View source for Durio zibethinus

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Durio Zibethinus Van Nooten.jpg
|genus = Durio
|species = zibethinus
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms =
    {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
* ''Durio acuminatissimus'' <small>[[Elmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]]</small>
* ''Durio stercoraceus'' <small>[[Francisco Noronha|Noronha]]</small> nom. inval.
    }}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2779470
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|accessdate=July 3, 2014}}</ref>
| range_map = Durian native and exotic range map.svg
| range_map_alt = Native distribution of ''D. zibethinus'', the common durian
| range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#4CB34C|Native distribution of ''D. zibethinus''<ref>[http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Durio_zibethinus.pdf ''Durio zibethinus''] at '''worldagroforestry.org'''</ref>|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#964DAD|Exotic distribution of ''D. zibethinus''<ref>[http://www.yearofthedurian.com/p/our-ebooks.html ''A traveler´s guide to Durian Season''] at '''yearofthedurian.com'''</ref>|outline=gray}}
}}<!-- PLEASE USE COMMONWEALTH (BRITISH) ENGLISH THROUGHOUT THIS ARTICLE -->

'''''Durio zibethinus''''' is the most common tree [[species]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Durio]]'' that are known as '''[[durian]]''' and have edible fruit also known as durian.

As with most other durian species, the edible flesh emits a distinctive odour that is strong and penetrating even when the husk is intact. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance; others find the aroma overpowering and revolting. The persistence of its odour has led to the fruit's banishment from certain hotels and public transportation in Southeast Asia.

There are 30 recognised ''Durio'' species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit. ''D. zibethinus'' is the only species available in the international market: other species are sold in their local regions. There are hundreds of [[cultivar]]s of ''D. zibethinus''; many consumers express preferences for specific cultivars, which fetch higher prices in the market.

==Description==
{{expand section|date=December 2024}}
The wood of ''D. zibethinus'' is reddish brown.<ref name=Brown>{{cite book |author=Brown, Michael J. |title=Durio&nbsp;– A Bibliographic Review |publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) |year=1997 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3AcGwT0CdSwC |isbn=978-92-9043-318-7 |accessdate=2014-06-03}}</ref>

==Ecology==
{{See also|List of durian diseases and pests}}
''D. zibethinus'' flowers are visited by [[bat]]s which eat the [[pollen]] and pollinate the flowers.<ref name=Brown/> The flowers open in the afternoon and shed pollen in the evening. By the following morning, the [[Sepal|calyx]], petals, and [[stamen]]s have fallen off to leave only the [[gynoecium]] of the flower.<ref name=Brown/>

==Food uses==
[[File:D101 and random stock.jpg|thumb|Different cultivars of durian often have distinct colours. D101 (right) has rich yellow flesh, clearly distinguishable from another variety (left).]]
{{Infobox genome
| image = <!-- Karyotype, for instance -->
| caption =
| taxId =  57226
| ploidy = diploid<ref name="Teh">{{cite journal|last1=Teh|first1=Bin Tean|last2=Lim|first2=Kevin|last3=Yong|first3=Chern Han|last4=Young|first4=Cedric Chuan|last5=Rao|first5=Sushma Ramesh|last6=Rajasegaran|first6=Vikneswari|last7=Lim|first7=Weng Khong|last8=Ong|first8=Choon Kiat|last9=Chan|first9=Ki|last10=Cheng|first10=Vincent Kin Yuen|last11=Soh|first11=Poh Sheng|last12=Swarup|first12=Sanjay|last13=Rozen|first13=Steven G.|last14=Nagarajan|first14=Niranjan|last15=Tan|first15=Patrick|title=The draft genome of tropical fruit durian (''Durio zibethinus'')|journal=Nature Genetics|date=9 October 2017|volume=49|issue=11|pages=1633–1641|doi=10.1038/ng.3972|pmid=28991254|language=English|issn=1546-1718|oclc=7155266222|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| chromosomes = 56<ref name="Teh"/>
| size = 715.23<ref name="Teh"/>
| year = 2017<ref name="Teh"/>
| organelle = <!-- type of organelle sequenced -->
| organelle-size = <!-- number (unit is Mb) -->
| organelle-year = <!-- year of sequencing of organelle -->
}}
Over the centuries, numerous durian [[cultivar]]s, propagated by vegetative [[Cloning|clones]], have arisen in southeast Asia. They used to be grown with mixed results from seeds of trees bearing superior quality fruit, but now are propagated by [[layering (horticulture)|layering]], [[marcotting]], or more commonly, by [[grafting]], including bud, veneer, wedge, whip or U-grafting onto seedlings of randomly selected [[rootstock]]s. Different cultivars may be distinguished to some extent by variations in the fruit shape, such as the shape of the spines.<ref name=Brown/> Durian consumers express preferences for specific cultivars, which fetch higher prices in the market.<ref name=ST>{{cite web | url = http://www.stomp.com.sg/stfoodiesclub/taste/03/index.html | title = ST Foodies Club&nbsp;– Durian King | year = 2006 | accessdate = 2007-07-25 | publisher = [[The Straits Times]] | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071215124752/http://www.stomp.com.sg/stfoodiesclub/taste/03/index.html | archivedate = 2007-12-15 }}</ref>

