View source for Duke of Berry

{{Short description|Title in the French peerage}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox nobility title
| name              = Dukedom of Berry 
| image             = [[File:Arms of Charles de Berry.svg|110px|]]
| caption           = Arms of Berry after 1376
| creation_date     = October 1360 
| monarch           = [[John II of France]] 
| peerage           = [[Peerage of France]] 
| first_holder      = [[John, Duke of Berry|John of Berry]] 
| last_holder       = [[Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry|Charles Ferdinand of Artois]] 
| status            = Alive
| extinction_date   = 14 February 1820 
}}

'''Duke of Berry''' ({{langx|fr|Duc de Berry}}) or '''Duchess of Berry''' ({{langx|fr|Duchesse de Berry}}) was a title in the [[Peerage of France]]. The [[Berry, France|Duchy of Berry]], centred on [[Bourges]], was originally created as an [[appanage]] for junior members of the [[House of France|French royal family]] and was frequently granted to female royals. The style "Duke of Berry" was later granted by several [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] monarchs to their grandsons. The last official Duke of Berry was [[Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry|Charles Ferdinand of Artois]], son of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]. The title Duke of Berry is currently being claimed through its usage as a courtesy title by Prince Alphonse de Bourbon, son of [[Louis Alphonse de Bourbon|Prince Louis, Duke of Anjou]], the [[Legitimists|Legitimist]] claimant to the French Throne.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==House of Valois (1360-1505)==
On October 1360, King [[John II of France|John II]] created the peerage-duchy of Berry as an appanage for his third-born son, [[John, Duke of Berry|John of Poitiers]], perhaps on the occasion of his marriage with [[Joan of Armagnac]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Plumley|first=Yolanda|title=Ars subtilior and the Patronage of French Princes|work=Early Music History: Volume 22: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Music|editor=Cambridge University Press|date=2003|pages=145–146}}</ref> Upon his death in 1416, John of Poitiers was succeeded as Duke of Berry by his grandnephew [[John, Duke of Touraine|John, Dauphin of France]] (having been predeceased in 1397 by his only son who survived into adulthood, [[John of Valois, Count of Montpensier|John, Count of Montpensier]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Autrand|first=Françoise|title=Jean de Berry: L'art et le pouvoir|editor=Fayard|date=2000|page=263}}</ref> After Dauphin John's death in 1417, the appanage passed to his younger brother the Dauphin Charles. The Dauphin subsequently moved his court to Berry's capital of Bourges to escape the advancing English during the [[Hundred Years’ War]].<ref>Richard Vaughan, ''John the Fearless: The Growth of Burgundian Power'', Vol. 2, (Boydell Press, 2005), 263.</ref> When the Dauphin ascended to the throne as [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]], Berry returned to the [[Crown lands of France|royal domain]].

In 1461, [[Louis XI of France|Louis XI]] granted Berry to his younger brother, [[Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry|Charles]]. Charles maintained a rivalry with his brother and joined the [[League of the Public Weal]], an anti-royal alliance of French magnates led by the [[Charles the Bold|Count of Charolais]]. After a short war against Louis XI which was concluded with the [[Treaty of Conflans]] in 1465, Charles gained the [[Duchy of Normandy]] (which he later exchanged for the [[Duchy of Guyenne]] in 1469). Charles died without legitimate issue in 1472 due to [[syphilis]], although some believed he was a victim of [[poisoning]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Moisand|first=Constant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anpIAAAAYAAJ&q=si%C3%A8ge+de+beauvais|title=Histoire du siége de Beauvais en 1472|editor=Imprimerie de Moisand|date=1847}}</ref> With no male heir, the title reverted to the Crown once again.

In 1498, [[Louis XII of France|Louis XII]] granted Berry to his former wife [[Joan of France, Duchess of Berry|Joan of France]], daughter of [[Louis XI of France|Louis XI]], as compensation for their marriage's annulment.<ref>"[http://catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=686 St. Joan of Valois]". ''Catholic.org''. Retrieved: 26 October 2014.</ref> She was the first ''[[suo jure]]'' Duchess, and after her death without issue Berry returned to the Crown.

