View source for Ecce homo

{{Short description|Latin words used by Pontius Pilate when he presents Jesus Christ to the people (John 19:5)}}
{{about|the Biblical phrase and the subject in art}}
[[File:Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi) - Ecce Homo - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''[[Ecce Homo (Caravaggio, Genoa)|Ecce Homo]]'', Caravaggio, 1605]]
{{italic title}}
'''''Ecce homo''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|k|s|i|_|ˈ|h|oʊ|m|oʊ}}, {{IPA|la-x-church|ˈettʃe ˈomo|lang|link=yes}}, {{IPA|la-x-classic|ˈɛkkɛ ˈhɔmoː|lang|link=yes}}; "behold the man") are the [[Latin]] words used by [[Pontius Pilate]] in the [[Vulgate]] translation of the [[Gospel of John]], when he presents a [[Flagellation of Christ|scourged Jesus]], bound and [[crown of thorns|crowned with thorns]], to a hostile crowd shortly before [[Crucifixion of Jesus|his crucifixion]] (John 19:5). The original {{langx|grc-x-koine|"[[s:el:Κατά Ιωάννην#ιθ'|ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος]]"|"idoù ho ánthropos"|label=[[New Testament Greek]]}}, is rendered by most [[English Bible translation]]s, e.g. the [[Douay-Rheims Bible]] and the [[King James Version]], as "behold the man".{{efn|name=ecce|{{langx|grc-x-koine|[http://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/bibelstelle/Joh19,5/NA/ ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος]|idoú ho ánthropos ([[NA28]]), [https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_nt_evang-ioannem_lt.html#19 ecce homo] ([[NVUL]])|lit=behold the man|label=[[Gospel of John|John]]{{space|thin}}{{bibleverse-nb|John|19:5|KJV}}}}. ''Similar:''<br />{{langx|grc-x-koine|[http://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/bibelstelle/Mt25,6/NA/ ἰδοὺ ὁ νυμφίος]|idoù ho nymphíos ([[NA28]]), [https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_nt_evang-matthaeum_lt.html#25 ecce sponsus] ([[NVUL]])|lit=behold the bridegroom|label=[[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]]{{space|thin}}{{bibleverse-nb|Matthew|25:6|KJV}}}}.{{sfnm|Хальфан|2009|Rotem|2018}}}} The scene has been widely depicted in [[Christian art]].
[[File:Follower of Jheronimus Bosch 029.jpg|thumb|[[Ecce Homo (Bosch, 1490s)|Version by]] a follower of [[Hieronymus Bosch]], 1490s]]

A scene of the ''ecce homo'' is a standard component of cycles illustrating the [[Passion of Jesus|Passion]] and [[life of Christ in art]]. It follows the stories of the [[Flagellation of Christ]], the [[Crown of thorns|crowning with thorns]] and the [[mocking of Jesus]], the last two often being combined:{{efn|name=mocking|{{langx|grc-x-koine|[…]{{space|thin}}[http://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/bibelstelle/Mt27,27-31/NA/ ἐνέπαιξαν αὐτῷ]|enépaizan autõ ([[NA28]]), [https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_nt_evang-matthaeum_lt.html#27 illudebant ei] ([[Nova Vulgata|NVUL]])|lit=they mocked him|label=[[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]]{{space|thin}}{{bibleverse-nb|Matthew|27:27–31|KJV}}}}{{space|thin}}[…]. — "The reed is a Christian symbol of humility […]. After whipping Christ and crowning him with thorns, the Roman soldiers gave Christ a reed as  pathetic scepter for a mock ruler. In Christian iconography, the reed is a sign of Jesus's willingness to suffer humiliation to fulfill the will of his Father. […] [T]he humility is the absolute requirement for advancement in the spiritual life."{{sfn|Dreher|2017|p=187}}}} The usual depiction shows Pilate and Jesus, a mocking crowd which may be rather large, and parts of the city of [[Jerusalem]].

But, from the 15th century in the West, and much earlier in the art of the Eastern church, [[andachtsbilder|devotional pictures]] began to portray Jesus alone, in half or full figure with a purple robe, loincloth, crown of thorns and torture wounds, especially on his head, and later became referred to as images of the  ''Ecce homo''. Similar subjects but with the wounds of the crucifixion visible (Nail wounds on the limbs, spear wounds on the sides), are termed a [[Man of Sorrows]] (also [[wikt:misericordia|Misericordia]]). If the [[instruments of the Passion]] are present, it may be called an [[Arma Christi]]. If Christ is sitting down (usually supporting himself with his hand on his thigh), it may be referred to it as ''Christ at rest'' or [[Pensive Christ]]. It is not always possible to distinguish these subjects.

