View source for Dutch Americans

{{short description|Americans of Dutch birth or descent}}
{{Distinguish|text = the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]]}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Dutch Americans
| native_name      = {{native name|nl|Nederlandse Amerikanen}}
| image            = Single Dutch ancestry per 2021 US Census by State (white background).jpg
| image_caption    = Americans with self-reported Dutch ancestry by state as of the 2021 US census
| population       = '''3,083,041<ref name=":0" /> (0.93%) in combination'''<br/>
'''884,857<ref name=":1" /> (0.27%) Dutch alone'''<br/>
{{small|2021 estimates, self-reported}}
| popplace         = [[California]]; [[Mountain states]], especially in [[Montana]], [[Wyoming]], and [[Colorado]]; [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]], especially in [[Pennsylvania]], [[New York (state)|New York]], and [[New Jersey]]; [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], especially in [[Iowa]], [[Michigan]], [[Indiana]], [[Ohio]], and [[Wisconsin]]
| langs            = [[American English]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]] (0.0486% of the total US population)<ref name="census0913" /><br/>{{small|2009-2013 estimates, self-reported}}
| rels             = 74% [[Protestantism|Protestant]], 10% [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]], 15% other<ref>''One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society'', p. 120</ref>
| related_groups   = 
| related-c        = Other [[Dutch people]], [[Afrikaners]], [[Frisian Americans]], [[Pennsylvania Dutch]], [[Belgian Americans]], [[Dutch West Indian Americans]], [[Surinamese Americans]]
}}

'''Dutch Americans''' ({{langx|nl|Nederlandse Amerikanen}}) are [[Americans]] of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and [[Flemish people|Flemish]] descent whose ancestors came from the [[Low Countries]] in the distant past, or from the [[Netherlands]] as from 1830 when the Flemish became independent from the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] by creating the [[Kingdom of Belgium]]. Dutch settlement in the Americas started in 1613 with [[New Amsterdam]], which was exchanged with the English for [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Suriname]] at the [[Treaty of Breda (1667)]] and renamed [[New York City]]. The English split the Dutch colony of [[New Netherland]] into two pieces and named them [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[New Jersey]]. Further waves of immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries.

According to the 2021 [[American Community Survey]], an estimated 3.1&nbsp;million<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=010XX00US,$0400000&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04006 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Americans claim total or partial Dutch heritage, while 884,857<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Table B04004 - People Reporting Single Ancestry - 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |url=https://data.census.gov/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04004 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>&nbsp;Americans claimed total Dutch heritage. In 2021, 113,634&nbsp;Dutch Americans were foreign-born (of which 61.5% in Europe).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Table S0201 - (Dutch) Selected Population Profile in the United States - 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Dutch&t=Language+Spoken+at+Home |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> The 2009-2013 survey estimated 141,580&nbsp;people of 5 years and over to speak Dutch at home,<ref name="census0913" /> which was equal to 0.0486% of the total population of the United States. In 2021, 95.3% of the total Dutch American population of 5 years and over only spoke English at home.<ref name=":3" />

Prominent (partial) Dutch American political figures include Presidents [[Martin Van Buren]], [[Warren G. Harding]], and [[Theodore Roosevelt|Theodore]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and U.S. Senators [[Philip Schuyler]], [[Nicholas Van Dyke (U.S. Senator)|Nicholas Van Dyke]], [[Hamilton Fish]], [[John C. Ten Eyck]], [[Daniel W. Voorhees]], [[Arthur Vandenberg]], [[Peter G. Van Winkle]], [[Alan Simpson (American politician)|Alan Simpson]], [[Fred Thompson]], [[John Hoeven]], and [[Chris Van Hollen|Christopher Van Hollen]]. Two of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]], [[Egbert Benson]] and [[John Jay]], were also of Dutch descent. Governors [[John Hickenlooper]] of [[Colorado]], [[Harold G. Hoffman]] and [[Thomas Kean]] of New Jersey, [[William Henry Vanderbilt III]] of [[Rhode Island]], [[George Bell Timmerman Jr.]] of [[South Carolina]], and [[Cornelius P. Van Ness]] of [[Vermont]] were also born to Dutch American families. Today the majority of the Dutch Americans live in [[Michigan]], [[California]], [[Montana]], [[Minnesota]], [[Illinois]], [[Wyoming]], Colorado, [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Nebraska]], [[Kansas]], [[Missouri]], [[Indiana]], New York, New Jersey, [[Wisconsin]], [[Idaho]], [[Utah]], [[Iowa]], [[Ohio]], [[West Virginia]], and [[Pennsylvania]].

Not included among Dutch Americans are the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]], a group of mainly [[German American]]s who settled in Pennsylvania in the colonial era and whose name is a derivation of the Pennsylvania Dutch [[endonym]] ''{{Lang|pdc|Deitsch}}'', which means "Pennsylvania Dutch" or "German".<ref>Hughes Oliphant Old: The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 6: The Modern Age. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, p. 606.</ref><ref>Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.2</ref><ref>Hostetler, John A. (1993), ''Amish Society'', The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 241</ref><ref>Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, p.16.</ref> Ultimately, the terms Deitsch, [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Middle Dutch|Diets]] and [[German language|Deutsch]] are all descendants of the [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] word {{wikt-lang|gem-pro|*þiudiskaz}}, meaning "popular" or "of the people"; while all Germanic cognates of the term refer to some Germanic people, they more commonly refer to Germans than Netherlanders.<ref>W. Haubrichs, "''Theodiscus'', Deutsch und Germanisch – drei Ethnonyme, drei Forschungsbegriffe. Zur Frage der Instrumentalisierung und Wertbesetzung deutscher Sprach- und Volksbezeichnungen." In: H. Beck et al., ''Zur Geschichte der Gleichung "germanisch-deutsch"'' (2004), 199–228</ref>

==Dutch presence in the present-day territory of the United States==

===Early exploration===
In 1602, the Dutch government chartered the [[Dutch East India Company]] (''Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie'', VOC). It sent explorers under the command of [[Henry Hudson]], who arrived in 1609 and mapped what is now known as the [[Hudson River]]. Their initial goal was to find an alternative route to Asia, but they found good farmland and plenty of wildlife instead.

===Oldest Dutch settlement===
[[File:Nieuw Nederland.png|thumb|Principal [[Netherlands|Dutch]] colonies in North America]]
[[File:Prinsenvlag.svg|thumb|Flag of the Dutch Colony of [[New Netherland]] (now encompassing parts of what are now New York, New Jersey, and Delaware.)]]

The earliest Dutch settlement was built around 1613; it consisted of a number of small huts built by the crew of the ''Tijger'' (''Tiger''), a Dutch ship under the command of Captain [[Adriaen Block]] which had caught fire while sailing on the Hudson in the winter of 1613. The ship was lost and Block and his crew established a camp ashore. In the spring, Block and his men did some explorations along the coast of Long Island. [[Block Island]] still bears his name. Finally, they were sighted and rescued by another Dutch ship and the settlement was abandoned.<ref>The United States of America and the Netherlands, 3/14 The First Dutch Settlers. By George M. Welling. ([http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/general/the-united-states-of-america-and-the-netherlands/first-dutch-settlers.php Link])</ref>

===17th century migration===
Dutch trade in the New York area led to the establishment of trade posts as early as 1613. Permanent settlers arrived in 1617 at what is now [[Albany, New York]]. New Amsterdam was settled in 1625. In 1629, Dutch officials tried to expand the northern colony through a plan that promised "Liberties and Exemptions" to anyone who would ship fifty colonists to America at his own expense. Anyone who did so would be allowed to buy a stretch of land along the [[Hudson River]] from the [[Dutch West India Company]] of about twelve miles, extending as far inland as the owner wanted. The landowners were called [[patroon]]s and had complete jurisdiction over their domains as well as extensive trading privileges. They also received these rights in perpetuity. That was a form of [[feudalism]], which had vanished in the Dutch Republic but was introduced in North America. The Patroonships were not a success; by 1635, the Dutch West India Company had bought back four of the five patroonships originally registered in Amsterdam.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.historic-albany.org/news/2021/6/8/the-dutch-in-new-netherland-the-beginning-of-albany-and-the-relationship-with-native-people | title=The Dutch in New Netherland: The Beginnings of Albany, New York | date=June 16, 2021 }}</ref>

