View source for ERDL pattern

{{Short description|Camouflage pattern}}
{{Infobox military gear
| name               = ERDL pattern
| image              = {{Photomontage
   | photo1a = Green-dominant "lowland" ERDL camouflage pattern swatch.svg
   | photo2a = Brown-dominant "highland" ERDL camouflage pattern swatch.svg
   | position = center
   | color_border = transparent
   | color  = transparent
   | spacing = 5
   | size = 300
   | foot_montage = 
}}
| image_size         = 
| alt                =
| caption            = The two variants of the ERDL pattern: The initial green-dominant version (top) and the succeeding brown-dominant version (bottom)
| origin             = United States
| type               = [[Military camouflage]] pattern
<!-- Service history -->
| service            = 1948–1980s (U.S. military service)
| used_by            = [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] (former)<br />U.S. Navy (former)<br />U.S. Air Force (former)<br />[[United States Army|U.S. Army]] (former)<br />See ''[[#Users|Users]]'' (for other non-U.S. users)
| wars               = [[Vietnam War]]<br />[[Laotian Civil War]]<br />[[Cambodian Civil War]]<br />
[[Invasion of Grenada]]<br />[[Operation Golden Pheasant]]<br />[[Invasion of Panama]]<br />[[Syrian Civil War]]
<!-- Production history -->
| designer           = [[United States Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratory]] under Chief of Camouflage Adolph H. Humphreys <ref>{{Cite web |title=US ERDL & Woodland Camouflage Patterns 1948-1981 |url=https://omegamilitaria.com/blogs/reference-guides/us-leaf-woodland-camouflage-patterns-1948-1981#:~:text=Circa%201948%2C%20Captain%20Adolph%20Henry,U.S.%20forces%20in%20temperate%20climates |access-date=2025-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{List journal |work=Army Research and Development Monthly Newsmagazine of the Office of the Chief, Research and Development |volume=7 |issue=7 |date=July-August 1966 |publisher=[[Headquarters, Department of the Army]] | |oclc=604100476 |issn=0004-2560}}</ref> and chief designer John Hopkins<ref name="ELMC">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.elmc.co/view-post/marine-corps-camo|title=ELMC Blog|website=blog.elmc.co}}</ref>
| design_date        = 1948
| manufacturer       = 
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 1948–1979
| number             = 
| variants           = 
<!-- General specifications -->
| spec_label         = 
| weight             = 
| length             = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 
}}

The '''ERDL pattern,''' also known as the '''Leaf pattern,'''<ref name="ELMC"/> is a [[camouflage]] pattern developed by the [[United States Army]] at its [[Engineer Research & Development Laboratories]] (ERDL) in 1948.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ERDL {{!}} Vietnam War Dictionary|url=http://www.vietnamgear.com/dictionary.aspx?s=erdl|access-date=2020-09-02|website=www.vietnamgear.com}}</ref>{{sfnp|Dougherty|2017|p=63}} It was not used until the [[Vietnam War]], when it was issued to elite reconnaissance and special operations units beginning early 1967.<ref>{{cite book | last = Blechman/Newman | first = Hardy/Alex | title= DPM: Disruptive Pattern Material | year=2004 | publisher= Department of Publications, Maharishi | isbn = 0-9543404-0-X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2004/09/the-army-s-new-camouflage.html|title=The Army's new camouflage.|first=Tom|last=Vanderbilt|date=September 8, 2004|website=Slate Magazine}}</ref>

The pattern consists of four colors printed in an interlocking pattern. It was initially produced in a green-dominant colorway, consisting of large organic shapes in olive green and brown, black 'branches' and light green 'leaf highlights'. Shortly after it was first fielded in Vietnam a brown-dominant scheme with the light green replaced by light tan was introduced.

==History==
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2023}}
[[File:Robert Mueller receives award from Martin Sexton in South Vietnam in 1969.jpg|thumb|right|[[Robert Mueller]] wearing an ERDL-patterned uniform in 1969.]]

The [[United States Marine Corps]] (USMC) adopted the green-dominant version as standard issue in South Vietnam in 1968, and later the U.S. Army introduced it on a wide scale in Southeast Asia.