== Eastern Christianity ==
Narrative scenes of the biblical moment are almost never shown in Eastern art, but icons of the single figure of the tortured Christ go back over a millennium, and have sometimes been called ''Ecce homo'' images by later sources.  The first depictions of the ''ecce homo'' scene in the arts appear in the 9th and 10th centuries in the [[Greeks in Syria#Byzantine Era|Syrian-Byzantine]] culture of the [[Antiochian Greek Christians]].{{efn|The [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Syria]] is not to be confused with [[Syriac Christianity]]: "The Syrian Church has never had its own tradition of icon-painting. […] As to the non-Chalcedonian Orient, in particular the Church of Syria, icons did not find much acceptance there, and the churches were adorned with ornaments rather than icons."{{sfn|Alfeyev|1995}}<br />
''Antiochian representatives:''{{efn|{{" '}}…{{space|thin}}the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch. ([[Acts]]{{space|thin}}{{bibleverse-nb|Acts|11:26|KJV}}){{' "}}}}
<br />
*{{cite web |url= https://www.antiochianladiocese.org//interface/dolaatw_purple/header.jpg |title= Official motto |format= [[JPEG image]] |publisher= [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America#Structure|The Antiochian Diocese of Los Angeles and the West]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180224043755/https://www.antiochianladiocese.org//interface/dolaatw_purple/header.jpg |archive-date= 24 February 2018 |url-status= live |access-date= 3 April 2019 }}
*{{cite web |url= https://www.antiochianladiocese.org/images/icons/Christ-the-Bridegroom.jpg |title= Christ the Bridegroom |publisher= [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America#Structure|The Antiochian Diocese of Los Angeles and the West]] |format= [[JPEG image]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160611031248/https://www.antiochianladiocese.org/images/icons/Christ-the-Bridegroom.jpg |archive-date= 11 June 2016 |url-status= live |access-date= 1 April 2019 }}{{efn|"At the first service of Palm Sunday evening, the priest carries the icon of Christ the Bridegroom in procession, and we sing the 'Hymn of the Bridegroom'. We behold Christ as the Bridegroom of the Church, bearing the marks of His suffering, yet preparing a marriage Feast for us in God's Kingdom. […] The Parable of the Ten Virgins is read on Holy Tuesday. […] The theme of the day is reinforced by the expostelarion hymn we sing:"<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ww1.antiochian.org/1175027131 |title= Holy Week: An Explanation |publisher= [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180810080346/http://ww1.antiochian.org/1175027131 |archive-date= 10 August 2018 |url-status= live |access-date= 19 April 2019 }}</ref>{{sfn|Basil Essey| 2008}}{{quote|style=margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: -0.5em;|''I behold Thy bridal chamber<br />richly adorned,<br />O my Savior;<br />but I have no wedding garment<br />to worthily enter.<br />Make radiant<br />the garment of my soul,<br />O Giver of Light,<br />and save me.''}}}}
*{{Facebook|AntiochenischorthodoxeKircheinWien/videos/988785987946264/ |name="Das Bräutigam-Gebet" -"The Bridegroom Prayer"|link= no}} ([[Video]]). 2 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2019.<ref>{{Facebook |AntiochenischorthodoxeKircheinWien |Official account}}</ref> {{langx |ar|بطريركية أنطاكية وسائر المشرق للروم الأرثوذكس {{!}} كنيسة الروم الأرثوذكس في فيينا - النمسا|translit= bitrirkiat 'antakiat wasayir almashriq lilruwm al'arthudhikus {{!}} kanisat alruwm al'arthudhikus fi fiyinna – alnamsa}}. {{langx|de|Griechisch-Orthodoxes Patriarchat von Antiochien und dem gesamten Morgenland Griechisch-orthodoxe Kirche in Wien – Österreich|lit= [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East]] [[Greek Orthodox Church]] in [[Vienna, Austria|Vienna – Austria]].}}{{sfnm|Christus der Bräutigam |2018|Christus der Bräutigam |2018b|Gemeinde Wien|2019}}{{efn|name= bridegroomprayer|"Realizing our sinfulness and not relying on the power of our own prayers, in this prayer we ask […] the Mother of God, Who has special grace to save us sinners by Her intercession for us before Her Son, to pray for us sinners before our Saviour." ({{langx|ru|"Сознавая свою греховность и не надеясь на силу молитв своих, мы в этой молитве просим помолиться о нас грешных, пред Спасителем нашим, […] Божию Матерь, имеющую особенную благодать спасать нас грешных Своим заступничеством за нас перед Сыном Своим."}}){{sfnm|Slobodskoy|1967|1loc= [http://www.dorogadomoj.com/de426mol.html#1.7 "Short Prayers: Another Prayer to the Lord Jesus"] - {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180807032303/http://www.dorogadomoj.com/de426mol.html |date= 7 August 2018 |nolink= y}}|Слободской|1967|2loc= [http://www.dorogadomoj.com/dra426mol.html#1.7 "Kratkiye molitvy: Yeshche odna molitva Gospodu Iisusu -  Краткие молитвы: Еще одна молитва Господу Иисусу"] -{{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180827131101/http://www.dorogadomoj.com/dra426mol.html |date= 27 August 2018 |nolink= y}}}}.{{efn|name= dorogadomoj|[[Internet edition]] at ''Dorogadomoj.com''.}}{{sfnm|The Way Home|2008|Дорога домой|2008}}}}{{quote|style=margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: -0.5em;|''Behold, the Bridegroom cometh at midnight,''<br />{{lang|ar|ها هوذا الختن يأتي في نصف الليل}}<br />''and blessed is the servant''<br />{{lang|ar|فطوبى للعبد}}<br />''whom he shall find awake.''<br />{{lang|ar|الذي يجده مستيقظا،}}<br />''But he whom he shall find neglectful''<br />{{lang|ar|أما الذي يجده متغافلا فهو}}<br />''is verily unworthy.''<br />{{lang|ar|غيرمستحق.}}<br />''Behold, therefore, O my soul, beware,''<br />{{lang|ar|فانظري يا نفسي}}<br />''lest thou fallest in deep slumber,''<br />{{lang|ar|ألا تستغرقي في النوم}}<br />''and the door of the kingdom''<br />{{lang|ar|ويغلق عليك خارج}}<br />''be closed against thee,''<br />{{lang|ar|الملكوت}}<br />''and thou be delivered to death.''<br />{{lang|ar|وتسلمي إلى الموت،}}<br />''But be thou wakeful, crying:''<br />{{lang|ar|بل كوني منتبهة صارخة :}}<br />''Holy, holy, holy art thou, O God.''<br />{{lang|ar|قدوس قدوس قدوس أنت يا الله،}}<br />''Through the intercessions of the Theotokos,''<br />{{lang|ar|من أجل والدة الإله}}<br />''have mercy on us.''<br />{{lang|ar|ارحمنا.}}{{sfnm|John El Massih|2017|Christ the Bridegroom Monastery|2009}}<ref>{{YouTube|id=ak45DYjtJro|title=ها هو ذا الختن|link=no}}</ref>}}
Cf. [[Isaiah]]{{space|thin}}{{bibleverse-nb|Isaiah|6:3|KJV}}: "Holy, holy, holy, is the LORD of hosts: the whole earth is full of his glory", [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]]{{space|thin}}{{bibleverse-nb|Revelation|4:8|KJV}}: "Holy, holy, holy, LORD God Almighty, which was, and is, and is to come", [[Trisagion]], and [[Jesus Prayer]].
}}