The Native Americans were no longer consulted or offered/asked to sell their lands. The Dutch were confronted with a new phenomenon, Native American raids, since the local tribes had now realized that the Dutch were not simply visitors but people set to settle their land.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nps.gov/mava/learn/historyculture/new-netherland.htm | title=The Rise and Fall of New Netherland - Martin van Buren National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service) }}</ref>

The Dutch realized that they had gone with the wrong approach as they offered great privileges to wealthy, not poor, citizens. It was not until 1656 that the Dutch state abandoned its passivity and decided to actively support [[New Netherland]]. The Dutch state issued a proclamation, which stated that "all mechanics and farmers who can prove their ability to earn a living here shall receive free passage for themselves, their wives and children".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/general/the-united-states-of-america-and-the-netherlands/nieuw-nederland---new-netherland.php | title=Nieuw Nederland - New Netherland < the United States of America and the Netherlands - George M. Welling < General < Essays < American History from Revolution to Reconstruction and beyond }}</ref>

Although the Dutch were in control, only about half the settlers were ethnically Dutch (the other half consisted mainly of [[Walloons]], Germans, and French [[Huguenots]] as well as New England Yankees). Manhattan grew increasingly multicultural. In 1664, the English seized the colony and renamed it [[Colony of New York|New York]]. The Dutch briefly recaptured the colony in 1673, but during peace talks with the English, they decided to trade it in 1674 for [[Suriname]] in South America, which was more profitable.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eml2pB2fwE0C&dq=dutch+new+york+trade+it+in+1674+for+Suriname+in+South+America&pg=PA36 | title=Converging Worlds: Communities and Cultures in Colonial America | isbn=978-1-136-59674-2 | last1=Breen | first1=Louise A. | date=June 17, 2013 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

===18th century===
[[File:Van-Bergen-Farm-middlepanel-1733.jpg|thumb|300px|The Van Bergen farm, 1733, near Albany, New York—distinctively Dutch<ref>{{cite book|author1=Blackburn, Roderic H. |author2=Ruth Piwonka|title=Remembrance of Patria: Dutch Arts and Culture in Colonial America, 1609-1776|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFALQtEI9LcC&pg=PA239|year=1988|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780939072064}}</ref>]]

In the hundred years of British rule that followed the change of ownership of New Netherland, Dutch immigration to America came to an almost complete standstill.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/general/the-united-states-of-america-and-the-netherlands/the-dutch-in-british-america.php#:~:text=In%20the%20hundred%20years%20under,Germantown%2C%20in%20the%20year%201683 | title=The Dutch in British America < the United States of America and the Netherlands - George M. Welling < General < Essays < American History from Revolution to Reconstruction and beyond }}</ref>

While the Netherlands was a small country, the Dutch Empire was quite large so emigrants leaving the mother country had a wide variety of choices. New Amsterdam was not high on their list, especially because of the Native American risk. The major Dutch cities were centers of high culture, but they still sent immigrants. Most new arrivals were farmers from remote villages who, on arrival, in America scattered into widely separated villages with little contact with one another. Even inside a settlement, different Dutch groups had minimal interaction. With very few new arrivals, the result was an increasingly traditional system cut off from the forces for change. The people maintained their popular culture, revolving around their language and their Calvinist religion. The Dutch brought along their own folklore, most famously ''[[Sinterklaas]]'' (the foundation of the modern-day [[Santa Claus]]), and created their own as in ''[[The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]]''. They maintained their distinctive clothing, and food preferences and introduced some new foods to America, including beets, endive, spinach, parsley, and cookies.

After the British takeover, the rich Dutch families in Albany and New York City emulated the English elite and purchased English furniture, silverware, crystal, and jewelry. They were proud of their language, which was strongly reinforced by the church, but they were much slower than the Yankees in setting up schools for their children. They finally set up Queens College (now Rutgers University) in New Jersey, but it quickly became anglicized. They never attempted to start newspapers; they published no books and only a handful of religious tracts annually. Pietist leader [[Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen]] (1691–1747) launched a series of revivals that challenge the mainstream church's emphasis on sacraments. Church buildings increasingly followed English rather than historic Dutch models.<ref>Randall H. Balmer, "The Social Roots of Dutch Pietism in the Middle Colonies," ''Church History'' 53#2 (1984), pp. 187-199 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3165355 JSTOR]</ref> Politically, however, there was a strong anti-British sentiment that led most of the Dutch to support the American Revolution. One famous Dutch folk hero was [[Rip Van Winkle]], characterized by being absurdly old-fashioned and out of date, which aimed to instill the establishment of an American culture distinct from British culture.<ref>Jacob Ernest Cooke, ed. ''Encyclopedia of the North American colonies'' (3 vol. 1993), gives detailed topical coverage of the Dutch colonists.</ref><ref>A. G.  Roeber "Dutch colonists cope with English control" in Bernard Bailyn, and Philip D. Morgan, eds. ''Strangers within the realm: cultural margins of the first British Empire'' (1991) pp 222-36.</ref> Most farmers focused on providing subsistence for their families; about a third were chiefly oriented to market prices.<ref>Thomas S. Wermuth, ''Rip Van Winkle's Neighbors: The Transformation of Rural Society in the Hudson River Valley, 1720-1850'' (2001).</ref>

Dutch Quakers came to the Philadelphia area in response to the appeal of [[William Penn]]. Penn, himself a [[Dutch community in the United Kingdom|Dutch Briton]] (his mother being from [[Rotterdam]]), had paid three visits to the Netherlands, where he published several pamphlets.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/william-penn-and-the-founding-of-pennsylvania | title=William Penn and the Founding of Pennsylvania }}</ref>

====Colonial Dutch American population in 1790====
The [[United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]] produced estimates of the colonial American population with roots in the [[Netherlands]], in collaboration with the [[American Council of Learned Societies]], by scholarly classification of the names of all [[White Americans|White]] heads of families recorded in the first [[1790 United States census|U.S. census of 1790]]. The government required accurate estimates of the origins of the [[Old Stock Americans|colonial stock]] population as basis for computing [[National Origins Formula]] immigration quotas in the 1920s; for this task scholars estimated the proportion of names in each state determined to be of [[Dutch language|Dutch]] derivation. The final report estimated about 3.1% of the U.S. population in 1790 was of Dutch origin, heavily concentrated in the [[Middle Colonies]] of historic [[New Netherland]] which became the [[British America|British]] [[Thirteen Colonies|American Colonial]] [[Province of New York]], [[Province of New Jersey]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]], and [[Delaware Colony]]—ultimately forming the U.S. states of [[New York (state)|New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[Delaware]].

{{small|{{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} Estimated Dutch American population in the [[Contiguous United States|Continental United States]] as of the [[1790 United States census|1790 Census]] {{flagicon|USA|1777-Ross}}}}<ref name="ACLS1929">{{cite book|author=American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States|date=1932|title=Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States|publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVA42JB6IYsC&pg=PA101|author-link=American Council of Learned Societies|oclc=1086749050}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-  
! colspan=1 rowspan=2 style="text-align:center; background-color:#C8E5EE;"|'''State or Territory'''||colspan=2 rowspan=1 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Dutch people|Dutch]]  
|-
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|#
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Connecticut}}
|align="right"|{{nts|600}}
|align="right"|0.26%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Delaware}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,000}}
|align="right"|4.32%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flagcountry|Georgia (U.S. state)}}
|align="right"|{{nts|100}}
|align="right"|0.19% 
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Kentucky}} & {{flagicon|Tennessee}}[[Tennessee|Tenn.]] 
|align="right"|{{nts|1,200}}
|align="right"|1.29%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Maine}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|100}}
|align="right"|0.10%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Maryland}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|1,000}}
|align="right"|0.48%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Massachusetts}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|600}}
|align="right"|0.16%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|New Hampshire}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|100}}
|align="right"|0.07%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|New Jersey}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|28,250}}
|align="right"|16.62%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flagcountry|New York (state)|1778}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|55,000}}
|align="right"|17.50%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|North Carolina}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|800}}
|align="right"|0.28%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Pennsylvania}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|7,500}}
|align="right"|1.77%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Rhode Island}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|250}}
|align="right"|0.39%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|South Carolina}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|500}}
|align="right"|0.36%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Vermont|1770}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|500}}
|align="right"|0.59%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Virginia}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|1,500}}
|align="right"|0.34%
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{Sort|1790 Area Enumerated|'''''{{flagicon|Thirteen Colonies}} [[1790 United States census|1790 Census Area]]'''''}} 
|align="right"|'''''{{nts|100,000}}'''''
|align="right"|'''''3.10%'''''
|- bgcolor="#EEF0F0"
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{Sort|Northwest|''{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Northwest Territory]]''}} 
|align="right"|''{{nts|-}}''
|align="right"|''-''
|- bgcolor="#EEF0F0"
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{Sort|French|''{{flagicon|New France}} [[French America]]''}} 
|align="right"|''{{nts|-}}''
|align="right"|''-''
|- bgcolor="#EEF0F0"
|border = "1"; align="left"|''{{flagicon|Spanish Empire}} [[Spanish America]]'' 
|align="right"|''{{nts|-}}''
|align="right"|''-''
|-
|- class="sortbottom" bgcolor="#B8E2E9"
|border = "1"; align="center"|'''{{flag|United States|1795}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|100,000}}'''
|align="right"|'''3.10%'''
|}