The ERDL-pattern combat uniform was identical in cut to the [[OG-107]] Tropical Combat uniform, commonly called "jungle fatigues", it was issued alongside.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://david.brubakers.us/Vietnam/index.html|title=Vietnam - Equipment and Uniform|website=david.brubakers.us}}</ref> It was common for marines to wear mixes of ERDL and OG-107 jungle fatigues, which was authorized owing to periodic shortages. Australian and New Zealand SAS members were also issued U.S.-spec tropical combat uniforms in ERDL during their time in the Vietnam War. By the end of the Vietnam War, U.S. service members wore camouflage combat dress as the norm.<ref>{{cite book | last = Newark | first = Tim | title= Camouflage | year=2007 | publisher= Thames & Hudson | isbn = 978-0-500-51347-7}}</ref>

Following the withdrawal of the U.S. military from South Vietnam in 1973, the U.S. Army ceased routine issue of camouflage clothing. The 1st Battalion, [[13th Infantry Regiment (United States)|13th Infantry Regiment]] wore the ERDL pattern as an experiment from January 1973 to 1974<ref>"1st Bn 13th Inf Stands Out as Div Unit", ''The Arrow'' (19 November 1973), p. VI</ref> in [[Baumholder]], Germany.

In 1976, the Marines obtained the leftover Vietnam War-era ERDL pattern uniforms which became general issue,{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} replacing the solid OG-107 [[sateen]] utility/fatigue uniform.

The uniform was used to equip the United States Rapid Deployment Force (RDF) while on tropical missions. Photographs during the 1979 [[Iranian hostage crisis]] show U.S. marines guarding the U.S. embassy wearing the RDF version ERDL uniforms when they were taken hostage by Iranian revolutionaries.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

It was not until 1981 that the Army approved another camouflaged uniform. That year it officially introduced the M81 [[Battle Dress Uniform]] (BDU) in a [[U.S. Woodland|four-color woodland]] pattern,<ref>{{cite book| title = Department of the Army Historical Summary FY 1981| chapter-url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/DAHSUM/1981/ch07.htm| chapter = Chapter 7: Support Services| url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/DAHSUM/1981/index.htm#Contents| editor = Christine O. Hardyman| publisher = United States Army Center of Military History| year = 1988| access-date = 2010-07-19| archive-date = 2007-12-14| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071214152148/http://www.history.army.mil/books/DAHSUM/1981/index.htm#Contents| url-status = dead}}</ref> an enlarged and slightly altered version of ERDL, to supply all arms of the U.S. military. Despite being phased-out after that date, the ERDL pattern continued to see service up into the 1990s.  ERDL was notably seen being worn by various US troops during the [[United States invasion of Panama|Invasion of Panama]] and seen in 1996 during US peacekeeping operations in Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Major James|first=Antal|url=https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/On%20Mamba%20Station%20--%20U.S.%20Marines%20in%20West%20Africa,%201990-2003%20PCN%2019000413300_PART_2.pdf|title=On Mamba Station: U.S. Marines in West Africa, 1990-2003|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|year=2007|isbn=978-1475062175|pages=81|language=English}}</ref>

===Garment types, designs, and use in Southeast Asia (1967–72)===
The ERDL pattern was used on official and unofficial U.S. military garments in Southeast Asia, in both ground and aviation garment versions, from 1967 to the war's end. Early production on the ERDL ran into problems due to roller slippage, which results in inconsistencies with the patterns that were printed.{{sfnp|Dougherty|2017|p=63}}

On official ground combat garments, the ERDL pattern was first applied to the third model Tropical Combat Uniform around 1967 and was printed onto a lightweight cotton poplin textile material. This poplin uniform was very short-lived, but it did see combat use in Southeast Asia by various U.S. special operations and other units. Soon afterward, the ERDL pattern was printed onto the standard rip-stop cotton textile material. This ERDL rip-stop cotton Tropical Combat Uniform version thus saw wide use in Southeast Asia after 1968, with special operations units and regular units, especially as ground combat operations continued throughout the war up to late 1972.

On official aviation combat garments, the ERDL pattern was used on the USAF Type K-2B flying coveralls, in a cotton poplin textile version. The USAF ERDL coveralls saw some use in Southeast Asia from 1967 to 1969, until replaced by Nomex coveralls in 1970. The U.S. Navy also produced an official ERDL aviation garment in their MIL-C-5390G pattern, produced in a cotton twill textile. These Navy ERDL coveralls saw limited Southeast Asia use from 1967 to 1968, as their Nomex coveralls were already in use.

On unofficial and commercial garments, the ERDL pattern was copied and used by U.S. commercial textile manufacturers in the late 1960s and applied to various commercial camouflage garments for hunting or unofficial military use. Some commercial ERDL garment examples were made using cotton poplin material, and others were made in the standard rip-stop cotton material. Many commercial ERDL garment examples of the time were made in the pattern mirroring the standard OG-107 fatigue uniforms, with a standard tucked-in shirt, and conventional trousers design. These commercial ERDL OG-107 fatigue-style garments did see some combat use in Southeast Asia, such as with U.S. Navy tactical jet aviators in the 1968 timeframe. Some USAF aviators also purchased locally tailor-made ERDL garments for combat and off-duty use. Additionally, some tropical combat uniforms were made by local tailors in the ERDL rip-stop material, which were particularly useful when a classified mission required the use of 'sanitized' or 'sterile' apparel, and equipment.

