View source for Dublin

{{short description|Capital and largest city of Ireland}}
{{About|the capital of Ireland}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Dublin
| native_name        = {{native name|ga|Baile Átha Cliath}}
| native_name_lang   = 
| settlement_type    = [[Capital city]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border      = infobox
| total_width = 270
| perrow      = 1/1/2/2/1
| image1 = Dublin - aerial - 2025-07-07 01.jpg
| caption1 = Dublin city skyline
| image2 = Samuel Beckett Bridge At Sunset Dublin Ireland (97037639) (cropped).jpeg
| caption2 = [[Samuel Beckett Bridge]]
| image3 = Dublin The Convention Centre 01.JPG
| caption3 = [[Convention Centre Dublin|Convention Centre]]
| image4 = GoergeSalmonTrinityCollegeDublin.jpg
| caption4 = [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]]
| image5 = O'Connell Bridge (25748548914).jpg
| caption5 = [[O'Connell Bridge]]
| image6 = DublinTheCustomHouse-2014-10.jpg
| caption6 = [[The Custom House]]
| image7 = (Ireland) Dublin Castle Up Yard.JPG
| caption7 = [[Dublin Castle]]
}}
| image_flag         = IRL Dublin flag.svg
| flag_size          = 150px
| image_shield       = Coat of Arms of Dublin, Ireland.png
| shield_size        = 100px
| nickname           = The Fair City
| motto = {{force singular}} {{lang|la|Obedientia Civium Urbis Felicitas}}<br />"The obedience of the citizens produces a happy city"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-your-council-lord-mayor-history/dublin-city-coat-arms |title=Dublin City Council, Dublin City Coat of Arms |publisher=Dublincity.ie |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003033/http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-your-council-lord-mayor-history/dublin-city-coat-arms%20 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tranum |first=Sam |date=2025-07-01 |title=A new city motto for Dublin? You voted and the results are in |url=https://www.dublininquirer.com/a-new-city-motto-for-dublin-you-voted-and-the-results-are-in/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Dublin InQuirer |language=en}}</ref><br />Alternatively translated as<br />"An obedient citizenry produces a happy city"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dublincastle.ie/event/an-obedient-citizenry-produces-a-happy-city-human-experience/?instance_id=336|title=An Obedient Citizenry Produces a Happy City – Human Experience|publisher=[[Office of Public Works]]|access-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510093034/http://www.dublincastle.ie/event/an-obedient-citizenry-produces-a-happy-city-human-experience/?instance_id=336|archive-date=10 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| mapsize            = 250px
| pushpin_map        = Ireland#Europe
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Ireland##Location within Europe
| pushpin_relief     = yes
| coordinates        = {{Coord|53|21|00|N|06|15|37|W|type:city(593,000)_region:IE-D|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Provinces of Ireland|Province]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Leinster]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[NUTS statistical regions of Ireland|Region]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Eastern and Midland Region|Eastern and Midland]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Counties of Ireland|County]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[County Dublin|Dublin]]
| leader_title       = [[local government in the Republic of Ireland|Local authority]]
| leader_name        = [[Dublin City Council]]
| leader_title1      = Headquarters
| leader_name1       = [[City Hall, Dublin|Dublin City Hall]]
| leader_title2      = [[Lord Mayor of Dublin|Lord Mayor]]
| leader_name2       = [[Ray McAdam]] ([[Fine Gael]])
| leader_title3      = [[Dáil constituencies]]
| leader_name3       = {{ubl|[[Dublin Central (Dáil constituency)|Dublin Central]]|[[Dublin Bay North (Dáil constituency)|Dublin Bay North]]|[[Dublin North-West (Dáil constituency)|Dublin North-West]]|[[Dublin South-Central (Dáil constituency)|Dublin South-Central]]|[[Dublin Bay South (Dáil constituency)|Dublin Bay South]]}}
| leader_title4      = [[European Parliament constituencies in the Republic of Ireland|EP constituency]]
| leader_name4       = [[Dublin (European Parliament constituency)|Dublin]]
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = <ref>{{cite web |title=Dublin City Profile |website=Maynooth University |publisher=Dublin City Development Board |date=1 January 2002 |url=https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/sites/default/files/assets/document/WPS15JW%2CJBandCMannion_0_1.pdf |access-date=6 November 2020 |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104025722/https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/sites/default/files/assets/document/WPS15JW%2CJBandCMannion_0_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="cso population density interactive table">{{cite web|title=Census of Population 2011|website=Population Density and Area Size by Towns by Size, Census Year and Statistic|publisher=Central Statistics Office|date=April 2012|url=http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?maintable=CD116&PLanguage=0|access-date=30 March 2014|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003018/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?maintable=CD116&PLanguage=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 117.8
| area_urban_km2     = 345
| population_total   = 592,713<ref name="2022mapdcc"/>
| population_density_km2 = 5,032
| population_density_urban_km2 = 4,449
| population_urban   = 1,534,900<ref>{{cite web | title=Population and Migration Estimates, April 2024 | publisher=CSO | date=2024-08-27 | url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-pme/populationandmigrationestimatesapril2024/ | access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref>
| population_blank2_title = Ethnicity{{efn|Ethnicity within the Dublin City Council local authority}}<br /><small>([[2022 census of Ireland|2022 census]])</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.cso.ie/table/SAP2022T2T2CTY |title=SAP2022T2T2CTY - Usually Resident Population by Ethnic or Cultural Background|work=CSO|access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>
| population_blank2  = {{Collapsible list
|                  title = Ethnic groups
|            frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; <!--NOTICE: This will hide the borders and make rows closer (padding)-->
|            title_style =
|             list_style = text-align:left;
|                      '''76.82% White'''
|                      {{nbsp|4}}64.24% White Irish
|                      {{nbsp|4}}12.19% White Other
|                      {{nbsp|4}}0.39% Irish Traveller
|                      '''5.11% Asian&nbsp;/ Asian Irish'''
|                      '''1.58% Black&nbsp;/ Black Irish'''
|                      '''3.50% Other&nbsp;/mixed'''
|                      '''12.98% Not stated'''}}
| population_demonyms = Dubliner, Dub
| demographics_type1 = GDP {{Nobold|(Nominal, 2023)}}
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |  url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cirgdp/countyincomesandregionalgdp2022-2023/gvabyregion/ | title=GVA by Region County Incomes and Regional GDP 2022 - 2023 - Central Statistics Office|website=www.ec.europa.eu| date=5 February 2025}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Urban
| demographics1_info1 = €248.323 billion 
| demographics1_title2 = Per capita
| demographics1_info2  = €165,405 
| postal_code_type   = [[Eircode]]
| postal_code        = D01 to D18, D20, D22, D24 & D6W
| area_code          = 01 (+3531)
| pushpin_label      = Dublin
| timezone           = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
| utc_offset         = +00:00
| timezone_DST       = [[Irish Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +01:00
| official_name      = 
| population_as_of   = 2022
| established_date   = Unknown<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/8-january-1986-bogus-selection-of-date-to-mark-dublin-s-millennium-1.1266478 | newspaper = The Irish Times | title = 8 January 1986: 'Bogus' selection of date to mark Dublin's millennium | access-date = 16 June 2021 | archive-date = 24 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195445/https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/8-january-1986-bogus-selection-of-date-to-mark-dublin-s-millennium-1.1266478 | url-status = live }}</ref>
| established_title  = Founded
| mapframe           = yes
| mapframe-wikidata  = yes
| mapframe-zoom      = 10
| population_urban_footnotes = <small>{{0}}(2024)</small>
| iso_code           = IE-D
| website            = {{official website}}
}}

'''Dublin'''{{efn-ua|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ʌ|b|l|ᵻ|n|audio=En-us-Dublin.ogg}} {{respell|DUB|lin}}; {{langx|ga|Baile Átha Cliath}},<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.logainm.ie/en/1375542| title=Dublin |website=Placename database of Ireland| access-date=15 January 2018| archive-date=7 January 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002646/https://www.logainm.ie/en/1375542| url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPA|ga|ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈclʲiə|pron|small=no}} {{IPA|ga|ˌbʲlʲaː ˈclʲiə|label=or|small=no}}. See [[#Etymology|§ Etymology]].}} is the [[capital city|capital]] and largest city of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geography.ie/geography/social/docs/dublin.pdf |title=The Growth and Development of Dublin |access-date=30 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330062241/http://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/technology/mexican-city-to-be-twinned-with-dublin-says-lord-mayor-1.1343005 |archive-date=30 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://everything2.com/title/primate+city |title=Primate City Definition and Examples |date=10 October 2002 |access-date=21 October 2009 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002841/https://everything2.com/title/primate+city%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Situated on [[Dublin Bay]] at the mouth of the [[River Liffey]], it is in the [[Provinces of Ireland|province]] of [[Leinster]], and is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, part of the [[Wicklow Mountains]] range. Dublin is the largest city by population on the island of [[Ireland]]; at the [[2022 census of Ireland|2022 census]], the city council area had a population of 592,713, while the city, including suburbs, had a population of 1,263,219, and [[County Dublin]] had a population of 1,501,500.<ref name="2022mapdcc"/><ref name="2022mapdcands"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-25 |title=Key Findings - CSO - Central Statistics Office |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-pme/populationandmigrationestimatesapril2023/keyfindings/#:~:text=Population%20of%20Dublin%20exceeds%201.5,million%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.cso.ie |language=en}}</ref> Various definitions of a metropolitan [[Greater Dublin Area]] exist.

A settlement was established in the area by the [[Gaels]] during or before the 7th century,{{sfn|Dickson|2014|p=x}} followed by the [[Viking]]s. As the [[Kingdom of Dublin]] grew, it became Ireland's principal settlement by the 12th century, following the [[Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland]].{{sfn|Dickson|2014|p=x}} Dublin expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest in the [[British Empire]] and sixth largest in [[Western Europe]] after the [[Acts of Union 1800|Acts of Union]] in 1800.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Conway |first=Richard |date=31 May 2022 |title=How Dublin's Modest Terraced Houses Came Back Into Fashion |language=en |work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-05-31/the-design-history-of-dublin-over-basement-row-houses |access-date=27 June 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926092900/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-05-31/the-design-history-of-dublin-over-basement-row-houses |url-status=live }}</ref> Following independence in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the [[Irish Free State]], [[Names of the Irish State|renamed Ireland]] in 1937. {{As of|2018}}, Dublin was listed by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] (GaWC) as a [[global city]], with a ranking of "Alpha minus", which placed it among the top thirty cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zyen.com/GFCI/GFCI%208.pdf |title=Global Financial Centres Index 8 |access-date=30 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011091643/http://www.zyen.com/GFCI/GFCI%208.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2018 |publisher=Globalization and World Cities Research Network: [[Loughborough University]] |access-date=23 November 2018 |date=13 November 2018 |archive-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503165246/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{See also|Names of European cities in different languages: C–D#D|l1=Other names of Dublin}}

The name ''Dublin'' comes from the [[Middle Irish]] {{lang|mga|Du(i)blind}} (literally "Blackpool"),<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Baile Átha Cliath/Dublin |url=https://www.logainm.ie/en/1375542/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=logainm.ie |language=en}}</ref> from {{lang|ghc|dubh}} {{IPA|mga|d̪ˠuβˠ|}} "black, dark" and {{lang|ghc|linn}} {{IPA|mga|l̠ʲin̠ʲ(dʲ)|}} "pool". This evolved into the [[Early Modern Irish]] form {{lang|ghc|Du(i)bhlinn}},<ref name=":2" /> which was pronounced "Duílinn" {{IPA|ga|ˈd̪ˠiːlʲin̠ʲ|}} in the [[Irish language#Leinster|local dialect]]. The name refers to a dark tidal pool on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of [[Dublin Castle]], where the [[River Poddle]] entered the [[River Liffey|Liffey]].

The Middle Irish pronunciation is preserved in the names for the city in other languages such as [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|Difelin}}, [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|Dyflin}}, modern [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] {{lang|is|Dyflinn}} and modern [[Manx language|Manx]] {{lang|gv|Divlyn}} as well as [[Welsh language|Welsh]] {{lang|cy|Dulyn}} and [[Breton language|Breton]] {{lang|br|Dulenn}}. Other localities in Ireland also bear the name ''Duibhlinn'', variously anglicised as Devlin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.logainm.ie/en/14364 |title=Placenames Database of Ireland: Duibhlinn/Devlin |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003050/http://www.logainm.ie/en/14364%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Divlin<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.logainm.ie/en/13534 |title=Placenames Database of Ireland: Béal Duibhlinne/Ballydivlin |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002937/http://www.logainm.ie/en/13534%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Difflin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.logainm.ie/en/16486 |title=Placenames Database of Ireland: Duibhlinn/Difflin |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003031/http://www.logainm.ie/en/16486%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Variations on the name are also found in traditionally Gaelic-speaking areas of [[Scotland]], such as {{lang|gd|An Linne Dhubh}} ("the black pool"), which is part of [[Loch Linnhe]].

The Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as ''Duibhlinn'', from which ''Dyflin'' took its name.<ref name="Clarke44">{{Cite book|title=Medieval Dublin, the making of a metropolis|last=Clarke|first=Howard|publisher=Irish Academic Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0716524595|page=44}}</ref> Beginning in the 9th and 10th centuries, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The Viking settlement of about 841, ''Dyflin'', and a Gaelic settlement, Áth Cliath ("ford of hurdles")<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Literature and the City|last=Tambling|first=Jeremy|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2017|isbn=978-1137549105|page=98}}</ref> further up the river, at the present-day [[Father Mathew Bridge]], also known as Dublin Bridge, at the bottom of [[Church Street, Dublin|Church Street]].

{{lang|ga|Baile Átha Cliath}}, meaning "town of the hurdled [[Ford (crossing)|ford]]", is the common name for the city in Modern Irish, which is often contracted to {{lang|ga|Bleá Cliath}} or {{lang|ga|Blea Cliath}} when spoken.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.logainm.ie/ga/1375542| title=Dublin/Baile Átha Cliath – Placenames Database of Ireland| access-date=4 August 2022| quote=Baile Átha: almost invariably throughout Ireland is pronounced as if written Blah as B.A Claith - Blaclia; Blá Cliath; Baile Átha Cliath...a name shortened into Blea Cliath| archive-date=12 August 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812230317/https://www.logainm.ie/ga/1375542| url-status=live}}</ref> {{lang|ga|Áth Cliath}} is a place name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. ''{{lang|ga|Baile Átha Cliath}}'' was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, currently occupied by [[Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church]].

==History==
{{Main|History of Dublin}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Dublin}}

Humans have inhabited the area of [[Dublin Bay]] since prehistoric times. Fish traps discovered from excavations during the construction of the [[Convention Centre Dublin]] indicate human habitation as far back as 6,000 years ago. Further traps were discovered closer to the old settlement of the city of Dublin on the [[Dublin quays|south quays]] near [[St. James's Gate]], which indicate [[mesolithic]] human activity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ryan |first1=Danielle |title=Archaeologists find ancient fish trap at Dublin quays site |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/fish-basket-victoria-quay-diageo-site-997693-Jul2013/ |website=[[TheJournal.ie]] |date=19 July 2013 |access-date=9 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209144402/https://www.thejournal.ie/fish-basket-victoria-quay-diageo-site-997693-Jul2013/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2007:494 - Spencer Dock, North Wall Quay, Dublin, Dublin |url=https://excavations.ie/report/2007/Dublin/0017470/ |website=excavations.ie |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209143857/https://excavations.ie/report/2007/Dublin/0017470/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Ptolemy's map of Ireland]], of about 140 AD, provides possibly the earliest reference to a settlement near Dublin. [[Ptolemy]], the Greco-Roman astronomer and [[cartographer]], called it ''[[Eblana]] polis'' ({{langx|grc|Ἔβλανα πόλις}}).<ref name=Holder>{{cite book |last=Holder |first=Alfred |date=1896 |title=Alt-celtischer sprachschatz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWg9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1393 |language=de |location=Leipzig |publisher=B. G. Teubner |at=col.1393 |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003125/https://books.google.com/books?id=QWg9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1393%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Dublin - Dublinia - 20190809102938.jpg|thumb|A statue of a [[Vikings|Viking]] on a [[longship]] in Dublin]]
[[File:Dublin - Father Mathew Bridge - 110508 182542.jpg|thumb|[[Father Mathew Bridge]], also known as Dublin Bridge]]

Dublin celebrated its 'official' millennium in 1988, meaning the Irish government recognised 988 as the year in which the city was settled and that this first settlement would later become the city of Dublin.<ref name="it1986">{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0108/1224261895496.html |title=From the Archives: 8 January 1986: 'Bogus' selection of the date to mark Dublin's millennium |last=McDonald |first=Frank |date=8 January 2010 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020142454/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0108/1224261895496.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Viking settlement of about 841 was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as ''Duibhlinn'', from which ''Dyflin'' took its name.<ref name="Clarke44"/> Evidence indicating that Anglo-Saxons occupied Dublin before the Vikings arrived in 841 has been found in an archaeological dig in [[Temple Bar, Dublin|Temple Bar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pre-Viking dwelling found in Temple Bar |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/pre-viking-dwelling-found-in-temple-bar-26161153.html |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=Irish Independent |date=26 February 1999 |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010142549/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/pre-viking-dwelling-found-in-temple-bar-26161153.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Beginning in the 9th and 10th centuries, two settlements later became modern Dublin. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the [[River Poddle]], a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as [[Wood Quay]]. The Dubhlinn was a pool on the lowest stretch of the Poddle, where ships used to moor. This pool was finally fully infilled during the early 18th century, as the city grew. The Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the [[Chester Beatty Library]] within [[Dublin Castle]]. ''[[Táin Bó Cuailgne]]'' ("The Cattle Raid of Cooley") refers to ''Dublind rissa ratter Áth Cliath'', meaning "Dublin, which is called Ath Cliath".