===19th century===
[[File:Dutch homestead, Little Chute, Wisconsin (19th century).jpg|thumb|right|Typical Dutch homestead in Northeast [[Wisconsin]], circa 1855]]During the early nineteenth century, large numbers of Dutch farmers, forced by high taxes and low wages, started immigrating to America. They mainly settled down in the [[Midwest]], especially [[Michigan]], [[Illinois]] and [[Iowa]]. In the 1840s, [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] immigrants desiring more religious freedom immigrated. [[West Michigan]] in particular has become associated with Dutch American culture, and the highly [[conservatism|conservative]] influence of the [[Dutch Reformed Church]], centering on the cities of [[Holland, Michigan|Holland]] and (to a lesser extent) [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids]].

Waves of Catholic emigrants, initially encouraged in the 1840s by Father [[Theodore J. van den Broek]], emigrated from the southern Netherlands to form communities in [[Wisconsin]], primarily to [[Little Chute]], Hollandtown, and the outlying farming communities. Whole families and even neighborhoods left for America. Most of these early emigrants were from villages near [[Uden]], including [[Zeeland, North Brabant|Zeeland]], [[Boekel]], [[Kinderdijk|Mill]], [[Oploo]] and [[Gemert]].  By contrast, many Protestant agrarian emigrants to Michigan and Iowa were drawn from Groningen, Friesland, and Zeeland; areas known for their clay soils.<ref name="swierenga.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.swierenga.com/Calvin_lec.html|title=Place Matters: The Social Geography of Dutch-American Immigration in the Nineteenth Century|work=swierenga.com}}</ref>

The Dutch economy of the 1840s was stagnant and much of the motivation to emigrate was economic rather than political or religious. The emigrants were not poor, as the cost of passage, expenses, and land purchase in America would have been substantial. They were not, however, affluent and many would have been risking most of their wealth on the chance of economic improvement. There were also political pressures at the time that favored mass emigrations of Protestants.<ref name="swierenga.com"/><ref name="Vanderheide">{{cite web|first=Albert|last=Vanderheide|url=http://www.godutch.com/newspaper/index.php?id=187|title=Priest led party of emigrants to Wisconsin's frontier territory:American communities formed close ties with North Brabant villages|publisher=godutch.com|access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Stekelenburg">{{cite web|title=Landverhuizing als regionaal verschijnsel, Van Noord-Brabant naar Noord-Amerika 1820–1880|work=Doctoral thesis, H.A.V.M. Van Stekelenburg |url=http://www.godutch.com |date=March 7, 2003 }}</ref><ref>Yda Schreuder, Dutch Catholic Immigrant Settlement in Wisconsin, 1850-1905 (New York: Garland, 1989); and H. A. V. M. van Stekelenburg, Landverhuizing als regionaal verschijnsel: Van Noord-Brabant naar Noord-Amerika 1820-1880 (Tilburg: Stichting Zuidelijk Historisch Contact, 1991).</ref>

===20th century migration===
A significant number of Dutchmen emigrated to the United States after [[World War&nbsp; II]] arrived from Indonesia via the Netherlands. After Indonesia, formerly known as the [[Dutch East Indies]], gained independence its [[Indo people|Indo-European]] (Eurasian) population known as ''Indies Dutchmen'' (Dutch: Indische Nederlanders) repatriated to the Netherlands. Around 60,000 continued their diaspora to the United States. This particular group is also known as ''Dutch-Indonesians'', ''Indonesian-Dutch'', or ''Amerindos''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dutch.berkeley.edu/amerindo/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323054956/http://dutch.berkeley.edu/amerindo |archive-date=March 23, 2010 |publisher=UC Berkeley 'Amerindo' Research Website |title=Amerindo }}</ref>

<blockquote>"Nine tenths of the so called Europeans (in the Dutch East Indies) are the offspring of whites married to native women. These mixed people are called ''Indo-Europeans''... They have formed the backbone of officialdom. In general they feel the same loyalty to Holland as do the white Netherlanders. They have full rights as Dutch citizens and they are Christians and follow Dutch customs. This group has suffered more than any other during the Japanese occupation." Official U.S. Army publication for the benefit of [[G.I. (military)|G.I.]]'s, 1944.<ref>War and Navy Departments of the United States Army, 'A pocket guide to the Netherlands East Indies.' (Facsimile by Army Information Branch of the Army Service Forces re-published by Elsevier/Reed Business November 2009) {{ISBN|978-90-6882-748-4}} p.18</ref></blockquote>

These Dutch Indos mainly entered the United States under legislative refugee measures and were sponsored by Christian organizations such as the [[Church World Service]] and the [[Catholic Relief Services]]. An accurate count of Indo immigrants is not available, as the [[U.S. Census]] classified people according to their self-determined ethnic affiliation. The Indos could have therefore been included in overlapping categories of "country of origin", "other Asians," "total foreign", "mixed parentage", "total foreign-born" and "foreign mother tongue". However the Indos that settled in the United States via the legislative refugee measures number at least 25,000 people.<ref>Willems, Wim ''"De uittocht uit Indie (1945-1995), De geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders"'' (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001) p.254 {{ISBN|90-351-2361-1}}</ref>

The original post-war refugee legislation of 1948, already adhering to a strict "affidavit of support" policy, was still maintaining a color bar making it difficult for Indos to emigrate to the United States. By 1951 American consulates in the Netherlands registered 33,500 requests and had waiting times of 3 to 5 years. Also the [[Walter-McCarren Act]] of 1953 adhered to the traditional American policy of minimizing immigrants from Asia. The yearly quota for Indonesia was limited to a 100 visas, even though Dutch foreign affairs attempted to profile Indos as refugees from the alleged pro-communist Sukarno administration.<ref>Willems, Wim ''"De uittocht uit Indie (1945-1995), De geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders"'' (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001) p.255 {{ISBN|90-351-2361-1}}</ref>

The 1953 flood disaster in the Netherlands resulted in the [[Refugee Relief Act]] including a slot for 15,000 ethnic Dutch that had at least 50% European blood (one year later loosened to Dutch citizens with at least two Dutch grandparents) and an immaculate legal and political track record. In 1954 only 187 visas were actually granted. Partly influenced by the anti-Western rhetoric and policies of the Sukarno administration the anti-communist senator [[Francis E. Walter]] pleaded for a second term of the Refugee Relief Act in 1957 and an additional slot of 15,000 visas in 1958.<ref>Willems, Wim ''"De uittocht uit Indie (1945-1995), De geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders"'' (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001) p.256-257 {{ISBN|90-351-2361-1}}</ref>

In 1958, the Pastore–Walter Immigration Act for the relief of certain distressed aliens was passed allowing for a one-off acceptance of 10,000 Dutchmen from Indonesia (excluding the regular annual quota of 3,136 visas). It was hoped however that only 10% of these Dutch refugees would in fact be racially mixed Indos and the American embassy in The Hague was frustrated with the fact that Canada, where ethnic profiling was even stricter, was getting the full-blooded Dutch and the United States was getting Dutch "all rather heavily dark". Still in 1960 senators Pastore and Walter managed to get a second two-year term for their act which was used by a great number of Dutch Indos.<ref>Willems, Wim ''"De uittocht uit Indie (1945-1995), De geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders"'' (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001) p.258 {{ISBN|90-351-2361-1}}</ref>

