View source for Dz (digraph)

{{Short description|Digraph of the Latin script}}
{{Distinguish|text = the similar digraph, [[Dž]]}}
[[File:Latin digraph D Z.svg|thumb|Latin Dz digraph.]]

'''Dz''' is a [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]] of the [[Latin script]], consisting of the consonants [[D]] and [[Z]]. It may represent {{IPAslink|d͡z}}, {{IPAslink|t͡s}}, or {{IPAslink|z}}, depending on the language.

==Usage by language==
''Dz'' generally represents {{IPAslink|d͡z}} in Latin alphabets, including [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]], [[Latvian language|Latvian]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], and [[Romanization of Macedonian|romanized Macedonian]]. However, in [[Dene Suline language|Dene Suline]] (Chipewyan) and the [[ILE romanization of Cantonese]], it represents {{IPAslink|t͡s}}, and in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] it is a [[pronunciation respelling]] of the letter ''D'' to represent {{IPA|/z/}}.<ref name="Nguyen Nguyen">{{cite web|title=Từ chữ Nôm đến quốc ngữ: Dzương Quí Phi và Cơm Gà Hải Nam|trans-title=From chữ Nôm to the Vietnamese alphabet: Dzương Quí Phi and Hainanese chicken rice|author=Nguyên Nguyên|publisher=Ái Hữu Công Chánh|date=May 2004|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://www.aihuucongchanh.com/baiviet/nguyennguyen/duongquyphi.html|language=vi|archive-date=December 31, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231230523/http://www.aihuucongchanh.com/baiviet/nguyennguyen/duongquyphi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Esperanto===
Some Esperanto grammars, notably ''Plena Analiza Gramatiko de Esperanto,''<ref>Kalocsay & Waringhien (1985) ''Plena analiza gramatiko de Esperanto'', §17, 22</ref> consider ''dz'' to be a digraph for the voiced affricate {{IPAblink|d͡z}}, as in ''edzo'' "husband". The case for this is "rather weak".<ref>van Oostendorp, Marc (1999). Syllable structure in Esperanto as an instantiation of universal phonology. Esperantologio / Esperanto Studies 1, 52 80. p. 68</ref> Most Esperantists, including Esperantist linguists (Janton,<ref>Pierre Janton, ''Esperanto: Language, Literature, and Community.'' Translated by Humphrey Tonkin et al.  State University of New York Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-7914-1254-7}}.</ref> Wells<ref>J. C. Wells, ''Lingvistikaj Aspektoj de Esperanto'', Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1978. {{ISBN|92 9017 021 2}}.</ref>), reject it.

===Hungarian===
{{Hungarian language}}

{{angle bracket|Dz}} is the seventh letter of the [[Hungarian alphabet]].  It is called ''dzé'' ({{IPA|hu|d͡zeː|IPA}}) as a letter of the alphabet, where it represents the [[voiced alveolar affricate]] phoneme {{IPAslink|dz}}.

⟨Dz⟩ and ⟨dzs⟩ were recognized as individual letters in the 11th edition of [[Hungarian orthography]] (1984).<ref>http://real-j.mtak.hu/6065/1/MagyarNyelvor_1984.pdf p. 399</ref>  Prior to that, they were analyzed as two-letter combinations ⟨d⟩+⟨z⟩ and ⟨d⟩+⟨zs⟩.

====Length====
Like most Hungarian consonants, the sound {{IPA|/dz/}} can be [[gemination|geminated]].  However, the letter is only [[Digraph_(orthography)#Double_letters|doubled]] in writing (to {{angle bracket|ddz}}) when an [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilated]] suffix is added to the stem: ''eddze, lopóddzon''.

In several words, it is pronounced [[gemination|long]], e.g. ''bodza, madzag, edz, pedz.'' In some other ones, short, e.g. ''dzadzíki, dzéta, Dzerzsinszkij'' (usually at the beginning of words), though it is always short after another consonant (e.g. in ''bri'''n'''dza'').

In several verbs ending in ''-dzik'' (approximately fifty), there is a free alternation with ''-zik,'' e.g. ''csókolódzik'' or ''csókolózik, lopódzik'' or ''lopózik.''  In other verbs, there is no variation: ''birkózik, mérkőzik'' (only with {{angle bracket|z}}) but ''leledzik, nyáladzik'' (only with {{angle bracket|dz}}, pronounced long). In some other verbs, there is a difference in meaning: ''levelez(ik)'' "to correspond", but ''leveledzik'' "to produce leaves".