[[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]] tradition generally refers to this type of [[icon]] by a different title:{{efn|Even if the icon inscription is ''Behold the Man''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Ide ho Ánthropos |script-title= el:ΊΔΕ Ό ἌΝΘΡΩΠΟϹ |trans-title= Behold the Man |format= [[JPEG image]] |website= [[Orthodox Church in America]] |url= https://images.oca.org/icons/lg/holyweek/extremehumility.jpg |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190330132747/https://images.oca.org/icons/lg/holyweek/extremehumility.jpg |archive-date= 30 March 2019 |url-status= live |access-date= 15 May 2019 }}</ref>}} ″{{nowrap|Jesus Christ}} {{nowrap|the Bridegroom}}″ ({{langx|grc-x-medieval|{{nowrap| Ιηϲοῦϲ Χριστόϲ}} {{nowrap|[[s:el:Κατά Ματθαίον#κε'|ὁ Νυμφίος]]}}|{{nowrap|Iesoũs Christós}} {{nowrap|ho Nymphíos}}|label= [[Byzantine Greek]]}}).{{efn|name= bridegroomicon}} It derives from the words in {{langx|grc-x-koine|"[[s:el:Κατά Ματθαίον#κε'|ἰδοὺ ὁ νυμφίος]]"|"idoù ho nymphíos"|label= [[New Testament Greek]]}}, by which Jesus Christ reveals himself, in his [[Parable of the Ten Virgins]] according to the [[Gospel of Matthew]],{{efn|name= ecce}} as the bearer of the most high joy.{{efn|{{langx|ru|"Христос открывает Себя Носителем высшей радости"|translit= Khristos otkryvayet Sebya Nositelem vysshey radosti|lit= Christ reveals Himself as the Bearer of the highest joy}}.{{sfn|Alexandre (Semenoff-Tian-Chansky) |1984}}}}
[[File:Ecce-homo Mantegna.jpg|thumb|''[[Ecce homo (Mantegna)|Ecce Homo]]'', [[Andrea Mantegna]], 1500]]

The icon presents the bridegroom as a suffering [[mocking of Christ|Christ, mocked]] and humiliated by [[Pontius Pilate]]'s soldiers before [[Jesus' Crucifixion|his crucifixion]].{{efn|name=mocking}}{{efn|name=bridegroomicon}}

The daily [[Midnight Office]] summons the faithful to be ready at all times for the day of the [[Last Judgment|Dread Judgement]], which will come unexpectedly like "a bridegroom in the night".{{efn|{{langx|cu|{{" '}}жених в полунощи{{' "}}|translit= zhenikh v polunoshchi|lit= the bridegroom at midnight}}.{{sfnm|Slobodskoy|1967|1loc= [http://www.dorogadomoj.com/der55slo/der55slo3.html#_Toc36163888 "The Order of Divine Services: The Daily Cycle of Divine Services"]|1ps=. {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170608073313/http://www.dorogadomoj.com/der55slo/der55slo3.html |date= 8 June 2017 |nolink= y}}|Слободской|1967|2loc= [http://www.dorogadomoj.com/dr55/dr55slo62.html#5_5 "O poryadke tserkovnykh Bogosluzheniy: Sutochnyy krug Bogosluzheniy"] О порядке церковных Богослужений: Суточный круг Богослужений|2ps=. {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180807201705/http://www.dorogadomoj.com/dr55/dr55slo62.html |date= 7 August 2018 |nolink= y}}.{{efn|name=dorogadomoj}}}}}} On Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, the first three days of [[Passion Week]], the last week before [[Orthodox Easter|Pascha]], consecrated to the commemoration of the last days of the earthly [[Chronology of Jesus|life of the Saviour]], the [[troparion]] is chanted: ''"Behold the Bridegroom Cometh at Midnight"'' ({{langx |grc-x-medieval|Ἰδού ὁ Νυμφίος ἔρχεται ἐν τῷ μέσῳ τῆς νυκτός|translit= idoú ho nymphíos érchetai en tõ méso tẽs nuktós|label= [[Byzantine Greek]]}}).{{efn|name= bridegroomprayer}}{{efn|{{langx|cu|{{" '}}Се Жених грядет в полунощи{{' "}}|translit= Se Zhenikh gryadet v polunoshchi|lit= Behold the Bridegroom comes at midnight}}.{{sfnm|Slobodskoy|1967|1loc= [http://www.dorogadomoj.com/der55slo/der55slo3.html#_Toc36163894 "The Sundays of Lent: Passion Week"]|1ps=. {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170608073313/http://www.dorogadomoj.com/der55slo/der55slo3.html |date= 8 June 2017 |nolink= y}}|Слободской|1967|2loc= [http://www.dorogadomoj.com/dr55/dr55slo66.html#5_32 "Nedeli Velikogo Posta: Strastnaya sedmitsa"] Недели Великого Поста: Страстная седмица|2ps=. {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180806135456/http://www.dorogadomoj.com/dr55/dr55slo66.html |date= 6 August 2018 |nolink= y}}.{{efn|name= dorogadomoj}}}} "During Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday of Holy Week, we celebrate Bridegroom Matins. We sing: 'Behold, the Bridegroom is coming{{space|thin}}…{{' "}}.{{sfn|Russian chant|2010}}}}