==Dutch influence on the United States==
{{prose|section|date=June 2024}}

*According to tradition, in 1626 [[Peter Minuit]] obtained the island of Manhattan from the Native Americans in exchange for goods with a total value of 60 [[guilder]]s ($24); most aspects of the story have been called into question by experts.<ref>Richard E. Mooney, "If You Believe They Paid $24, Here's a Bridge for Sale", ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 28, 1997, sec. 4, p. 2. See also [[Peter Minuit]].</ref> Minuit, a Walloon, was employed by the Dutch West India Company to manage its colony of New Amsterdam, the future [[New York (state)|New York]]. The names of some other settlements that were established still exist today as boroughs and neighborhoods of New York: [[Brooklyn]] ([[Breukelen]]), [[Wall Street]] (Wal Straat), [[Stuyvesant, New York|Stuyvesant]], [[Staten Island]] (named after the Dutch parliament, the ''[[Staten Generaal]]''), [[Harlem]] ([[Haarlem]]), [[Coney Island]] (''Konijnen Eiland'', means "Rabbit Island") and [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] (''[[Vlissingen]]'').
*In 1657, the clash between [[Peter Stuyvesant]] and [[Quakers]] led by [[John Bowne]] resulted in the [[Flushing Remonstrance]] which served as the basis for [[religious freedom]] in America.
* Dutch settlers and their descendants in the colonies played active roles in the [[American Revolution]] and the formation of the [[United States]], most especially descendants of the [[Schuyler family]] and the [[Van Cortlandt family]]. Dutch American signers of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] included [[Philip Livingston]] and [[Lewis Morris]], both from [[New York (state)|New York]]. Generals for the patriots included [[Philip Schuyler]], [[Peter Gansevoort]], and Major General James Morgan Jr. from [[New Jersey]]. On the side working with the British included [[New York City]] Mayor [[David Mathews]] (a cousin of General Schuyler), Major General [[Oliver De Lancey (American loyalist)|Oliver Delancey]] and Brigadier General [[Cortlandt Skinner]] (both [[Schuyler family]] descendants).
* During the American war of Independence the Dutch were active allies of the American revolutionaries. From the island of [[Sint Eustatius]] they gave the Thirteen Colonies one of the few opportunities to acquire arms. In 1778, British [[David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield|Lord Stormont]] claimed in parliament that "if Sint Eustatius had sunk into the sea three years before, the United Kingdom would already have dealt with George Washington".
* The Dutch were the first to salute the flag and, therefore, the first to acknowledge the independence of the United States on November 16, 1776.
* The American Declaration of Independence is said to have in many ways been influenced by the Dutch "[[Act of Abjuration|''Plakkaat van Verlatinghe'']]" (Act of Abjuration).

Several [[President of the United States|American Presidents]] had Dutch ancestry:
[[File:Martin Van Buren daguerreotype-restored.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Half-length photographic portrait of an elderly, balding man dressed in a dark coat, vest and cravat|[[Martin Van Buren]] circa 1855. He was the first U.S. President without any British ancestry as he was of entire Dutch descent.]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]], 8th President. He was a key organizer of the Democratic Party and the first president who was not of English, Irish, Scottish, or Welsh descent. He is also the only president not to have spoken English as his first language, but rather grew up speaking [[Dutch language|Dutch]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sturgis |first=Amy H. |author-link=Amy Sturgis |title=The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year=2007 |page=93 |isbn=978-0-313-33658-4}}</ref>
* [[Theodore Roosevelt]], 26th President. Roosevelt is most famous for his personality, his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his "cowboy" persona. In 1901, he became president after the assassination of President William McKinley. Roosevelt was a Progressive reformer who sought to move the Republican Party into the Progressive camp.
* [[Warren G. Harding]], 29th President. His mother's ancestors were [[Dutch people|Dutch]], including the well known Van Kirk family.<ref>{{cite book |title=The illustrious life and work of Warren G. Harding, twenty-ninth President of the United States |last=Russell |first=Thomas |page=51 |year=1923 |publisher=the University of Wisconsin - Madison}}</ref>
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], 32nd President. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. A central figure of the twentieth century, he has consistently been ranked as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents in scholarly surveys.
* [[George H. W. Bush]] and [[George W. Bush]], 41st and 43rd Presidents, respectively. They count members of the [[Schuyler family]] and the related Beekman family among their ancestors.<ref>[http://www.wargs.com/political/bush.html Ancestry of George W. Bush] Wargs.com; William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services.</ref>

==Dutch language and Dutch names in North America==
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2021}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:88%; float:right; margin-left:1em"
|+ Foreign-born Dutch speakers in the United States<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/tab06.html |title=Mother Tongue of the Foreign-Born Population: 1910 to 1940, 1960, and 1970 |date=March 9, 1999 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref>
|- style="background:#efefef"
| Year
| Population
|-
| 1910
| 126,045
|-
| 1920
| 136,540
|-
| 1930
| 133,142
|-
| 1940
| 102,700
|-
| 1960
| 130,482
|-
|1970
|127,834
|}
The first Dutch settlers lived in small isolated communities, and as a consequence were barely exposed to English. As the Dutch lost their own colonies in North America to the British, the Dutch settlers increasingly were exposed to other immigrants and their languages and the Dutch language gradually started to disappear. The 2009-2013 [[American Community Survey]] estimated 141,580 people of 5 years and over to speak Dutch at home,<ref name="census0913">{{Cite web   |title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009-2013 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> which was equal to 0.0486% of the population in the United States. In 2021, 95.3% of the total Dutch American population of 5 years and over only spoke English at home.<ref name=":3" />

In 1764, [[Archibald Laidlie]] preached the first English sermon to the Dutch Reformed congregation in New York City. Ten years later English was introduced in the schools. In Kingston, Dutch was used in church as late as 1808. A few years before, a traveler had reported that on Long Island and along the [[North River (Hudson River)|North River]] in Albany, Dutch was still the [[lingua franca]] of the elderly.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297814526_Archibald_Laidlie_and_the_transformation_of_the_Dutch_Reformed_church_in_eighteenth-century_New_York_City Archibald Laidlie and the transformation of the Dutch Reformed church in eighteenth-century New York City]</ref>

Francis Adrian van der Kemp, who came to the United States as a refugee in 1788, wrote that his wife was able to converse in Dutch with the wives of [[Alexander Hamilton]] and General [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]]. In 1847, immigrants from the Netherlands were welcomed in Dutch by the Reverend Isaac Wyckoff upon their arrival in New York. Wyckoff himself was a descendant of one of the first settlers in [[Rensselaerswyck]], who had learned to speak English at school.

=== Names of Dutch origin ===
{{See also|List of place names of Dutch origin in the United States|List of New Netherland placename etymologies|Van (Dutch)|label 2=New Netherland}}

In the first half of the twentieth century, the Dutch language was hardly spoken in North America, with the exception of first generation Dutch immigrants. The marks of the Dutch heritage — in language, in reference to historical Dutch people (for example [[Peter Stuyvesant|Stuyvesant]]) and in reference to Dutch places — can still be seen. There are about 35 Dutch restaurants and bakeries in the United States, most of them founded in the 20th century.<ref name="Dutchrestaurants">{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchinamerica.com/dutch-restaurants-in-the-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206023038/http://www.dutchinamerica.com/dutch-restaurants-in-the-united-states |archive-date=February 6, 2012 |title=Dutch restaurants in the USA |publisher=dutchinamerica.com }}</ref>

[[Anglicisation|Adaptation of Dutch names]] for places in the United States was common. New York City for example has many originally Dutch street and place names, which date back to the time it was the Dutch colony of [[New Netherland]]. Several landmarks like ''Conyne Eylandt'' (Modern Dutch: ''Konijn eiland'', meaning Rabbit Island) became more suitable to Anglophones ([[Coney Island]]). Additionally, Brooklyn (''[[Breukelen]]''), Harlem (''[[Haarlem]]''), Wall Street (''walstraat'') and Broadway (''brede weg'') are adapted after Dutch names or words. And up the river in New York State [[Piermont, New York|Piermont]], [[Orangeburg, New York|Orangeburg]], [[Blauvelt, New York|Blauvelt]] and [[Haverstraw, New York|Haverstraw]], just to name a few places. In the Hudson Valley region there are many places and waterways whose names incorporate the word ''-kill'', Dutch for "stream" or "riverbed", including the Catskill Mountains, Peekskill, and the Kill van Kull. Also, the American state of [[Rhode Island]] is a surviving example of Dutch influence in Colonial America. In 1614, was christened as ''Roodt Eylandt'' (''Rood Eiland'' in modern [[Dutch language|Dutch]]), meaning "Red Island", referring to the red clay found on the island.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIsDdUSYJMIC&dq=dutch+place+names+in+american+new+york+rhode+island&pg=PA51 | title=Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages | isbn=978-90-8964-124-3 | last1=Der | first1=Nicoline Sijs van | date=2009 | publisher=Amsterdam University Press }}</ref>

=== English words of Dutch origin ===
{{See also|List of English words of Dutch origin}}
Dutch and English are both part of the [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] language group and share several aspects, due to the fact that the birthplaces of both languages (Netherlands and the United Kingdom) are only separated by the [[North Sea]]. Similarities between Dutch and English are abundant, as an estimated 1% of the English words is of Dutch origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Joseph M. |title=Origins of the English language: a social and linguistic history |date=1975 |publisher=Free Press |isbn=978-0-02-934470-5 |edition=4. [Nachdr.] |location=New York, NY}}</ref> Examples include the article "the" (''de'' in Dutch), the words "book" (''boek''), "house" (''huis''), "pen" (''pen''), and, "street" (''straat''), among others.