==Users==
<!--Please do not add anything here without a reliable source, as it will be removed.-->

===Current===
* {{Flag|Czech Republic}}: The [[Military of the Czech Republic|Czech Armed Forces]] use a modified version of the ERDL pattern, known as Woodland pattern vz.95.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Langhorne|first1=Joshua L.|last2=Martinez|first2=Oscar A.|last3=Khilji|first3=Abdullah|date=June 2018|title=STANDARDIZED U.S.-LED COALITION FORCES UNIFORM{{!}}Wayback Machine|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1059969.pdf|access-date=2020-09-02|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327072705/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1059969.pdf|archive-date=2020-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-24|title=Czech vz95 Leaf Pattern ~ 43rd Airborne Battalion|url=https://www.joint-forces.com/features/kit-camo/31575-czech-vz95-leaf-pattern-43rd-airborne-battalion|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Joint Forces News|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* {{flag|North Korea}}: Seen in 2012 with North Korean military units.{{sfnp|Larson|2021|p=286}}
* {{flag|South Korea}}: Clones made for the [[Republic of Korea Air Force|South Korean air force]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

===Former===
* {{flagcountry|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}}: Formerly used by former Afghan National Army Commando and Special forces 
* {{flag|Australia}}: Formerly used by [[Australian Special Air Service|Australian SAS]] in the Vietnam War.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Australian War Memorial|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C993358|access-date=2020-09-02|website=www.awm.gov.au|language=en}}</ref>
* {{flag|Philippines}}: Formerly used by the Special Action Force in the 1980s.{{sfnp|Conboy|1991|p=61}} Also used by the Home Front Defense Group and the Scout Ranger Regiment.{{sfnp|Conboy|1991|p=61}}
* {{flag|New Zealand}}: Formerly used by [[New Zealand Special Air Service|New Zealand SAS]] during (and after) the Vietnam War<ref>'Training in the jungle', URL: https://vietnamwar.govt.nz/photo/camoflage-action {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203042214/https://vietnamwar.govt.nz/photo/camoflage-action |date=2019-12-03 }}, (Ministry for Culture and Heritage), updated 25-Oct-2013</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Helen Kesha welcomes troops - 161 Battery parade {{!}} VietnamWar.govt.nz, New Zealand and the Vietnam War|url=https://vietnamwar.govt.nz/photo/helen-kesha-welcomes-troops-161-battery-parade|access-date=2020-09-02|website=vietnamwar.govt.nz}}</ref>
* {{flag|Nicaragua}}: Formerly used by the [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|Nicaraguan National Guard]] and saw combat in the 1978–79 [[Nicaraguan Revolution]].
* {{flag|Panama}}: Formerly used by the [[Panama Defense Forces]] and saw combat in the 1989 Panama Invasion "Just Cause".{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* {{flag|Singapore}}: Formerly used by the Singaporean military.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://camouniforms.net/index.php/southeast-asia/singapore/singapore-leaf-pattern/519-2013-08-26-03-54-31 |title=1983 Singapore Leaf Pattern trousers |website=camouniforms.net |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208111130/http://camouniforms.net/index.php/southeast-asia/singapore/singapore-leaf-pattern/519-2013-08-26-03-54-31 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-08|title=1984 Singapore Leaf Pattern jacket|url=http://camouniforms.net/index.php/southeast-asia/singapore/singapore-leaf-pattern/518-1984-singapore-leaf-pattern-jacket|access-date=2020-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208111132/http://camouniforms.net/index.php/southeast-asia/singapore/singapore-leaf-pattern/518-1984-singapore-leaf-pattern-jacket|archive-date=2019-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-02|title=Little Known Facts and History about Camouflage of the Western World|url=https://www.itstactical.com/gearcom/camouflage/little-known-facts-and-history-about-camouflage-of-the-western-world-2/|access-date=2020-09-02|website=ITS Tactical|language=en-US}}</ref> Known as the '''No. 4 Uniform'''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/army/army-news-and-resources/army-news/story-detail/2022/November/NS55_Evolution_of_Personal_Equipment | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413143309/https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/army/army-news-and-resources/army-news/story-detail/2022/November/NS55_Evolution_of_Personal_Equipment | archive-date=2023-04-13 | title=NS55 - Evolution of Personal Equipment }}</ref>