Most cultivars have a common name and a code number starting with "D". For example, some popular clones are Kop (D99 {{langx|th|กบ&nbsp;– "frog"}} {{IPA|th|kòp|}}), Chanee (D123, {{langx|th|ชะนี&nbsp;– gibbon}} {{IPA|th|tɕʰániː|}}), Berserah or Green Durian or Tuan Mek Hijau (D145 {{langx|th|ทุเรียนเขียว&nbsp;– Green Durian}} {{IPA|th|tʰúriːən kʰǐow|}}), Kan Yao (D158, {{langx|th|ก้านยาว&nbsp;– Long Stem}} {{IPA|th|kâːn jaːw|}}), Mon Thong (D159, {{langx|th|หมอนทอง&nbsp;– Golden Pillow}} {{IPA|th|mɔ̌ːn tʰɔːŋ|}}), Kradum Thong ({{langx|th|กระดุมทอง&nbsp;– Golden Button}} {{IPA|th|kràdum tʰɔːŋ|}}), and with no common name, D24 and D169. Each cultivar has a distinct taste and odour. More than 200 cultivars of ''D. zibethinus'' exist in [[Thailand]].

Mon thong is the most commercially sought after for its thick, full-bodied creamy and mild sweet tasting flesh with relatively moderate smell emitted and smaller seeds, while Chanee is the best in terms of its resistance to infection by ''[[Phytophthora palmivora]]''. Kan Yao is somewhat less common, but prized for its longer window of time when it is both sweet and odorless at the same time. Among all the cultivars in Thailand, five are currently in large-scale commercial cultivation: Chanee, Mon Thong, Kan Yao, Ruang, and Kradum.<ref name=Pibul>{{cite web |url=http://it.doa.go.th/durian/detail.php?id=164&PHPSESSID=0a7dd4c12222a10cdbd00d70796cec00 |title=Durian Exporting Strategy, National Durian Database (กลยุทธการส่งออกทุเรียน) |publisher=Department of Agriculture, Thailand |accessdate=2010-07-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818174921/http://it.doa.go.th/durian/detail.php?id=164&PHPSESSID=0a7dd4c12222a10cdbd00d70796cec00 |archivedate=2011-08-18 |language=th |url-status=dead }}</ref> There have been more than 100 registered cultivars since the 1920s in [[Malaysia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/~durian/info/vk_duri.htm |title=Comprehensive List of Durian Clones Registered by the Agriculture Department (of Malaysia) |publisher=Durian OnLine |accessdate=2006-03-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407225917/http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/~durian/info/vk_duri.htm
|archivedate=2007-04-07 }}</ref> and up to 193 cultivars by 1992.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |url=https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/97-001W.pdf |title=Boosting Durian Productivity |access-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616193628/https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/97-001W.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many superior cultivars have been identified through competitions held at the annual Malaysian Agriculture, Horticulture, and Agrotourism Show. In [[Vietnam]], the same process has been achieved through competitions held by the Southern Fruit Research Institute. A recently popular variety is [[Musang King]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Durian lovers head north on day tours|last=Teo|first=Wan Gek|date=2009-06-23|accessdate=2009-09-19|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|url=http://travel.asiaone.com/Travel/News/Story/A1Story20090623-150378.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707175331/http://travel.asiaone.com/Travel/News/Story/A1Story20090623-150378.html|archive-date=2011-07-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>