A [[Passion Play]], presented in Moscow (27 March 2007) and in Rome (29 March 2007), recalls the words, with which "in Holy Scriptures Christ describes Himself as a bridegroom":{{efn| [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]]{{space|thin}}{{bibleverse-nb|Matthew|9:15|KJV}}; {{bibleverse-nb|Matthew|25:1–13|KJV}}; [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]]{{space|thin}}{{bibleverse-nb|Mark|2:19|KJV}}; [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]]{{space|thin}}{{bibleverse-nb|Luke|5:34–35|KJV}}, {{bibleverse-nb|Luke|12:35–36|KJV}}. "[T]he Church is presented as His wife and bride": [[Gospel of John|John]]{{space|thin}}{{bibleverse-nb|John|2:9–10|KJV}}, {{bibleverse-nb|John|3:29|KJV}}, [[Epistle to the Ephesians|Ephesians]]{{space|thin}}{{bibleverse-nb|Ephesians|5:24–27|KJV}}; [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]]{{space|thin}}{{bibleverse-nb|Revelation|21:9|KJV}}.{{sfn|Bases of the Social Concept|2000}}}}
{{poemquote|The Bridegroom of the Church is transfixed with nails.
The Son of the Virgin is pierced with a spear.
We venerate Thy Passion, O Christ.
We venerate Thy Passion, O Christ.
We venerate Thy Passion, O Christ.
Show us also Thy glorious Resurrection.|sign= [[Hilarion Alfeyev]]|title= The Passion according to St. Matthew{{sfn|Alfeyev|2007}}}}

== Western Christianity ==
[[File:Titian - Christ Shown to the People (Ecce Homo).jpg|thumb|''Ecce Homo'' by [[Titian]], between c. 1570 and c. 1576]]
Depictions of [[Western Christianity]] in the Middle Ages, e.g. the ''[[Egbert Codex]]'' and the ''[[Codex Aureus Epternacensis]]'', seem to depict the ''ecce homo'' scene (and are usually interpreted as such), but more often than not only show the [[Crown of thorns|Crowning of thorns]] and the [[Mocking of Christ]],{{efn|name=mocking}} which precede the actual ''ecce homo'' scene in the Bible. The independent image only developed around 1400, probably in Burgundy, but then rapidly became extremely popular, especially in Northern Europe.{{sfn|Schiller|1972|pp=74–75; figs. 236, 240, 256–273}}

[[File:Ditiek Albrecht Bouts.jpg|thumb|left|300px|''[[Ecce Homo and Mater Dolorosa Diptych]]'', c. 1491–1520. [[Aelbrecht Bouts]]]]
The motif found increasing currency as the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]] became a central theme in Western piety in the 15th and 16th centuries. The ''ecce homo'' theme was included not only in the [[passion play]]s of [[Middle Ages|medieval]] theatre, but also in cycles of illustrations of the story of the Passion, as in the ''[[Great Passion (Dürer)|Great Passion]]'' of [[Albrecht Dürer]] or the [[engraving]]s of [[Martin Schongauer]]. The scene was (especially in France) often depicted as a sculpture or group of sculptures; even altarpieces and other paintings with the motif were produced (e.g. by [[Hieronymus Bosch]] or [[Hans Holbein the Elder|Hans Holbein]]). Like the passion plays, the visual depictions of the ''ecce homo'' scene, it has been argued, often, and increasingly, portray the people of Jerusalem in a highly critical light, bordering perhaps on [[antisemitic]] caricatures. Equally, this style of art has been read as a kind of simplistic externalisation of the inner hatred of the angry crowd towards Jesus, not necessarily implying any racial judgment.

The motif of the lone figure of a suffering Christ who seems to be staring directly at the observer, enabling him/her to personally identify with the events of the Passion, arose in the late Middle Ages. At the same time similar motifs of the ''Man of Sorrow'' and ''Christ at rest'' increased in importance. The subject was used repeatedly in later so-called [[old master print]]s (e.g. by [[Jacques Callot]] and [[Rembrandt]]), in the paintings of the [[Renaissance]] and the [[Baroque]], as well as in Baroque sculptures.

[[Hieronymus Bosch]] painted his first [[Ecce Homo (Bosch, 1470s)|Ecce Homo]] during the 1470s.<ref>[[#{{harvid|Krén|Marx}}|Krén & Marx]].</ref> He returned to the subject in 1490 to paint in a characteristically Netherlandish style, with deep perspective and a surreal ghostly image of praying monks in the lower left-hand corner.

In 1498, [[Albrecht Dürer]] depicted the suffering of Christ in the ''ecce homo'' of his ''[[Great Passion (Dürer)|Great Passion]]'' in unusually close relation with his self-portrait, leading to a reinterpretation of the motif as a metaphor for the suffering of the artist. [[James Ensor]] used the ''ecce homo'' motif in his ironic painting ''Christ and the Critics'' (1891), in which he portrayed himself as Christ.

[[Antonio Ciseri]]'s 1871 ''Ecce Homo'' portrayal presents a semi-photographic view of a balcony seen from behind the central figures of a scourged Christ and Pilate (whose face is not visible). The crowd forms a distant mass, almost without individuality, and much of the detailed focus is on the normally secondary figures of Pilate's aides, guards, secretary and wife.