There are also some words in [[American English]] that are of Dutch origin, like "cookie" (''koekje'') and "boss" (''baas''). And in some American family names a couple of Dutch characteristics still remain. Like (a) the prefix "van" (as in [[Martin Van Buren]]), (b) the prefix "de"(/"der"/"des"/"den") (as in [[Jared DeVries]]), (c) a combination of the two "van de ..." (as in [[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]), or (d) "ter"/"te"("ten") or "ver", which mean respectively (a) "of" (possessive or locative), (b) "the" (definite article), (c) "of the..." and (d) "at the" ("of the"/"in the") (locative).{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

=== Creole dialects ===
Contact between other languages also created various [[Dutch-based creole languages|creoles with Dutch as the base language]]. Two examples, [[Jersey Dutch]] and [[Mohawk Dutch]], are now extinct. This is possibly due to the ease of transition from Dutch to English, stemming from a shared linguistic genealogy.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

=== Newspapers ===
[[Little Chute, Wisconsin|Little Chute]], [[Wisconsin]], remained a Dutch-speaking community—known locally as "speaking Hollander"—into the twentieth century. As late as 1898, church sermons and event announcements were in Dutch.<ref name="Sentinel">''Milwaukee Sentinel'', July 15, 1898</ref> Dutch newspapers continued in the area—mainly in [[De Pere]] by Catholic clergymen—were published up until World War I.<ref name="DeBoer">{{cite web|author=Twilah DeBoer|url=http://www.wlhn.org/users/wlhn/web/wisconsonian/june99/dutch_settlements.htm|title=Early Dutch Settlements in Wisconsin|publisher=wlhn.org|date=June 1999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008085620/http://www.wlhn.org/users/wlhn/web/wisconsonian/june99/dutch_settlements.htm|archive-date=October 8, 2007}}</ref> The only remaining publication that is written exclusively in Dutch is [[Maandblad de Krant]], which is published monthly in [[Penticton]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]], and mailed to subscribers throughout the [[United States]] from [[Oroville, Washington]].<ref name="DeKrant">{{cite web|url=http://www.dekrant.ca|title=Site Disabled|access-date=March 17, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209120036/http://www.dekrant.ca/|archive-date=December 9, 2012}}</ref>

==Dutch-American Heritage Day==
As of 1990, November 16 is "Dutch-American Heritage Day". On November 16, 1776, a small American warship, the [[Andrew Doria]], sailed into the harbor of the Dutch island of [[Sint Eustatius]] in the [[West Indies]]. Only four months before, the United States had declared its independence from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]. The American crew was delighted when the governor of the island ordered that his fort's cannons be fired in a friendly salute. The first ever given by a foreign power to the [[flag of the United States]], it was a risky and courageous act. Indeed, angered by Dutch trading and contraband with the rebellious colonies, the British seized the island a few years later. The Dutch recaptured the island in 1784.<ref name="usembassy.nl">{{cite web|url=http://thehague.usembassy.gov/friendship_days2.html|title=usembassy.nl|access-date=March 17, 2015|archive-date=April 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423161551/http://thehague.usembassy.gov/friendship_days2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Dutch-American Friendship Day==
April 19 is Dutch-American Friendship Day, which remembers the day in 1782 when [[John Adams]], later to become the second [[president of the United States]], was received by the [[States-General of the Netherlands|States General]] in [[The Hague]] and recognized as [[Minister Plenipotentiary]] of the United States of America. It was also the day that the house he had purchased at Fluwelen Burgwal 18 in The Hague was to become the first [[Diplomatic missions of the United States|American Embassy]] in the world.<ref name="usembassy.nl"/>

==Dutch Heritage Festivals==
[[File:Sinterklaas 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Sinterklaas]]]]

Many of the Dutch heritage festivals that take place around the United States coincide with the blooming of tulips in a particular region. The [[Tulip Time Festival]] in [[Holland, Michigan]] is the largest such festival with other notable gatherings such as the Pella Tulip Time in [[Pella, Iowa]]; [https://www.octulipfestival.com/ Tulip Festival] in Orange City, Iowa and Albany, New York; Dutch Days in Fulton, Illinois; Let's Go Dutch Days in Baldwin, Wisconsin; Holland Days in Lynden, Washington; Holland Happening in Oak Harbor, Washington; Holland Fest in [[Cedar Grove, Wisconsin]], and the Wooden Shoe Tulip Fest in Woodburn, Oregon. Often Dutch heritage festivals coincide with the blooming of the tulip. See [[Tulip Festival]] for additional explanations of some of these festivals. A Dutch Festival is also held at [[Hofstra University]] in Hempstead, New York; and a Holland Festival<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nassocal.org/announcements/holland_festival.html|title=26th ANNUAL HOLLAND FESTIVAL 2015 - GEMMRIG PARK, LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA|work=nassocal.org}}</ref> in Long Beach, California. A traditional Dutch [[Kermis]] Festival is celebrated in October in Little Chute, WI. During late November and early December, a Dutch Winterfest is held in Holland, MI, to coincide with the traditional arrival of [[Sinterklaas]]; the cultural ancestor of the American Santa Claus."<ref name="Brinks">[http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Du-Ha/Dutch-Americans.html "Dutch Americans"], Herbert J. Brinks</ref> There is an annual Sinterklass festival held in [[Rhinebeck, New York|Rhinebeck]] and [[Kingston, New York]] where Sinterklaas crosses the [[Hudson River]] and a parade is held in recognition of the [[New York metropolitan area|Greater New York Area]]'s Dutch cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sinterklaashudsonvalley.com/ |title = Sinterklaas!}}</ref>

{{update|date=April 2015}}
Lately, many of the larger cities in the U.S. have a King's Day ([[Koningsdag]]) festival that is celebrated in the Netherlands on April 27 to celebrate the birthday of [[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|King Willem Alexander]]. The Portland Dutch Society<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portlanddutch.com |title=The Portland Dutch Society |work=portlanddutch.com |access-date=February 21, 2016}}</ref> started this annual Dutch Holiday celebration in [[Portland, OR]] in 2013 and will have one again in 2015 on April 26. It is celebrated by people of Dutch heritage dressed in their Orange clothes and enjoying the sounds of Dutch music and eating typical Dutch foods like kroketten, friet met mayonaise, zoute haring, and other Dutch delicacies.

