View source for Eastern Chalukyas

{{Short description|624–1189 dynasty in South India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{more footnotes needed |date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox country
| image_map              = File:Eastern Chalukya Maximum Extent.jpg
| conventional_long_name = Eastern Chalukyas
| common_name            = Eastern Chalukyas
| native_name            = Chalukyas of Vengi
| government_type        = Monarchy
| year_start             = 624
| year_end               = 1189
| p1                     = Chalukya dynasty
| s1                     = Chola Empire 
| s2                     = Kakatiya dynasty
| image_map_caption      = Map of India {{circa|753 CE}}. The Eastern Chalukya kingdom is shown on the eastern coast.
| capital                = [[Pitapuram]]<br/>[[Vengi]]<br />[[Rajamahendravaram]]
| common_languages       = {{ubl||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br/>[[Sanskrit]]<br/>[[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nath Sen |first1=Sailendra |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=2 May 1999 |page=360 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |quote=They belonged to the Karnataka country and their mother tongue was Kannada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&dq=Sen+1999+historian&pg=PR7}}</ref>
}}
| religion               = [[Hinduism]]
| leader1                = [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana]]
| year_leader1           = 624–641
| leader2                = [[Rajaraja Narendra]]
| year_leader2           = 1018–1061
| title_leader           = [[Maharaja]]
| demonym                = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
| today                  = 
| image_coat             = Eastern Chalukya coin.jpg
| coa_size               = 270px
| symbol_type            = Eastern Chalukya coin. Central punchmark depicting a Boar standing left. Incuse of punchmarks.
}}
'''Eastern Chalukyas''', also known as the '''Chalukyas of Vengi''', were a dynasty that ruled parts of [[South India]] between the 7th and 12th centuries. They started out as governors of the [[Chalukyas of Badami]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region. Subsequently, they became a sovereign power, and ruled the [[Vengi]] region of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]] until {{circa|1001 CE}}. They continued ruling the region as feudatories of the [[Chola Empire|Medieval Cholas]] until 1189 CE.

Originally, the capital of the Eastern Chalukyas was located at Pishtapura (modern-day [[Pithapuram|Pitapuram]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&dq=Eastern+Chalukyas+pishtapura&pg=PA362 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=362 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Desikachari |first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNx31XT747wC&dq=Eastern+Chalukyas+Pishtapura&pg=PA39 |title=South Indian Coins |date=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0155-0 |pages=39 |language=en |orig-date=1933}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnBDAAAAYAAJ&q=pishtapura |title=Epigraphia Indica |date=1987 |publisher=Manager of Publications |volume=29 |pages=46 |language=en |orig-date=1888}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nigam |first=M. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRtQAAAAMAAJ&q=Pishtapura |title=Sculptural Heritage of Andhradesa |date=1975 |publisher=Booklinks Corporation |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> It was subsequently moved to Vengi (present-day [[Pedavegi]], near [[Eluru]]) and then to Rajamahendravaram (now [[Rajahmundry]]). Throughout their history, the Eastern Chalukyas were the cause of many wars between the more powerful [[Cholas]] and [[Western Chalukyas]] over the control of the strategically important Vengi country. The five centuries of the Eastern Chalukya rule of Vengi saw not only the consolidation of this region into a unified whole, but also saw the efflorescence of [[Telugu people|Telugu]] culture, literature, poetry and art during the later half of their rule. They had marital relationship with Cholas.{{sfn|Rao|1994|p=36}}

== Origin ==

The Chalukyas of Vengi branched off from the [[Chalukyas of Badami]]. The Badami ruler [[Pulakeshin II]] (610–642 CE) conquered the [[Vengi]] region in eastern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], after defeating the remnants of the [[Vishnukundina]] dynasty. He appointed his brother [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana]] the governor of this newly acquired territory in 624 A.D.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|N Venkataramanayya|1960|p=471}} Vishnuvardhana's viceroyalty subsequently developed into an independent kingdom, possibly after Pulakeshin died fighting the [[Pallavas]] in the [[Battle of Vatapi]].{{sfn|N. Ramesan|1975|p=7}} Thus the  Chalukyas were originally of [[Kannada people|Kannada]] stock.<ref>{{cite book |title=History and culture of the Andhras |author1=Modali Nāgabhūṣaṇaśarma |author2=Mudigonda Veerabhadra Sastry |author3=Cīmakurti Śēṣagirirāvu  |publisher=Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha, Telugu University |date=1995 |page=62 |isbn=81-86073-07-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryCultureOfTheAndhras/mode/1up |oclc=34752106}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Altekar |first1=A.S |title=Rashtrakutas And Their Times |date=1934 |publisher=Digital Library of India |page=22 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57217/page/n37/mode/2up?q=country}}</ref>{{sfn|Kamat|2002|p=6}}