===Middle Ages===
In 841, the [[Vikings]] established a fortified base in Dublin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roesdahl |first1=Else |title=The Vikings |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-141-98476-6 |page=234 |edition=Third}}</ref> The town grew into a substantial commercial centre under [[Olaf Guthfrithson]] in the mid-to-late 10th century<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winroth |first=Anders |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E26YDwAAQBAJ |title=The Age of the Vikings |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-691-16929-3 |pages=54 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926092900/https://books.google.com/books?id=E26YDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and, despite some attacks by the native Irish, it remained largely under Viking control until the [[Norman invasion of Ireland]] was launched from Wales in 1169.<ref name="Davies">{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory0000davi/page/1222/mode/2up |title=The Isles: a history |publisher=Macmillan |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-333-76370-4 |location=London |page=1222 |author-link=Norman Davies |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.dublincity.ie/sites/default/files/2020-11/dublin-city-parks-strategy-2019-2022-part-1.pdf | publisher = Dublin City Council | work = Dublin City Parks Strategy 2019–2022 | title = Viking and Norman Dublin | accessdate = 12 May 2022 | archive-date = 27 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220627194343/https://www.dublincity.ie/sites/default/files/2020-11/dublin-city-parks-strategy-2019-2022-part-1.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> The [[hinterland]] of Dublin in the Norse period was named in {{Langx|non|Dyflinnar skíði|lit=Dublinshire}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Church |first=Peter J. |date=2021 |title=Why Are There Very Few Scandinavian Place-names in Ireland? |url=https://www.ssns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/02_Church_2021_Vol_52_pp_22_37.pdf |journal=[[Scottish Society for Northern Studies|Northern Studies]] |volume=52 |pages=22–37}}</ref>{{Rp|page=24}} It was upon the death of [[Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn]] in early 1166 that [[Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], [[King of Connacht]], proceeded to Dublin and was inaugurated ''King of Ireland'' without opposition.

According to some historians, part of the city's early economic growth was driven by the slave trade.{{sfn|Dickson|2014|p=10}} [[Slavery in Ireland]] and Dublin reached its pinnacle in the 9th and 10th centuries.{{sfn|Holm|1989|p=x}} Prisoners from slave raids and kidnappings, which captured men, women and children, brought revenue to the Gaelic Irish Sea raiders, and to the Vikings who had initiated the practice.{{sfn|Holm|1989|loc=p. 335: "the very idea of the taking of prisoners of war spread to the Irish [from the Vikings] in the tenth century"}} The victims came from [[Wales]], England, Normandy and beyond.{{sfn|Dickson|2014|p=10}}

The King of Leinster, [[Diarmait Mac Murchada]], after his exile by Ruaidhrí, enlisted the help of [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Strongbow]], the Earl of Pembroke, to conquer Dublin. Following Mac Murchada's death, Strongbow declared himself King of Leinster after gaining control of the city. In response to Strongbow's successful invasion, [[Henry II of England]] affirmed his ultimate sovereignty by mounting a larger invasion in 1171 and pronounced himself [[Lord of Ireland]].<ref name="Dublin.info">{{cite web|url=http://www.dublin.info/history|title=A Brief History of Dublin, Ireland|publisher=Dublin.info|access-date=19 August 2011|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002945/http://www.dublin.info/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Around this time, the ''county of the City of Dublin'' was established along with certain liberties adjacent to the city proper. This continued down to 1840 when the [[Barony (Ireland)|barony]] of Dublin City was separated from the [[Dublin (barony)|barony of Dublin]]. Since 2001, both baronies have been redesignated as the ''City of Dublin''.

[[File:The Dubhlinn Gardens Dublin Castle 01.JPG|thumb|[[Dublin Castle]], with its 13th-century tower, was the fortified seat of [[British rule in Ireland]] until 1922.]]
[[Dublin Castle]], which became the centre of Anglo-Norman power in Ireland, was founded in 1204 as a major defensive work on the orders of King [[John of England]].<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Fitzhenry, Meiler}}</ref> Following the appointment of the first [[Lord Mayor of Dublin]] in 1229, the city expanded and had a population of 8,000 by the end of the 13th century. Dublin prospered as a trade centre, despite an attempt by King [[Robert the Bruce]] of Scotland to capture the city in 1317.<ref name="Dublin.info"/> It remained a relatively small walled medieval town during the 14th century and was under constant threat from the surrounding native clans. In 1348, the [[Black Death]], a lethal plague which had ravaged Europe, took hold in Dublin and killed thousands over the following decade.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R688at3KskQC&pg=PA49 The Story of Ireland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801034214/https://books.google.com/books?id=R688at3KskQC&pg=PA49 |date=1 August 2020 }}''". Brian Igoe (2009). p.49.</ref><ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&pg=PA58 Black Death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730033404/https://books.google.com/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&pg=PA58 |date=30 July 2020 }}''". Joseph Patrick Byrne (2004). p.58. {{ISBN|0-313-32492-1}}</ref>

[[File:Dublin in 1610 - reprint of 1896.jpg|thumb|Dubline, 1610; a contemporary map by John Speed (1896 reprint)]]
Dublin was the heart of the area known as [[the Pale]], a narrow strip of English settlement along the eastern coast, under the control of the [[English Crown]]. The [[Tudor conquest of Ireland]] in the 16th century marked a new era for Dublin, with the city enjoying a renewed prominence as the centre of administrative rule in Ireland, where English control and settlement had become much more extensive. Determined to make Dublin a Protestant city, Queen [[Elizabeth I]] established [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]] in 1592 as a solely Protestant university and ordered that the Catholic [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|St. Patrick's]] and [[Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin|Christ Church]] cathedrals be converted to the Protestant church. The earliest map of the city of Dublin is [[John Speed's Map of Dublin (1610)]].{{sfn|Maxwell|1997|p=56-57}}

The city had a population of 21,000 in 1640 before a plague from 1649 to 1651 wiped out almost half of the inhabitants. However, the city prospered again soon after, thanks to the wool and linen trade with England, and reached a population of over 50,000 by 1700.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gI8MYY6ASdcC&pg=PA34 Dublin: a cultural history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801035433/https://books.google.com/books?id=gI8MYY6ASdcC&pg=PA34 |date=1 August 2020 }}''". Siobhán Marie Kilfeather (2005). [[Oxford University Press US]]. pp. 34–35. {{ISBN|0-19-518201-4}}</ref> By 1698 the manufacture of wool employed 12,000 people.{{sfn|Maxwell|1997|p=252}}

===Early modern===
[[File:Henrietta Street, Dublin D1.jpg|thumb|[[Henrietta Street, Dublin|Henrietta Street]], developed in the 1720s, is the earliest [[Georgian Dublin|Georgian street]] in Dublin.]]
As the city continued to prosper during the 18th century, [[Georgian Dublin]] became, for a short period, the second-largest city of the [[British Empire]] and the fifth-largest city in Europe, with a population exceeding 130,000. In comparison, some medieval streets and layouts (including the areas around [[Temple Bar, Dublin|Temple Bar]], Aungier Street, Capel Street, and Thomas Street) were less affected by the wave of Georgian reconstruction, and much of Dublin's architecture and layout dates from this period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin's Buildings |website=Dublin Civic Trust |url=http://www.dublincivictrust.ie/dublins-buildings |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229213823/http://www.dublincivictrust.ie/dublins-buildings |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/dublin-renaissance | publisher = The Architectural Review | website = architectural-review.com | title = Dublin Renaissance | date = 1993 | quote = [while] the impossibly bureaucratic sounding Wide Streets Commissioners [..] cut broad, ersatz boulevard swathes through the dense urban grain to create Parliament Street, Dame Street and Westmoreland Street [..] The minor streets of Temple Bar, originally little more than mean alleyways, have evolved over time | access-date = 29 December 2021 | archive-date = 29 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211229223345/https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/dublin-renaissance | url-status = live }}</ref>{{sfn|Maxwell|1997|p=220}}

Dublin grew even more dramatically during the 18th century, with the construction of many new districts and buildings, such as [[Merrion Square]], [[Irish Houses of Parliament|Parliament House]], and the [[City Hall, Dublin|Royal Exchange]]. The [[Wide Streets Commission]] was established in 1757 at the request of [[Dublin Corporation]] to govern architectural standards on the layout of streets, bridges, and buildings.{{sfn|Maxwell|1997|p=58-59}} In 1759, the [[Guinness brewery]] was founded, and would eventually grow to become the largest brewery in the world and the largest employer in Dublin.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b-tFDwAAQBAJ&q=guinness+%22largest+employer%22&pg=PT12 | publisher = Collins Press | title = Stones of Dublin | first = Lisa Marie |last = Griffith | date = 2014 | quote = ''[Guinness] was Dublin's largest brewery in 1810, Ireland's largest in 1833, and the largest in the world by 1914. Guinness was also the city's largest employer'' | isbn = 9781848898721 | access-date = 10 November 2020 | archive-date = 26 September 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230926092901/https://books.google.com/books?id=b-tFDwAAQBAJ&q=guinness+%22largest+employer%22&pg=PT12 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.irishtimes.com/business/st-james-s-gate-a-brief-history-1.1308346 | newspaper = [[The Irish Times]] | title = St James's Gate: a brief history | date = 16 April 2004 | access-date = 17 June 2018 | quote = ''[in] 1886 Guinness [was] officially the biggest brewery in the world with an annual production of 1.2&nbsp;million barrels. [And, by] 1906 the workforce exceeds 3,200; some 10,000 are directly dependent on the brewery for their livelihood – one in thirty of Dublin's population'' | archive-date = 7 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002606/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/st-james-s-gate-a-brief-history-1.1308346%20 | url-status = live }}</ref> During the 1700s, linen was not subject to the same trade restrictions with England as wool, and became the most important Irish export. Over 1.5 million yards of linen were exported from Ireland in 1710, rising to almost 19 million yards by 1779.{{sfn|Maxwell|1997|p=256}}

===Late modern and contemporary===
[[File:Island of Ireland location map City of Dublin.svg|thumb|The island of Ireland, showing location of Dublin city]][[File:01 General Post Office, Dublin.png|thumb|[[General Post Office (Dublin)|The GPO]] on [[O'Connell Street]] was at the centre of the 1916 [[Easter Rising]].]]
Dublin suffered a period of political and economic decline during the 19th century following the [[Acts of Union 1800]], under which the seat of government was transferred to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Westminster Parliament]] in London. The city played no major role in the [[Industrial Revolution]], but remained the centre of administration and a transport hub for most of the island. Ireland had no significant coal reserves, the fuel of the time, and Dublin was not a centre of shipbuilding, the other main driver of industrial development in Britain and Ireland.<ref name="Davies"/> [[Belfast]] developed faster than Dublin during this period on a mixture of international trade, factory-based linen cloth production and shipbuilding.<ref name="Lyons">{{cite book | last = Lyons | first = F.S.L. | author-link = F. S. L. Lyons | title = Ireland since the famine | publisher = Collins / Fontana | year = 1973 | location = Suffolk | isbn = 978-0-00-633200-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/irelandsincefami00lyon/page/880 880] | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/irelandsincefami00lyon/page/880 }}</ref> By 1814, the population of Dublin was 175,319 as counted under the Population Act, making the population of Dublin higher than any town in England except London.{{sfn|Maxwell|1997|p=139}} The population had reached 233,159 inhabitants by the time of the 1841 census.<ref>{{cite book |title=The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge |date=1848 |publisher=Charles Knight |location=London |page=596|volume=V |edition=First}}</ref>

[[File:The shell of the G.P.O. on Sackville Street after the Easter Rising (6937669789).jpg|thumb|Damage in Dublin city centre following the 1916 [[Easter Rising]] with the ruins of the GPO to the left]]
The [[Easter Rising]] of 1916, the [[Irish War of Independence]], and the subsequent [[Irish Civil War]] resulted in significant physical destruction in central Dublin. The [[Government of the Irish Free State]] rebuilt the city centre and located the new parliament, the [[Oireachtas]], in [[Leinster House]]. Since the beginning of [[Normans|Norman]] rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: [[Lordship of Ireland]] (1171–1541), [[Kingdom of Ireland]] (1541–1800), as part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] (1801–1922), and the [[Irish Republic]] (1919–1922). Following the [[partition of Ireland]] in 1922, it became the capital of the [[Irish Free State]] (1922–1937) and is now the capital of Ireland. One of the memorials to commemorate that time is the [[Garden of Remembrance (Dublin)|Garden of Remembrance]].

Dublin was also a victim of the Northern Irish [[The Troubles|Troubles]], although during this 30-year conflict, violence mainly occurred within Northern Ireland. A Loyalist paramilitary group, the [[Ulster Volunteer Force]], bombed the city during this time – notably in an atrocity known as the [[Dublin and Monaghan bombings]] in which 34 people died, mainly in central Dublin.

Large parts of Georgian Dublin were demolished or substantially redeveloped in the mid-20th century during a boom in office buildings. After this boom, the recessions of the 1970s and 1980s slowed construction. Cumulatively, this led to a significant decline in the number of people living in the centre of the city, and by 1985 the town had approximately 150 acres of derelict land which had been earmarked for development and {{Convert | 10 | e6sqft | sigfig = 1 | abbr=off}} of office space.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McDonald|first=Frank|title=The destruction of Dublin|date=1985|publisher=Gill and Macmillan|isbn=0-7171-1386-8|location=Dublin|pages=332|oclc=60079186}}</ref>

Since 1997, Dublin's landscape has changed. The city was at the forefront of Ireland's economic expansion during the [[Celtic Tiger]] period, with private-sector and state-led development of housing, transport, and business. Following an economic decline during the Great Recession, Dublin has rebounded and {{as of|2017|lc=y}} has close to full employment,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://issuu.com/256media/docs/dublineconomicmonitor_oct2017?e=16581915/54602478|title=Dublin Economic Monitor – October 2017|work=issuu|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-date=6 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206233041/http://issuu.com/256media/docs/dublineconomicmonitor_oct2017?e=16581915%2F54602478|url-status=live}}</ref> but has a significant problem with housing supply in both the city and surrounds.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/construction-of-homes-in-dublin-city-halves-1.3737361 | title = Construction of homes in Dublin city halves | first = Olivia | last = Kelly | date = 19 December 2018 | newspaper = [[The Irish Times]] | quote = ''The number of homes under construction in Dublin city is down almost 50 per cent on last year, with a 20 per cent drop across the region as a whole, according to a new report from the Government's Dublin Housing Supply Task Force'' | access-date = 20 December 2018 | archive-date = 20 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181220035238/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/construction-of-homes-in-dublin-city-halves-1.3737361 | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Government==
===Local===
{{further|Local government in Dublin}}
[[File:Dublin City Council Civic Offices.JPG|thumb|Civic Offices of [[Dublin City Council]]]]
[[Dublin City Council]] is a [[unicameral]] assembly of 63 members elected every five years from [[local electoral area]]s.<ref>{{cite ISB|year=2018|number=614|type=si|name=City of Dublin Local Electoral Areas Order 2018|date=19 December 2018|access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref> It is presided over by the [[Lord Mayor of Dublin|Lord Mayor]], who is elected for a yearly term and resides in Dublin's [[Mansion House, Dublin|Mansion House]]. Council meetings occur at [[Dublin City Hall]], while most of its administrative activities are based in the Civic Offices on [[Wood Quay]]. The party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats assigns committee members, introduces policies, and proposes the Lord Mayor. The Council passes an annual budget for spending on areas such as housing, traffic management, refuse, drainage, and planning. The Dublin City Manager is responsible for implementing City Council decisions, but also has considerable executive power. Neighbouring local authorities in the traditional County Dublin are [[South Dublin County Council]], [[Fingal County Council]], and [[Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council|Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council]], and parts of the wider city lie in the functional areas of all three.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Authorities |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/942f74-local-authorities/# |website=[[Gov.ie]]|date=5 March 2018 }}</ref>

===National===
[[File:20130810 dublin214.JPG|right|thumb|[[Leinster House]] on Kildare Street houses the [[Oireachtas]].]]
As the capital city, Dublin is the seat of the Irish parliament, the [[Oireachtas]]. It is composed of the [[President of Ireland]], [[Dáil Éireann]] as the house of representatives, and [[Seanad Éireann]] as the upper house. The President resides in [[Áras an Uachtaráin]] in [[Phoenix Park]], while both houses of the Oireachtas meet in [[Leinster House]], a former ducal residence on [[Kildare Street]]. It has been the home of the Irish parliament since the foundation of the [[Irish Free State]] in 1922. The old [[Irish Houses of Parliament]] of the [[Kingdom of Ireland]], which dissolved in 1801, are located in [[College Green, Dublin|College Green]].

[[Government Buildings]] house the [[Department of the Taoiseach]], the Council Chamber, the Department of Finance, and the [[Attorney General of Ireland|Office of the Attorney General]]. It consists of a main building (completed 1911) with two wings (completed 1921). It was designed by Thomas Manley Dean and Sir [[Aston Webb]] as the [[Royal College of Science (Ireland)|Royal College of Science]]. The [[First Dáil]] originally met in the [[Mansion House, Dublin|Mansion House]] in 1919. The Irish Free State government took over the two wings of the building to serve as a temporary home for some ministries. In contrast, the central building became the College of Technology until 1989.<ref>Department of the Taoiseach: Guide to Government Buildings (2005)</ref> Although both it and Leinster House were intended to be temporary locations, they became the permanent homes of parliament from then on.

For elections to [[Dáil Éireann]], five constituencies are wholly or predominantly in the Dublin City area: [[Dublin Central (Dáil constituency)|Dublin Central]] (4 seats), [[Dublin Bay North (Dáil constituency)|Dublin Bay North]] (5 seats), [[Dublin North-West (Dáil constituency)|Dublin North-West]] (3 seats), [[Dublin South-Central (Dáil constituency)|Dublin South-Central]] (4 seats) and [[Dublin Bay South (Dáil constituency)|Dublin Bay South]] (4 seats). Twenty TDs are elected in total.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constituency-commission.ie/docs/Constituency%20Commission%20Report%202017.pdf|title=Constituency Commission Report 2017|publisher=Dáil and European Parliament Constituencies|access-date=7 February 2021|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111225015/http://www.constituency-commission.ie/docs/Constituency%20Commission%20Report%202017.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The constituency of [[Dublin West (Dáil constituency)|Dublin West]] (4 seats) is partially in Dublin City, but predominantly in [[Fingal]].