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Duke
! Birth
! Tenure
! Death
! Marriage(s)<br/>Issue
|-
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Arms of Charles de Berry.svg|50px]]<br/>'''[[John, Duke of Berry|John of France]]'''<hr/>''Other titles''<br/>{{collapsible list|[[Duke of Auvergne]]|[[Count of Poitiers]]|[[Count of Montpensier]]|[[Count of Étampes]]}}
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Duc de Berry.JPG|120px]]
| 30 November 1340<br/>[[Château de Vincennes]]<hr/>Son of [[John II of France]]<br/>and [[Bonne of Luxembourg]]
| October 1360<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>15 June 1416
| 15 June 1416<br/>[[Paris]]<hr/>Died by natural causes<br/>(aged 75)
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Joan of Armagnac]]<br/>({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1360; {{tooltip|d.|died}} 1387)<br/>{{small|5 children}}<br/>{{grey|(2)}} [[Joan II, Countess of Auvergne|Joan II of Auvergne]]<br/>({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1389; {{tooltip|wid.|widowed}} 1416)<br/>{{small|Childless}}
|-
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Blason Jean de Touraine.svg|50px]]<br/>'''[[John, Duke of Touraine|John of France]]'''<hr/>''Other titles''<br/>{{collapsible list|[[Dauphin of France]]|[[Count of Ponthieu]]|[[Count of Poitou]]}}
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Jean de Touraine, dauphin of France.jpg|120px]]<br/>
| 31 August 1398 <br/>Paris<hr/>Son of [[Charles VI of France]]<br/>and [[Isabeau of Bavaria]]
| 1416<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>5 April 1417
| 5 April 1417<br/>[[Compiègne]]<hr/>Died by natural causes<br/>(aged 18)
| [[Jacqueline of Hainaut]]<br/>({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1415; {{tooltip|wid.|widowed}} 1417)<br/>{{small|Childless}}<br/>
|-
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Dauphin Arms.svg|50px]]<br/>'''[[Charles VII of France|Charles of France]]'''<hr/>''Other titles''<br/>{{collapsible list|[[Dauphin of France]]|[[Count of Ponthieu]]|[[Count of Poitou]]}}
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:KarlVII.jpg|120px]]<br/>
| 22 February 1403 <br/>Paris<hr/>Son of [[Charles VI of France]]<br/>and [[Isabeau of Bavaria]]
| 1417<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>1422 (merged with Crown)
| 22 July 1461<br/>[[Mehun-sur-Yèvre]]<hr/>Died by natural causes<br/>(aged 58)
| [[Marie of Anjou]]<br/>({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1422; {{tooltip|wid.|widowed}} 1461)<br/>{{small|14 children}}<br/>
|-
! style="font-weight:normal" |[[File:Blason Charles de France (1446-1472) duc de Guyenne.svg|50px]]<br/>'''[[Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry|Charles of France]]'''<hr/>''Other titles''<br/>{{collapsible list|[[Duke of Normandy]]|[[Duke of Guyenne]]}}
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Charles de France (1446-1472).jpg|120px]]
| 26 December 1446<br/>[[Château de Tours]]<hr/>Son of [[Charles VII of France]]<br/>and [[Marie of Anjou]]
| November 1461<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>24 May 1472
| 24 May 1472<br/>[[Bordeaux]]<hr/>Died by [[syphilis]]<br/>(aged 25)
| ''Never married''
|-
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Arms of Jeanne de France (2).svg|50px]]<br/>'''[[Joan of France, Duchess of Berry|Joan of France]]'''
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:St. Jeanne de Valois.jpg|120px]]
| 23 April 1464<br/>[[Nogent-le-Roi]]<hr/>Daughter of [[Louis XI of France]]<br/>and [[Charlotte of Savoy]]
| 7 April 1498<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>4 February 1505
| 4 February 1505<br/>[[Bourges]], [[Berry, France|Berry]]<hr/>Died by natural causes<br/>(aged 40)
| [[Louis XII of France|Louis II, Duke of Orléans<br/>{{small|(then Louis XII)}}]]<br/>({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1476; {{tooltip|ann.|annulled}} 1498)<br/>{{small|Childless}}
|}