[[File:Munkácsy Ecce Homo part.JPG|thumb|''Ecce Homo'' by [[Mihály Munkácsy]], 1896]]
One of the more famous modern versions of the ecce homo motif was that by the Polish artist [[Adam Chmielowski]], who went on to found, as Brother Albert, the [[Albertine Brothers]] ({{abbr|CSAPU|Congregation of Albertine Brothers Serving the Poor}}) and, a year later, the [[Albertine Sisters]] ({{abbr|CSAPI|Congregation of Albertine Sisters Serving the Poor}}), eventually becoming proclaimed a saint on 12 November 1989 by Pope [[John Paul II]], the author of ''{{ill|Our God's Brother|pl|3=Brat naszego Boga}}'', a play about Chmielowski, written between 1944 and 1950, when the future Pontiff and later himself a saint was a young priest. {{ill|Ecce Homo (Chmielowski)|pl|3=Ecce Homo (obraz Adama Chmielowskiego)|lt=Chmielowski's ''Ecce Homo''}} (146&nbsp;cm x 96.5&nbsp;cm, unsigned, painted between 1879 and 1881), was significant in Chmielowski's life, as it is in ''Act&nbsp;1'' of Wojtyła's play. Pope John Paul II is said to have kept a copy of this painting in his apartment at the Vatican.{{sfn|Wójtowicz|2011}} The original can be viewed in the Ecce Homo Sanctuary of the Albertine Sisters in Kraków.<ref>{{Commons-inline|File:Church of Saint Albert Chmielowski (Ecce Homo Sanctuary) in Cracow, Poland.jpg}}.</ref> It was painted at a time when the painter was going through an inner struggle, trying to decide whether to remain an artist, or to give up painting to pursue the calling to minister to the poor.{{sfn|Wyczółkowski|1880}}

Especially in the 19th and 20th centuries, the meaning of ''ecce homo'' motif has been extended to the portrayal of suffering and the degradation of humans through violence and war. Notable 20th-century depictions are [[George Grosz]]'s (1922–1923) and [[Lovis Corinth]]'s ''Ecce Homo'' (1925). The 84 [[drawings]] and 16 [[watercolors]] of Grosz criticize the socio-political conditions of the [[Weimar Republic]].{{sfn|Grosz|2011}} Corinth shows, from the perspective of the crowd, Jesus, a soldier, and Pilate dressed as a physician. Following the [[Holocaust]] of [[World War II]], [[Otto Dix]] portrayed himself, in ''Ecce Homo with self-likeness behind barbed wire'' (1948), as the suffering Christ in a concentration camp.

== Artworks ==
{{main|Ecce Homo (disambiguation)#Art}}
These are images of the narrative type, with other figures, rather than the devotional [[Man of Sorrows]] type.
*[[Ecce Homo (Bosch, 1470s)|''Ecce Homo'' (Bosch, 1470s)]], now Frankfurt
*[[Ecce Homo (Bosch, 1490s)|''Ecce Homo'' (Bosch, 1490s)]], follower of Bosch, now Indianapolis and Philadelphia
*[[Ecce homo (Mantegna)|''Ecce homo'' (Mantegna)]], c. 1500, now Paris
*[[Ecce Homo (Caravaggio, Genoa)|''Ecce Homo'' (Caravaggio)]], c. 1605, Genoa
*[[Ecce Homo (Caravaggio, Madrid)|''Ecce Homo'' (Caravaggio, Madrid)]]
*[[Ecce Homo (Rubens)|''Ecce Homo'' (Rubens)]], c. 1612 [[Hermitage Museum]]
*[[Ecce Homo (Luini)|''Ecce Homo'' (Luini)]], before 1532, Cologne
*[[Ecce Homo (Daumier)|''Ecce Homo'' (Daumier)]], 1850, Essen

== Gallery ==
{{clear}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:5208-20080122-1255UTC--jerusalem-calvary.jpg|[[ΙϹ ΧϹ]] Ό ΝΥΜΦΊΟϹ{{efn|{{langx|grc-x-medieval|[[ΙϹ ΧϹ]] [abbr. for ΙηϲοῦϹ ΧριστόϹ] [[s:el:Κατά Ματθαίον#κε'|ὁ νυμφίοϲ]]|translit=IesoũS CHristóS ho nymphíos|lit=Jesus Christ the bridegroom|label=Inscription}}. — An [[icon]], on the apex of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre#Calvary (Golgotha)|Rock of Calvary inside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre]], under the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Greek Orthodox]] altar of the crucifixion (12th{{space|thin}}[[Stations of the Cross|Station]] of the [[Via Dolorosa]]).{{sfnm|Хальфан|2009|Rotem|2018}}}}{{efn|name=bridegroomicon|"The icon of Christ the Bridegroom portrays the selfless love for Christ's Bride, the Church ([[Isaiah]]{{space|thin}}{{bibleverse-nb|Isaiah|54|KJV}}). He is dressed in royal colors as the betrothed King, complying with Sacred Scripture's account of His mockery by the Roman guards before His crucifixion. The crown is a symbol of His marriage to the Church; the rope, a symbol of bondage to sin, death and corruption which Jesus untied by His death on the Cross; the reed, a symbol of His humility."{{sfn|Christ the Bridegroom Monastery|2009}}}}
File:Ecce homo - seculo xv - portugal.jpg|''Ecce Homo'', [[Nuno Gonçalves]], 15th century
File:Ecce homo by Hieronymus Bosch.jpg|[[Hieronymus Bosch]], 1470s
File:Jean hey, ecce homo, 1494.JPG|[[Jean Hey]], 1494
File:Janssens Ecce Homo.jpg|''Ecce Homo'', [[Abraham Janssens]], (1567–1632)
File:Eccehomo.jpg|[[Correggio]], 16th century
File:Tintoretto - ecce homo masp.JPG|[[Tintoretto]], 1546
File:Tiziano Vecelli - Ecce Homo (National Gallery of Ireland).jpg|''Ecce Homo'', by [[Titian]] (1490–1576)
File:Andrea Solario - Ecce Homo - Google Art Project.jpg|''Ecce Homo'' by [[Andrea Solario]], c. 1506
File:Quentin Massys-Ecce Homo-1520,Doge's Palace,Venice.jpg|[[Quentin Massys]], c. 1520
File:Rubens (Ecce Homo).jpg|[[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], 1612
File:Jan Cossiers - Ecce Homo.jpg|[[Jan Cossiers]], c. 1620
File:Mateo Cerezo d. J. 001.jpg|[[Mateo Cerezo]], 1650
File:CigoliEcceHomo.jpg|''Ecce Homo'', by Lodovico Cardi called [[Cigoli]]
File:Champaigne eccehomo.jpg|''Ecce Homo'', by [[Philippe de Champaigne]] (1602–1674)
File:Moskos Elias Elkomenos 1648.jpg|''Ecce Homo'', by Elias Moskos, 1648
File:ColegioDeSanGregorio20110906182953P1130027.jpg|''Ecce Homo'', by [[Pedro de Mena]], 17th century
File:Senhor Bom Jesus de Tremembé por Thiago Alves de Siqueira.jpg|The statue of Ecce Homo, revered in Brazil as the Good Jesus
File:Ecce homo by Pierre Mignard.jpg|''Ecce Homo'', by [[Pierre Mignard]], (1690)
File:Honoré Daumier 019.jpg|''[[Ecce Homo (Daumier)|Ecce Homo]]'', by [[Honoré Daumier]], (1850)
File:Ecce homo by Antonio Ciseri (1).jpg|[[Antonio Ciseri]] (1871)
File:ChmielowskiAdam.1881.EcceHomo.jpg|''Ecce Homo'', by [[Adam Chmielowski]], 1879–1881
File:Corinth Ecce homo.jpg|[[Lovis Corinth]], 1925
</gallery>