* {{flag|South Vietnam}}: Formerly used by the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|South Vietnamese army]], consisting of regular and "invisible" ERDL-type camo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-08|title="Invisible" ERDL shirt|url=http://camouniforms.net/index.php/southeast-asia/south-vietnam/invisible-erdl/125-invisible-erdl-shirt|access-date=2020-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208111059/http://camouniforms.net/index.php/southeast-asia/south-vietnam/invisible-erdl/125-invisible-erdl-shirt|archive-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Ba'athist Syria}}: Clones made for the Syrian military.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A snapshot of camouflage patterns in Syria |work= [[Armament Research Services]]|date=15 August 2016|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20240413015828/https://armamentresearch.com/a-snapshot-of-camouflage-patterns-in-syria/|archive-date=April 13, 2024|url=http://armamentresearch.com/a-snapshot-of-camouflage-patterns-in-syria/|access-date=2020-09-02|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* {{flag|Taiwan}}: Formerly used by Taiwanese military.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-08|title=Taiwan Horizontal Leaf Pattern jacket|url=http://camouniforms.net/index.php/asia/taiwan/taiwan-leaf-pattern/1064-taiwan-horizontal-leaf-pattern-jacket|access-date=2020-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208111101/http://camouniforms.net/index.php/asia/taiwan/taiwan-leaf-pattern/1064-taiwan-horizontal-leaf-pattern-jacket|archive-date=2019-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-08|title=Taiwan Horizontal Leaf Pattern trousers|url=http://camouniforms.net/index.php/asia/taiwan/taiwan-leaf-pattern/1065-2015-01-16-07-25-32|access-date=2020-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208113828/http://camouniforms.net/index.php/asia/taiwan/taiwan-leaf-pattern/1065-2015-01-16-07-25-32|archive-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>
* {{flag|Thailand}}: Formerly used by the Thai military.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-08|title=Thai Leaf Pattern Ripstop jacket|url=http://camouniforms.net/index.php/southeast-asia/thailand/thai-leaf-pattern/530-thai-leaf-pattern-ripstop-jacket|access-date=2020-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208113537/http://camouniforms.net/index.php/southeast-asia/thailand/thai-leaf-pattern/530-thai-leaf-pattern-ripstop-jacket|archive-date=2019-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-08|title=Thai Leaf Pattern Ripstop trousers|url=http://camouniforms.net/index.php/southeast-asia/thailand/thai-leaf-pattern/531-2013-08-29-12-30-48|access-date=2020-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208115418/http://camouniforms.net/index.php/southeast-asia/thailand/thai-leaf-pattern/531-2013-08-29-12-30-48|archive-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>{{sfnp|Conboy|1991|p=49}}
* {{flag|Turkey}}: Formerly used by [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the late-1980s to the early-1990s.{{sfnp|Larson|2021|p=335}}
* {{flagcountry|Union of South Africa}}: Some used by [[Hunter Group]] and [[32 Battalion (South Africa)|32 Battalion]] commandos.{{sfnp|Pitta|1993|p=54}}{{sfnp|Pitta|1993|p=55}}
* {{flag|United States|1960|size=23px}}: Formerly used by the U.S. military until it was phased out in the late-1990s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://rcmcjrotc.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/3/3/5133491/marine_uniform_regs.pdf|title=MCO 1020-34F|publisher=United States Marine Corps|year=1995|location=Washington D.C|pages=84}}</ref>
* {{flag|Vietnam}}: Clones of South Vietnamese ERDL patterns were formerly used by the PAVN.{{sfnp|Larson|2021|p=346}}

===Non-state actors===
* [[Karen National Liberation Army]]{{sfnp|Larson|2021|p=282}}
* [[Khmer People's National Liberation Front]]: Used Thai-made ERDL camos in the 1980s.{{sfnp|Larson|2021|p=208}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Dougherty|first=Martin|date=2017|title=Camouflage at War: An Illustrated Guide from 1914 to the Present Day|location=London, UK|publisher=Amber Books|isbn=978-1782744986}}
* {{cite book |title=South-East Asian Special Forces |last=Conboy |first=Kenneth |year=1991 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1855321069}}
* {{cite book |last1=Larson |first1=Eric H. |title=Camouflage: International Ground Force Patterns, 1946–2017 |date=2021 |publisher=Pen & Sword |location=Barnsley |isbn=9781526739537}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pitta|first1=Robert|title=South African Special Forces|date=27 May 1993|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1855322943}}
* {{Cite book|last=Stanton|first=Shelby|date=1989|title=US Army Uniforms of the Vietnam War|location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0811725842}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|ERDL pattern}}
{{Camouflage}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Erdl Pattern}}
[[Category:1948 clothing]]
[[Category:Camouflage patterns]]
[[Category:United States military uniforms]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced from 1945 to 1949]]