View source for Dunne D.1

<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2017}}
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
 |name=D.1 and D.4
 |image=
 |caption=
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
 |type=Experimental aircraft
 |manufacturer=[[Army Balloon Factory]]
 |designer=[[J. W. Dunne]]
 |first flight= July 1907
 |introduced=
 |retired=
 |status=
 |primary user=British Army
 |more users=
 |produced=
 |number built=1
 |variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
The '''Dunne D.1''', was an experimental [[tailless aircraft|tailless]] aircraft built in the UK in 1907. It comprised a main unit which could be flown as a glider, to which a chassis unit with power train could be added. The glider achieved a short flight in 1907. The D.1 was later rebuilt as the powered '''D.4''', which achieved short hops in 1908.

==Origins==
Lieutenant [[J. W. Dunne]] was employed by the [[Royal Aircraft Establishment|Army Balloon Factory at Farnborough]] in 1906, to develop full-size aircraft based on his previous work with [[tailless aircraft|tailless]], [[swept-wing]] models which were inherently stable. The key feature which gave them stability was a conical upper wing surface, arranged to give a progressive decrease in the [[angle of incidence (aerodynamics)|angle of incidence]] towards the wingtips, a feature known as [[Washout (aviation)|washout]].

Dunne and the Balloon Factory's Commander, [[John Edward Capper|Col. J.E. Capper]], wanted him to build a monoplane, but the Army insisted on a biplane, believing it to be both lighter and stronger.

==Dunne D.1==
===Design and construction===

The first design to be built was the D.1, a biplane glider of wire-braced wooden construction and silk covering, to which could be added a powered chassis unit.

The glider was designated the D.1-A. Its undercarriage consisted of a pair of skids underneath the lower wing. Takeoff was achieved by launching the glider from a wheeled platform. The pilot's seat was placed centrally at the front, between the upper and lower planes.

The separate, wheeled chassis unit incorporated twin [[Buchet]] engines on a common driveshaft, each of nominally {{convert|12|hp|kW|abbr=on}}. Twin counter-rotating pusher propellers were then belt-driven from the single shaft. However the staff were not experienced with the engines and the arrangement typically delivered only around {{convert|15|hp|kW|abbr=on}} of power. The War Office believed that an engine of any higher power would be "of no use to the British Army" and refused to fund one.<ref name="gamble">Gamble (1931)</ref> When mounted on its chassis, the craft was designated the D.1-B.<ref name="walker">Walker (1974)</ref>

Construction was carried out in the utmost secrecy, with different parts made in different workshops and brought together in a locked room for final assembly. The glider was finished in time for initial flight trials in 1907, while the chassis took longer to make and was taken to the trials site afterwards.<ref name="walker"/>

===Flight trials===
To maintain security for the flight trials, the craft was dismantled, taken to [[Blair Atholl]] in Scotland by a team of [[Royal Engineers]] in July 1907 and reassembled there.

Piloted by Col. Capper, on its first and only flight a gust of wind caused it to veer towards a wall running alongside the chosen flight path. Capper was unable to correct its path and it crashed into the wall, damaging the craft and lightly injuring him. The flight had taken just 8 seconds, however it had lasted long enough to demonstrated the automatic stability which was it chief design goal.

The gliding section was repaired on site and the powered chassis unit, now arrived from Farnborough, was fitted. A raised guide track was laid down, reminiscent of the system used by the [[Wright brothers]] for some of their early flights. During a test in October, the plane slipped sideways off the launching track and crashed down to the ground, severely damaging it while the pilot was unhurt. It was dismantled again and taken back to Farnborough.<ref name="walker"/>

==Dunne D.4==
Dunne was now allowed a slightly more powerful engine, a single {{convert|25|hp|kW|abbr=on}} [[R.E.P.]] Over the winter of 1907-08 he produced an updated design with integral engine and undercarriage, designated '''D.4'''. The wing from the D.1 was repaired and modified with more conventional [[elevon]]s, hinged parallel to the trailing edge. It was mounted directly to a new steel-frame chassis. The framework spanned between the left and right halves of the wing and projected forward. It was partly covered in fabric, forming a new wing centre section above and a shallow nacelle to house the pilot below. Vertical endplate fins were added between the ends of the biplane wings. The R.E.P. engine still drove a pair of pusher propellers.

In 1908, trials were again made at Blair Atholl, piloted by Lt Lancelot D.L Gibbs. While the smaller D.3 glider was being flown, a new take-off strip was prepared for the D.4. Subsequent attempts to fly the D.4 proved that engine power remained insufficient, however several short hops were achieved during November and December 1908.<ref name="walker"/>
<!--{{Aircraft specs}}-->

==See also==
{{aircontent
<!-- include as many lines are appropriate. additional lines/entries with carriage return. -->
|see also=
|related=<!-- related developments -->
|similar aircraft=<!-- similar or comparable aircraft -->
*[[British Army Aeroplane No 1]]
*[[Igo Etrich|Etrich I]]
|lists=<!-- related lists -->
}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* Gamble, Snowden (1931). ''The Air Weapon, Vol. I: November 1878 - August 1914''. OUP. pp.&nbsp;91–101.
* Lacey, G. W. B. (1955) [http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1955/1955%20-%200854.html "History and Secrecy"] (letter), ''Flight'', 17 June 1955, p.&nbsp;852.
* Lewis, P. (1962) ''British Aircraft 1806-1914''. London. Putnam. 1962.
* Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989) ''Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation''. London. Studio Editions.  pp.&nbsp;347.  {{ISBN|978-0-517-10316-6}}.
* Percy Walker (1974) ''Early Aviation at Farnborough, Volume 2: The First Aeroplanes''. Macdonald. 1974.

<!-- ==External links== -->
{{Dunne aircraft}}

[[Category:1900s British experimental aircraft]]
[[Category:Dunne aircraft|D1]]
[[Category:Glider aircraft]]
[[Category:Tailless aircraft]]
[[Category:Pusher aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1907]]