As per the Timmapuram plates of [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana]], the progenitor of the Eastern Chalukyas, they belonged to the Manavya [[Gotra]] and were Haritputras (sons of [[Hariti]]) just like the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]] and Western Chalukyas.<ref>{{cite book|title=New themes in Indian history: art, politics, gender, environment, and culture|author=A. Murali|editor=Rattan Lal Hangloo, A. Murali|publisher=Black & White, 2007|page=24}}</ref> From the 11th century onward, the dynasty started claiming legendary [[lunar dynasty]] origins. According to this legend, the dynasty descended from [[Chandra|the Moon]], via [[Budha]], [[Pururava]], the [[Pandavas]], Satanika and Udayana. 59 unnamed descendants of Udayana ruled at [[Ayodhya]]. Their descendant [[Vijayaditya]] was killed in a battle with Trilochana [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]], during an expedition in [[Dakshinapatha]] (Deccan). His pregnant widow was given shelter by Vishnubhatta Somayaji of Mudivemu (modern [[Jammalamadugu]]). She named her son Vishnuvardhana after her benefactor. When the boy grew up, he became the ruler of [[Dakshinapatha]] by the grace of the goddess Nanda Bhagavati.{{sfn|N. Ramesan|1975|pp=4–5}}

== History ==

=== Origin ===
Between 641 AD and 705 AD some kings, except Jayasimha I and Mangi Yuvaraja, ruled for very short durations. Then followed a period of unrest characterised by family feuds and weak rulers. Meanwhile, the [[Rashtrakutas]] of Malkhed ousted [[Western Chalukyas]] of [[Badami]]. The weak rulers of Vengi had to meet the challenge of the Rashtrakutas, who overran their kingdom more than once. There was no Eastern Chalukya ruler who could check them until Gunaga [[Vijayaditya III]] came to power in 848 AD. The then Rashtrakuta ruler [[Amoghavarsha]] treated him as his ally and after Amoghavarsha's death, Vijayaditya proclaimed independence.{{sfn|Nagabhusanasarma|2008|p=62}}

=== Decline ===
After the decline of the Rashtrakuta power, the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]] who were former vassals of the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]], assumed sovereignty by suppressing other Chalukya subordinates in the Telangana region.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sastry |first=P. V. Parabhrama|author-link=P. V. Parabrahma Sastry |editor=N. Ramesan |title=The Kākatiyas of Warangal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |location=Hyderabad |oclc=252341228 |page=6}}</ref>

== Administration ==

In its early life, the Eastern Chalukya court was essentially a republic of [[Badami]], and as generations passed, local factors gained in strength and the Vengi monarchy developed features of its own. External influences still continued to be present as the Eastern Chalukyas had long and intimate contact, either friendly or hostile, with the [[Pallavas]], the [[Rashtrakutas]], the [[Cholas]] and the [[Chalukyas]] of Kalyani.{{sfn|Yazdani|2009|p=498}}

=== Type of Government ===
{{South Asia in 800 CE|right|The Eastern Chalukyas and main neighbouring polities in South Asia circa 800 CE.<ref name="JES">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (e)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref>|{{Annotation|140|164|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|50px]]}}}}
The Eastern Chalukyan government was a monarchy based on the [[Hindu]] philosophy. The inscriptions refer to the traditional seven components of the state (Saptanga), and the eighteen Tirthas (Offices), such as:{{sfn|Rao|1994|pp=53,54}}

* Mantri (Minister)
* [[Purohit]]a (Chaplain)
* Senapati (Commander)
* Yuvaraja (Heir-apparent)
* Dauvarika (Door keeper)
* Pradhana (Chief)
* Adhyaksha (Head of department) and so on.

No information is available as to how the work of administration was carried out. The ''[[Vishaya]]'' and ''Kottam'' were the administrative subdivisions known from records. The ''[[Karmarashtra]]'' and the ''Boya-Kottams'' are examples of these. The royal edicts (recording gifts of lands or villages) are addressed to all ''Naiyogi Kavallabhas'', a general term containing no indication of their duties, as well as to the ''Grameyakas'', the residents of the village granted. The ''Manneyas'' are also occasionally referred in inscriptions. They held assignments of land or revenue in different villages.{{sfn|Kumari|2008|p=134}}