====Collation====
Usage of this letter is similar to that of [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]] languages: though {{angle bracket|dz}} is a digraph composed of {{angle bracket|d}} and {{angle bracket|z}}, it is considered one letter, and even [[acronym]]s keep the letter intact.

===Polish===
'''Dz''' generally represents {{IPAblink|d͡z}}. However, when followed by ''i'' it is [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] to {{IPAblink|d͡ʑ}}.

==== Examples of ''dz'' ====
{{Audio|Pl-dzwon-2.ogg|'''dz'''won}} (''bell'')<br>
{{Audio|Pl-rodzaj.ogg|ro'''dz'''aj}} (''kind, type'')

Compare '''dz''' followed by '''i''':<br>
{{Audio|Pl-dziecko.ogg|'''dzi'''ecko}} (''child'')<br>
{{Audio|pl-dziewczyna.ogg|'''dzi'''ewczyna}} (''girl, girlfriend'')

===Slovak===
In Slovak, the digraph '''dz''' is the ninth [[letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[Slovak alphabet]]. Example words with this phoneme include:
* me'''dz'''i = ''between'', ''among''
* hrá'''dz'''a = ''dam'', ''dike''

The digraph may never be divided by [[Syllabification|hyphenation]]:
* me'''dz'''i → me-'''dz'''i
* hrá'''dz'''a  → hrá-'''dz'''a

However, when '''d''' and '''z''' come from different [[morpheme]]s, they are treated as separate letters, and must be divided by hyphenation:
* o'''dz'''emok = ''type of folk dance'' → o'''d'''-'''z'''e-mok
* na'''dz'''vukový = ''supersonic'' → na'''d'''-'''z'''vu-ko-vý
In both cases '''od-''' (''from'') and '''nad-''' (''above'') are a [[prefix]] to the stems '''zem''' (''earth'') and '''zvuk''' (''sound'').

===Vietnamese===
[[File:Viet Dzung Human Rights Memorial Highway.jpg|thumb|right|[[California State Route 39]] in [[Little Saigon, Orange County]], is named after Vietnamese-American singer-songwriter {{lang|vi|[[Việt Dzũng]]}}, born {{lang|vi|Nguyễn Ngọc Hùng Dũng}}.]]

''Dz'' is sometimes used in [[Vietnamese name]]s as a [[pronunciation respelling]] of the letter ''D''. Several common Vietnamese given names start with the letter ''D'', including {{lang|vi|Dũng}}, {{lang|vi|Dụng}}, and {{lang|vi|Dương}}. Whereas ''D'' is pronounced as some sort of dental or alveolar stop in most Latin alphabets, an unadorned ''D'' in the [[Vietnamese alphabet]] represents either {{IPA|/z/}} (Northern Vietnamese) or {{IPA|/j/}} (Southern Vietnamese), while the letter ''Đ'' represents a [[voiced alveolar implosive]] ({{IPA|/ɗ/}}) or, according to [[Laurence Thompson|Thompson]] (1959), a [[Glottalization|preglottalized]] [[voiced alveolar stop]] ({{IPA|/ʔd/}}).<ref name="Thompson 1959">{{cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Laurence|author-link=Laurence Thompson|title=Saigon phonemics|journal=[[Language (journal)|Language]]|publisher=[[Linguistic Society of America]]|volume=35|issue=3|year=1959|pages=458–461|doi=10.2307/411232|jstor=411232}}</ref> ''Z'' is not included in the Vietnamese alphabet as a letter in its own right.

Many Vietnamese cultural figures spell their family names, pen names, or stage names with ''Dz'' instead of ''D'', emphasizing the northern pronunciation. Examples include the songwriter [[Doãn Mẫn|Dzoãn Mẫn]], the poet [[Hồ Dzếnh]], and the television chef [[Nguyễn Dzoãn Cẩm Vân]].<ref name="Kenh14">{{cite news|title=Thói quen đặt tên có chữ "Dz" của người xưa là do đâu?|trans-title=Where did the old practice of putting "Dz" in names come from?|work=Trí Thức Trẻ|date=December 2, 2015|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://kenh14.vn/kham-pha/thoi-quen-dat-ten-co-chu-dz-cua-nguoi-xua-la-do-dau-20151129111355980.chn|language=vi|via=Kenh14.vn}}</ref> Other examples include [[Bùi Dzinh]] and [[Trương Đình Dzu]].

