
:4 – 63
:5 – 90

:6 – 86 lines
:7 – 70
:8 – 108
:9 – 67
:10 – 77

Variety is also achieved by alternating dialogue eclogues (1, 3, 5, 7, 9) with monologues (2, 4, 6, 8, 10).

Some scholars have also observed numerical coincidences, when each eclogue in poems 1–9 is added to its pair: eclogues 2 + 8 = 3 + 7 = 181 lines, while eclogues 1 + 9 = 4 + 6 = 150/149 lines; 2 + 10 also = 150 lines. However, the significance of these findings is not clear.<ref>Steenkamp (2011), p. 113.</ref> Similar numerical phenomena have been found in other authors. For example, in Tibullus book 2, poems 1 + 6 = 2 + 5 = 3 + 4 = 144 lines.<ref>Dettmer, H. (1980). "The arrangement of Tibullus Books 1 and 2". ''Philologus'', 124(1–2), 68–82; page 78.</ref>

==Eclogue 1==
{{main article|Eclogue 1}}
A dialogue between Tityrus and Meliboeus. In the turmoil of the era Meliboeus has been forced off his land and faces an uncertain future. Tityrus recounts his journey to [[Rome]] and the "god" he met there who answered his plea and allowed him to remain on his land. He offers to let Meliboeus spend the night with him. This text has been viewed as reflecting the infamous land-confiscations after the return of [[Mark Antony]] and Octavian's joint forces from the [[Battle of Philippi]] of 42 BCE, in which [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] (the orchestrators of [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s assassination in 44 BCE) were defeated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Meban|first= David|date= 2009|title= Virgil's "Eclogues" and Social Memory|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20616169|journal=The American Journal of Philology|volume= 130|issue= 1 |pages=99–130|jstor= 20616169|issn=0002-9475}}</ref>

==Eclogue 2==
{{main article|Eclogue 2}}
A monologue by the herdsman Corydon bemoaning his unrequited love for the handsome boy Alexis (the boss's darling) in the height of summer. The poem is adapted from the eleventh Idyll of Theocritus, in which the Cyclops Polyphemus laments the cruelty of the sea-nymph Galatea.

==Eclogue 3==
{{main article|Eclogue 3}}
Menalcas comes across a herdsman, Damoetas, who is herding some animals on behalf of a friend. The two men exchange insults and then Damoetas challenges Menalcas to a singing competition. Menalcas accepts the challenge, offering some decorated cups as a prize, but Damoetas insists that the prize must be a calf, which is more valuable. A neighbour, Palaemon, agrees to judge the contest. The second half of the poem is the contest itself, ending with Palaemon pronouncing it a tie.

The eclogue is mostly based on Theocritus's Idyll 5, but with elements added from other idylls.

==Eclogue 4==
{{main article|Eclogue 4}}
[[Eclogue 4]], also called the Messianic Eclogue,<ref>[[Edward Carpenter]] (1920) ''Pagan and Christian Creeds''. p. 137.</ref> imagines a golden age ushered in by the birth of a boy heralded as "great increase of Jove" (''magnum Iovis incrementum''). The poet makes this notional scion of [[Jove]] the occasion to predict his own [[Wiktionary:metabasis|metabasis]] up the scale in [[Epic poetry|epos]], rising from the humble [[bucolic]] to the lofty range of the [[heroic poetry|heroic]], potentially rivaling [[Homer]]: he thus signals his own ambition to make Roman epic that will culminate in the ''Aeneid''. In the surge of ambition, Virgil also predicts defeating the legendary poet [[Orpheus]] and his mother, the epic muse [[Calliope]], as well as [[Pan (god)|Pan]], the inventor of the bucolic pipe, even in Pan's homeland of [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]], which Virgil will claim as his own at the climax of his book in the tenth eclogue.

Identification of the fourth eclogue's child has proved elusive, but one common solution is that it refers to the predicted child of the sister of [[Augustus|Octavian]], [[Octavia the Younger]], who had married [[Mark Antony]] in 40 BC.<ref>Nisbet, R. G. M. (1995). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/clausen-w-v-a-commentary-on-virgil-eclogues-oxford-clarendon-press-1994-pp-xxx-328-isbn-0198149166-4000/E68E0D9DDF18DCF506B6D34FD4A00D05 Review of W V Clausen, ''A Commentary on Virgil, Eclogues'']. ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 85, 320-321; p. 320.</ref> The poem is dated to 40 BC by the reference to the consulship of [[Gaius Asinius Pollio]], Virgil's patron at the time, to whom the eclogue is addressed.