== Publications ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.pravmir.ru/se-zhenix-gryadet-v-polunoshhi/ |last=Хальфан |first=Елена |date=30 March 2009 |website=Pravmir.ru |publisher=Orthodoxy and the World |location=Moscow |language=ru |title=Se Zhenikh gryadet v polunoshchi... |script-title=ru:Се Жених грядет в полунощи... |trans-title=Behold, the Bridegroom comes at midnight... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073733/https://www.pravmir.ru/se-zhenix-gryadet-v-polunoshhi/ |archive-date=14 February 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=28 March 2019 }} — {{cite web |url=https://biblewalks.com/sites/sepulcher.html#Calvary |last=Rotem |title=Church of Holy Sepulchre: Greek Orthodox Calvary |date=29 December 2018 |website=BibleWalks.com |publisher=Holy Land sites review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210223301/https://biblewalks.com/sites/sepulcher.html#Calvary |archive-date=10 February 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=28 March 2019 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dreher |first=Rod |author-link=Rod Dreher |year=2017 |orig-date=2015 |chapter=The Lesson of the Reed |chapter-url={{Google books|qLF0BgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |title=How Dante Can Save Your Life: The Life-Changing Wisdom of History's Greatest Poem |location=New York, NY |publisher=[[Regan Arts]] |isbn=978-1-68245-073-4 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.christthebridegroom.org/2009/04/behold-bridegroom-is-coming_02.html |title=Christ The Bridegroom: 'Behold, the Bridegroom is coming...' |publisher=Christ the Bridegroom Monastery |location=[[Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Parma]] |date=April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801013410/http://www.christthebridegroom.org/2009/04/behold-bridegroom-is-coming_02.html |archive-date=1 August 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2019 |ref={{harvid|Christ the Bridegroom Monastery|2009}} }}
* {{cite web |url=http://orthodoxeurope.org/print/12/2.aspx |title=Prayer in St Isaac of Nineveh |last=Alfeyev |first=Hilarion |author-link=Hilarion (Alfeyev) |date=August 1995 |department=Department for External Church Relations |publisher=[[Moscow Patriarchate]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201153340/http://orthodoxeurope.org/print/12/2.aspx |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=22 March 2019 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://ww1.antiochian.org/bridegroom-troparion |title=Bridegroom, Troparion |last=John El Massih |publisher=[[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] — Sacred Music Library |language=en,ar |format=[[Sheet music]] |date=10 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419024931/http://ww1.antiochian.org/bridegroom-troparion |archive-date=19 April 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2019 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://ww1.antiochian.org/bridegroom-matins-exaposteilarion-chant |title=Bridegroom, Exaposteilarion |last=Basil Essey |publisher=[[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] — Sacred Music Library |format=[[Sheet music]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419025435/http://ww1.antiochian.org/bridegroom-matins-exaposteilarion-chant |date=14 February 2008 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2019 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipNsC5ZRm0BbKFuTNeGQ2RRaraz_rM1lcbsCgemt |title=Christus der Bräutigam |trans-title=Christ the Bridegroom |format=[[JPEG image]] |date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401212955/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipNsC5ZRm0BbKFuTNeGQ2RRaraz_rM1lcbsCgemt |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2019 |ref={{harvid|Christus der Bräutigam|2018}} }}
* {{cite web |url=https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipPt_WfcO-q6LeWRWyqndbMm-SkmadtJPTHu4zoU |title=Christus der Bräutigam |trans-title=Christ the Bridegroom |format=[[JPEG image]] |date=4 April 2018b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401213121/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipPt_WfcO-q6LeWRWyqndbMm-SkmadtJPTHu4zoU |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2019 |ref={{harvid|Christus der Bräutigam|2018b}} }}
* {{cite web |url=http://rum-orthodox.de/gemeinden/wien/ |title=Gemeinde Wien |trans-title=Parish of [[Vienna]] |publisher=Antiochenisch-Orthodoxe Metropolie von Deutschland und Mitteleuropa |language=de |year=2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401164239/http://rum-orthodox.de/gemeinden/wien/ |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2019 |ref={{harvid|Gemeinde Wien|2019}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Alexandre (Semenoff-Tian-Chansky) |translator-last=Rovère |translator-first=Irène |year=1984 |title=Catéchisme orthodoxe |language=fr |edition=3rd |location=Paris |publisher=[[YMCA Press]] |isbn=2-85065-042-0 }} {{BNF|34859890h}}. {{ASIN|B0014P88QS|country=fr|date=1961. 1st ed.}}. {{ASIN|B0014P9SHG|country=fr|date=1966. 2nd ed.}}. — {{cite book |chapter-url=https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/novonachalnym/pravoslavnyj-katehizis/4_19 |chapter=O dukhovnoy zhizni khristianina. Khristianskaya etika: Pritchi o Samom Spasitele |script-chapter=ru:О духовной жизни христианина. Христианская этика: Притчи о Самом Спасителе |trans-chapter=On the spiritual life of a Christian. Christian ethics: Parables about the Savior Himself |last=Александр (Семёнов-Тян-Шанский) |website=[[Православная энциклопедия]] [[Azbuka|Азбука]] веры {{!}} православный сайт |language=ru |title=Pravoslavnyy katekhizis |script-title=ru:Православный катехизис |trans-title=Orthodox catechism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201235118/https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/novonachalnym/pravoslavnyj-katehizis/4 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=29 March 2019}}