At the [[2024 Irish general election|2024 general election]], the Dublin city area elected 5 [[Sinn Féin]], 4 [[Fianna Fáil]], 4 [[Social Democrats (Ireland)|Social Democrats]], 3 [[Fine Gael]], 2 [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour]] and 2 Independents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election 2024 Live Results |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/election-24/results/#/national |website=[[RTÉ]]}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Landscape===
[[File:Dublin SPOT 1023.jpg|thumb|Satellite image showing the [[River Liffey]] entering the [[Irish Sea]] as it divides Dublin into the [[Northside (Dublin)|Northside]] and the [[Southside (Dublin)|Southside]]]]
Dublin is situated at the mouth of the [[River Liffey]] and its urban area encompasses approximately {{convert|345|km2}} in east-central Ireland. It is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range and sub-range of the [[Wicklow Mountains]], to the south, and surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west.<ref name="Facts about Dublin"/>

====Watercourses====
{{see also|List of rivers of County Dublin}}
The River Liffey divides the city into two, between the Northside and the Southside. The Liffey bends at [[Leixlip]] from a northeasterly route to a predominantly eastward direction. This point also marks the transition from more agricultural land to urban development.<ref name="erdb">{{cite web |title = Final Characterisation Report  |url = http://erbd.ie/upload/files/Characterisation%20Report.pdf |publisher = Eastern River Basin District |at = Sec. 7: Characterisation of the Liffey Catchment Area  |access-date = 10 November 2014 |archive-date = 7 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002633/http://erbd.ie/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi |url-status = live}}</ref> The city itself was founded where the [[River Poddle]] met the Liffey. The early Viking settlement was also facilitated by the small [[Steine of Dublin|Steine]] or Steyne River, the larger Camac{{sfn|O'Brennan|1940|pages=24–25}} and the Bradogue,{{sfn|O'Brennan|1940|pages=23–24}} in particular.

Two secondary rivers further divide the city: the [[River Tolka]], running southeast into Dublin Bay, and the [[River Dodder]], running northeast to near the mouth of the Liffey. These, along with the Liffey, have multiple tributaries. Many lesser rivers and streams also flow to the sea within the suburban parts of the city.<ref name="TenDoz_rivers_sml_sea">{{cite book |last1=Doyle |first1=Joseph W. |title=Ten Dozen Waters: The Rivers and Streams of County Dublin |date=2013 |publisher=Rath Eanna Research |location=Dublin, Ireland |isbn=9780956636362 |edition=7th}}</ref>

Two canals&nbsp;– the [[Grand Canal of Ireland|Grand Canal]] on the southside and the [[Royal Canal of Ireland|Royal Canal]] on the northside&nbsp;– ring the inner city on their way from the west, both connecting with the [[River Shannon]].

===Climate===
Similar to much of the rest of northwestern Europe, Dublin has a [[maritime climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|''Cfb'']]) with mild-warm summers, cool winters, and little temperature extremes. At [[Merrion Square]], the coldest month is February, with an average minimum temperature of {{convert|4.1|C|F|abbr=on}}. The warmest month is July, with an average maximum temperature of {{convert|20.1|C|F|abbr=on}}. Due to the [[urban heat island]] effect, Dublin city has the warmest summertime nights in Ireland. The average minimum temperature at Merrion Square in July is {{convert|13.5|C|F|abbr=on}}. The lowest July temperature ever recorded at the station was {{convert|7.8|C|F|abbr=on}} on 3 July 1974.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.met.ie/climate/available-data/historical-data|title=Historical Data: DUBLIN (MERRION SQUARE) - Station No. 3923|publisher=Met Éireann|access-date=9 June 2022|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195529/https://www.met.ie/climate/available-data/historical-data|url-status=live}}</ref>

The highest temperature officially recorded in Dublin is {{cvt|33.1|C}} on 18 July 2022, at the [[Phoenix Park]]. A non-official record of {{cvt|33.5|C}} was recorded at Phoenix Park in July 1876.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dooley |first1=Katherine |last2=Kelly |first2=Ciaran |last3=Seifert |first3=Natascha |last4=Myslinski |first4=Therese |last5=O'Kelly |first5=Sophie |last6=Siraj |first6=Rushna |last7=Crosby |first7=Ciara |last8=Dunne |first8=Jack Kevin |last9=McCauley |first9=Kate |last10=Donoghue |first10=James |last11=Gaddren |first11=Eoin |last12=Conway |first12=Daniel |last13=Cooney |first13=Jordan |last14=McCarthy |first14=Niamh |last15=Cullen |first15=Eoin |date=2023-01-03 |title=Reassessing long-standing meteorological records: an example using the national hottest day in Ireland |url=https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/53027 |journal=Climate of the Past |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.5194/cp-19-1-2023 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023CliPa..19....1D |issn=1814-9332}}</ref>

Dublin's sheltered location on the east coast makes it the driest place in Ireland, receiving only about half the rainfall of the west coast. [[Ringsend]] in the south of the city records the lowest rainfall in the country, with an average annual precipitation of {{convert|683|mm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=European Climate Assessment & Dataset |title=Climatology details for station DUBLIN (RINGSEND), IRELAND and index RR: Precipitation sum |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=RR&stationid=1958 |access-date=21 December 2012 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201182200/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=RR&stationid=1958 |url-status=live }}</ref> The average annual precipitation in the city centre is {{convert|726|mm|0|abbr=on}}. At Merrion Square, the wettest year and driest year on record occurred within 5 years of each other. 1953 receiving just {{convert|463.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall, while 1958 recorded {{convert|1022.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="auto"/> The main precipitation in winter is rain. Snow showers occur between November and March. Hail is more common than snow. Strong Atlantic winds are most common in autumn. These winds can affect Dublin, but because of its easterly location, it is the least affected part of the country. In winter, easterly winds render the city colder and more prone to snow showers.

Dublin has long summer days and short winter days. Based on satellite observations, [[Met Éireann]] estimates that Dublin's coastal areas typically receive over 1,600 hours of sunshine per year,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Met Éireann |title=Sunshine and Solar Radiation |url=https://www.met.ie/climate/what-we-measure/sunshine |access-date=2 May 2024 }}</ref> with the climate getting progressively duller inland. Dublin airport, located north of the city and about {{Convert|10|km|mi}} from the coast, records an average of 1,485 hours of sunshine per year. The station at Dublin airport has been maintaining climate records since November 1941. The sunniest year on record was 1,740 hours in 1959. The dullest year was 1987 with 1,240 hours of sunshine. The lowest monthly total of sunshine on record was 16.4 hours in January 1996. The highest was 305.9 hours in July 1955.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Met Éireann |title=Historical Data - Monthly Average (1941-present) - Dublin Airport (mly532)  |url=https://www.met.ie/climate/available-data/historical-data |access-date=2 May 2024 }}</ref>

In the 20th century, smog and air-pollution were an issue in the city, precipitating a ban on bituminous fuels across Dublin.<ref name="coalbangov">{{cite web | url = https://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/environment/topics/air-quality/smoky-coal-ban/Pages/default.aspx | publisher = Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment | title = Smoky coal ban | access-date = 1 January 2018 | archive-date = 7 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003053/https://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/environment/topics/air-quality/smoky-coal-ban/Pages/default.aspx%20 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="coalbantimes">{{cite news |url = https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/how-the-coal-ban-dealt-with-dublin-s-burning-issue-1.2367021 |newspaper = [[The Irish Times]] |title = How the coal ban dealt with Dublin's burning issue |date = 26 September 2015 |access-date = 22 February 2017 |archive-date = 23 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170223125126/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/how-the-coal-ban-dealt-with-dublin-s-burning-issue-1.2367021 |url-status = live }}</ref> The ban was implemented in 1990 to address black smoke concentrations, that had been linked to cardiovascular and respiratory deaths in residents. Since the ban, non-trauma death rates, respiratory death rates, and cardiovascular death rates have declined by an estimated 350 deaths annually.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Clancy|first1=L.|last2=Goodman|first2=P.|last3=Sinclair|first3=H|last4=Dockery|first4=D.|title=Effect of air-pollution on death rates in Dublin Ireland: an intervention study|year=2002|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(02)11281-5/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|volume=360|issue=9341|pages=1210–1214|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11281-5|pmid=12401247|s2cid=23915805|access-date=14 November 2016|archive-date=29 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129064407/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(02)11281-5/fulltext|url-status=live| issn = 0140-6736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="coalbantimes" />

{{Dublin weatherbox}}
{{Weather box
| location = [[Merrion Square]], Dublin, (1991–2020), elevation: {{convert|13|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| collapsed = y
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 17.5
| Feb record high C = 17.2
| Mar record high C = 19.6
| Apr record high C = 22.7
| May record high C = 24.1
| Jun record high C = 27.7
| Jul record high C = 29.1
| Aug record high C = 30.0
| Sep record high C = 26.2
| Oct record high C = 22.5
| Nov record high C = 18.6
| Dec record high C = 16.6
| year record high C = 
| Jan high C = 8.8
| Feb high C = 9.1
| Mar high C = 10.7
| Apr high C = 12.6
| May high C = 15.4
| Jun high C = 18.1
| Jul high C = 20.1
| Aug high C = 19.6
| Sep high C = 17.4
| Oct high C = 14.2
| Nov high C = 11.1
| Dec high C = 9.2
| year high C = 
| Jan low C = 4.1
| Feb low C = 4.2
| Mar low C = 5.1
| Apr low C = 6.6
| May low C = 9.1
| Jun low C = 11.7
| Jul low C = 13.5
| Aug low C = 13.3
| Sep low C = 11.3
| Oct low C = 8.9
| Nov low C = 6.1
| Dec low C = 4.4
| year low C = 
| Jan record low C = -8.1
| Feb record low C = -4.6
| Mar record low C = -4.2
| Apr record low C = -2.5
| May record low C = 0.4
| Jun record low C = 4.2
| Jul record low C = 7.8
| Aug record low C = 6.4
| Sep record low C = 3.6
| Oct record low C = 0.1
| Nov record low C = -5.1
| Dec record low C = -7.6
| year record low C = 
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 61.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 49.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 50.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 48.5
| May precipitation mm = 53.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 60.4
| Jul precipitation mm = 57.9
| Aug precipitation mm = 64.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 60.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 75.0
| Nov precipitation mm = 80.6
| Dec precipitation mm = 65.5
| year precipitation mm = 
| Jan precipitation days = 12.0
| Feb precipitation days = 9.9
| Mar precipitation days = 9.0
| Apr precipitation days = 9.9
| May precipitation days = 9.6
| Jun precipitation days = 8.8
| Jul precipitation days = 10.5
| Aug precipitation days = 9.7
| Sep precipitation days = 9.5
| Oct precipitation days = 11.0
| Nov precipitation days = 11.6
| Dec precipitation days = 11.8
| year precipitation days = 
| unit precipitation days = 1&nbsp;mm
| source 1 = Met Éireann<ref name="auto"/>
| source 2 = European Climate Assessment & Dataset<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php|title=Climatological Information for Merrion Square, Ireland|publisher=European Climate Assessment & Dataset|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010608/https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

== Cityscape ==
===Areas===
====City centre====
The historic city centre of Dublin is encircled by the [[Royal Canal]] and [[Grand Canal (Ireland)|Grand Canal]], bounded to the west by [[Heuston railway station]] and [[Phoenix Park]], and to the east by the [[International Financial Services Centre, Dublin|IFSC]] and the [[Dublin Docklands|Docklands]]. [[O'Connell Street]] is the main thoroughfare of the inner city, and many Dublin Bus routes, as well as the Green line of the [[Luas]], have a stop at O'Connell Street. The main shopping streets of the inner city include [[Henry Street, Dublin|Henry Street]] on the Northside, and [[Grafton Street]] on the Southside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourism-g186605-Dublin_County_Dublin-Vacations.html |website=www.tripadvisor.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brady |first1=Joseph |last2=Simms |first2=Anngret |title= Dublin : through space and time, c. 900-1900 |date=2001 |publisher= Four Courts Press, Dublin |isbn= 978-1851826100 |pages=12, 282}}</ref>
[[File:South Great George's Street Dublin.jpg|thumb|alt=Victorian Buildings on South Great George's Street, Dublin|Victorian-era buildings, such as the [[George's Street Arcade]], are typical in the south inner city.]]
In some tourism and real-estate marketing contexts, inner Dublin is sometimes divided into a number of quarters.<ref name="quartersvisit">{{cite web | url = http://www.visitdublin.com/dublin-vibrant-city-quarters | publisher = VisitDublin.com | title = Dublin – A Vibrant City – Quarters | access-date = 22 February 2017 | archive-date = 7 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003038/https://www.visitdublin.com/CMSMessages/PageNotFound.aspx?aspxerrorpath=%2Fdublin-vibrant-city-quarters | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thejournal.ie/dublin-launches-new-creative-quarter-for-city-centre-380795-Mar2012/ | newspaper = TheJournal.ie | title = Dublin launches new 'Creative Quarter' for city centre | date = 11 March 2012 | access-date = 22 February 2017 | archive-date = 7 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002837/https://www.thejournal.ie/article.php?id=380795 | url-status = live }}</ref> These include the Medieval Quarter (in the area of [[Dublin Castle]], [[Christ Church, Dublin|Christ Church]] and [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|St Patrick's Cathedral]] and the old city walls),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/welcome-to-medieval-quarter-26359647.html | title = Welcome to medieval quarter | date = 12 October 2006 | access-date = 22 February 2017 | archive-date = 23 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170223125020/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/welcome-to-medieval-quarter-26359647.html | url-status = live }}</ref> the Georgian Quarter (including the area around St Stephen's Green, Trinity College, and [[Merrion Square]]), the Docklands Quarter (around the [[Dublin Docklands]] and [[Silicon Docks]]), the Cultural Quarter (around [[Temple Bar, Dublin|Temple Bar]]), and Creative Quarter (between South William Street and George's Street).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublintown.ie/creativequarter|title=Dublin Town – Creative Quarter – DublinTown – What's On, Shopping & Events in Dublin City – Dublin Town|website=What's On, Shopping & Events in Dublin City – Dublin Town|access-date=13 November 2016|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003213/https://www.dublintown.ie/creativequarter/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Suburbs====
[[File:Sandyford apts 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Apartment blocks in Sandyford, Dublin|High density apartments in [[Sandyford, Dublin|Sandyford]]]]
Dublin has dozens of suburbs; northside suburbs include [[Blanchardstown]], [[Finglas]], [[Ballymun]], [[Clontarf, Dublin|Clontarf]], [[Raheny]], [[Malahide]] and [[Howth]], while southside suburbs include [[Tallaght]], [[Sandyford, Dublin|Sandyford]], [[Templeogue]], [[Drimnagh]], [[Rathmines]], [[Dún Laoghaire]] and [[Dalkey]].

Starting in the late 2010s, there was a significant amount of high density residential developments in the suburbs of Dublin,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Günnewig-Mönert |first1=Maximilian |last2=Lyons |first2=Ronan C. |date=2024 |title=Housing prices, costs, and policy: The housing supply equation in Ireland since 1970 |journal=Real Estate Economics |language=en |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=1075–1102 |doi=10.1111/1540-6229.12491 |issn=1540-6229|doi-access=free }}</ref> with mid to high-rise apartments being built in Sandyford,<ref name="aidanmurphy">{{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Aidan |title=Sandyford site with planning for over 450 homes makes €38m |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/commercial-property/sandyford-site-with-planning-for-over-450-homes-makes-38m-1.3804786 |access-date=12 December 2023 |publisher=The Irish Times |date=27 February 2019 |ref=aidanmurphy}}</ref> [[Ashtown, Dublin|Ashtown]],<ref name="ronaldquinlan">{{cite news |last1=Quinlan |first1=Ronald |title=Sean Mulryan's Ballymore delivers 'carbon cure' at 8th Lock apartments |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/property/commercial-property/2022/06/10/sean-mulryans-ballymore-delivers-carbon-cure-at-8th-lock-apartments/ |access-date=12 December 2023 |publisher=The Irish Times |date=15 June 2022 |ref=ronaldquinlan}}</ref> and Tallaght.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Escorihuela |first=Maria |date=2023-09-13 |title=Construction Starts on New Apartments at Belgard Square North, Tallaght {{!}} COADY Architects |url=https://coady.ie/construction-starts-on-new-apartments-at-belgard-square-north-tallaght/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
[[File:Dublin - Molly Malone.jpg|thumb|[[Molly Malone]] statue]]

===Cultural divide===
A north–south division once, to some extent, traditionally existed, with the River Liffey as the divider.<ref name="northsouthmyth2">{{cite news |date=14 November 2012 |title=Time to move beyond the northside-southside myth |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/time-to-move-beyond-the-northside-southside-myth-1.551483 |url-status=live |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005218/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/time-to-move-beyond-the-northside-southside-myth-1.551483 |archive-date=7 February 2018}}</ref> The southside was, in recent times, generally seen as being more affluent and genteel than the northside.<ref name="northsouthmyth2" /> There have also been some social divisions evident between the coastal suburbs in the east of the city, and the newer developments further to the west.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Holland |first=Kitty |date=July 7, 2018 |title=Dublin's true social divide is revealed by housing map |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/dublin-s-true-social-divide-is-revealed-by-housing-map-1.3556676 |access-date=2025-06-20 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hennessy |first=Michelle |date=2015-06-18 |title=This map shows how Dublin is a city divided |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/rich-dublin-map-2156631-Jun2015/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=TheJournal.ie |language=en}}</ref>

===Landmarks===
{{Further|List of public art in Dublin}}
Dublin has many landmarks and monuments dating back hundreds of years. One of the oldest is [[Dublin Castle]], which was first founded as a major defensive work on the orders of England's [[John, King of England|King John]] in 1204, shortly after the [[Norman invasion of Ireland]] in 1169, when it was commanded that a castle be built with strong walls and good ditches for the defence of the city, the administration of justice, and the protection of the King's treasure.<ref name="history">{{cite book|last1= McCarthy|first1= Denis |last2=Benton | first2 = David |year= 2004|title= Dublin Castle: at the heart of Irish History|location= Dublin|publisher=Irish Government Stationery Office |pages= 12–18|isbn= 978-0-7557-1975-4}}</ref> Largely complete by 1230, the castle was of typical Norman courtyard design, with a central square without a [[keep]], bounded on all sides by tall defensive walls and protected at each corner by a circular tower. Sited to the south-east of Norman Dublin, the castle formed one corner of the outer perimeter of the city, using the [[River Poddle]] as a natural means of defence.