In later years, it was often assumed that the boy predicted in the poem was Christ. The connection is first made in the ''Oration of Constantine''<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2503.htm Oration of Constantine]</ref> appended to the ''Life of Constantine'' (under the title ''To the Assembly of Saints'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ariannaeditrice.it/articolo.php?id_articolo=42808|title=The Christianisation of the 4th Eclogue reaches Dante via Constantine|website=Ariannaeditrice.it|language=it|access-date=2024-05-01}}</ref> by [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] (a reading to which [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]] makes fleeting reference in his ''[[Purgatorio]]'', Canto XXII, verses 55 to 93, where the Latin poet [[Statius]] says he converted to Christianity after reading the 4th Eclogue). Some scholars have also noted similarities between the eclogue's prophetic themes and the words of [[Isaiah]] [[s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah#11:6|11:6]]: "a little child shall lead".

==Eclogue 5==
{{main article|Eclogue 5}}
In Eclogue 5, Menalcas, meeting the young goatherd Mopsus, flatters him and begs him to sing one of his songs. Mopsus is persuaded, and sings a song he has made mourning the death of the fabled herdsman Daphnis. After praising the song, Menalcas responds by singing a song of equal length describing the reception of Daphnis in heaven as a god. Mopsus praises Menalcas in turn, and the two exchange gifts.

Eclogue 5 articulates another significant pastoral theme, the shepherd-poet's concern with achieving worldly fame through poetry. Ensuring poetic fame is a fundamental interest of the shepherds in classical pastoral elegies, including the speaker in [[John Milton|Milton]]'s "[[Lycidas]]".<ref>Lee, Guy, trans. (1984). "Eclogue 5". In Virgil, ''The Eclogues''. New York: Penguin. pp. 29–35.</ref>

== Eclogue 6 ==
{{main article|Eclogue 6}}
This eclogue begins with a dedication to [[Alfenus Varus]], the politician who had been in charge of the land confiscations in 40 BC. After this, Virgil tells the story of how two boys, Chromis and Mnasyllos, and a [[naiad]] persuaded the [[satyr]] [[Silenus]] to sing to them, and how he sang to them of the world's beginning, the Flood, the Golden Age, Prometheus, [[Hylas]], [[Pasiphaë]], [[Atalanta]] and [[Phaethon|Phaëthon]]'s sisters; after which he described how the [[Muses]] gave [[Cornelius Gallus|Gallus]] (a close personal friend of Virgil's) [[Hesiod]]'s reed pipe and commissioned him to write a didactic poem. After this Silenus sings of [[Scylla]] (whom Virgil identifies as both the sea monster and the daughter of [[Nisos]] who was transmuted into a seabird) and of [[Tereus]] and [[Philomela]]. Finally we learn that he has in fact been singing a song originally composed by [[Apollo]] on the banks of the [[Eurotas (river)|Eurotas]].

== Eclogue 7 ==
{{main article|Eclogue 7}}
The goatherd Meliboeus, a recurring character, soliloquizing remembers how he happened to be present at a great singing match between Corydon and Thyrsis. He then quotes from memory their actual songs (six rounds of matching quatrains) and recalls that [[Daphnis]] as judge declared Corydon the winner. This eclogue is based on pseudo-Theocritus ''Idyll'' VIII, though there the quatrains are not in hexameters but in elegiac couplets. Scholars argue about why Thyrsis loses. The reader may feel that despite the very close parallelism of his quatrains with Corydon's, they are less musical and sometimes cruder in content.

==Eclogue 8==
{{main article|Eclogue 8}}
This eclogue is also known as ''Pharmaceutria'' ("Sorceress"). The poet reports the contrasting songs of two herdsmen whose music is as powerful as that of Orpheus. Both songs are dramatic (the character in the first being a man and in the second a woman), both have almost the same pattern of three- to five-line stanzas, with a refrain after each one. In one song the singer complains that his girlfriend is marrying another man; in the second a woman performs a magic spell to get her lover back.