Fratricidal wars and foreign invasions frequently disturbed the land. The territory was parcelled out into many small principalities (estates) held by the nobility consisting of collateral branches of the ruling house such as those of Elamanchili, [[Pithapuram]] and Mudigonda, and a few other families such as the Kona Haihayas, Kalachuris, Kolanu Saronathas, [[Chagi]]s, [[Pericchedi|Parichedas]], [[Kota Vamsa]]s, [[Telugu Cholas|Velanadus]] and Kondapadamatis, closely connected by marriage ties with the Eastern Chalukyas and families who were raised to high position for their loyal services. When the Vengi ruler was strong, the nobility paid allegiance and tribute to him, but when the weakness was apparent, they were ready to join hands with the enemies against the royal house.{{sfn|Rao|1994|pp=49,50}}

== Society ==
The population in the [[Vengi]] country was heterogeneous in character. [[Xuanzang]], who travelled in the Andhra country after the establishment of the Eastern Chalukya kingdom, noted that the people were of a violent character, were of a dark complexion and were fond of arts. The society was based on hereditary [[caste system]]. Even the [[Buddhists]] and [[Jainism|Jains]] who originally disregarded caste, adopted it. Besides the four traditional castes, minor communities like Boyas and Savaras (Tribal groups) also existed.{{sfn|Rao|1994|p=55}}

The [[Brahmins]] were held in high esteem in the society. They were proficient in [[Vedas]] and Shastras and were given gifts of land and money. They held lucrative posts such as councillors, ministers and members of civil service. They even entered the army and some of them rose to positions of high command. The [[Kshatriya]]s were the ruling class. Their love of intrigue and fighting was responsible for civil war for two centuries. The [[Komati caste|Komatis]] ([[Vaishyas]]) were a flourishing trading community. Their organisation into a powerful guild (Nakaram) which had its headquarters in [[Penugonda]] ([[West Godavari]]) and branches in seventeen other centres had its beginnings in this period. It seems there used to be a minister for communal affairs (Samaya Mantri) in the government. The [[Shudras]] constituted the bulk of the population and there were several sub-castes among them. The army furnished a career for most of them and some of them acquired the status of [[Samanta Raju]] and Mandalika.{{sfn|Rao|1994|p=56}}

== Religion ==
[[Hinduism]] was the prominent religion of the Eastern Chalukya kingdom, with [[Shaivism]] being more popular than [[Vaishnavism]]. The Mahasena temple at [[Chebrolu, Guntur district|Chebrolu]] became famous for its annual [[Yatra|Jatra]], which involved a procession of the deity's idol from Chebrolu to [[Vijayawada]] and back.{{sfn|N. Ramesan|1975|p=2}} Some of the rulers, declared themselves as ''Parama Maheswaras'' (Emperors). The Buddhist religious centres eventually attained great celebrity as [[Shiva|Siva]] pilgrim centres. Eastern Chalukya rulers like Vijayaditya II, Yuddhamalla I, Vijayaditya III and Bhima I took active interest in the construction of many temples. The temple establishments like dancers and musicians show that during this period, temples were not only a centre of religious worship but a fostering ground for fine arts.{{sfn|Rao|1994|pp=54,55}}

[[Buddhism]], which was dominant during the [[Satavahanas]] was in decline.{{sfn|N. Ramesan|1975|p=2}} Its monasteries were practically deserted. Due to their love of sacred relics in stupas, a few might have lingered on, [[Xuanzang]] noticed some twenty or more Buddhist monasteries in which more than three thousand monks lived.{{sfn|Rao|1994|p=55}}

[[Jainism]], unlike Buddhism, continued to enjoy some support from the people.{{sfn|N. Ramesan|1975|p=2}} This is evident from the several deserted images in ruined villages all over [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]]. The inscriptions also record the construction of Jain temples and grants of land for their support from the monarchs and the people. The rulers like Kubja Vishnuvardhana, [[Vishnuvardhana III]] and [[Amma II]] patronised Jainism. [[Vimaladitya]] even became a declared follower of the doctrine of [[Mahavira]]. [[Vijayawada]], Jenupadu, Penugonda (West Godavari) and Munugodu were the famous Jain centres of the period.{{sfn|Rao|1994|p=56}}

== Literature ==
[[File:Copper plates NMND-9.JPG|thumb|{{circa|10th century}} Sanskrit copper plates of [[Amma II]] written in [[Telugu-Kannada alphabet|Kannada–Telugu script]].]]
Early Telugu literature was at its zenith during this period. Vipparla Inscription of [[Jayasimha I (Eastern Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha I]] and the ''Lakshmipuram'' inscription of the Mangi yuvaraja were the earliest Telugu inscriptions of Eastern chalukyas found in 7 century AD.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=Madhusudana Reddy |first=K. V. |date=April 2019 |chapter=Significance of the Eastern Chalukyan Inscriptions |title= The Eastern Chalukyan Inscriptions: A Social and Cultural Study |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.the-eastern-chalukyan-inscriptions-a-social-and-cultural-study/mode/1up |publisher=Sri Venkateswara University}}</ref>