One of Dublin's most prominent landmarks is the [[Spire of Dublin]], officially entitled the "Monument of Light".<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/spire-cleaners-get-prime-view-of-city-26295336.html
|title=Spire cleaners get prime view of city
|work=[[Irish Independent]]
|access-date=5 June 2007
|date=5 June 2007
|archive-date=2 October 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002082354/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/spire-cleaners-get-prime-view-of-city-26295336.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> It is a {{convert|121.2|m|ft|adj=on}} conical spire made of stainless steel, completed in 2003 and located on [[O'Connell Street]], where it meets Henry Street and North Earl Street. It replaced [[Nelson's Pillar]] and is intended to mark Dublin's place in the 21st century. The spire was designed by [[Ian Ritchie Architects]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archiseek.com/2010/2003-the-dublin-spire-oconnell-street-dublin/ |title=The Dublin Spire |publisher=Archiseek |year=2003 |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110210127/http://archiseek.com/2010/2003-the-dublin-spire-oconnell-street-dublin/ |archive-date=10 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> who sought an "Elegant and dynamic simplicity bridging art and technology". The base of the monument is lit, and its top is illuminated to serve as a beacon in the night sky across the city.

The Old Library of [[Trinity College Dublin]], holding the [[Book of Kells]], is one of the city's most visited sites.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.irishtimes.com/business/transport-and-tourism/guinness-storehouse-tops-list-of-most-visited-attractions-1.1476060 | newspaper = [[The Irish Times]] | title = Guinness Storehouse tops list of most visited attractions | date = 26 July 2013 | access-date = 21 February 2020 | archive-date = 25 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201025215043/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/transport-and-tourism/guinness-storehouse-tops-list-of-most-visited-attractions-1.1476060 | url-status = live }}</ref> The Book of Kells is an illustrated manuscript created by Irish monks circa 800 AD. The [[Ha'penny Bridge]], an iron footbridge over the River Liffey, is one of the most photographed sights in Dublin and is considered to be one of Dublin's most iconic landmarks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.traveldir.org/articles/europe/ireland/dublin/some_famous_landmarks_of_dublin.html |title=Some Famous Landmarks of Dublin&nbsp;– Dublin Hotels & Travel Guide |publisher=Traveldir.org |date=8 March 1966 |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912062428/http://www.traveldir.org/articles/europe/ireland/dublin/some_famous_landmarks_of_dublin.html |archive-date=12 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:O'Connell Street Dublin & Jim Larkin.JPG|thumb|upright|The [[Spire of Dublin]] rises behind the statue of [[James Larkin|Jim Larkin]].]]Other landmarks and monuments include [[Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin|Christ Church Cathedral]] and [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|St Patrick's Cathedral]], the [[Mansion House, Dublin|Mansion House]], the [[Molly Malone]] statue, the complex of buildings around Leinster House, including part of the [[National Museum of Ireland]] and the [[National Library of Ireland]], [[The Custom House]] and [[Áras an Uachtaráin]]. Other sights include the [[Anna Livia (monument)|Anna Livia monument]]. The [[Poolbeg Generating Station|Poolbeg Towers]] are also landmark features of Dublin, and visible from various spots around the city.

===Parks===
[[File:Dublin Stephen's Green-44 edit.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of [[St Stephen's Green]]]]

There are 302 parks and 66 green spaces within the [[Dublin City Council]] area as of 2018,{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} with the council managing over {{convert|1500|ha|acre}} of parks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-recreation-culture/dublin-city-parks|title=Dublin City Parks|publisher=[[Dublin City Council]]|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002959/http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-recreation-culture/dublin-city-parks|url-status=live}}</ref> Public parks include the [[Phoenix Park]], [[Herbert Park]], [[St Stephen's Green]], [[Saint Anne's Park]] and [[Bull Island]]. The Phoenix Park is about {{convert|3|km|0|abbr=in}} west of the city centre, north of the [[River Liffey]]. Its {{convert|16|km|0|adj=on}} perimeter wall encloses {{convert|707|ha|acre}}, making it one of the largest walled city parks in Europe.<ref>It is larger than all of London's city parks put together, and more than twice the area of New York's Central Park. {{cite web
|url=http://phoenixpark.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Phoenix-Park-Visitors-Guide.pdf
|title=The Phoenix Park Visitor Guide
|publisher=[[Office of Public Works]]
|access-date=1 January 2018
|archive-date=26 December 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226015827/http://phoenixpark.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Phoenix-Park-Visitors-Guide.pdf%0A
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> It includes large areas of grassland and tree-lined avenues, and since the 17th century has been home to a herd of wild [[fallow deer]]. The residence of the [[President of Ireland]] (Áras an Uachtaráin), which was built in 1751,<ref>{{cite web|title=Outline History of Áras an Uachtaráin|url=http://www.president.ie/en/explore-visit/the-house|website=Áras an Uachtaráin|access-date=7 January 2013|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002650/https://www.president.ie/en/explore-visit/the-house|url-status=live}}</ref> is located in the park. The park is also home to [[Dublin Zoo]], [[Ashtown Castle]], and the official residence of the [[United States Ambassador to Ireland|United States Ambassador]]. Music concerts are also sometimes held in the park.

St Stephen's Green is adjacent to one of Dublin's main shopping streets, [[Grafton Street, Dublin|Grafton Street]], and to [[Stephen's Green Shopping Centre|a shopping centre named after it]], while on its surrounding streets are the offices of several public bodies.

[[Saint Anne's Park]] is a public park and recreational facility, shared between [[Raheny]] and [[Clontarf, Dublin|Clontarf]], both suburbs on the Northside. The park, the second largest municipal park in Dublin, is part of a former {{convert|2|km²|sqmi acre|sigfig=1|adj=on}} estate assembled by members of the [[Guinness family]], beginning with [[Benjamin Lee Guinness]] in 1835. The largest municipal park is adjacent (North) [[Bull Island]], also shared between Clontarf and Raheny, featuring a 5&nbsp;km beach, Dollymount Strand.

===City boundaries===
From 1842, the boundaries of the city were comprehended by the [[Barony (Ireland)|baronies]] of Dublin City and the barony of [[Dublin (barony)|Dublin]]. Over time, the city has absorbed areas previously administered as part of County Dublin (now the three counties of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal, and South Dublin), with a change in 1985 also returning areas to the county.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Changes to city boundaries
!Year
!Changes
|-
|1900
|Transfer of former urban districts of [[Clontarf, Dublin|Clontarf]], [[Drumcondra, Clonliffe and Glasnevin]], and [[New Kilmainham]] from County Dublin<ref>[[Dublin Corporation Act 1900]] ([[63 & 64 Vict.]] c. cclxiv)</ref>
|-
|1930
|Transfer of former urban districts of [[Pembroke, Dublin|Pembroke]] and [[Rathmines and Rathgar]] from County Dublin<ref>{{cite ISB|name=Local Government (Dublin) Act 1930|section=2|stitle=Inclusion of certain urban districts in the city|year=1930|number=27|parl=ifs|date=17 July 1930}}</ref>
|-
|1931
|Transfer of [[Drumcondra, Dublin|Drumcondra]], [[Glasnevin]], [[Donnybrook, Dublin|Donnybrook]] and [[Terenure]] from County Dublin<ref>{{cite ISB|name=Local Government (Dublin) Act 1930|section=17|stitle=Inclusion of certain rural areas in the City|year=1930|number=27|parl=ifs|date=17 July 1930}}; {{cite ISB|name=Local Government (Dublin) Act 1930|schedno=1|stitle=Added rural area|year=1930|number=27|parl=ifs|date=17 July 1930}}</ref>
|-
|1941
|Transfer of [[Crumlin, Dublin|Crumlin]] from County Dublin<ref>{{cite ISB|year=1941|type=prv|number=1|name=Local Government and Public Health Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1941|date=17 July 1941}}</ref>
|-
|1942
|Transfer of former urban district of [[Howth]] from County Dublin<ref>{{cite ISB|year=1940|number=21|name=Local Government (Dublin) (Amendment) Act 1940|section=4|stitle=Inclusion of Howth urban district in Dublin city|date=10 July 1940}}; {{cite ISB|year=1942|type=si|number=372|name=Local Government (Dublin) (Amendment) Act 1940 (Appointed Day) Order 1942|date=20 August 1942}}</ref>
|-
|1953
|Transfer of [[Finglas]], [[Coolock]] and [[Ballyfermot]] from County Dublin.<ref>{{cite ISB|year=1953|type=prv|number=1|name=Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1953|date=28 March 1953|schedule=y|access-date=13 September 2013|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002751/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1953/en/act/prv/0001/print.html%20|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1985
|Transfer of [[Santry]] and [[Phoenix Park]] from County Dublin;
transfer of Howth, [[Sutton, Dublin|Sutton]] and parts of [[Kilbarrack]] including [[Bayside, Dublin|Bayside]] to County Dublin<ref>{{cite ISB|section=10|year=1985|number=7|stitle=Alteration of boundaries of Dublin City and County|name=Local Government (Reorganisation) Act 1985|date=3 April 1985|access-date=17 August 2021}}; {{cite ISB|type=si|year=1985|number=129|name=Local Government (Reorganisation) Act (Commencement) (No. 2) Order 1985|date=8 May 1985|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|1994
|Alterations to western boundaries in the vicinities of [[Ballyfermot]] and [[Cabra, Dublin|Cabra]] on establishment of new counties<ref>{{cite ISB|type=si|year=1994|number=107|name=Dublin County Borough (Electoral Areas) (Amendment) Order 1994|date=29 April 1994}}; {{cite ISB|section=8|year=1993|number=31|stitle=Alteration of certain boundaries existing before establishment day|name=[[Local Government (Dublin) Act 1993]]|date=21 December 1993|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref>
|}

== Economy ==
{{See also|Economy of Dublin|County Dublin#Economy|l2=Economy of County Dublin}}
[[File:The Ulster Bank Group HQ, George's Quay Plaza - geograph.org.uk - 1743476.jpg|thumb|[[Ulster Bank]] on [[George's Quay Plaza]]]] The Dublin region is the economic centre of Ireland, and was at the forefront of the country's economic expansion during the [[Celtic Tiger]] period. In 2009, Dublin was listed as the fourth richest city in the world by [[purchasing power]] and 10th richest by personal income.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/usb-purchasing-power.html |title=Richest cities in the world by purchasing power in 2009 |publisher=City Mayors |access-date=17 June 2010 |archive-date=6 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506064245/http://www.citymayors.com/economics/usb-purchasing-power.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html |title=Richest cities in the world by personal earnings in 2009 |publisher=Citymayors.com |date=22 August 2009 |access-date=17 June 2010 |archive-date=12 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612160130/http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''Mercer's 2011 Worldwide Cost of Living Survey'', Dublin was the 13th most expensive city in the [[European Union]] (down from 10th in 2010) and the 58th most expensive place to live in the world (down from 42nd in 2010).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/dublin-falls-in-city-cost-rankings-1.879923 |title=Dublin falls in city-cost rankings |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=20 July 2011 |archive-date=4 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904020359/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/0712/breaking23.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2017}}, approximately 874,400 people were employed in the [[Greater Dublin Area]]. Around 60% of people employed in Ireland's financial, ICT, and professional sectors are based in this area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dublinchamber.ie/business-agenda/about-dublin|title=About Dublin. Economic Activity, Tax & Employment|website=Dublin Chamber|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113030028/http://www.dublinchamber.ie/business-agenda/about-dublin|url-status=live}}</ref>

Several Dublin's traditional industries, such as food processing, textile manufacturing, brewing, and distilling, have gradually declined, although [[Guinness]] has been brewed at the [[St. James's Gate Brewery]] since 1759. Economic improvements in the 1990s attracted some global pharmaceutical and information and communications technology companies to the city and the Greater Dublin Area. Companies such as [[Microsoft]], [[Google]], [[Amazon.com|Amazon]], [[eBay]], [[PayPal]], [[Yahoo!]], [[Facebook]], [[Twitter|X]], [[Accenture]], [[TikTok]], and [[Pfizer]] now have European headquarters or operational bases in the city, with several located in enterprise clusters like the [[The Digital Hub|Digital Hub]] and [[Silicon Docks]]. The presence of these companies has driven economic expansion in the city and has led Dublin to be referred to as the "Tech Capital of Europe".<ref name=":0" />

Financial services have also become important to the city since the establishment of Dublin's [[International Financial Services Centre, Dublin|International Financial Services Centre]] in 1987. More than 500 operations are approved to trade under the IFSC programme. The centre is host to half of the world's top 50 banks and to half of the top 20 insurance companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifsc.ie/page.aspx?idpage=6 |title=I.F.S.C |publisher=I.F.S.C.ie |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=21 January 2010 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224233819/https://www.ifsc.ie/page.aspx?idpage=6 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many international firms have established major headquarters in the city, such as [[Citibank]]. The [[Irish Stock Exchange]] (ISEQ), [[Internet Neutral Exchange]] (INEX), and Irish Enterprise Exchange (IEX) are also located in Dublin. Dublin has been positioned as one of the main cities vying to host Financial Services companies hoping to retain access to the Eurozone after [[Brexit]]. The Celtic Tiger also led to a temporary construction boom, with large redevelopment projects in the [[Dublin Docklands]] and [[Spencer Dock]]. Completed projects include the [[Convention Centre Dublin|Convention Centre]], the [[3Arena (Dublin)|3Arena]], and the [[Bord Gáis Energy Theatre]].

In the second quarter of 2018, Dublin touched its lowest unemployment rate in a decade, when it fell down to 5.7% as reported by the Dublin Economic Monitor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/business/monitor-dublin-unemployment-falls-to-lowest-level-in-10-years-amid-economic-resurgence-859553.html|title=Monitor: Dublin unemployment falls to lowest level in 10 years amid economic resurgence|access-date=2 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011172942/https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/business/monitor-dublin-unemployment-falls-to-lowest-level-in-10-years-amid-economic-resurgence-859553.html|archive-date=11 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/256media/docs/dem_aug18?e=16581915/63526870|title=14th issue of the Dublin Economic Monitor|date=August 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730032558/https://issuu.com/256media/docs/dem_aug18?e=16581915%2F63526870|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2022, Dublin was ranked as one of the worst cities in the world for travel, health and cost of living.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin ranked one of the worst cities in the world for cost of living |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/dublin/dublin-news/dublin-ranked-one-of-the-worst-cities-in-the-world-for-cost-of-living/42182330.html |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=Independent.ie |date=29 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512161617/https://www.independent.ie/regionals/dublin/dublin-news/dublin-ranked-one-of-the-worst-cities-in-the-world-for-cost-of-living/42182330.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 September 2022, thousands took to the streets in protest against the cost of living crisis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McGreevy |first1=Ronan |last2=O'Riordan |first2=Ellen |title=Cost-of-living protest: Thousands turn out for Dublin march |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2022/09/24/cost-of-living-protest-thousands-turn-out-in-dublin-as-march-hears-social-contract-has-been-broken/ |publisher=The Irish Times |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512201033/https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2022/09/24/cost-of-living-protest-thousands-turn-out-in-dublin-as-march-hears-social-contract-has-been-broken/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 2024, Dublin's [[gross domestic product]] is €253.6 billion, making it one of the largest city economies in the [[European Union]].

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Dublin}}

===Road===
[[File:DublinM50.png|thumb|The [[M50 motorway (Ireland)|M50 motorway]] surrounding Dublin]]
The road network in Ireland is primarily focused on Dublin. The [[M50 motorway (Ireland)|M50 motorway]], a semi-[[ring road]] which runs around the south, west, and north of the city, connects important national primary routes to the rest of the country. In 2008, the [[West-Link]] toll bridge was replaced by the [[eFlow]] barrier-free tolling system, with a three-tiered charge system based on electronic tags and car pre-registration.<ref>{{cite web | title = EFlow Website | publisher = eFlow | url = http://eflow.ie/ | access-date = 29 July 2011 | archive-date = 11 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200811033751/https://www.eflow.ie/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

The first phase of a proposed eastern bypass for the city is the [[Dublin Port Tunnel]], which officially opened in 2006 to cater mainly for heavy vehicles. The tunnel connects [[Dublin Port]] and the [[M1 motorway (Republic of Ireland)|M1 motorway]] close to Dublin Airport. An inner and outer orbital route also surrounds the city. The inner orbital route runs approximately around the heart of the Georgian city. The outer orbital route runs primarily along the natural circle formed by Dublin's two canals, the [[Grand Canal of Ireland|Grand Canal]] and the [[Royal Canal of Ireland|Royal Canal]], as well as the North and South Circular Roads.