== Eclogue 9 ==
{{main article|Eclogue 9}}
Young Lycidas meets old Moeris on his way to town and learns that Moeris's master, the poet Menalcas, has been evicted from his small farm and nearly killed. They proceed to recall snatches of Menalcas's poetry, two translated from Theocritus and two relating to contemporary events. Lycidas is anxious for a singing-match, while admitting that he is no match for two contemporary Roman poets whom he mentions by name, but Moeris pleads for forgetfulness and loss of voice. They walk on towards the city, postponing the competition until Menalcas arrives.

==Eclogue 10==
{{main article|Eclogue 10}}
In Eclogue 10, Virgil replaces Theocritus' [[Sicily]] and old bucolic hero, the impassioned oxherd [[Daphnis]], with the impassioned voice of his contemporary Roman friend, the elegiac poet [[Cornelius Gallus|Gaius Cornelius Gallus]], imagined dying of love in [[Arcadia (region)|Arcadia]]. Virgil transforms this remote, mountainous, and myth-ridden region of Greece, homeland of Pan, into the original and ideal place of pastoral song, thus founding a richly resonant tradition in western literature and the arts.

This eclogue is the origin of the phrase ''omnia vincit amor'' ("love conquers all").

==See also==
*''[[Aeneid]]''
*''[[Georgics]]''
*[[Golden Bough (mythology)]]

==References==
<references />

== Further reading ==
* Buckham, Philip Wentworth; Spence, Joseph; Holdsworth, Edward; Warburton, William; Jortin, John, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r6jgdemPX0UC&q=Miscellanea+Virgiliana ''Miscellanea Virgiliana: In Scriptis Maxime Eruditorum Virorum Varie Dispersa, in Unum Fasciculum Collecta''], Cambridge: Printed for W. P. Grant; 1825.
*{{cite book | editor1-last=Coleman| editor1-first=Robert | title=Vergil: Eclogues | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1977 | isbn=0-521-29107-0}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bucolics |volume= 4 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse| page = 733 }}
*{{cite book |author1=Hornblower, Simon |author2=Antony Spawforth |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary: Third Edition |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-19-866172-X |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198661726 }}
*{{cite book | editor=Hunter, Richard| title=Theocritus: A Selection| publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=1999 | isbn=0-521-57420-X}}
*{{cite book | last=Van Sickle |first=John B. | title=The Design of Virgil's Bucolics | publisher=Duckworth | year=2004 | isbn=1-85399-676-9}}
*{{cite book | last=Van Sickle |first=John B. | title=Virgil's ''Book of Bucolics'', the Ten Eclogues in English Verse. Framed by Cues for Reading Out-Loud and Clues for Threading Texts and Themes | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-8018-9799-3}}|

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Eclogues (Virgil)}}
{{Wikisourcelang|la|Eclogae vel bucolica}}
{{Wikiquote|Virgil#Eclogues_.2837_BC.29|Eclogues}}
{{commons category}}
'''In English'''
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/virgil/the-eclogues/john-dryden|Display Name=''The Eclogues'', translated by John Dryden|noitalics=true}}
* {{librivox book | title=The Eclogues | author=VIRGIL}}{{Gutenberg|no=230|name=The Bucolics and Eclogues by Virgil}} {{in lang|en}}
*[https://www.theoi.com/Text/VirgilEclogues.html The ''Eclogues'' (translated by H.R. Fairclough for the Loeb Classical Library)]
'''In Latin'''
*[http://classics.mit.edu/Virgil/eclogue.html The ''Eclogues'' (Internet Classics Archive)]
* {{Gutenberg|no=229|name=The Bucolics and Eclogues by Virgil}} {{in lang|la}}
'''Other translations'''
*[http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/Virg/buc/bucgen.html French translations (Bibliotheca Classica Selecta)]
*[http://www.gottwein.de/Lat/verg/VergAen001.php Latin texts and German translations]
'''Other links'''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111122085914/http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/29991/ An appreciation by Samuel Johnson]

{{Virgil}}
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[[Category:1st-century BC books in Latin]]
[[Category:Poetry by Virgil]]
[[Category:LGBTQ poetry]]