Some [[Overseas Vietnamese]] residing in English-speaking countries also replace ''D'' with ''Dz'' in their names. A male named {{lang|vi|Dũng}} may spell his name {{lang|vi|ǲung}} to avoid being called "[[wikt:dung|dung]]" in social contexts.<ref name="Nguyen Nguyen" /> Examples of this usage include Vietnamese-Americans [[Việt Dzũng]] and [[Dzung Tran]]. (Occasionally, ''D'' is instead replaced by ''Y'' to emphasize the Saigonese pronunciation, as with [[Yung Krall]].<ref name="VOA Minh Anh">{{cite news|title=Câu chuyện về gia đình nữ cựu điệp viên CIA gốc Việt|trans-title=The story of the family of a Vietnamese former CIA spy|author=Minh Anh|work=[[Voice of America]]|date=February 20, 2011|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://www.voatiengviet.com/content/yung-krall-former-viet-cia-02-20-11-116564733/896128.html|language=vi}}</ref>)

== Unicode ==
''Dz'' is represented in [[Unicode]] as three separate glyphs within the [[Latin Extended-B]] block.  It is one of the rare characters that has separate glyphs for each of its [[uppercase]], [[title case]], and [[lowercase]] forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Code
!Glyph
!Decimal
!Description
|-
|U+01F1
|{{center|Ǳ}}
|&amp;#497;
|Latin Capital Letter DZ
|-
|U+01F2
|{{center|ǲ}}
|&amp;#498;
|Latin Capital Letter D with Small Letter Z
|-
|U+01F3
|{{center|ǳ}}
|&amp;#499;
|Latin Small Letter DZ
|}

The single-character versions are designed for compatibility with Yugoslav encodings supporting [[Romanization of Macedonian]], where this digraph corresponds to the Cyrillic letter [[Ѕ]].

===Variants===
Additional variants of the ǲ digraph are also encoded in Unicode.

*{{unichar|01C5|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON|nlink=Dž}} is used in the Croatian, Bosnian, and Slovak alphabets as a letter in its own right.
*{{unichar|01C4|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER DZ WITH CARON}} is the all-[[capital letters|capitals]] form of U+01C5 ([[Dž|ǅ]]).
*{{unichar|01C6|LATIN SMALL LETTER DZ WITH CARON}} is the [[Lower case|lowercase]] form of U+01C5 (ǅ).
*{{unichar|02A3|LATIN SMALL LETTER DZ DIGRAPH}} was historically used to represent the [[voiced alveolar affricate]] in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].
*{{unichar|10787|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL DZ DIGRAPH}} is the superscript form of U+02A3 and is an [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Superscript IPA|IPA superscript letter]]<ref name="L220252" />
*{{unichar|02A5|LATIN SMALL LETTER DZ DIGRAPH WITH CURL}} was historically used to represent the [[voiced alveolo-palatal affricate]] in the IPA.
*{{unichar|10789|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL DZ DIGRAPH WITH CURL}} is the superscript form of U+02A5 and is an [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Superscript IPA|IPA superscript letter]]<ref name="L220252" />
*{{unichar|AB66|LATIN SMALL LETTER DZ DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK}} is used in Sinological and Tibetanist transcription for a [[voiced retroflex affricate]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17299-n4842-sinological-digraphs.pdf|title=L2/17-299: Proposal to add two Sinological Latin letters|date=2017-08-17|first=Michael|last=Everson|author-link=Michael Everson}}</ref>
*{{unichar|10788|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL DZ DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK}} is the superscript form of U+AB66 and is an [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Superscript IPA|IPA superscript letter]]<ref name="L220252" />
*{{unichar|02A4|LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH}} is a ligature of lowercase ''d'' and [[ezh (letter)|ezh]] (a ''z'' with a tail), formerly used in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
*{{unichar|1078A|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL DEZH DIGRAPH}} is the superscript form of U+02A4 and is an [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Superscript IPA|IPA superscript letter]]<ref name="L220252">{{Cite web|title=L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf|date=2020-11-08|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Ashby}}</ref>
*{{unichar|1DF12|LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK}} is used in [[phonetic transcription]]<ref name="L220125">{{Cite web|title=L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20125r-ipa-retroflex.pdf|date=2020-07-11|first=Kirk|last=Miller}}</ref><ref name="L221021">{{Cite web|title=L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21021-consolidated-ipa.pdf|date=2020-12-07|first=Deborah|last=Anderson}}</ref>
*{{unichar|1DF19|LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK}} has been used in phonetic descriptions of [[Polish language|Polish]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21004-dezh-retroflex-hook.pdf|date=2021-01-03|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Everson}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Latin script}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dz (Digraph)}}
[[Category:Polish orthography]]
[[Category:Hungarian language]]
[[Category:Latin-script digraphs]]
[[Category:Vietnamese language]]