The 2016 [[TomTom]] Traffic Index ranked Dublin the 15th most congested city in the world and the 7th most congested in Europe.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kelpie|first1=Colm|title=Revealed: Dublin ranked worse than London or Paris for road congestion|url=http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/revealed-dublin-ranked-worse-than-london-or-paris-for-road-congestion-34563994.html|access-date=20 December 2016|work=The Irish Independent|date=23 March 2016|archive-date=29 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129063735/http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/revealed-dublin-ranked-worse-than-london-or-paris-for-road-congestion-34563994.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=TomTom Traffic Index|url=https://www.tomtom.com/en_ie/trafficindex/list|website=TomTom|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329034844/http://tomtom.com/en_ie/trafficindex/list|archive-date=29 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Bus====
Dublin is served by a network of nearly 200 bus routes that cover the city and its suburbs. The majority of these are provided by [[Dublin Bus]], with a modest number having been transferred to Go Ahead Ireland since 2018. Several smaller companies also operate. Fares are generally calculated on a stage system based on distance travelled. Several fare levels apply to most services. A "Real Time Passenger Information" system was introduced at Dublin Bus bus stops in 2012, which displays the projected arrival time of the next bus based on its GPS position. The [[National Transport Authority (Ireland)|National Transport Authority]] is responsible for integrating bus and rail services in Dublin. It has been involved in introducing a pre-paid smart card, called a [[TFI Leap Card]], which can be used on all of Dublin's public transport services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ticketing|url=https://www.nationaltransport.ie/transport-technology/transport-technology-ticketing/|access-date=1 February 2022|website=National Transport|language=en-US|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201161136/https://www.nationaltransport.ie/transport-technology/transport-technology-ticketing/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[BusConnects]] programme includes several proposed improvements to Dublin's bus network, including new spine and orbital routes. The spine routes are intended to increase the frequency of buses along major corridors, and the orbital routes aim to "provide connections between suburbs and town centres, without having to travel into the City Centre".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin Network Redesign |url=https://busconnects.ie/cities/dublin/new-dublin-area-bus-network |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Busconnects |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, Dublin Bus began the process of electrifying its fleet with new [[Battery electric bus|battery-powered buses]], with plans for 85% of Dublin buses to be zero-emission by 2032.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin Bus - Transport Minister, NTA and Dublin Bus unveil electric bus charging infrastructure |url=https://www.dublinbus.ie/news/transport-minister,-nta-and-dublin-bus-unveil-electric-bus-charging-infrastructure |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Dublin Bus |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180230/https://www.dublinbus.ie/news/transport-minister,-nta-and-dublin-bus-unveil-electric-bus-charging-infrastructure |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Cycling====
[[File:Dublin Bikes.jpg|thumb|[[Dublinbikes]] terminal in the [[Dublin Docklands|Docklands]]]]
The [[2011 census of Ireland|2011 census]] indicated that 5.9% of commuters in Dublin cycled. A 2013 report by Dublin City Council on traffic flows crossing the canals in and out of the city found that just under 10% of all traffic was made up of cyclists, representing an increase of 14.1% over 2012 and an 87.2% increase over 2006 levels. The increase was attributed to measures such as the Dublinbikes bike rental scheme, the provision of cycle lanes, public awareness campaigns promoting cycling, and the introduction of the 30&nbsp;km/h city centre speed limit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublincity.ie/sites/default/files/content//RoadsandTraffic/Traffic/Documents/Canal_Cordon_Counts_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903221013/http://www.dublincity.ie/sites/default/files/content//RoadsandTraffic/Traffic/Documents/Canal_Cordon_Counts_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2015 |title=Report on trends in mode share of vehicles and people crossing the Canal Cordon 2006 to 2013 |year=2013 |publisher=[[Dublin City Council]] & National Transport Authority |pages=4, 8, 16 |access-date=29 August 2015 }}</ref>

Dublin City Council began installing cycle lanes and tracks throughout the city in the 1990s, and {{as of|2012|lc=y}} the city had over {{convert|200|km|miles}} of specific on- and off-road tracks for cyclists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cycledublin.ie/category/cycling-maps|title=Cycling Maps|publisher=Dublincitycycling.ie|access-date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620073156/http://www.cycledublin.ie/category/cycling-maps|archive-date=20 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011, the city was ranked 9th of major world cities on the ''Copenhagenize Index of Bicycle-Friendly Cities''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://copenhagenize.eu/index/index.html |title=Copenhagenize Consulting – ''Copenhagenize Index of Bicycle-Friendly Cities 2011'' |publisher=Copenhagenize.eu |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002655/https://copenhagenize.eu/index/index.html%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> The same index showed a fall to 15th in 2015,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://copenhagenize.eu/index/index.html |title=Copenhagenize Consulting – ''Copenhagenize Index of Bicycle-Friendly Cities 2011'' |publisher=Copenhagenize.eu |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002655/https://copenhagenize.eu/index/index.html%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Dublin was outside the top 20 in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://copenhagenize.eu/index/index.html |title=Copenhagenize Consulting – ''Copenhagenize Index of Bicycle-Friendly Cities 2017'' |publisher=Copenhagenize.eu |access-date=12 February 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002655/https://copenhagenize.eu/index/index.html%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Dublinbikes]] is a [[Bicycle sharing system|self-service bicycle rental scheme]] which has been in operation in Dublin since 2009. Sponsored by [[JCDecaux]] and [[Just Eat]], the scheme comprises hundreds of unisex bicycles stationed at 44 terminals across the city centre. Users must either subscribe to an annual Long Term Hire Card or purchase a three-day ticket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublinbikes.ie/How-does-it-work|title=Dublinbikes&nbsp;– How does it work?|publisher=Dublinbikes|access-date=29 July 2011|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721124325/http://www.dublinbikes.ie/How-does-it-work|url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2018}}, Dublinbikes had over 66,000 long-term subscribers making over 2&nbsp;million journeys per year.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dublinbikes.ie/Magazine/Reports/Just-Eat-dublinbikes-latest-figures | publisher = Dublinbikes.ie | title = Dublinbikes – latest figures | date = 21 August 2018 | access-date = 3 October 2018 | archive-date = 7 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180707172926/http://www.dublinbikes.ie/Magazine/Reports/Just-Eat-dublinbikes-latest-figures | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dublinobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Dublin-Bikes-Strategic-Planning-Framework-Document-Full.pdf|title=Dublinbikes Strategic Planning Framework 2011–2016|publisher=Dublin City Council|access-date=29 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114221413/http://dublinobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Dublin-Bikes-Strategic-Planning-Framework-Document-Full.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>

===Rail===
[[File:LUAS trams at Tallaght terminus. - geograph.org.uk - 1387090.jpg|thumb|[[Luas]] trams at the [[Tallaght]] terminus]]
[[Dublin Heuston railway station|Heuston]] and [[Dublin Connolly railway station|Connolly]] stations are the two main railway termini in Dublin. Operated by [[Iarnród Éireann]], the [[Dublin Suburban Rail]] network consists of five railway lines serving the Greater Dublin Area and commuter towns such as [[Drogheda]] and [[Dundalk]] in County Louth, [[Gorey]] in [[County Wexford]], and extending as far as [[Portlaoise]] in County Laois, and once a day to [[Newry]]. One of the five lines is the electrified [[Dublin Area Rapid Transit]] (DART) line, which runs primarily along the coast of Dublin, comprising 31 stations, from [[Malahide]] and [[Howth]] southwards as far as [[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]] and [[Greystones]] in County Wicklow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublin.ie/transport/dart.htm|title=DART (Dublin Area Rapid Transit)|access-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721123858/http://www.dublin.ie/transport/dart.htm|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Commuter (Irish Rail)|Commuter rail]] operates on the other four lines using Irish Rail [[diesel multiple unit]]s. In 2013, passengers for DART and Dublin Suburban lines were 16&nbsp;million and 11.7&nbsp;million, respectively (around 75% of all Irish Rail passengers).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?maintable=TCA01|title=Passenger Journeys by Rail by Type of Journey and Year – StatBank – data and statistics|access-date=20 April 2016|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003029/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?maintable=TCA01|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Trinity College - Parliament Square - October 2023.jpg|thumb|[[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]]|left]]Dublin once had an extensive system of [[Dublin tramways|trams]], but this was largely phased out by 1949. A new [[light rail]] system, often described as a tram system, the [[Luas]], was launched in 2004, and is run by [[Transdev]] Ireland (under contract from [[Transport Infrastructure Ireland]]), carrying over 34&nbsp;million passengers annually.<ref name="Luas - Frequently Asked Questions">{{cite web|url=https://www.luas.ie/faq.html|title=Frequently Asked Questions|website=Luas|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135323/https://www.luas.ie/faq.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The network consists of two interconnecting lines; the [[Red Line (Luas)|Red Line]] links the [[Dublin Docklands|Docklands]] and city centre with the south-western suburbs of [[Tallaght]] and [[Saggart]], while the [[Green Line (Luas)|Green Line]] connects northern inner city suburbs and the main city centre with suburbs to the south of the city including [[Sandyford]] and [[Brides Glen Luas stop|Brides Glen]], mostly along the former route of the [[Harcourt Street railway line]]. Together, these lines comprise a total of 67 stops and {{convert|44.5|km|mi}} of track.<ref name="Luas - Frequently Asked Questions"/> Construction of a 6&nbsp;km extension to the Green Line, bringing it into the north of the city, commenced in June 2013 and was opened for passenger travel on 9 December 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://luas.ie/luas-cross-city-opening-2pm-sat-9th-dec/|title=Luas Cross City Opened|date=December 2017|website=Luas.ie|publisher=[[Transdev]]|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110751/https://luas.ie/luas-cross-city-opening-2pm-sat-9th-dec/|archive-date=15 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A [[Rapid transit|metro]] service is proposed under the name of [[MetroLink (Dublin)|Metrolink]], and planned to run from Dublin's [[Northside, Dublin|northside]] to [[Charlemont Luas stop|Charlemont]] via [[Dublin Airport]] and [[St. Stephen's Green]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/revealed-preferred-route-for-3bn-metrolink-from-city-centre-to-dublin-airport-unveiled-36732780.html|title=Revealed: Preferred route for €3bn MetroLink from city centre to Dublin Airport unveiled|last=Melia|first=Paul|date=22 March 2018|work=Irish Independent|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091252/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/revealed-preferred-route-for-3bn-metrolink-from-city-centre-to-dublin-airport-unveiled-36732780.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Rail and ferry===
[[Dublin Connolly]] is connected by bus to [[Dublin Port]] and ferries run by [[Irish Ferries]] and [[Stena Line]] to [[Holyhead railway station|Holyhead]] for connecting trains on the [[North Wales Coast Line]] to [[Chester railway station|Chester]], [[Crewe railway station|Crewe]] and [[Euston railway station|London Euston]]. [[Dublin Connolly]] to Dublin Port can be reached via [[Amiens Street, Dublin]] into [[Store Street]] or by Luas via [[Busáras]] where [[Dublin Bus]] operates route 53 to the [[Irish Ferries]] Terminal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublinbus.ie/en/Your-Journey1/Timetables/All-Timetables/53/|title=53 – Dublin Bus|website=dublinbus.ie|access-date=24 April 2015|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003229/http://www.dublinbus.ie/en/Your-Journey1/Timetables/All-Timetables/53/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Air===
====Dublin Airport====
[[File:T2Dublin Airport-doyler79.jpg|thumb|[[Dublin Airport]]]]
[[Dublin Airport]] (owned and operated by [[DAA (Irish company)|DAA]]) is located north of Dublin city, near [[Swords, County Dublin|Swords]] in the administrative county of [[Fingal]]. The headquarters of Ireland's flag carrier [[Aer Lingus]] and regional airline [[CityJet]] are located there, and those of low-cost carrier [[Ryanair]] are nearby. The airport offers a short and medium-haul network, domestic services to regional airports in Ireland, and long-haul services to the United States, Canada, and the Middle East. Dublin Airport is the 11th busiest in the European Union,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daa.ie/annual-report-2017/2017-at-a-glance/|title=2017 Year in Review|website=Dublin Airport|access-date=3 October 2018|archive-date=3 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220904/https://www.daa.ie/annual-report-2017/2017-at-a-glance/|url-status=live}}</ref> and by far the busiest airport on the island of Ireland.

In 2015 and 2016, transatlantic traffic grew, with 158 summer flights a week to North America, making it the sixth-largest European hub for that route over the year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dublin Airport flying high after record year for transatlantic traffic – Independent.ie|url=http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/travel-news/dublin-airport-flying-high-after-record-year-for-transatlantic-traffic-30900426.html|website=The Irish Independent|date=12 January 2015 |access-date=1 February 2017|archive-date=16 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516183227/http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/travel-news/dublin-airport-flying-high-after-record-year-for-transatlantic-traffic-30900426.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Transatlantic traffic was also the fastest-growing segment of the market for the airport in 2016, in which a 16% increase from 2015 brought the yearly number of passengers travelling between Dublin and North America to 2.9&nbsp;million.<ref name="dub2016record">{{cite web |title=Record 2016 For Dublin Airport With Almost 28M Passengers |url=https://www.dublinairport.com/latest-news/detail/record-2016-for-dublin-airport-with-almost-28m-passengers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704182652/https://www.dublinairport.com/latest-news/detail/record-2016-for-dublin-airport-with-almost-28m-passengers |archive-date=4 July 2018 |access-date=1 February 2017 |website=dublinairport.com}}</ref>

From 2010 to 2016, Dublin Airport saw an increase of nearly 9.5&nbsp;million passengers in its annual traffic,<ref name="dub2016record"/> as the number of commercial aircraft movements also grew from 163,703 in 2013 to 191,233 in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Flight Statistics 1998 – 2014|url=https://www.iaa.ie/who-we-are/flight-statistics/flight-statistics-1998---2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411220834/https://www.iaa.ie/who-we-are/flight-statistics/flight-statistics-1998---2014|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2016|website=Irish Aviation Authority|access-date=1 February 2017|date=11 April 2016}}</ref>

In 2019, Dublin Airport was the 12th busiest airport in Europe, with almost 33 million passengers passing through.

====Other air transport====
Dublin is also served by [[Weston Airport]] and other small facilities, by a range of helicopter operators, and the military and some State services use [[Casement Aerodrome]] nearby.

==Education==
Dublin is the largest centre of education in Ireland, and is home to four universities and several other higher education institutions. It was the European Capital of Science in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esof.eu/past-esof/esof-2012-dublin.html |title=ESOF Dublin |publisher=[[EuroScience]] |year=2012 |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908023909/http://www.esof.eu/past-esof/esof-2012-dublin.html |archive-date=8 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Walshe |first1=John |last2=Reigel | first2 = Ralph |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/celebrations-and-hard-work-begin-after-capital-lands-science-olympics-for-2012-26494644.html |title=Celebrations and hard work begin after capital lands science 'Olympics' for 2012 |work=Irish Independent |date=25 November 2008 |access-date=17 June 2010 |archive-date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108001421/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/celebrations-and-hard-work-begin-after-capital-lands-science-olympics-for-2012-26494644.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Long Room Interior, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland - Diliff.jpg|thumb|The Old Library at [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]]]]
The [[University of Dublin]] is the oldest university in Ireland, dating from the 16th century, and is located in the city centre. Its sole constituent college, [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]] (TCD), was established by [[Royal Charter]] in 1592 under [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]. It was closed to Roman Catholics until 1793, and the [[Catholic Church hierarchy|Catholic hierarchy]] then banned Roman Catholics from attending until 1970.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.tcd.ie/about/history/ | website = tcd.ie | publisher = Trinity College Dublin | title = History – About Trinity | access-date = 9 July 2019 | quote = ''Catholics were permitted to enter and take degrees from 1793 [..followed by..] the removal of the Catholic episcopal 'ban' (in 1970)'' | archive-date = 9 July 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190709125322/https://www.tcd.ie/about/history/ | url-status = live }}</ref> It is situated in the city centre, on College Green, and has over 18,000 students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hea.ie/assets/uploads/2017/04/TCD-Profile-2016.pdf|title=Trinity College Dublin Profile 2016/17|date=2016|website=Higher Education Authority|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=18 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018215149/https://hea.ie/assets/uploads/2017/04/TCD-Profile-2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[National University of Ireland]] (NUI) has its seat in Dublin, which is also home to the associated ''constituent university'' of [[University College Dublin]] (UCD), which has over 30,000 students. Founded in 1854, it is now Ireland's largest university.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=University College Dublin |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=20036&menu=1561&nr=55333 |language=en-GB}}</ref> UCD's main campus is at Belfield, about {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} from the city centre, in the southeastern suburbs.

As of 2019, Dublin's principal, and Ireland's largest, institution for technological education and research, [[Dublin Institute of Technology]] (DIT), with origins in 1887, has merged with two major suburban third level institutions, [[Institute of Technology, Tallaght]] and [[Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown]], to form [[Technological University Dublin]], Ireland's second largest university by student population. The new university offers a wide range of courses across engineering, architecture, the sciences, health, journalism, digital media, hospitality, business, art and design, music, and humanities. It has three long-term campuses, at [[Grangegorman]], Tallaght, and Blanchardstown.

[[Dublin City University]] (DCU), formerly the [[National Institute for Higher Education]] (NIHE) Dublin, offers courses in business, engineering, science, communication, languages, and primary education. It has around 16,000 students, and its main campus is located about {{convert|7|km|0|abbr=on}} from the city centre, in the northern suburbs. Aside from the main Glasnevin Campus, the Drumcondra campuses include the former [[St. Patrick's College of Education, Drumcondra]] now also hosting students from the nearby [[Mater Dei Institute of Education]] and students from the [[Church of Ireland College of Education]] at the DCU Campus at [[All Hallows College]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dcuincorporation.ie |title=DCU incorporation of CICE, St Pats and Mater Dei |publisher=DCU |year=2014 |access-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418005013/https://dcuincorporation.ie/ |archive-date=18 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland]] (RCSI) conducts a medical school which is both a university (since 2019) and a recognised college of the NUI, and is situated at [[St. Stephen's Green]] in the city centre; there are also large medical schools within UCD and Trinity College. The [[National College of Art and Design]] (NCAD) provides education and research in art, design, and media. The [[National College of Ireland]] (NCI) is also based in Dublin, as well as the [[Economic and Social Research Institute]], a social science research institute, on [[Sir John Rogerson's Quay]], and the [[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]].

The [[Institute of International and European Affairs]] is also in Dublin. [[Dublin Business School]] (DBS) is Ireland's largest private third-level institution, with over 9,000 students located on Aungier Street, and [[Griffith College Dublin]] has its central facility in Portobello. There are also smaller specialised colleges, including [[The Gaiety School of Acting]]. The Irish Public Administration and Management Training Centre is based in Dublin. The Institute of Public Administration provides a range of undergraduate and postgraduate awards through the National University of Ireland and, in some instances, Queen's University Belfast.