==Dutch-American people of color==
Most Dutch-Americans are white, but some are [[Person of color|people of color]], including Black Dutch-Americans. During the 18th and 19th centuries, many enslaved and free Black people spoke Dutch. New York City and New Jersey had notable Dutch-speaking Black populations during the colonial era and into the 1800s, dating back to the Dutch settlement in [[New Amsterdam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thirdplacebooks.com/book/9781496820273 |title=Pinkster King and the King of Kongo: The Forgotten History of America's Dutch-Owned Slaves (Paperback) |publisher=Third Place Books |accessdate=2023-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.graciemansion.org/black-new-netherland-enslavement-and-freedom-in-dutch-new-york/ |title=Black New Netherland: Enslavement and Freedom in Dutch New York |publisher=[[Gracie Mansion]] |accessdate=2023-05-23}}</ref>

==Religion==
The beginnings of the [[Reformed Church in America]] date to 1628. By 1740, it had 65 congregations in [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[New Jersey]], served by ministers trained in Europe. Schools were few but to obtain their own ministers they formed "Queens College" (now [[Rutgers University]]) in 1766. In 1771, there were 34 ministers for over 100 churches. Until 1764, in at least three Dutch churches in New York City, all sermons were in Dutch; [[Theodore Roosevelt]] reports his [[grandfather]]'s church used Dutch as late as 1810. Other churches with roots in Dutch immigration to the United States include the [[Christian Reformed Church in North America|Christian Reformed Church]], the [[Protestant Reformed Churches in America|Protestant Reformed Churches]], the [[United Reformed Churches in North America|United Reformed Churches]], the [[Netherlands Reformed Congregations]], the [[Heritage Netherlands Reformed Congregations]] and the [[Free Reformed Churches of North America|Free Reformed Churches]]. Along with the Reformed churches, [[Roman Catholicism]] is the other major religion of Dutch Americans. Beginning in 1848, a significant number of Roman Catholics from the Dutch provinces of [[North Brabant]], [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] and southern [[Gelderland]] went to create many settlements in northeastern [[Wisconsin]]. But even today, Dutch Americans remain majority Protestant.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

==Numbers==
{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Dutch ancestry per 2021 US Census by County (white background).jpg
| caption1          = Partial and full
| image2            = Single Dutch ancestry per 2021 US Census by County (white background).jpg
| caption2          = Full
| header            = Population of Dutch ancestry by county (self-reported, 2021)
| total_width       = 250
}}
Between 1820 and 1900, 340,000 Dutch emigrated from the [[Netherlands]] to the United States. In the aftermath of [[World War II]], several tens of thousands of Dutch immigrants joined them, mainly moving to California and [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. In several counties in Michigan and Iowa, Dutch Americans remain the largest ethnic group. In 2020, most self-reported Dutch Americans live in [[Michigan]], followed by [[California]] and [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name="ACS2020">{{cite web |title=Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713211542/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006 |archive-date=July 13, 2022 |access-date=November 6, 2022 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> While the highest concentration of Dutch Americans are found in [[South Dakota]], Michigan, [[Iowa]], and [[Wisconsin]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=010XX00US,$0400000&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> According to 2021 [[United States census|US Census]] data, 3,083,041<ref name=":0" /> Americans self-reported to be of (partial) Dutch ancestry, while 884,857<ref name=":1" /> Americans claimed full Dutch heritage. 2,969,407&nbsp;Dutch Americans were native born in 2021, while 113,634&nbsp;Dutch Americans were foreign-born, of which 61.5% was born in Europe and 62,9% entered the United States before 2000.<ref name=":3" />

=== 2000 population of Dutch ancestry ===
[[File:Census Bureau Dutch in the United States 2000.png|thumb|Percentage of (partial) Dutch ancestry by county (self-reported, 2000)]]
According to the 2000 [[United States Census|US Census]], more than 5 million Americans claimed total or partial [[Dutch people|Dutch]] heritage. They were particularly concentrated around [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]]; [[Rock Rapids, Iowa]]; [[Sioux City, Iowa]]; [[Des Moines, Iowa]]; [[Fulton, Illinois]], [[Celeryville, Ohio]], and [[Little Chute, Wisconsin]]. These areas are surrounded with towns and villages that were founded by Dutch settlers in the 19th century, such as [[Holland, Michigan]] and [[Zeeland, Michigan]]; [[Pella, Iowa]], and [[Orange City, Iowa]]. Other Dutch enclaves include [[Lynden, Washington]], [[Ripon, California]], and places in New Jersey. It is estimated that, by 1927, as many as 40,000 Dutch settlers, primarily from [[North Brabant]] and [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]], had immigrated to the United States, with the largest concentrations in the area near [[Little Chute]], Wisconsin.<ref name="VanHinte">"Nederlanders in Amerika", Van Hinte, Assen, 1928</ref> By the early twentieth century, Little Chute was the largest Catholic Dutch community in the United States.<ref name="Lucas">"Netherlanders in America" Lucas, 1955</ref> In the [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago suburbs]], there are sizable Dutch communities in and around [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Wheaton, Illinois|Wheaton]], [[Palos Heights, Illinois|Palos Heights]], [[South Holland, Illinois|South Holland]], [[Lansing, Illinois|Lansing]], [[Dyer, Indiana|Dyer]], and other surrounding communities, anchored by Reformed churches and Christian schools.

In California, the [[San Joaquin County, California|San Joaquin Delta]] had a major Dutch (incl. [[Frisians|Frisian]]) and [[Belgians|Belgian]] influence, as settlers from those countries arrived in the 1850s, after California obtained statehood. They drained away swamps and created artificial islands known as polders, constructed dikes to back away the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers flowing into the San Francisco Bay, also turned them into fertile farmlands and set up inland ports such as [[Stockton, California|Stockton]]. Also their communities like [[Lathrop, California|Lathrop]], [[Galt, California|Galt]], [[Rio Vista, California|Rio Vista]] and [[French Camp, California|French Camp]] which were named for Belgians from [[Belgium]] are of both French ([[Walloons|Walloon]]) or [[Flemish people|Flemish]] origin. There is a Dutch community in [[Redlands, California|Redlands]], [[Ontario, California|Ontario]], [[Ripon, California|Ripon]] and [[Bellflower, California|Bellflower]].<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GthAd5yLMjEC&dq=dutch+american+community+in+california&pg=PA74|title= The Dutch American Identity: Staging Memory and Ethnicity in Community Celebrations|isbn= 9781604975659|last1= Schoone-Jongen|first1= Terence|year= 2008|publisher= Cambria Press}}</ref>

=== 2020 population of Dutch ancestry by state ===
[[File:Dutch ancestry per 2021 US Census by State (white background) 5yrs.jpg|thumb|Population of (partial) Dutch ancestry by state (2021)]]
As of 2020, the distribution of self-reported Dutch Americans across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table:  
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{small|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} Estimated Dutch American self-reported population by state {{flagicon|USA}}}}<ref name=":2" />
!  style="text-align:center; background-color:#9dbec3;"|'''State'''
!  style="text-align:center; background-color:#9dbec3;"|'''Number'''
!  style="text-align:center; background-color:#9dbec3;"|'''Percentage'''
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Alabama}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|30,349}}
|align="right"|0.62%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Alaska}}
|align="right"|{{nts|10,533}}
|align="right"|1.43%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Arizona}}
|align="right"|{{nts|80,124}}
|align="right"|1.12%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Arkansas}}
|align="right"|{{nts|31,550}}
|align="right"|1.05%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|California}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|313,233}}
|align="right"|0.80%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Colorado}}
|align="right"|{{nts|86,616}}
|align="right"|1.52%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Connecticut}}
|align="right"|{{nts|24,644}}
|align="right"|0.69%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Delaware}}
|align="right"|{{nts|7,895}}
|align="right"|0.82%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|District of Columbia}}
|align="right"|{{nts|4,886}}
|align="right"|0.70%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Florida}}
|align="right"|{{nts|170,831}}
|align="right"|0.81%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flagcountry|Georgia (U.S. state)}}
|align="right"|{{nts|64,164}}
|align="right"|0.61%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Hawaii}}
|align="right"|{{nts|6,567}}
|align="right"|0.46%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Idaho}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|31,398}}
|align="right"|1.79%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Illinois}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|145,771}}
|align="right"|1.15%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Indiana}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|109,108}}
|align="right"|1.63%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Iowa}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|116,971}}
|align="right"|3.71%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Kansas}}
|align="right"|{{nts|43,715}}
|align="right"|1.50%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Kentucky}}
|align="right"|{{nts|41,100}}
|align="right"|0.92%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Louisiana}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|17,506}}
|align="right"|0.38%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Maine}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|11,767}}
|align="right"|0.88%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Maryland}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|40,293}}
|align="right"|0.67%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Massachusetts}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|36,951}}
|align="right"|0.54%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Michigan}}  
|align="right"|{{nts|427,818}}
|align="right"|4.29%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Minnesota}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|91,012}}
|align="right"|1.63%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Mississippi}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|13,356}}
|align="right"|0.45%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Missouri}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|78,763}}
|align="right"|1.29%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Montana}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|19,606}}
|align="right"|1.85%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Nebraska}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|31,950}}
|align="right"|1.66%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Nevada}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|26,471}}
|align="right"|0.87%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|New Hampshire}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|12,596}}
|align="right"|0.93%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|New Jersey}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|79,492}}
|align="right"|0.89%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|New Mexico}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|14,614}}
|align="right"|0.70%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flagcountry|New York (state)}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|204,250}}
|align="right"|1.05%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|North Carolina}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|83,803}}
|align="right"|0.81%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|North Dakota}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|8,156}}
|align="right"|1.07%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Ohio}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|140,161}}
|align="right"|1.20%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Oklahoma}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|47,932}}
|align="right"|1.21%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Oregon}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|74,960}}
|align="right"|1.79%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Pennsylvania}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|161,506}}
|align="right"|1.26%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Rhode Island}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|4,459}}
|align="right"|0.42%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|South Carolina}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|36,482}}
|align="right"|0.72%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|South Dakota}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|37,913}}
|align="right"|4.31%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Tennessee}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|64,028}}
|align="right"|0.95%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Texas}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|178,457}}
|align="right"|0.62%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Utah}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|58,948}}
|align="right"|1.87%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Vermont}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|7,396}}
|align="right"|1.18%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Virginia}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|64,790}}
|align="right"|0.76%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flagcountry|Washington (state)}}
|align="right"|{{nts|131,299}}
|align="right"|1.75%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|West Virginia}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|24,445}}
|align="right"|1.35%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Wisconsin}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|132,420}}
|align="right"|2.28%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Wyoming}}
|align="right"|{{nts|9,834}}
|align="right"|1.69%
|- class="sortbottom" bgcolor="lightgrey"
|border = "1"|'''{{flag|United States}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|3,692,889}}'''
|align="right"|'''1.13%'''
|}