* {{cite book |last=Slobodskoy |first=Serafim Alexivich |translator-last=Price |translator-first=Susan |translator-link=Susan Price |year=1967 |edition=1st |url=http://www.dorogadomoj.com/der55slo.html |location=[[Jordanville, N.Y.]] |publisher=[[Holy Trinity Monastery (Jordanville, New York)|Holy Trinity Monastery]] |type=English translation |title=The Law of God: For Study at Home and School |isbn=978-0-88465-044-7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827132625/http://www.dorogadomoj.com/der55slo.html |archive-date=27 August 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2019 }} — {{cite book |last=Слободской |first=Серафим Алексеевич |year=1967 |orig-date=1957 |publication-date=1966 |edition=2nd |url=http://www.dorogadomoj.com/dr55slo00.html |location=Jordanville, N.Y. |publisher=Holy Trinity Monastery |language=ru |title=Zakon Bozhiy: Rukovodstvo dlya sem'i i shkoly |script-title=ru:Закон Божий: Руководство для семьи и школы |trans-title=The Law of God: For Study at Home and School |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827125236/http://www.dorogadomoj.com/dr55slo00.html |archive-date=27 August 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2019 }} — {{langx|ru|25 декабря 2005 / 7 января 2006 [[wikt:г.#Noun|г.]]|translit=25 dekabrya 2005 / 7 yanvarya 2006&nbsp;g.|lit=25 December 2005 / 7 January 2006 |label=[[Internet edition]] ({{langx|ru|Интернетское издание|translit=Internetskoye izdaniye}})}}.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.dorogadomoj.com/ese06vys.html |title=Church Of All Russian Saints in Burlingame, CA |website=[[wikt:дорога|Doroga]][[wikt:домой|domoj]].com: The Way Home to our Father, the Lord God, and Mother Church |date=19 November 2008 |orig-date=31 May 2002 |type=English translation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506231223/http://www.dorogadomoj.com/ese06vys.html |archive-date=6 May 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2019 |ref={{harvid|The Way Home|2008}} }} — {{cite web |url=http://www.dorogadomoj.com/es06vys.html |title=Tserkov' Vsekh Svyatykh v zemle Rossiyskoy prosiyavshikh v g. Burlingeym, shtat Kaliforniya |script-title=ru:Церковь Всех Святых в земле Российской просиявших в г. Бурлингейм, штат Калифорния |trans-title=Church Of All Russian Saints in [[Burlingame, CA]] |script-website=ru:Дорога домой к нашему Отцу Господу Богу и матери Церкви |website=Doroga domoy k nashemu Ottsu Gospodu Bogu i materi Tserkvi |trans-website=The Way Home to our Father, the Lord God, and Mother Church |date=15 September 2008 |orig-date=31 May 2002 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142713/http://www.dorogadomoj.com/es06vys.html |archive-date=27 August 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2019 |ref={{harvid|Дорога домой|2008}} }}
* {{cite web |url=https://gloria.tv/video/uNKprAeLbeJn1ha7kgcs88t1Z |title=Behold, the Bridegroom cometh at Midnight |format=[[Russian chant]] |publisher=[[Gloria.tv]] |date=20 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404071240/https://gloria.tv/video/uNKprAeLbeJn1ha7kgcs88t1Z |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2019 |ref={{harvid|Russian chant|2010}} }}
* {{cite web |url=http://orthodoxeurope.org/print/3/14.aspx |title=Bases of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church |department=Department for External Church Relations |publisher=[[Moscow Patriarchate]] |date=16 August 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724230902/http://orthodoxeurope.org/print/3/14.aspx |archive-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=22 March 2019 |ref={{harvid|Bases of the Social Concept|2000}} }}
* {{cite web |url=http://orthodoxeurope.org/print/14/115.aspx |title=The Passion according to St Matthew. Libretto |last=Alfeyev |first=Hilarion |author-link=Hilarion (Alfeyev) |date=5 March 2007 |department=Department for External Church Relations |publisher=[[Moscow Patriarchate]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827211804/http://orthodoxeurope.org/print/14/115.aspx |archive-date=27 August 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=22 March 2019 }}
* {{cite book |last=Schiller |first=Gertrud |author-link=Gertrud Schiller |date=1972 |volume=2 |location=London |publisher=[[Lund Humphries]] |type=English translation |title=Iconography of Christian Art: The passion of Jesus Christ |url={{Google books|BorrAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=0-85331-324-5 }} — {{cite book |date=1983 |volume=2 |edition=2 |publisher=Gütersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn |language=de |title=Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst: Die Passion Jesu Christi |url={{Google books|lJPrAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |trans-title=Iconography of Christian Art: The passion of Jesus Christ |isbn=3-579-04136-3}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.wga.hu/html/b/bosch/1early/05ecce1.html |last1=Krén |first1=Emil |last2=Marx |first2=Daniel |title=Ecce Homo by BOSCH, Hieronymus |publisher=[[Web Gallery of Art]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104125731/https://www.wga.hu/html/b/bosch/1early/05ecce1.html |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2019 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.deon.pl/religia/swiety-patron-dnia/art,195,papiez-nowej-ewangelizacji.html |last=Wójtowicz |first=Marek |title=Papież nowej ewangelizacji |publisher=DEON.pl |language=pl |date=3 May 2011 |orig-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710055227/https://www.deon.pl/religia/swiety-patron-dnia/art,195,papiez-nowej-ewangelizacji.html |archive-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2019 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://wyczolkowski.pl/en/wspomnienia_artysty/15,124,0,0,Adam-Chmielowski--Brat-Albert,1 |last=Wyczółkowski |first=Leon |author-link=Leon Wyczółkowski |others=Illustrated by Leon Wyczółkowski |title=Adam Chmielowski Brat Albert |type=Artist's memory of his meeting with Adam Chmielowski in [[Lvov]] (1880) |publisher=[[Building of the District Museum in Bydgoszcz|Muzeum Okręgowe w Bydgoszczy im. Leona Wyczółkowskiego]] |language=pl |date=1880 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312095752/http://wyczolkowski.pl/en/wspomnienia_artysty/15,124,0,0,Adam-Chmielowski--Brat-Albert,1 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2019 }}
* {{cite book |last=Grosz |first=George |author-link=George Grosz |year=2011 |orig-date=1922–1923, reproduced drawings and watercolors executed 1915–1922 |url={{Google books|aug7QgAACAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |title=Ecce Homo |series=[[rororo]] 25684 |edition=reprint |location=Hamburg |publisher=[[Rowohlt Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-499-25684-4 }}
* {{cite SEP |url-id=nietzsche-life-works |title=Nietzsche's Life and Works |first=Robert J. |last=Wicks |author-link=Robert J. Wicks |date=8 May 2017 |orig-date=30 May 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318043608/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche-life-works/ |archive-date=18 March 2019 |url-status = live|access-date=21 March 2019 }}
{{refend}}