Dublin is also home to the [[Royal Irish Academy]], whose membership is considered Ireland's highest academic honour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-28 |title=Membership {{!}} Royal Irish Academy |url=https://www.ria.ie/membership |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=www.ria.ie |language=en}}</ref>{{independent source inline|date=April 2024|reason=superlative should be backed up by secondary source}}

The suburban town of Dún Laoghaire is home to the [[Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology]] (IADT), which supports training and research in art, design, business, psychology, and media technology. Dublin joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Dublin Learning City. What is a Learning City? |url=https://dublinlearningcity.ie/about/ |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=Dublin Learning City |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118001023/https://dublinlearningcity.ie/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{See also|County Dublin#Demographics|l1=Demographics of County Dublin}}
[[File:Dublin population pyramid.svg|thumb|Dublin (city) population pyramid in 2022]]
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:20%; min-width: 400px;"
|+ Main immigrant groups in Dublin City and suburbs (2016)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/ |title=Census 2016 -Non-Irish Nationalities Living in Ireland |date=18 September 2018 |publisher=CSO|access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003139/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="column" | Nationality
! scope="column" | Population
|-
! scope="row" | Poland
| 33,751<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/polish/|title=Polish – CSO – Central Statistics Office|website=cso.ie|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193759/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/polish/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | UK 
| 19,196<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=20189181510459916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |title=Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016 |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193918/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=20189181510459916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Romania
| 16,808<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/romanian/|title=Romanian – CSO – Central Statistics Office|website=cso.ie|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193921/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/romanian/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Lithuania 
|9,869<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/lithuanian/|title=Lithuanian – CSO – Central Statistics Office|website=cso.ie|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193812/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/lithuanian/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Brazil 
| 8,903<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=2018918155169916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |title=Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016 |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194004/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=2018918155169916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Italy
| 6,834<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/italian/|title=Italian – CSO – Central Statistics Office|website=cso.ie|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194101/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/italian/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | India
| 6,546<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=201891815739916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |title=Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016 |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194049/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=201891815739916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Spain
| 6,341<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/spanish/|title=Spanish – CSO – Central Statistics Office|website=cso.ie|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193908/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/spanish/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Latvia
| 5,771<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/latvian/|title=Latvian – CSO – Central Statistics Office|website=cso.ie|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193838/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/latvian/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Mainland China
| 5,748<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=20189181517289916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |title=Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016 |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194117/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=20189181517289916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | France
| 5,576<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/french/|title=French – CSO – Central Statistics Office|website=cso.ie|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194031/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/french/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | United States
| 4,042<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=2018918158239916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |title=Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016 |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194012/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=2018918158239916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Nigeria
| 2,563<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=20189181511179916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |title=Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016 |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194110/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=20189181511179916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Pakistan
| 2,515<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=20189181518439916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |title=Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016 |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918230758/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=20189181518439916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Philippines
| 2,204<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=2018918159459916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |title=Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016 |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194037/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=2018918159459916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}
The City of Dublin is the area administered by [[Dublin City Council]]. The traditional [[County Dublin]] includes the city and the administrative counties of [[Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown]], [[Fingal]], and [[South Dublin]]. The [[Greater Dublin Area]] includes County Dublin and the adjoining counties, [[County Kildare]], [[County Meath]], and [[County Wicklow]].

In the [[2022 census of Ireland|2022 census]], the population of the City of Dublin was 592,713.<ref name="2022mapdcc">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=Census Mapping: Dublin City Council |url=https://visual.cso.ie/?body=entity/ima/cop/2022&boundary=C03789V04537&guid=2ae19629-1433-13a3-e055-000000000001B |access-date=22 September 2023 |publisher=Central Statistics Office |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926093952/https://visual.cso.ie/?body=entity/ima/cop/2022&boundary=C03789V04537&guid=2ae19629-1433-13a3-e055-000000000001B |url-status=live }}</ref> The population of Dublin city and suburbs was 1,263,219.<ref name="2022mapdcands">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=Census Mapping: Dublin City and its Suburbs |url=https://visual.cso.ie/?body=entity/ima/cop/2022&boundary=C04160V04929&guid=52be0df1-c0d3-4a30-98c1-df9ada232158 |access-date=22 September 2023 |publisher=Central Statistics Office |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926093913/https://visual.cso.ie/?body=entity/ima/cop/2022&boundary=C04160V04929&guid=52be0df1-c0d3-4a30-98c1-df9ada232158 |url-status=live }}</ref> County Dublin had a population of 1,458,154.<ref name="2022mapcodub">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=Census Mapping: Dublin |url=https://visual.cso.ie/?body=entity/ima/cop/2022&boundary=C03880V04631&guid=F97E459B-57ED-49C0-8A28-2BC1C7F08E88 |access-date=22 September 2023 |publisher=Central Statistics Office |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926093914/https://visual.cso.ie/?body=entity/ima/cop/2022&boundary=C03880V04631&guid=F97E459B-57ED-49C0-8A28-2BC1C7F08E88 |url-status=live }}</ref> The population of the Greater Dublin Area was 2,082,605.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Population and Actual and Percentage Change |url=https://data.cso.ie/table/F1003 |url-status=live |website=Central Statistics Office |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926093915/https://data.cso.ie/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Profile of Dublin |url=https://www.dublinchamber.ie/About-Us/Economic-Profile-of-Dublin |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Dublin Chamber |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904234046/https://www.dublinchamber.ie/About-Us/Economic-Profile-of-Dublin |url-status=live }}</ref>

Of the population of Dublin city and its suburbs, 62.9% (794,925) were born in Dublin, 26.6% (336,021) were born outside of Ireland, while the remaining 10.5% (132,273) were born in a county other than Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Population and Birthplace |url=https://data.cso.ie/table/F1046 |url-status=live |website=Central Statistics Office |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926093919/https://data.cso.ie/ }}</ref>

After [[World War II]], Italians were by far the largest immigrant group in both Dublin and Ireland, and became synonymous with the catering and restaurant landscape.<ref name="rteArchives1972">{{cite web |url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1665-immigration/370199-the-italians/ |title=RTÉ Archives &#124; The Italians |publisher=RTÉ |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826074204/https://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1665-immigration/370199-the-italians/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/WP13_19.pdf |publisher =UCD Centre for Economic Research | work = Working Paper Series | title = 'Because She Never Let Them In': Irish Immigration a Century Ago and Today | date = December 2013 |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120174100/http://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/WP13_19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the late 1990s, Dublin has had a significant level of net immigration, with the greatest numbers coming from the European Union, especially the United Kingdom, Poland and Lithuania.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/mar/12/pressandpublishing.business3 | website = [[The Guardian]] | title = Dublin heralds a new era in publishing for immigrants | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170129064418/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/mar/12/pressandpublishing.business3 |archive-date=29 January 2017 | date = 12 March 2006}}</ref> There is also immigration from outside Europe, including from Pakistan, Brazil, the Philippines, China, India and Nigeria. Dublin is home to a greater proportion of newer arrivals than any other part of Ireland. Sixty percent of Ireland's Asian population lives in Dublin.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/0726/91717-census/ |publisher = Raidió Teilifís Éireann |title = Foreign nationals now 10% of Irish population |date = 26 July 2007 |access-date = 29 August 2015 |archive-date = 24 September 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141241/http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/0726/91717-census/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

Dublin attracts the largest proportion of non-Catholic migrants from other countries. Increased secularisation in Ireland has prompted a drop in regular Catholic church attendance in Dublin from over 90 percent in the mid-1970s, down to 14 percent in a 2011 survey, and less than 2% in some areas<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/22/world/europe/ireland-catholic-baptism-school.html Catholic Church's Hold on Schools at Issue in Changing Ireland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304115408/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/22/world/europe/ireland-catholic-baptism-school.html |date=4 March 2017 }} ''The New York Times'', 21 January 2016</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url = http://rte.ie/brainstorm/2018/0821/986468-after-francis-whats-the-future-for-the-church-in-ireland/| publisher = Raidió Teilifís Éireann| title = After Francis: what's the future for the church in Ireland?| date = 23 August 2018| access-date = 8 December 2020| archive-date = 28 December 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201228221158/https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2018/0821/986468-after-francis-whats-the-future-for-the-church-in-ireland/| url-status = live| last1 = Ganiel| first1 = Gladys}}</ref> In the [[2016 census of Ireland|2016 census]], 68.2% of Dublin's population identified as Catholic, 12.7% as other stated religions, with 19.1% having no religion or no religion stated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2016/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=ST2016&Geog_Code=EED4C2E4-43BA-428E-96FC-1C65CC0A4340#SAPMAP_T2_220|title=Census 2016 Sapmap Area: Settlements Dublin City And Suburbs. Population by religion.|website=Central Statistics Office|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113075445/http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2016/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=ST2016&Geog_Code=EED4C2E4-43BA-428E-96FC-1C65CC0A4340#SAPMAP_T2_220|archive-date=13 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the 2022 census, the population of [[County Dublin]] self-identified as 80.4% white (68.0% white Irish, 12.0% other white, and 0.4% Irish traveller), 5.8% Asian, 3.0% mixed backgrounds, 2.2% [[Black people in Ireland|Black]], and 8.5% not stated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interactive Data Visualisations {{!}} CSO Ireland |url=https://visual.cso.ie/?body=entity/ima/cop/2022&boundary=C04160V04929&guid=52be0df1-c0d3-4a30-98c1-df9ada232158&theme=1 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=visual.cso.ie}}</ref> In the same census, the ethnic makeup of Dublin city was 76.81% white (including 64.23% white Irish and 12.19% other white people), 12.98% not stated, 5.11% Asian, 3.50% other and 1.58% [[Black people in Ireland|black]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interactive Data Visualisations {{!}} CSO Ireland |url=https://visual.cso.ie/?body=entity/ima/cop/2022&boundary=C03789V04537&guid=2ae19629-1433-13a3-e055-000000000001&theme=1 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=visual.cso.ie}}</ref>

As of December 2024, 1,467 families were living in emergency accommodation in the Dublin region. This is a decrease of 57 from the November 2024 number and an increase of 67 compared with December 2023, when there were 1,400 families in emergency accommodation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 2024 |title=Monthly Report on Homelessness in the Dublin Region |url=https://www.homelessdublin.ie/content/files/Homeless-update-58December-2024.pdf?v=1738340512 |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=homelessdublin.ie |publisher=Dublin Region Homeless Executive}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:National Museum of Ireland.jpg|thumb|The [[National Museum of Ireland]]]]

===The arts===
{{See also|Irish literature|Irish theatre|Irish art}}
Dublin has a significant literary history and produced many literary figures, including [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureates]] [[William Butler Yeats]], [[George Bernard Shaw]], and [[Samuel Beckett]]. Other influential writers and playwrights include [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Jonathan Swift]] and the creator of [[Dracula]], [[Bram Stoker]]. It is also the location of key and notable works of [[James Joyce]], including ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'', which is set in Dublin and includes much topical detail. ''[[Dubliners]]'' is a collection of short stories by Joyce about incidents and typical characters of the city during the early 20th century. Other notable writers include [[J. M. Synge]], [[Seán O'Casey]], [[Brendan Behan]], [[Maeve Binchy]], [[John Banville]] and [[Roddy Doyle]]. Ireland's biggest libraries and literary museums are found in Dublin, including the [[National Print Museum of Ireland]] and [[National Library of Ireland]]. In July 2010, Dublin was named as a UNESCO [[City of Literature]], joining [[Edinburgh]], [[Melbourne]] and [[Iowa City]] with the permanent title.<ref>[http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/delight-at-city-of-literature-accolade-for-dublin-26666430.html ''Irish Independent''&nbsp;– Delight at City of Literature accolade for Dublin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928123658/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/delight-at-city-of-literature-accolade-for-dublin-26666430.html |date=28 September 2018 }}. Retrieved 26 July 2010.</ref>
[[File:KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Book of Kells]]]]

[[Handel]]'s oratorio [[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]] was first performed at [[Neale's Musick Hall, Dublin|Neal's Music Hall]], in [[Fishamble Street]], on 13 April [[1742 in Ireland|1742]].

There are several theatres within the city centre. Various well-known actors have emerged from the Dublin theatrical scene, including [[Noel Purcell (actor)|Noel Purcell]], [[Michael Gambon]], [[Brendan Gleeson]], [[Stephen Rea]], [[Colin Farrell]], [[Colm Meaney]], and [[Gabriel Byrne]]. The best known theatres include the [[Gaiety Theatre, Dublin|Gaiety]], [[Abbey Theatre|Abbey]], [[Olympia Theatre, Dublin|Olympia]], [[Gate Theatre|Gate]], and [[Grand Canal Theatre|Grand Canal]]. The Gaiety specialises in musical and operatic productions, and also opens its doors after the evening theatre production to host a variety of live music, dancing, and films. The Abbey was founded in 1904 by a group that included [[William Butler Yeats|Yeats]] to promote indigenous literary talent. It went on to provide a breakthrough for some of the city's most famous writers, such as [[J. M. Synge|Synge]], Yeats himself, and George Bernard Shaw. The Gate was founded in 1928 to promote European and American avant-garde works. The Grand Canal Theatre is a newer 2,111-capacity theatre that opened in 2010 in the [[Grand Canal Dock]] area.

Apart from being the focus of the country's literature and theatre, Dublin is the focal point for much of [[Irish art]] and the Irish artistic scene. The [[Book of Kells]], a world-famous manuscript produced by Celtic monks in AD 800 and an example of [[Insular art]], is on display in [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]]. The [[Chester Beatty Library]] houses a collection of manuscripts, miniature paintings, prints, drawings, rare books, and [[decorative art]]s assembled by American mining millionaire (and honorary Irish citizen) [[Sir Alfred Chester Beatty]] (1875–1968). The collections date from 2700 BCE onwards and are drawn from Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and Europe.

[[File:Image Floor Mosaic of City Hall of Dublin.jpg|thumb|A mosaic of the coat of arms of Dublin on the floor of City Hall]]
Public [[Art gallery|art galleries]] are found across the city and are free to visit, including the [[Irish Museum of Modern Art]], the [[National Gallery of Ireland|National Gallery]], the [[Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery]], [[the Douglas Hyde Gallery]], the [[Project Arts Centre]] and the exhibition space of the [[Royal Hibernian Academy]]. Private galleries in Dublin include Green on Red Gallery, [[Kerlin Gallery]], Kevin Kavanagh Gallery and Mother's Tankstation.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/visual-arts-commercial-galleries-adapt-to-rise-of-the-fairs-1.1973143 | publisher = The Irish Times | website = irishtimes.com | title = Visual arts: Commercial galleries adapt to rise of the fairs | date = 28 October 2014 | access-date = 15 September 2019 | archive-date = 24 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201024004254/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/visual-arts-commercial-galleries-adapt-to-rise-of-the-fairs-1.1973143 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Three branches of the [[National Museum of Ireland]] are located in Dublin: [[National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology|Archaeology]] in [[Kildare Street]], [[National Museum of Ireland – Decorative Arts and History|Decorative Arts and History]] in [[Collins Barracks]] and [[Natural History Museum (Ireland)|Natural History]] in [[Merrion Street]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.ie/en/homepage.aspx |title=National Museum of Ireland |publisher=Museum.ie |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=17 June 2010 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003023/http://www.museum.ie/en/homepage.aspx%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dublin is home to the [[National College of Art and Design]], which dates from 1746, and [[Dublin Institute of Design]], founded in 1991. [[Dublinia]] is a [[living history]] attraction showcasing the city's Viking and Medieval history.

Dublin has long had an 'underground' arts scene, with Temple Bar hosting artists in the 1980s and spaces such as the Project Arts Centre serving as hubs for collectives and new exhibitions. ''[[The Guardian]]'' noted that Dublin's independent and underground arts flourished during the economic recession of {{Circa|2010}}.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/nov/22/dublin-arts-scene-recession | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Richard | last=Conway | title=Dublin's independent arts scene is a silver lining in the recession-hit city | date=22 November 2010 | access-date=11 December 2016 | archive-date=29 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129064207/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/nov/22/dublin-arts-scene-recession | url-status=live }}</ref> Dublin also has many dramatic, musical and operatic companies, including Festival Productions, Lyric Opera Productions, the Pioneers' Musical & Dramatic Society, [[Rathmines and Rathgar Musical Society]], the Glasnevin Musical Society, Third Day Chorale, Second Age Theatre Company, [[Irish National Opera]].

Dublin was shortlisted to be [[World Design Capital]] 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/0621/302665-dublin/ |title=RTÉ report on World Design Capital shortlist |publisher=[[RTÉ News]] |date=21 June 2011 |access-date=14 January 2012 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217003913/http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/0621/302665-dublin/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Taoiseach]] [[Enda Kenny]] was quoted to say that Dublin "would be an ideal candidate to host the World Design Capital in 2014".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/dublin-on-shortlist-to-be-world-design-capital-1.602581 |title=Dublin on shortlist to be 'World Design Capital' |first=Frank |last=McDonald |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=22 June 2011 |access-date=14 January 2012 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903221013/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/dublin-on-shortlist-to-be-world-design-capital-1.602581 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2021, Dublin was shortlisted for the [[European Commission]]'s 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with [[Bordeaux]], [[Copenhagen]], [[Florence]], [[Ljubljana]], [[Palma de Mallorca]] and [[Valencia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism - Competition winners 2022 |url=https://smart-tourism-capital.ec.europa.eu/cities/competition-winners-2022_en |website=European Commission |date=2 October 2021 |access-date=8 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107212251/https://smart-tourism-capital.ec.europa.eu/cities/competition-winners-2022_en |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Entertainment===
Dublin has a vibrant nightlife and is reputedly one of Europe's most youthful cities; in 2009 it was estimated that 50% of its citizens were younger than 25.<ref name = "axdqer">{{cite web |url=http://www.irishexperience.net/ |title=The Irish Experience |publisher=The Irish Experience |access-date=17 June 2010 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002732/https://www.irishexperience.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dublin Guide, Tourist Information, Travel Planning, Tours, Sightseeing, Attractions, Things to Do |publisher=TalkingCities.co.uk |date=6 October 2009 |url=http://www.talkingcities.co.uk/quick_guides/dublin_guide.htm |access-date=6 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006134051/http://www.talkingcities.co.uk/quick_guides/dublin_guide.htm |archive-date=6 October 2009 }}</ref> There are many pubs across the city centre, with the area around [[St. Stephen's Green]] and [[Grafton Street]], especially [[Harcourt Street]], [[Camden Street]], [[Wexford Street]] and [[Leeson Street]], the location of many nightclubs and pubs.