==House of Valois-Angoulême (1527-1601)==
In 1527, King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] granted his sister [[Marguerite de Navarre|Marguerite]] the duchy of Berry, probably on the occasion of her marriage to [[Henry II of Navarre]].<ref>{{cite web|language=French|last=Michaud-Fréjaville|first=Françoise|url=http://www.m2navarre.net/spip.php?article5|title=L'œuvre et la vie de Marguerite de Navarre, un plaidoyer pour la tolérance|website=m2navarre.net|date=June 27, 2006}}</ref> After her death without male issue in 1549, Berry reverted to the Crown.

In 1550, King [[Henry II of France|Henry II]] granted Berry to his sister [[Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry|Margaret of Valois]] for life.<ref>{{cite book | title=Scottish Queens, 1034-1714 | last=Marshall | first=Rosalind K. | page=10o | year=2003 | publisher=Tuckwell Press }}</ref> After the death of Margaret of Valois in 1574, her nephew King [[Henry III of France|Henry III]] granted Berry and the [[County of La Marche]] to his sister-in-law and [[Queen dowager]] of France [[Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France|Elisabeth of Austria]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Nadaud|first=Joseph|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30715j|title=Nobiliaire du diocèse et de la généralité de Limoges|volume=III|editor=Société historique et archéologique du Limousin|date=1878|page=182}}</ref> However, in 1577, as a consequence of the [[Edict of Beaulieu|Peace of Monsieur]], Elisabeth of Austria was forced by King Henry III to exchange Berry and La Marche (which then became part of the expanded appanage of his brother [[Francis, Duke of Anjou]]) for the duchies of [[List of rulers of Auvergne|Auvergne]] and [[Duke of Bourbon|Bourbon]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Knecht|first=Robert J.|title=The French Religious Wars 1562-98|editor=Osprey Publishing|date=2002|page=53}}</ref> After Francis of Anjou's death in 1584, Berry and his other appanages again returned to the Crown.

In 1589, King [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] granted Berry to King Henry III's widow [[Louise of Lorraine]] for her lifetime.