== See also ==
* ''[[Ecce Homo: How One Becomes What One Is]]''{{efn|"[F]inal autobiographical statement" by [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]. "He begins this fateful intellectual autobiography—he was to lose his mind little more than a month later—with three eyebrow-raising sections entitled, 'Why I Am So Wise', 'Why I Am So Clever', and 'Why I Write Such Good Books'."{{sfn|Wicks|2017}}}}
* [[Ecce homo qui est faba]]{{efn|{{langnf|la|Ecce homo qui est faba|Behold the man who is a bean}}. Choral [[theme tune]] of the TV sitcom ''[[Mr. Bean]]''.}}
* ''[[Ecce Mono]]''{{efn|[[Macaronic language|Macaronic]] Latin{{space|hair}}/{{space|hair}}{{langnf|es|Ecce Mono|Behold the monkey}}. Exemplary of an [[accidental damage of art]].}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|position=left}}
*{{cite book|chapter=[[s:Meditations For Every Day In The Year/From Septuagesima Sunday To Easter#211|Behold the Man]]|title=Meditations For Every Day In The Year|year=1823|publisher=Benziger Brothers|first=Roger|last=Baxter|author-link=Roger Baxter|location=New York}}
* {{cite news |last=Prezzia |first=Paul Joseph |title=Glory to You, Love: Puccini's Turandot and the Triduum |url=https://www.crisismagazine.com/2019/glory-to-you-love-puccinis-turandot-and-the-triduum |publisher=[[Crisis Magazine]] |at=''The Civilized Reader'' column, with reference to [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] {{bibleref2|Genesis|2:24|DRA|2:24}} and [[Song of Solomon]] {{bibleref2|Song of Solomon|4:1|DRA|4:1}} |date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418102949/https://www.crisismagazine.com/2019/glory-to-you-love-puccinis-turandot-and-the-triduum |archive-date=18 April 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2019 |quote=Christ speaks to us hardhearted men and women with these words: 'How beautiful art thou, my love, how beautiful art thou!' (Song of Solomon 4:1) Beauty, in physical terms, is the way the heavenly bridegroom speaks of love. And if Christ seeks us for the beauty He Himself created in us, and in spite of our cold hearts, He is under the obligation set for suitors in Sacred Scripture: 'A man shall leave father and mother, and cleave to his wife.' (Genesis 2:24) }}

{{Gospel of John}}
{{Gospel of Matthew}}
{{Life of Jesus in Christian art}}

[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Gospel of John]]
[[Category:Gospel of Matthew]]
[[Category:Life of Christ in art]]
[[Category:New Testament Latin words and phrases]]
[[Category:Paintings of Ecce Homo| ]]
[[Category:Pontius Pilate]]
[[Category:Vulgate Latin words and phrases]]
[[Category:Flagellation of Christ]]