[[File:Temple Bar Dublin at Night.jpg|thumb|left|[[Temple Bar, Dublin|Temple Bar]]]]

The best known area for nightlife is [[Temple Bar, Dublin|Temple Bar]], south of the River Liffey. The area has become popular among tourists, including [[Bachelor party|stag]] and [[Bachelorette party|hen]] parties from the UK.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3578303.stm | title = Hen and stag nights examined | date = 29 March 2004 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090930120455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3578303.stm |archive-date=30 September 2009 | publisher = BBC News |url-status = live | quote = Officials noted a police report on the experiences of Dublin as a popular destination for [hen and stag] revellers }}</ref> It was developed as Dublin's cultural quarter and does retain this spirit as a centre for small arts productions, photographic and artists' studios, and in the form of street performers and small music venues; however, it has been criticised as overpriced, false and dirty by Lonely Planet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishcentral.com/culture/travel/new-lonely-planet-guide-slams-ireland-for-being-too-modern-82150002-237681601.html |title=New Lonely Planet guide slams Ireland for being too modern, Ireland Vacations |date=20 January 2010 |publisher=IrishCentral |access-date=17 June 2010 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003118/https://www.irishcentral.com/travel/new-lonely-planet-guide-slams-ireland-for-being-too-modern-82150002-237681601 |url-status=live }}</ref> The areas around Leeson Street, Harcourt Street, South William Street and Camden/George's Street are popular nightlife spots for locals.

===Music===
{{see also|Music of Ireland}}
[[File:Luke Kelly South King Street.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Luke Kelly]], member of [[The Dubliners]], on South King Street]]
Live music is played on streets and at venues throughout Dublin. The city has produced several musicians and groups of international success, including [[the Dubliners]], [[Thin Lizzy]], [[the Boomtown Rats]], [[U2]], [[the Script]], [[Sinéad O'Connor]], [[Boyzone]], [[Kodaline]], [[Fontaines D.C.]] and [[Westlife]]. Dublin has several mid-range venues that host live music throughout the week, including [[Whelan's (music venue)|Whelans]] and [[Vicar Street]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/whelan-in-the-years-1.752475 | publisher = The Irish Times | website = irishtimes.com | title = Whelan in the years | date = 24 April 2009 | access-date = 8 August 2019 | archive-date = 24 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201024001627/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/whelan-in-the-years-1.752475 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2018/0605/968437-vicar-street-set-to-go-rock-and-room-with-new-hotel/ | publisher = RTÉ | website = rte.ie | title = Vicar Street set to go "Rock and Room" with new hotel | date = 6 June 2018 | access-date = 24 September 2019 | archive-date = 24 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190924224455/https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2018/0605/968437-vicar-street-set-to-go-rock-and-room-with-new-hotel/ | url-status = live }}</ref> The [[3Arena (Dublin)|3Arena]] venue in the [[Dublin Docklands]] plays host to visiting global performers.

===Shopping===
[[File:Moore Street market, Dublin.jpg|thumb|[[Moore Street]] Market]]
[[File:Grafton St, Dublin.jpg|thumb|[[Grafton Street]]]]
Dublin city centre is a popular shopping destination for locals and tourists alike. The city has numerous shopping districts, particularly around [[Grafton Street (Dublin)|Grafton Street]] and [[Henry Street (Dublin)|Henry Street]]. The city centre is also home to large department stores, including [[Arnotts (Ireland)|Arnotts]], [[Brown Thomas]] and (before its 2015 closure) [[Clerys]].

While the city has lost some traditional market sites, [[Moore Street]] remains one of the city's oldest trading districts.<ref>{{cite news |first=Kevin |last=Doyle |title=Let us open up for Sunday shoppers says Moore Street |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/herald/let-us-open-up-for-sunday-shoppers-says-moore-street/27936395.html |work=The Herald |date=17 December 2009 |access-date=28 December 2009 |archive-date=2 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502231433/http://www.herald.ie/news/let-us-open-up-for-sunday-shoppers-says-moore-street-27936395.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There has also been some growth in local farmers' markets and other markets.<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=McKenna |title=Public appetite for real food |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/public-appetite-for-real-food-1.948156 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=7 July 2007 |access-date=28 December 2009 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903221013/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/public-appetite-for-real-food-1.948156 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Sinead |last=Van Kampen |title=Miss Thrifty: Death to the shopping centre! |url=http://www.independent.ie/style/fashion/miss-thrifty-death-to-the-shopping-centre-26567898.html |work=The Irish Independent |date=21 September 2009 |access-date=28 December 2009 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903221013/http://www.independent.ie/style/fashion/miss-thrifty-death-to-the-shopping-centre-26567898.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, [[Dublin Food Co-op]] relocated to a warehouse in [[The Liberties]] area, where it is home to market and community events.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sinead |last=Mooney |title=Food Shorts |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-shorts-1.948833 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=7 July 2007 |access-date=28 December 2009 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903221013/http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-shorts-1.948833 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://dublinfood.coop/ Dublin Food Co-op website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105164039/http://www.dublinfood.coop/ |date=5 January 2010 }} ''ref. Markets / News and Events / Recent Events / Events Archive''</ref> Suburban Dublin has several modern retail centres, including [[Dundrum Town Centre]], [[Blanchardstown Centre]], [[The Square Shopping Centre|the Square]] in Tallaght, [[Liffey Valley Shopping Centre]] in [[Clondalkin]], [[Omni Shopping Centre]] in [[Santry]], [[Nutgrove Shopping Centre]] in [[Rathfarnham]], [[Northside Shopping Centre]] in [[Coolock]] and [[Swords Pavilions]] in [[Swords, County Dublin|Swords]].

===Media===
{{see also|Mass media in the Republic of Ireland}}
Dublin is the centre of both media and communications in Ireland, with many newspapers, radio stations, television stations, and telephone companies based there. [[RTÉ]] is Ireland's national state broadcaster, and is based in [[Donnybrook, Dublin|Donnybrook]]. [[Fair City]] is RTÉ's soap opera, located in the fictional Dublin suburb of ''Carraigstown''.

[[Virgin Media Television (Ireland)|Virgin Media Television]], [[eir Sport]], [[MTV Ireland]] and [[Sky News]] are also based in the city. The headquarters of [[An Post]] and telecommunications companies such as [[Eir (telecommunications)|Eir]], as well as mobile operators [[Vodafone Ireland|Vodafone]] and [[Three Ireland|3]] are all located there. Dublin is also the headquarters of national newspapers such as ''[[The Irish Times]]'' and ''[[Irish Independent]]'', as well as local newspapers such as ''[[Evening Herald|The Evening Herald]]''.

As well as being home to [[RTÉ Radio]], Dublin also hosts the national radio networks [[Today FM]] and [[Newstalk]], as well as local stations. Commercial radio stations based in the city include [[Classic Hits 4FM|4fm]] (94.9 [[Hertz|MHz]]), [[Dublin's 98FM]] (98.1&nbsp;MHz), [[Radio Nova 100FM (Ireland)|Radio Nova 100FM]] (100.3&nbsp;MHz), [[Dublin's Q102|Q102]] (102.2&nbsp;MHz), [[SPIN 1038]] (103.8&nbsp;MHz), [[FM104]] (104.4&nbsp;MHz), [[Sunshine 106.8]] (106.8&nbsp;MHz). There are also numerous community and special interest stations, including [[Dublin City FM]] (103.2&nbsp;MHz), [[Dublin South FM]] (93.9&nbsp;MHz), [[Liffey Sound FM]] (96.4&nbsp;MHz), [[Near fm 90.3|Near FM]] (90.3&nbsp;MHz), and [[Raidió Na Life]] (106.4&nbsp;MHz).

===Sport===
====GAA====
[[File:Croke Park from the Hill - 2004 All-Ireland Football Championship Final.jpg|thumb|[[Croke Park]]]]
[[Croke Park]] is the largest sports stadium in Ireland. The headquarters of the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] has a capacity of 82,300. It is the third-largest stadium in Europe after [[Nou Camp]] in Barcelona and [[Wembley Stadium]] in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://crokepark.ie/stadium|title=Croke Park Stadium|publisher=Crokepark.ie|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107023043/https://crokepark.ie/stadium|url-status=live}}</ref> It hosts the premier [[Gaelic football]] and [[hurling]] games, [[international rules football]] and irregularly other sporting and non-sporting events including concerts. Muhammad Ali fought there in 1972, and it hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2003 [[Special Olympics]]. It also has conference and banqueting facilities. There is a GAA Museum there, and tours of the stadium are offered, including a rooftop walk. During the redevelopment of [[Lansdowne Road]], Croke Park played host to the [[Ireland national rugby union team|Irish Rugby Union Team]] and [[Republic of Ireland national football team]] as well as hosting the [[Heineken Cup]] rugby [[2008–09 Heineken Cup#Semi-finals|2008–09 semi-final]] between Munster and Leinster, which set a world record attendance for a club rugby match.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/rugby-union/union-news/world-record-crowd-watches-harlequins-sink-saracens-20120331-1w60r|title=World record crowd watches Harlequins sink Saracens|access-date=27 April 2012|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=1 April 2012|archive-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903221013/http://www.smh.com.au/rugby-union/union-news/world-record-crowd-watches-harlequins-sink-saracens-20120331-1w60r|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Dublin GAA]] team plays most of their home league hurling games at [[Parnell Park]].

====Rugby Union====
[[File:Dublin aviva stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Aviva Stadium]]]]
[[Lansdowne Road|IRFU Stadium Lansdowne Road]] was laid out in 1874. This was the venue for home games of both the Irish Rugby Union Team and the Republic of Ireland national football team. A joint venture between the [[Irish Rugby Football Union]], the [[Football Association of Ireland|FAI]] and the Government saw it redeveloped into a new state-of-the-art 50,000-seat [[Aviva Stadium]], which opened in May 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taoiseach Officially Opens Aviva Stadium |publisher=IrishRugby.ie |date=14 May 2010 |url=http://www.irishrugby.ie/news/19384.php |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003114/http://www.irishrugby.ie/news/19384.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Lansdowne Road/Aviva Stadium hosted the [[European Rugby Champions Cup|Heineken Cup final]] in 1999, 2003, 2013, and 2023. [[Rugby union]] team [[Leinster Rugby]] play their competitive home games in the [[RDS Arena]] and the [[Aviva Stadium]]. At the same time, [[Donnybrook Stadium]] hosts its friendlies and A games, Ireland A and Women, Leinster Schools and Youths, and the home club games of [[AIB League|All Ireland League]] clubs [[Old Wesley]] and [[Bective Rangers]]. [[County Dublin]] is home to 13 of the senior rugby union clubs in Ireland, including 5 of the 10 sides in the top division 1A.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishrugby.ie/ulsterbankleague/tables.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804012925/http://www.irishrugby.ie/ulsterbankleague/tables.php|url-status=dead|title=Irish Rugby: Club & Community: Ulster Bank League: Ulster Bank League Tables|archive-date=4 August 2013}}</ref>

====Association football====
Dublin is home to five [[League of Ireland]] association football clubs: [[Bohemian F.C.|Bohemian]], [[Shamrock Rovers F.C.|Shamrock Rovers]], [[Shelbourne F.C.|Shelbourne]], [[St Patrick's Athletic F.C.|St Patrick's Athletic]] and [[University College Dublin A.F.C.|University College Dublin]]. The first Irish side to reach the group stages of a European competition ([[2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage]]) is [[Shamrock Rovers F.C.|Shamrock Rovers]], who play at [[Tallaght Stadium]] in [[South Dublin]]. [[Bohemian F.C.|Bohemian F.C]] play at [[Dalymount Park]], the oldest football stadium in the country, and home ground for the [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Ireland football team]] from 1904 to the 1970s. [[St Patrick's Athletic F.C.|St Patrick's Athletic]] play at [[Richmond Park (football ground)|Richmond Park]]; [[University College Dublin A.F.C.|University College Dublin]] at the [[UCD Bowl]] in [[Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown]]; and [[Shelbourne F.C.|Shelbourne]] at [[Tolka Park]]. Tolka Park, Dalymount Park, UCD Bowl and Tallaght Stadium, along with the [[Carlisle Grounds]] in [[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], hosted all Group 3 games in the intermediary round of the [[2011 UEFA Regions' Cup]]. The [[Aviva Stadium]] hosted the [[2011 UEFA Europa League final]] and the [[2024 UEFA Europa League final]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.rte.ie/news/dublin/2024/0522/1450508-europa-league/ | website = rte.ie | title = Thousands of football fans flock to Dublin for Europa League final | date = 22 May 2024 | accessdate = 9 July 2024 }}</ref>

====Cricket====
Dublin has two [[List of One Day International cricket grounds|ODI cricket grounds]] in [[Castle Avenue, Dublin|Castle Avenue]] (Clontarf Cricket Club) and [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]]. [[College Park, Dublin|College Park]] has Test status and hosted Ireland's first Test cricket match, a women's match against Pakistan in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/70/70315.html|title=Ireland Women v Pakistan Women, 2000, Only Test|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=5 September 2013|archive-date=16 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116203642/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/70/70315.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The men's Irish cricket team also played their first [[Test cricket|Test match]] against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] at Malahide Cricket Club Ground during 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/pakistan-confirmed-as-irelands-first-test-opponents | title = Pakistan Confirmed as Ireland's First Test Opponents | website = cricketireland.ie | access-date = 28 August 2018 | archive-date = 12 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202815/http://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/pakistan-confirmed-as-irelands-first-test-opponents | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Leinster Lightning]] play their home [[Cricket in Ireland#Inter-Provincial Series|inter-provincial]] matches in Dublin at College Park.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2018/articles/000005/000592.shtml |title=College Park to become Lightning home ground |publisher=CricketEurope |access-date=15 April 2019 |archive-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717184026/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2018/articles/000005/000592.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Other====
The [[Dublin Marathon]] has been held at the end of October since 1980. The [[Dublin Women's Mini Marathon|Women's Mini Marathon]] has been run since 1983 on the first Monday in June, which is also a bank holiday in Ireland. It is said to be the largest all-female event of its kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vhiwomensminimarathon.ie/race-information/about-us.300.html |title=History |publisher=VHI Women's Mini Marathon |year=2015 |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015220106/http://www.vhiwomensminimarathon.ie/race-information/about-us.300.html |archive-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Great Ireland Run]] takes place in Dublin's Phoenix Park in mid-April.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.greatirelandrun.org/Events/2010/RaceHistory.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726131314/http://www.greatirelandrun.org/Events/2010/RaceHistory.aspx | archive-date = 26 July 2011 | title = Race History | publisher = Great Ireland Run}}</ref>

Two Dublin baseball clubs compete in the [[Irish Baseball League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCormack |first=Sean |date=10 June 2021 |title=Ireland's baseball league finally returns after lockdown curveball |url=https://www.dublinlive.ie/sport/other-sport/baseball-ireland-league-finally-returns-20784304 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=Dublin Live |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609125956/https://www.dublinlive.ie/sport/other-sport/baseball-ireland-league-finally-returns-20784304 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Dublin Spartans and the Dublin Bay Hurricanes are both based at The O'Malley Fields at [[Corkagh Park]]. The Portmarnock Red Rox, from outside the city, competes in the Baseball Ireland B League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Rox Welcome Titans to Portmarnock for Opening of Newest Diamond – Baseball Ireland |url=https://baseballireland.ie/red-rox-welcome-titans-to-portmarnock-for-opening-of-newest-diamond/ |access-date=9 June 2023 |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609125948/https://baseballireland.ie/red-rox-welcome-titans-to-portmarnock-for-opening-of-newest-diamond/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Dublin area hosts [[greyhound racing]] at [[Shelbourne Park]] and [[horse racing]] at [[Leopardstown Racecourse|Leopardstown]]. The Dublin Horse Show takes place at the [[Royal Dublin Society|RDS]], which hosted the [[Show Jumping World Championships]] in 1982. The national boxing arena is located in [[National Stadium (Ireland)|The National Stadium]] on the [[South Circular Road (Dublin)|South Circular Road]]. The [[National Basketball Arena]] in Tallaght is the home of the [[Ireland national basketball team|Irish basketball team]], the venue for the basketball league finals. It has also hosted boxing and wrestling events. [[The National Aquatic Centre]] in [[Blanchardstown]] is Ireland's largest indoor water leisure facility. There are also [[Gaelic Handball]], hockey and athletics stadia, most notably Morton Stadium in [[Santry]], which held the athletics events of the [[2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games|2003 Special Olympics]].