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Duke
! Birth
! Tenure
! Death
! Marriage(s)<br/>Issue
|-
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Coat of Arms of Marguerite of Angouleme, Queen Consort of Navarre.svg|50px]]<br/>'''[[Marguerite de Navarre|Margaret of Navarre]]'''<hr/>''Other titles''<br/>{{collapsible list|[[Queen consort of Navarre]]|[[Counts and dukes of Alençon|Duchess of Alençon]]|[[Count of Armagnac|Countess of Armagnac]]|[[Lords, counts and dukes of Perche|Countess of Perche]]}}
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Portrait de Marguerite de Navarre, attribué à François Clouet, musée Condé (cropped).jpg|120px]]
| 11 April 1492<br/>[[Château d'Angoulême]]<hr/>Daughter of [[Charles, Count of Angoulême|Charles of Orléans]]<br/>and [[Louise of Savoy]]
| 24 January 1527<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>21 December 1549
| 21 December 1549<br/>[[Odos]], [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]]<hr/>Died by natural causes<br/>(aged 57)
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Charles IV, Duke of Alençon|Charles IV of Alençon]]<br/>({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1509; {{tooltip|d.|died}} 1525)<br/>{{small|Childless}}<br/>{{grey|(2)}} [[Henry II of Navarre]]<br/>({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1527; {{tooltip|wid.|widowed}} 1549)<br/>{{small|1 child}}
|-
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Arms of Charles de Berry.svg|50px]]<br/>'''[[Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry|Margaret of France]]'''<hr/>''Other titles''<br/>{{collapsible list|[[Duchess consort of Savoy]]}}
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry by Studio of François Clouet.jpg|120px]]
| 5 June 1523<br/>[[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye|Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]<hr/>Daughter of [[Francis I of France|Francis I]]<br/>and [[Claude of France|Claude of Brittany]]
| 29 April 1550<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>15 September 1574
| 15 September 1574<br/>[[Turin]], [[Duchy of Savoy|Savoy]]<hr/>Died by natural causes<br/>(aged 51)
| [[Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy|Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy]]<br/>({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1559; {{tooltip|wid.|widowed}} 1574)<br/>{{small|1 child}}
|-
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:COA french queen Elisabeth d'Autriche.svg|50px]]<br/>'''[[Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France|Elisabeth of Austria]]'''<hr/>''Other titles''<br/>{{collapsible list|[[County of La Marche|Countess of La Marche]]}}
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Jakob de Monte 001.jpg|120px]]
| 5 July 1554<br/>[[Vienna]], [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]]<hr/>Daughter of Emperor [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]]<br/>and [[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|Mary of Austria]]
| 21 November 1575<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>25 September 1577<br/>''(Title forfeited)''
| 22 January 1592<br/>[[Vienna]], Austria<hr/>Died by [[pleurisy]]<br/>(aged 37)
| [[Charles IX of France]]<br/>({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1570; {{tooltip|d.|died}} 1574)<br/>{{small|1 child}}
|-
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Blason duche fr Anjou (moderne).svg|50px]]<br/>'''[[Francis, Duke of Anjou|Francis of France]]'''<hr/>''Other titles''<br/>{{collapsible list|[[Duke of Anjou]]|[[Duke of Alençon]]|[[Duke of Touraine]]}}
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Jean Decourt - Portrait François-Hercule de Valois, duc d’Alençon c. 1576.png|120px]]
| 18 March 1555<br/>[[Château de Fontainebleau]]<hr/>Son of [[Henry II of France|Henry II]]<br/>and [[Catherine de' Medici]]
| 25 September 1577<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>10 June 1584
| 10 June 1584<br/>[[Château-Thierry]]<hr/>Died by [[malaria]]<br/>(aged 29)
| ''Never married''
|-
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:COA french queen Louise de Lorraine.svg|50px]]<br/>'''[[Louise of Lorraine]]'''
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:In the manner of François Clouet - Louise de Lorraine - Google Art Project.jpg|120px]]
| 30 April 1553<br/>[[Nomeny]], [[Barrois]]<hr/>Daughter of [[Nicolas, Duke of Mercœur]]<br/>and [[John IV of Egmont#Marriage and Children|Margaret of Egmont]]
| August 1589<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>29 January 1601
| 29 January 1601<br/>[[Moulins, Allier|Moulins]], [[Bourbonnais]]<hr/>Died by natural causes<br/>(aged 47)
| [[Henry III of France]]<br/>({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1575; {{tooltip|d.|died}} 1589)<br/>{{small|Childless}}
|}

== House of Bourbon (1686-1820)==
In 1686, King [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] granted the title Duke of Berry to his third grandson [[Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)|Charles]] who continued to use it as his primary title until his death in 1714, despite never gaining the appanage of Berry.<ref>See the Letters patent: ''Louis, par la grâce de Dieu, roy de France et de Navarre, à tous présens et à venir, SALUT. (…) Notre très-cher et très-amé petit-fils Charles, fils de France, a dignement répondu à nos espérance (…) Pour ces causes et autres à ce Nous mouvans, de l’avis de notre conseil, Nous avons donné, octroyé et délaissé, et par ces présentes signées de notre main, donnons, octroyons et delaissons à notredit petit-fils Charles, fils de France, et à ses enfans mâles descendans de lui en loyal mariage, pour leur appanage et entretenement, selon la nature des appanages de la Maison de France et les lois de notre royaume, les duchés d’Alençon et d’Angoulême, le comté de Ponthieu et les châtellenies de Coignac et de Merpins, réunis à notre couronne par le décès de notre cousine Elisabeth d’Orléans, duchesse de Guise, ensemble les terres et seigneuries de Noyelles, Hiermont, Coutteville et le Mesnil, par Nous acquises par contrat passé entre les commissaires par Nous nommez, et Marie d’Orléans, duchesse de Nemours, le 16 Decembre 1706, en échange de la baronie, terre et seigneuries de Parthenay (…).''</ref> In 1754, King [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]] styled his newborn grandson [[Louis XVI of France|Louis-Auguste]] as Duke of Berry until his ascension as [[Dauphin of France]] in 1765, after his father's death.