==Notable people==
{{main list|List of Dutch Americans}}
[[Harmen Jansen Knickerbocker]] was an early Dutch settler of New York's [[Hudson River Valley]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Knickerbocker Family| journal= The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record| first= William B.| last= Van Alstyne| volume=39| issue=1| date= 1908 |page= 33}}</ref>

In art, [[Willem de Kooning]] was a leading [[Abstract Expressionist]] painter, often depicting the human form in violent brush strokes and daring color juxtapositions. Muralist [[Anthony Heinsbergen]] interior designs are still seen today in most of the world's [[movie theaters]]. Cowboy artist [[Earl W. Bascom]], a sculptor known as the "cowboy of cowboy artists", is a descendant of the Van Riper family who was early settlers of New York.

In business, the [[Vanderbilt family]] was once among the richest families in the United States.<ref>Dorothy Kelly MacDowell. ''Commodore Vanderbilt and his family: a biographical account of the Descendants of Cornelius and Sophia Johnson Vanderbilt''. 1989. University of Wisconsin</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 6 - The Colonies' first revolt |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sb40EosBr90C&pg=PT70 |title=American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America |first=Colin |last=Woodard |publisher=Penguin |date=September 29, 2011 |access-date=13 May 2017 |isbn=978-1-101-54445-7}}</ref> 

In education, [[Stephen Van Rensselaer|Stephen Van Rensselaer III]] founded [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] in Troy, New York, in 1824, which is the oldest [[technological university]] in the [[English-speaking world]] and the Western Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite book |last= Fitch |first=Charles Elliott |date=1916 |title=Encyclopedia of Biography of New York, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fO8pAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA58-IA2|location=New York|publisher=American Historical Society|page=56}}</ref> Famous accomplishments of alumni include the Ferris Wheel, Brooklyn Bridge, commercially viable television and radar, and the microprocessor.

In literature, [[Janwillem van de Wetering]] is renowned for his [[detective fiction]]; his most popular creation being that of [[Grijpstra and de Gier]]. [[Edward W. Bok]] was a [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning autobiographer and magazine editor. He is also credited with coining the term "[[living room]]". [[Greta Van Susteren]]'s father was a Dutch American. Prolific poet [[Leo Vroman]] escaped from the Nazi-occupied Netherlands to the [[Dutch East Indies]] to end up in a harsh concentration camp for Europeans run by the Japanese army when it overran the islands.  After the war, he immigrated to the United States. His [[Indo people|Dutch Indonesian]] friend, fellow camp survivor, and author [[Tjalie Robinson]] also lived in the United States, where he founded several cultural institutions. The author [[Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema]], writer of the book [[Soldier of Orange]], was a Dutch resistance fighter, spy, and decorated war hero that immigrated to the United States after World War&nbsp; II. Born on [[Java]] in the Dutch East Indies, he died in his home in Hawaii.

In entertainment, actor, [[Television presenter|presenter]] and entertainer [[Dick Van Dyke]] is of Dutch descent, with a career spanning six [[decade]]s. He is best known for his starring roles in ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'', ''[[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (film)|Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]]'', ''[[The Dick Van Dyke Show]]'' and ''[[Diagnosis: Murder]]''. [[Dick Van Patten]] and his son [[Vincent Van Patten|Vincent]] are of Dutch descent; Dick was famous for the television show ''[[Eight is Enough]]''. Three generations of Fondas from [[Fonda, New York]] have graced the stage and screen for almost a century, including [[Henry Fonda]], son [[Peter Fonda]], daughter [[Jane Fonda]], granddaughter [[Bridget Fonda]] and grandson [[Troy Garity]]. The [[X-Men (film)|'' X-Men'' trilogy]] starred Dutch actress [[Famke Janssen]] and Dutch-descended [[Rebecca Romijn]] who is perhaps best known for her TV roles in such comedies as ''[[Ugly Betty]]''. [[Anneliese van der Pol]], a singer and actress, is a star of [[Disney]]'s ''[[That's so Raven]]''. Iconic star [[Audrey Hepburn]] was born in [[Belgium]] to a Dutch expatriate. Musicians [[Eddie van Halen|Eddie]] and [[Alex van Halen]] were the lead guitarist and drummer, respectively, and co-founders of the band [[Van Halen]], born to a Dutch father and [[Indo people|Dutch-Indonesian]] mother. [[Bruce Springsteen]]'s father was of Dutch and Irish heritage, from one of the original families that settled in [[New Netherland]]. The brothers Ronny, Johnny, and Donnie van Zant, the lead singer of [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]] and founder of [[38 Special (band)|38 Special]] have Dutch ancestry. Singer [[Whitney Houston]] had Dutch ancestry. Don Van Vliet, the musician with the stage name [[Captain Beefheart]], changed his middle name from Glen to the preposition to 1965 to honor his Dutch heritage. Actor [[Mark-Paul Gosselaar]], known from the series ''[[Saved by the Bell]]'', was born to a Dutch father and a [[Indo people|Dutch-Indonesian]] mother. [[Matt Groening]], the author of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' and ''[[Futurama]]'' has Dutch [[Mennonite]] ancestors, his family name originating from the Dutch city of [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]]. [[Chevy Chase]] also has deep Dutch roots from colonial New York.

In politics, [[Peter Stuyvesant]] was the last [[Director-General]] of the colony of [[New Netherland]]. Stuyvesant greatly expanded the settlement of [[New Amsterdam]], today known as [[New York (state)|New York]]. Stuyvesant's administration built the protective wall on [[Wall Street]], and the canal that became [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]], known today as [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]. The prestigious [[Stuyvesant High School]] is named after him. [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], presidents of the United States, were not only of Dutch descent but cousins. [[Martin Van Buren]] was another president of Dutch descent. [[Martin Kalbfleisch]] served as a [[U.S. Representative]] for the state of [[New York (state)|New York]]. [[Pete Hoekstra]] served as congressman for the state of [[Michigan's 2nd congressional district]] from 1993 until 2011. On January 10, 2018, he took office as [[United States Ambassador to the Netherlands]]. [[Jacob Aaron Westervelt]] was a renowned and prolific shipbuilder and [[Mayors of New York|Mayor of New York]] (1853–1855).

In science and technology, inventor and businessman [[Thomas Edison]] was of Dutch descent. [[Nicolaas Bloembergen]] won the [[Nobel Prize]] in 1981 for his work in [[laser spectroscopy]]. He was also awarded the [[Lorentz Medal]] in 1978. Physicists [[Samuel Abraham Goudsmit]] and [[George Eugene Uhlenbeck]] proposed the concept of [[electron spin]]. Goudsmit was also the scientific head of the [[Operation Alsos]] mission in the [[Manhattan Project]]. [[Tjalling Koopmans]] was the recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]] in 1975.

In astronomy, [[Maarten Schmidt]] pioneered the research of [[quasars]]. Astronomer [[Gerard Kuiper]] discovered two new [[moons]] in the [[Solar System]] and predicted the existence of the [[Kuiper belt]], which is named in his honor. Popular astronomer [[Bart J. Bok]] won the [[Klumpke-Roberts Award]] in 1982 and the [[Bruce Medal]] in 1977. [[Jan Schilt]] invented the Schilt [[photometer]].