The copper plate grants of the early Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi are written in Sanskrit, but a few charters like the ''Aladankaram'' plates  are written partly in Sanskrit and partly in Telugu<ref name=":0" />

Telugu poetry makes its early appearance in the [[Addanki]],  [[Kandukur]] and [[Dharmavaram, Anantapur district|Dharmavaram]] inscriptions of Pandaranga, Army Chief of [[Vijayaditya III]], in the later half of the 9th century. However, literary compositions dating earlier than 11th century CE are not clearly known. [[Nannaya]] was the poet-laureate of [[Rajaraja Narendra]] in the middle of the 11th century. An erudite scholar, he was well-versed in the [[Vedas]], [[Shastra]]s and the ancient epics, and undertook the translation of the [[Mahabharata]] into Telugu. Narayana Bhatta who was proficient in eight languages assisted him in his endeavour. Though incomplete, his work is acclaimed as a masterpiece of Telugu literature.{{sfn|Rao|1994|p=48}}

=== Connection between Kannada and Telugu literature ===
Kubja Vishnuvardhana, the founder of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty, was the brother of the [[Chalukya]] king, [[Pulakeshin II]]. The Chalukyas therefore governed both the Karnataka and Andhra countries and patronised Telugu as well. This very likely led to a close connection to Kannada literature. A number of Telugu authors of the age also wrote in Kannada  Nannaya-Bhatta's ''Bharata'' includes the ''Akkara'', a metre considered unique to Kannada works. The same metre is also found in Yudhamalla's [[Bezwada]] inscription. Another inscription notes that Narayana-Bhatta, who assisted Nannaya-Bhatta in composing the ''Bharata'', was a Kannada poet and was granted a village by Rajaraja Narendra in 1053 for his contribution. Kannada poets, [[Adikavi Pampa]] and [[Nagavarma I]], also hailed from families originally from Vengi.<ref name="rnlit">{{cite book|last1=Narasimhacharya|first1=Ramanujapuram|title=History of Kannada Literature: Readership Lectures|date=1988|orig-year=1934<!--Worldcat estimate-->|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120603035|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofkannada0000nara/page/27 27, 68]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofkannada0000nara/page/27|access-date=13 September 2016|language=en}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
{{Main|Ambapuram cave temple}}
[[File:Draksharama temple - Main entrance.jpg|thumb|The Bhimesvara temple at Draksharama]]

Due to the widely spread [[Shiva]] devotional practice in the kingdom, the Eastern Chalukyan kings undertook the construction of temples on a large scale. [[Vijayaditya II]] is credited with the construction of 108 temples. Yuddhamalla I erected a temple to [[Kartikeya]] at [[Vijayawada]]. Bhima I constructed the famous [[Draksharama]] and Chalukya [[Bhimavaram]] ([[Samalkot]]) temples. Rajaraja Narendra erected three memorial shrines at [[Kalidindi]] (West Godavari). The Eastern Chalukyas, following the [[Pallava]] and Chalukya traditions, developed their own independent style of architecture, which is visible in the [[Pancharama Kshetras|Pancharama]] shrines (especially the Draksharama temple) and [[Biccavolu]] temples. The Golingesvara temple at Biccavolu contains some richly carved out sculptures of deities like [[Ardhanarisvara]], Shiva, [[Vishnu]], [[Agni]], [[Chamundi]] and [[Surya]].{{sfn|Rao|1994|pp=42,55}}