By 2007, Thai government scientist Songpol Somsri had crossbred more than ninety varieties of durian to create Chantaburi No.&nbsp;1, a cultivar without the characteristic odour.<ref name="Fuller">{{cite news |author=Fuller, Thomas |date=2007-04-08 |title=Fans Sour on Sweeter Version of Asia's Smelliest Fruit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/08/world/asia/08durian.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=2008-11-20}}</ref> Another hybrid, Chantaburi No. 3, develops the odour about three days after the fruit is picked, which enables an odourless transport yet satisfies consumers who prefer the pungent odour.<ref name="Fuller"/> On 22 May 2012, two other cultivars from Thailand that also lack the usual odour, Long Laplae and Lin Laplae, were presented to the public by Yothin Samutkhiri, governor of [[Uttaradit Province]], from where these cultivars were developed locally, and announced the dates for the yearly durian fair of [[Laplae District]], and the names given to both cultivars.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Odourless-durians-to-hit-the-market-30182636.html |title=Odourless durians to hit the market – The Nation<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625181413/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Odourless-durians-to-hit-the-market-30182636.html |archive-date=2012-06-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In addition to the pulp being edible, the seeds can be eaten after being roasted.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hargreaves|first1=Dorothy|last2=Hargreaves|first2=Bob|title=Tropical Trees of the Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/tropicaltreesofp00harg|url-access=registration|year=1970|publisher=Hargreaves|location=Kailua, Hawaii|page=[https://archive.org/details/tropicaltreesofp00harg/page/19 19]}}</ref>

==Nutrition==
{{nutritionalvalue
| name=Raw durian (''Durio zibethinus'')
| kJ= 615
| water = 65 g
| protein= 1.47&nbsp;g
| fat= 5.33&nbsp;g
| carbs= 27.09&nbsp;g
| fiber=3.8&nbsp;g
| folate_ug=36
| niacin_mg=1.074
| riboflavin_mg=0.2
| thiamin_mg=0.374
| vitA_iu=44
| pantothenic_mg=0.23
| vitB6_mg=0.316
| vitC_mg= 19.7
| sodium_mg=2
| potassium_mg= 436
| calcium_mg=6
| copper_mg=0.207
| iron_mg=0.43
| magnesium_mg=30
| manganese_mg=0.325
| phosphorus_mg=39
| zinc_mg=0.28
| note= [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/168192/nutrients Link to USDA database entry]
}}
Raw durian is 65% water, 27% [[carbohydrate]]s, 5% [[fat]], and 1% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]] (table). In a reference amount of {{cvt|100|g}}, raw durian supplies 147 [[calorie]]s of [[food energy]], and is a rich source (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[vitamin C]] (22% DV), [[thiamine]] (31% DV), and the [[mineral (nutrient)|dietary mineral]], [[copper in biology|copper]] (23% DV) (table). Raw durian is a moderate source (10–19% DV) of the [[B vitamins]], [[riboflavin]] and [[vitamin B6]], and the minerals, [[manganese in biology|manganese]] and [[potassium in biology|potassium]] (table).

==See also==
* [[Breadfruit]], an unrelated fruit that looks similar
* [[Jackfruit]], an unrelated fruit that looks similar

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{commons category|Durio zibethinus}}

{{Nuts}}
{{Non-timber forest products}}
{{Durian}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1135236}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Durio|zibethinus]]
[[Category:Trees of Malesia]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Non-timber forest products]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1774]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Night-blooming plants]]