In sports, [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] baseball player and two-time [[World Series]] champion [[Bert Blyleven]] gained fame for his [[curveball]]. [[Earl W. Bascom|Earl Bascom]] was a Hall of Fame rodeo champion known as the "father of modern rodeo." Golfer [[Tiger Woods]] has Dutch ancestry through his mother.

In religion, [[Albertus van Raalte]] was a [[Reformed Church of America]] pastor who led the Dutch immigrants who founded the city of [[Holland, Michigan]] in 1846. [[Louis Berkhof]], a [[Reformed tradition|Reformed]] [[systematic theologian]], is greatly studied today in [[seminaries]] and [[Bible colleges]]. [[Herman Hoeksema]], a theologian, was instrumental in the series of events that precipitated the creation of the [[Protestant Reformed Church]]. Prominent [[Christians|Christian]] author [[Lewis B. Smedes]] wrote ''[[Forgive and Forget: Healing the Hurts We Don't Deserve|Forgive and Forget]]'', an influential work discussing a religious view on [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] and [[forgiveness]]. [[Menno Simons]] (1496 – January 31, 1561) was a former Catholic priest from the Friesland region of the [[Netherlands]] who became an influential Anabaptist religious leader. Simons was a contemporary of the Protestant Reformers and it is from his name that his followers became known as [[Mennonites]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Netherlands|United States}}
* [[Dutch Americans in Michigan]]
* [[Dutch Americans in New York City]]
* [[Dutch Canadians]]
* [[Dutch West Indian Americans]]
* ''[[Dutch, the magazine]]''
* [[European Americans]]
* [[Hyphenated American]]
* [[Netherlands–United States relations]]
* [[Surinamese Americans]]
* [[Van (Dutch)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Bratt, James D. ''Dutch Calvinism in Modern America: A History of a Conservative Subculture''. (Eerdmans, 1984).
* Brinks, Herbert J. "Dutch Americans." in ''Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,'' edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp.&nbsp;35–45. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300065/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=5e332101 online]
*Corwin, S. T. ''History of the Dutch Reformed Church in the United States'' (1895).
* De Gerald, F. Jong ''The Dutch in America, 1609-1974''. (Twayne, 1975); short survey
* Ganzevoort, Herman, and Mark Boekelman, eds. ''Dutch Immigration to North America''. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1983.
* Goodfriend, Joyce D. Benjamin Schmidt, and Annette Stott, eds. ''Going Dutch: The Dutch Presence in America, 1609-2009'' (2008)
* Kirk, Gordon W. ''The Promise of American Life: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth-Century Immigrant Community, Holland, Michigan, 1847-1894.'' Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1978.
* Krabbendam, Hans. ''Freedom on the Horizon: Dutch Immigration to America, 1840-1940'' (2009), Emphasis on the Dutch Reformed Church
* Kroes, Rob. ''The Persistence of Ethnicity: Dutch Calvinist Pioneers in Amsterdam, Montana.'' University of Illinois Press, 1992.
* Kroes, Rob, and Henk-Otto Neuschafer, eds. ''The Dutch in North America: Their Immigration and Cultural Continuity.'' Amsterdam: Free University Press, 1991.
* Kromminga, John. ''The Christian Reformed Church: A Study in Orthodoxy.'' Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 1949.
* Lucas, Henry. ''Netherlanders in America: Dutch Immigration to the United States and Canada, 1789-1950.'' The University of Michigan Press, 1955.
* Schreuder, Yda. ''Dutch Catholic Immigrant Settlement in Wisconsin, 1850-1905.'' New York: Garland, 1989.
* Swierenga, Robert P. ''The Forerunners: Dutch Jewry in the North American Diaspora.'' Wayne State University Press, 1994.
* Swierenga, Robert P. ed. ''The Dutch in America: Immigration, Settlement, and Cultural Change''. Rutgers University Press, 1985.
* Swierenga, Robert P., "Faith and Family --Dutch Immigration and Settlement in the United States, 1820–1920" (Ellis Island Series.) New York: Holmes and Meyer. 2000.
* Taylor, Lawrence J. ''Dutchmen on the Bay: The Ethnohistory of a Contractual Community.'' The University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983.
* Thernstrom, Stephan, ed. ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups''. Harvard University Press, 1980.
* Van Jacob Hinte. ''Netherlanders in America: A Study of Emigration and Settlement in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries in the United States of America.'' Ed. Robert P. Swierenga. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Book House, 1985. translation of a 1928 Dutch-language book
*Wabeke, Bertus Harry [https://archive.org/details/DutchEmigrationToNorthAmerica1624-1860 ''Dutch emigration to North America, 1624-1860'']
* Wittke, Carl. ''We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant'' (1939), ch 2, 11

===Colonial/ New Netherland ===
* Balmer, Randall. ''A Perfect Babel of Confusion: Dutch Religion and English Culture in the Middle Colonies'' (2002).
* {{cite book|author1=Blackburn, Roderic H. |author2=Ruth Piwonka|title=Remembrance of Patria: Dutch Arts and Culture in Colonial America, 1609-1776|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFALQtEI9LcC&pg=PA239|year=1988|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780939072064}}
* Cohen, David Steven. "How Dutch Were the Dutch of New Netherland?." ''New York History'' 62#1 (1981): 43–60. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23169630 in JSTOR]
* Cooke, Jacob Ernest, ed. ''Encyclopedia of the North American colonies'' (3 vol. 1993), highly detailed topical coverage of the Dutch colonists.
* Jacobs, Jaap. ''New Netherland: a Dutch colony in seventeenth-century America'' (Brill, 2005) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Uex2budtSOUC  online].
* Kenney, Alice P. "Neglected Heritage: Hudson River Valley Dutch Material Culture." ''Winterthur Portfolio'' 20#1 (1985): 49–70. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1181000 in JSTOR]
* Kim, Sung Bok. ''Landlord and Tenant in Colonial New York: Manorial Society, 1664-1775'' (1987)
* Leiby; Adrian C.  ''The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley: The Jersey Dutch and the Neutral Ground, 1775-1783'' Rutgers University Press. 1962.
* Nissenson, S. G. ''The Patroon's Domain'' (1937).
* Roeber, A. G.   "Dutch colonists cope with English control" in Bernard Bailyn, and Philip D. Morgan, eds. ''Strangers within the realm: cultural margins of the first British Empire'' (1991) pp 222–36.
* Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),''Exploring Historic Dutch New York''. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011). {{ISBN|978-0-486-48637-6}}
*Todt, Kim. "'Women Are as Knowing Therein as the Men': Dutch Women in Early America," in Thomas A. Foster, ed. ''Women in Early America'' (2015) pp 43–65 [https://www.questia.com/read/125311254/women-in-early-america online].
* Van Lieburg, Fred. "Interpreting the Dutch Great Awakening (1749–1755)." ''Church History'' 77#2 (2008): 318–336. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20618489 in JSTOR]
* Wermuth, Thomas S. ''Rip Van Winkle's Neighbors: The Transformation of Rural Society in the Hudson River Valley, 1720-1850'' (2001).
* Wermuth, Thomas S. "New York farmers and the market revolution: Economic behavior in the mid-Hudson Valley, 1780-1830." ''Journal of Social History'' (1998): 179–196. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789598 in JSTOR]
* Wittke, Carl. ''We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant'' (1939), ch 2

===Historiography===
* Doezema, Linda Pegman. ''Dutch Americans: A Guide to Information Sources''. Gale Research, 1979. Bibliography

===Primary sources===
*Herbert J. Brinks, ''Dutch American Voices: Letters from the United States, 1850-1930'' (1995)
*Lucas, Henry, ed. ''Dutch Immigrant Memoirs and Related Writings''. 2 vols. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1955.

==External links==
{{commons category|Dutch diaspora in the United States}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110817224045/http://historicus.web-log.nl/mijn_weblog/emigratie/index.html Article about Dutch immigration to the United States, 1945–2000]
* [http://www.focol.org/littlechutehistory/ Little Chute Historical Society, Little Chute, Wisconsin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182216/http://www.focol.org/littlechutehistory/ |date=March 3, 2016 }}

{{Dutch diaspora}}
{{European Americans}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:American people of Dutch descent| ]]
[[Category:Dutch diaspora by country|American]]
[[Category:European diaspora in the United States]]