===Cuisine===
{{see also|Irish cuisine}}
As of the 2024 [[Michelin Guide]], seven Dublin restaurants shared ten [[Michelin star]]s – including [[Restaurant Patrick Guilbaud]], [[Liath (restaurant)|Liath]] and [[Chapter One (restaurant)|Chapter One]] with two.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 Jan 2025 |title=Dublin MICHELIN Restaurants - The MICHELIN Guide |url=https://guide.michelin.com/ie/en/dublin/dublin/restaurants/1-star-michelin/2-stars-michelin?sort=distance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124084523/https://guide.michelin.com/ie/en/dublin/dublin/restaurants/1-star-michelin/2-stars-michelin?sort=distance |archive-date=24 Jan 2025 |access-date=24 Jan 2025 |website=MICHELIN Guide |publisher=[[Michelin Guide]]}}</ref> Irish-born [[Kevin Thornton (chef)|Kevin Thornton]] was awarded two Michelin stars in 2001 – though his restaurant, [[Thornton's Restaurant|Thornton's]], closed in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Leading chef Kevin Thornton to close Dublin restaurant |first1=Conor |last1=Pope |first2=Colm |last2=Keena |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/leading-chef-kevin-thornton-to-close-dublin-restaurant-1.2774845 |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=1 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902133720/http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/leading-chef-kevin-thornton-to-close-dublin-restaurant-1.2774845?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Ffood-and-drink%2Fleading-chef-kevin-thornton-to-close-dublin-restaurant-1.2774845 |archive-date= 2 September 2016 }}</ref> The [[Dublin Institute of Technology]] commenced a bachelor's degree in culinary skills in 1999.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Changing Geography and Fortunes of Dublin's Haute Cuisine Restaurants, 1958–2008|journal=Food, Culture & Society |volume=14| issue = 4|pages= 525–545|doi=10.2752/175174411X13088262162631|last1=Mac Con Iomaire|first1=Máirtín|date=2011|s2cid=218839288 }}</ref>

Historically, Irish coffee houses and cafes were associated with media professionals.<ref name="MacConIomaire">{{cite journal |last1=Mac Con Iomaire |first1=Máirtín |title=Coffee Culture in Dublin: A Brief History |journal=M/C Journal |date=2012 |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.5204/mcj.456|doi-access=free}}</ref> Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the growth of apartment living in the city, Dublin's cafés attracted younger patrons looking for an informal gathering place and an ad hoc office.<ref name="MacConIomaire"/> Cafés became more popular in the city, and Irish-owned coffee chains like Java Republic, Insomnia, and O'Brien's Sandwich Bars now compete internationally. In 2008, Irish barista Stephen Morrissey won the title of World Barista Champion.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/full-of-beans-meet-stephen-the-worlds-best-barista-26462018.html | newspaper = Irish Independent | date = 15 July 2008 | title = Full of beans: meet Stephen, the world's best barista | access-date = 4 July 2017 | archive-date = 4 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180704214613/https://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/full-of-beans-meet-stephen-the-worlds-best-barista-26462018.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

Immigrant groups, such as [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]], [[Japanese diaspora|Japanese]] and [[Italian diaspora|Italian]] émigrés, have also opened restaurants around Dublin.<ref name="rteArchives1972"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-24 |title=50 Minority & Immigrant-Owned Restaurants to Support Always But Especially Now |url=https://charfoodguide.com/features/50-minority-immigrant-owned-restaurants-to-support-always-but-especially-now/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=CHAR Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> A number of South-East Asians immigrated from places such as [[Hong Kong]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Mainland China]] to Dublin during the 1960s and opened restaurants featuring their cuisines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-25 |title=Dublin's first Chinese restaurants (1957 – mid1960s) |url=https://comeheretome.com/2012/07/25/dublins-first-chinese-restaurants-1956-mid-1960s/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Come Here To Me! |language=en}}</ref> Modern Irish adaptations of Chinese cuisine include the [[Spice bag]], a [[Takeaway food|takeaway]] dish consisting mainly of chicken, chips, and vegetables.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Spice bag: How to make Ireland's favourite takeaway dish at home |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/spice-bag-how-to-make-ireland-s-favourite-takeaway-dish-at-home-1.2952098 |access-date=2025-01-05 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Loftus |first=Valerie |date=2017-12-01 |title=Spice bags have found their way on to the menu at a Washington DC restaurant |url=https://www.dailyedge.ie/spice-bag-washington-dc-3727822-Dec2017/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The Daily Edge |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, it was voted 'Ireland's Favourite Takeaway Dish' in the [[Just Eat]] National Takeaway Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-27 |title=Just Eat National Takeaway Award 2020 Winners Announced |url=https://www.just-eat.ie/blog/news/ntas-winners-2020 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.just-eat.ie |language=en-IE}}</ref>

==English and Irish languages==
Dublin was traditionally a city of two languages, English and [[Irish language|Irish]], a situation found also in the area around it, [[the Pale]]. The Irish of County Dublin represented the easternmost extension of a broad central dialect area that stretched between Leinster and [[Connacht]], but it also had its own local characteristics. It may also have been influenced by the east [[Ulster]] dialect of [[County Meath]] and [[County Louth]] to the north.<ref>{{citation | last = Williams | first = Nicholas | title = Na Canúintí a Theacht chun Solais | work = Stair na Gaeilge | editor-first = Kim | editor-last = McCone | place = Maigh Nuad | date = 1994 | isbn = 0-901519-90-1}}</ref>

In the words of a 16th-century English administrator, [[William Gerard]] (1518–1581): "All Englishe, and the most part with delight, even in Dublin, speak Irishe".<ref>See "Tony Crowley, "The Politics of Language in Ireland 1366–1922: A Sourcebook" and [[Joep Leerssen|Leerssen, Joep]], ''Mere Irish and Fior-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its Development and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century'', University of Notre Dame Press 1997, p. 51. {{ISBN|978-0268014278}}</ref> The [[Normans in Ireland|Old English]] historian [[Richard Stanihurst]] (1547–1618) wrote as follows: "When their posteritie became not altogither so warie in keeping, as their ancestors were valiant in conquering, the Irish language was free dennized in the English Pale: this canker tooke such deep root, as the bodie that before was whole and sound, was by little and little festered, and in manner wholly putrified".<ref>{{citation | editor-last = Ellis | editor-first = Henry | title = The Description of Ireland | work = An Electronic Edition: Chapter 1 (The Names of Ireland, with the Compasse of the Same, also what Shires or Counties it Conteineth, the Diuision or Partition of the Land, and of the Language of the People) | url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.03.0089 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171235/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.03.0089 |archive-date=24 February 2021 }}</ref>

English authorities during the Cromwellian period recognized that Irish was widely spoken in the city and its surroundings. In 1655, several local dignitaries were ordered to oversee a lecture in Irish to be given in Dublin. In March 1656, a converted Catholic priest, Séamas Corcy, was appointed to preach in Irish at Bride's parish every Sunday, and was also ordered to preach at [[Drogheda]] and [[Athy]].{{sfn|Berresford Ellis|1975|p=156}} In 1657, the English colonists in Dublin presented a petition to the Municipal Council complaining that in Dublin itself "there is Irish commonly and usually spoken".{{sfn|Berresford Ellis|1975|p=193}}

In early 18th-century Dublin, Irish was the language of a group of poets and scribes led by Seán and Tadhg Ó Neachtain.<ref>{{citation | editor-last1 = Caerwyn Williams | editor-first1 = J.E. | editor-last2 = Ní Mhuiríosa | editor-first2 = Máirín | date = 1979 | title = Traidisiún Liteartha na nGael | pages = 279, 284 | publisher = An Clóchomhar Tta}}</ref> Scribal activity in Irish persisted in Dublin right through the 18th century.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ní Mhunghaile | first = Lesa | title = An Eighteenth Century Irish scribe's private library: Muiris Ó Gormáin's books | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy | volume = 110C | date = 2010 | pages = 239–276 | doi = 10.1353/ria.2010.0010 }}</ref> There were still native Irish speakers in County Dublin at the time of the 1851 census.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Fitzgerald | first = Garrett | title = Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117-1781 to 1861–1871 | volume = 84 | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy | date = 1984}}</ref>

Though the number of Irish speakers declined throughout Ireland in the 19th century, the end of the century saw a [[Gaelic revival]], centred in Dublin and accompanied by renewed literary activity.<ref>Ó Conluain, Proinsias & Ó Céileachair, Donncha (1958). ''An Duinníneach'', pp. 148–153, 163–169, 210–215. Sáirséal agus Dill. ISBN 0-901374-22-9.</ref> This was the harbinger of a steady renewal of urban Irish, though with new characteristics of its own.<ref name="schism">{{cite news|last=Ó Broin|first=Brian|date=16 January 2010|title=Schism fears for Gaeilgeoirí|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/schism-fears-for-gaeilgeoir%C3%AD-1.1269494|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216211616/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/schism-fears-for-gaeilgeoir%C3%AD-1.1269494|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation | first1 = John | last1 = Walsh | first2 = Bernadette |last2 = O'Rourke | first3 = Hugh |last3 = Rowland | title = Research Report on New Speakers of Irish |url = https://www.forasnagaeilge.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/New-speakers-of-Irish-report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308094820/https://www.forasnagaeilge.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/New-speakers-of-Irish-report.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2021 }}</ref>

===Current era===
The native language of most Dubliners today is English, and several local dialects are subsumed under the label [[Dublin English]]. Dublin also has many thousands of habitual Irish speakers, with the [[2016 census of Ireland|2016 census]] showing that daily speakers (outside the education system) numbered 14,903. They form part of an urban Irish-speaking cohort that is generally better-educated than monoglot English speakers.<ref>{{cite web| publisher = Central Statistics Office | work = Census of Population 2016 | title = Profile 10 Education, Skills and the Irish Language |url = https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201208225214/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/ |archive-date=8 December 2020 }}</ref>

Several Irish-medium schools support the Dublin Irish-speaking cohort. There are 12,950 students in the Dublin region attending 34 [[gaelscoil]]eanna (Irish-language primary schools) and 10 [[Gaelcholáiste|gaelcholáistí]] (Irish-language secondary schools).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaelscoileanna.ie/files/Education-through-Irish.pdf|title=Education through the Medium of Irish 2015/2016|year=2016|publisher=gaelscoileanna.ie|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135552/http://www.gaelscoileanna.ie/files/Education-through-Irish.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Two Irish language radio stations, [[Raidió Na Life]] and [[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta]], have studios in the city, and the online station [[Raidió Rí-Rá]] broadcasts from studios in the city. Several Irish language agencies are also located in the capital. {{Lang|ga|[[Conradh na Gaeilge]]}} offers language classes and serves as a meeting place for various groups.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} The closest Gaeltacht to Dublin is the [[County Meath]] [[Gaeltacht]] of [[Ráth Cairn]] and [[Baile Ghib]] which is {{convert|55|km|0|abbr=on}} away.

==International relations==
Dublin City Council has an International Relations Unit, established in 2007. It works on hosting international delegations, staff exchanges, international promotion of the city, twinning and partnerships, working with multi-city organisations such as [[Eurocities]], economic partnerships, and advising other Council units.<ref name="DCC_IntlRels">{{cite web |title=International Relations |url=http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-recreation-culture/international-relations-unit |website=Dublin City Council |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002933/http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-recreation-culture/international-relations-unit%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Twin and partner cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Ireland}}
Dublin is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with five places:<ref name="Facts about Dublin">{{cite web |url=http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-press-and-news/facts-about-dublin-city |title=Dublin City Council: Facts about Dublin City |publisher=Dublin City Council |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711014408/http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-press-and-news/facts-about-dublin-city |archive-date=11 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Dublin Info">{{cite web |url=http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-recreation-culture/international-relations-unit |title=Dublin City Council: International Relations Unit |publisher=Dublin City Council |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002933/http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-recreation-culture/international-relations-unit%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dublincity.ie/managing-our-international-relationships | publisher = Dublin City Council | title = Managing our International relationships – City twinning | date = 26 June 2018 | access-date = 28 August 2018 | quote = ''We are currently twinned with four cities: Beijing (The People's Republic of China) – Twinned since 2010 [..] Barcelona (Spain) – Twinned since 1998 [..] Liverpool (United Kingdom) – Twinned since 1997 [..] San José (United States of America) – Twinned since 1986'' | archive-date = 25 May 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190525193612/http://www.dublincity.ie/managing-our-international-relationships | url-status = live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align:center; background:white; width:42%;"
|- style="color:white;"
! ! style="background:#659ec7; width:10%;"| City
! ! style="background:#659ec7; width:15%;"| Nation
! ! style="background:#659ec7; width: 5%;"| Since
|-
|! ! style="background:lemonchiffon;"| '''[[San Jose, California|San Jose]]'''
|! ! style="text-align:center;"| United States<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?nid=925 |title=Sister City Program |publisher=City of San José |date=19 June 2013 |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524232806/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?nid=925 |archive-date=24 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|! !| 1986
|-
|! ! style="background:lemonchiffon;"| '''[[Liverpool]]'''
|! ! style="text-align:center;"| United Kingdom<ref name="liverpool1">{{cite web |url=http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/Community_and_living/Twinning/index.asp |title=twinning |publisher=Liverpool City Council |date=17 November 2008 |access-date=23 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706031557/http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/Community_and_living/Twinning/index.asp |archive-date=6 July 2010 }}</ref>
|! !| 1997
|-
|! ! style="background:lemonchiffon;"| '''[[Barcelona]]'''
|! ! style="text-align:center;"| Spain<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257345983_3,00.html |title=Ciutats agermanades, Relacions bilaterals, L'acció exterior |publisher=CIty of Barcelona |date=18 June 2009 |access-date=23 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429103055/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257345983_3,00.html |archive-date=29 April 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Barcelona">{{cite web |url=http://w42.bcn.cat/web/en/noticies-i-premsa/noticies/actives/Barcelona-City-Council-signs-cooperation-agreements-with-Dublin-Seoul-Buenos-Aires-and-Hong-Kong.jsp |title=Barcelona City Council signs cooperation agreements with Dublin, Seoul, Buenos Aires and Hong Kong |publisher=Ajuntament de Barcelona |date=26 November 2012 |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903221013/http://w42.bcn.cat/web/en/noticies-i-premsa/noticies/actives/Barcelona-City-Council-signs-cooperation-agreements-with-Dublin-Seoul-Buenos-Aires-and-Hong-Kong.jsp |archive-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|! !| 1998
|-
|! ! style="background:lemonchiffon;"| '''[[Beijing]]'''
|! ! style="text-align:center;"| China<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dublincity.ie/dublin-signs-twinning-agreement-beijing |title=Dublin signs twinning agreement with Beijing |publisher=Dublin City Council |date=2 June 2011 |access-date=11 February 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002608/http://www.dublincity.ie/dublin-signs-twinning-agreement-beijing%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/dublin-officially-twinned-with-beijing-1.586352 |title=Dublin officially twinned with Beijing |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=3 June 2011 |access-date=8 July 2014 |first=Clifford |last=Coonan |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719160324/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/dublin-officially-twinned-with-beijing-1.586352 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
|! !| 2011
|-
|! ! style="background:lemonchiffon;"| '''[[Ramallah]]'''
|! ! style="text-align:center;"| Palestine<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dublincity.ie/news/dublin-city-twinned-ramallah-palestine|title=Dublin City twinned with Ramallah, Palestine|publisher=Dublin City Council|date=7 December 2023|access-date=7 December 2023|archive-date=13 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213170326/https://www.dublincity.ie/news/dublin-city-twinned-ramallah-palestine|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|! !| 2023
|}

The city also has "friendship" or "co-operation agreements" with several other cities: [[Moscow]] (since 2009) and [[St Petersburg]] (since 2010) in Russia and [[Guadalajara]] in Mexico (since 2013),<ref name="IntRels_linked">{{cite web |title=International Relations |url=http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-recreation-culture/international-relations-unit |website=Dublin City Council |access-date=29 May 2020 |quote=Dublin is currently twinned with:  San José (1986) Liverpool (1997) Barcelona (1998, Addendum in 2009 for 2 years) Beijing (2011) ... a less formal commitment between two or more cities.  Dublin currently has the following agreements:... |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002933/http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-recreation-culture/international-relations-unit%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Dublin Info"/> and has previously proposed an agreement with [[Rio de Janeiro]] also.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/beijing-twinning-will-promote-dublin-property-for-investment-1.577565 |title=Dublin was also in talks with Rio de Janeiro in Brazil about twinning with that city |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=21 May 2011 |access-date=1 June 2011 |first=Clifford |last=Coonan |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927113340/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/beijing-twinning-will-promote-dublin-property-for-investment-1.577565 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/technology/mexican-city-to-be-twinned-with-dublin-says-lord-mayor-1.1343005 |title=Mexican city to be twinned with Dublin, says Lord Mayor |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=21 March 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330062241/http://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/technology/mexican-city-to-be-twinned-with-dublin-says-lord-mayor-1.1343005 |archive-date=30 March 2013 }}{{subscription required}}</ref> Previous agreements have included those with [[Mexico City]] (2014−2018), [[Tbilisi]] in Georgia (2014−2017) and [[Wuhan]] in China (2016−2019).

=== Portal project ===
{{See also|New York–Dublin Portal}}
As of 2025, Dublin was one of several cities containing an interactive [[Portal (sculptures)|'Portal' installation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dublin's Portal: chaos, controversy, and triumph|url=https://cities-today.com/dublins-portal-chaos-controversy-and-triumph/|website=Cities Today|date=2025-03-14|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en-GB|first=Jonathan|last=Andrews}}</ref> This series of installations shows a video feed of locations including Dublin, [[Vilnius]] in [[Lithuania]], [[Lublin]] in [[Poland]], [[Philadelphia]] in the [[United States]] and [[Ipswich]] in [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Portals locations {{!}} Portals.org|url=https://www.portals.org/portals|website=www.portals.org|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of people from Dublin}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Ireland}}
* [[Dublin English]]
* [[List of people from Dublin]]
* [[List of subdivisions of County Dublin]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last = Berresford Ellis | first = Peter | date = 1975 | title = Hell or Connaught! The Cromwellian Colonisation of Ireland 1652-1660 | publisher = Hamish Hamilton Ltd. | isbn = 978-0856404047}}
* {{cite book|title= Dublin The Making of a Capital City|last=Dickson|first=David|publisher=Profile Books Ltd.|year=2014|isbn=978-0-674-74444-8 }}
* {{cite journal|title= The Slave Trade of Dublin, Ninth To Twelfth Centuries|last=Holm|first=Poul|journal=[[Peritia]]|publisher=Journal of the Medieval Academy of Ireland|year=1989 }}
* {{cite book|title=Dublin Under the Georges|first=Constantia|last=Maxwell|publisher=Lambay Books|year=1997|isbn=0-7089-4497-3}}
* {{cite journal |last1=O'Brennan |first1=Lily M. |title=Little Rivers of Dublin |journal=Dublin Historical Record |date=1 September 1940 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=23–25 |jstor=30083879 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30083879 |access-date=13 January 2021 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210140408/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30083879 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{See also|Timeline of Dublin#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Dublin}}
* John Flynn and Jerry Kelleher, ''Dublin Journeys in America'' (High Table Publishing, 2003), {{ISBN|0-9544694-1-0}}
* [[Pat Liddy]], ''Dublin A Celebration: From the 1st to the 21st century'' (Dublin City Council, 2000), {{ISBN|0-946841-50-0}}
* [[Maurice Craig (historian)|Maurice Craig]], ''The Architecture of Ireland from the Earliest Times to 1880'' (Batsford, Paperback edition 1989), {{ISBN|0-7134-2587-3}}
* [[Frank McDonald (journalist)|Frank McDonald]], ''Saving the City: How to Halt the Destruction of Dublin'' (Tomar Publishing, 1989), {{ISBN|1-871793-03-3}}
* [[Edward McParland]], ''Public Architecture in Ireland 1680–1760'' ([[Yale University Press]], 2001), {{ISBN|0-300-09064-1}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Dublin|voy=Dublin}}
* [http://www.dublincity.ie/ Dublin City Council]&nbsp;– Official website of the local authority for Dublin
* [http://www.visitdublin.com/ Dublin Tourist Board]&nbsp;– Official tourism site
* [http://www.dublincityofliterature.ie/ Dublin UNESCO City of Literature official site]
* [https://www.dublinhistoricmaps.ie/ Dublin Historic Maps, Boundaries & an OSM Miscellany]

{{Dublin City}}
{{History of Dublin}}
{{Landmarks of Dublin}}
{{Green Dublin}}
{{Areas of Dublin}}
{{Dublin residential areas}}
{{Streets in Dublin city}}
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