In 1778, King [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] re-established the Duchy of Berry as an appanage for his newborn nephew, [[Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry|Charles Ferdinand of Artois]], who was killed in 1820 by Louis Pierre Louvel, a Bonapartist.

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Duke
! Birth
! Tenure
! Death
! Marriage(s)<br/>Issue
|-
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Arms of Charles de Berry.svg|50px]]<br/>'''[[Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)|Charles of France]]'''<hr/>''Other titles''<br/>{{collapsible list|[[Duke of Angoulême]]|[[Duke of Alençon]]|[[Count of Ponthieu]]}}
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Vivien - Charles of France, Duke of Berry - Louvre.png|120px]]
| 31 July 1686<br/>[[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]]<hr/>Son of [[Louis, Grand Dauphin|Louis, Dauphin of France]]<br/>and [[Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria|Maria Anna of Bavaria]]
| 31 July 1686<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>5 May 1714
| 5 May 1714<br/>[[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]]<hr/>Died in hunting accident<br/>(aged 27)
| [[Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans|Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans]]<br/>({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1710; {{tooltip|wid.|widowed}} 1714)<br/>{{small|Childless}}
|-
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Arms of Charles de Berry.svg|50px]]<br/>'''[[Louis XVI of France|Louis-Auguste of France<br/>{{small|(then Louis XVI)}}]]'''
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Roslin Louis XVI of France.jpg|120px]]
| 23 August 1754<br/>[[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]]<hr/>Son of [[Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XV)|Louis, Dauphin of France]]<br/>and [[Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France|Maria Josepha of Saxony]]
| 23 August 1754<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>20 December 1765<br/>''(Became [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]])''
| 21 January 1793<br/>[[Place de la Révolution]], Paris<hr/>[[Execution of Louis XVI|Executed for treason]]<br/>(aged 38)
| [[Marie Antoinette of Austria]]<br/>({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1770; {{tooltip|wid.|widowed}} 1793)<br/>{{small|4 children}}
|-
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Arms of Charles dArtois.svg|50px]]<br/>'''[[Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry|Charles Ferdinand of Artois]]'''
! style="font-weight:normal" | [[File:Danloux - Charles Ferdinand d'Artois (1778-1820), duc de Berry.jpg|120px]]
| 24 January 1778<br/>[[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]]<hr/>Son of [[Charles X of France|Charles of Artois]]<br/>and [[Maria Theresa of Savoy]]
| 24 January 1778<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>14 February 1820
| 14 February 1820<br/>Outside [[Paris Opera]]<hr/>Murdered by [[Louis Pierre Louvel]]<br/>(aged 42)
| [[Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry|Marie-Caroline of Sicily]]<br/>({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1816; {{tooltip|wid.|widowed}} 1820)<br/>{{small|2 children}}
|}

==See also==
*[[House of France]]
*{{lang|fr|[[Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]]}}
*{{lang|fr|[[Belles Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry|Belles Heures du Duc de Berry]]}}

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duke Of Berry}}
[[Category:Dukedoms of France|Berry]]
[[Category:Dukes of Berry| ]]
[[Category:Duchesses of Berry| ]]
[[Category:Lists of dukes|Berry]]
[[Category:Lists of duchesses|Berry]]

[[ru:Герцогство Беррийское#Герцоги Беррийские]]