Ambapuram cave temple is [[Jain]] cave temple constructed by Eastern Chalukyas in the 7th century. During the 7th—8th century CE, a total of five Jain caves were constructed in Ambapuram and Adavinekkalam hills.<ref>{{cite news | last=Varma | first=P. Sujata | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/ancient-jain-temple-cries-for-attention/article7710156.ece | title=Ancient Jain temple cries for attention | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=1 October 2015 | access-date=16 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000001066u00027000.html | title=Jain sculpture of Mahavira at Vijayawada | publisher=[[British Library]] | date=21 August 1815 | access-date=16 July 2021 | archive-date=2 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202001118/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000001066u00027000.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Rulers ==
{{Chalukyas}}
* [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana|Kubja Vishnuvardhana I]] (624 – 641 AD)
* [[Jayasimha I (Eastern Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha I]] (641 – 673 AD)
* [[Indra Bhattaraka]] (673 AD, seven days)
* [[Vishnuvardhana II]]  (673 – 682 AD)
* [[Mangi Yuvaraja]] (682 – 706 AD)
* [[Jayasimha II (Vengi)|Jayasimha II]] (706 – 718 AD)
* [[Kokkili]] (718–719 AD, six months)
* [[Vishnuvardhana III]] (719 – 755 AD)
* [[Vijayaditya I (Eastern Chalukya)|Vijayaditya I Bhattaraka]] (755 – 772 AD)
* [[Vishnuvardhana IV Vishnuraja]]  (772 – 808 AD)
* [[Vijayaditya II (Eastern Chalukya)|Vijayaditya II]]  (808 – 847 AD)
* [[Kali Vishnuvardhana V]] (847– 849 AD)
* [[Vijayaditya III|Gunaga Vijayaditya III]] (849 – 892 AD) with his two brothers : [[Yuvaraja Vikramaditya I]] and [[Yuddhamalla I]]
* [[Chalukya Bhima I|Bhima I Dronarjuna]] (892 – 921 AD)
* [[Vijayaditya IV Kollabiganda]] (921 AD, six months)
* [[Amma I Vishnuvardhana VI]]  (921 – 927 AD)
* [[Vijayaditya V Beta]] (927 AD, fifteen days)
* [[Tadapa]] (927 AD, one month)
* [[Vikramaditya II (Vengi)|Vikramaditya II]] (927 – 928 AD, eleven months)
* [[Chalukya Bhima II|Bhima II]] (928 – 929 AD, eight months)
* [[Yuddhamalla II]] (929 – 935 AD)
* [[Chalukya Bhima III|Bhima III Vishnuvardhana VII]] (935 – 947 AD)
* [[Amma II Vijayaditya VI]] (947 – 970 AD)
* [[Danarnava]] (970 – 973 AD)
* [[Jata Choda Bhima]] (973 – 999 AD) (usurp.)
* [[Shaktivarman I Chalukyacandra]] (999 – 1011 AD)
* [[Vimaladitya]]  (1011–1018 AD)
* [[Rajaraja Narendra]] I [[Vishnuvardhana VIII]] (1018–1061 AD)
* [[Shaktivarman II]] (1061–1063 AD)
* [[Vijayaditya VII]] (1063–1068 AD, 1072–1075 AD)
* [[Rajaraja II]] (1075–1079)
* [[Virachola Vishnuvardhana IX]] (1079–1102)

== References ==
{{APhistory}}
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Kamat|first=Suryanath U|title=A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present|year=2002 |orig-year=1980|publisher=Jupiter Books|location=Bangalore|isbn=81-206-09778}}
* {{cite book |author1=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |author2=N Venkataramanayya |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts |volume=VII: The Eastern Chāḷukyas |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/531155 |oclc=59001459 |access-date=25 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828105828/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/531155 |archive-date=28 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |author=N. Ramesan |title=The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi |year=1975 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahithya Akademi |url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/175058 |oclc=4885004 |access-date=25 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117064322/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/175058 |archive-date=17 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}
* Durga Prasad, History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D., P. G. Publishers, Guntur (1988)
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
* {{Citation |last=Rao|first=P. Raghunatha |year=1994|title=History And Culture Of Andhra Pradesh: From The Earliest Times To The Present Day  |publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-81-207-1719-0}}
*{{Citation |last=Nagabhusanasarma |year=2008 |title=History and culture of the Andhras|publisher= Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha, Telugu University, 1995|isbn=9788186073070 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTluAAAAMAAJ&q=The+then+Rashtrakuta+ruler+%5B%5BAmoghavarsha%5D%5D+treated+him+as+his+ally+and+after+Amoghavarsha%27s+death,+Vijayaditya+proclaimed+independence }}
*{{Citation |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam | year=2009| title=The Early History of the Deccan, Volume 2| publisher=Published under the authority of the Government of Andhra Pradesh by the Oxford University Press, 1961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OllDAAAAYAAJ&q=External+influences+still+continued+to+be+present+as+the+Eastern+Chalukyas+had+long+and+intimate+contact,+either+friendly+or+hostile,+with+the+%5B%5BPallavas%5D%5D,+the+%5B%5BRashtrakutas%5D%5D,+the+%5B%5BCholas%5D%5D+and+the+%5B%5BChalukyas%5D%5D+of+kalyani}}
*{{Citation|last=Kumari|year=2008|title=Rule Of The Chalukya-Cholas In Andhradesa|publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp., 1985|isbn=9788170182542|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUNuAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Manneyas+are+also+occasionally+referred+in+inscriptions.+They+held+assignments+of+land+or+revenue+in+different+villages}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Middle kingdoms of India}}

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