View source for Drum rudiment

{{Short description|Rhythm exercise}}
{{For|musical rudiments|rudiments of music}}
{{Original research|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
[[File:Practice Pad with Metronome Best Practice.jpg|thumb|Using a metronome with a practice pad is a common way to practice drum rudiments.|alt=]]

In ''rudimental [[drum]]ming'', a form of [[percussion music]], a '''drum rudiment''' is one of a number of relatively small patterns which form the foundation for more extended and complex drumming patterns. The term "drum rudiment" is most closely associated with various forms of ''field drumming'', where the [[snare drum]] plays a prominent role. In this context "rudiment"  means not only "basic", but also ''fundamental''. This tradition of drumming originates in [[Military drums|military drumming]] and it is a central component of [[martial music]].
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== Definition ==
Rudimental drumming has something of a flexible definition, even within drumming societies devoted to that form of drumming. RudimentalDrumming.com defines it as "the study of coordination."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rudimentaldrumming.com/rudimentalarticles/rd/viewarticle/6473/what-is-rudimental-drumming|title=Rudimental Drumming|work=rudimentaldrumming.com|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118054910/http://www.rudimentaldrumming.com/rudimentalarticles/rd/viewarticle/6473/what-is-rudimental-drumming|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The [[Percussive Arts Society]] defines it as a particular method for learning the drums—beginning with rudiments, and gradually building up speed and complexity through practicing those rudiments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pas.org/learn/Rudiments.aspx |title=Rudiments |access-date=23 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126033619/http://www.pas.org/Learn/Rudiments.aspx |archive-date=26 November 2013  }}</ref> ''Camp Duty Update'' defines a drum rudiment as an excerpt from a military call with a definite rhythm, definite sticking, definite dynamic structure (accents), and a defined nomenclature.<ref>Hessler, Claus. ''Camp Duty Update.'' Germany: Alfred Music, 2017. Pg 7.</ref> ''Encyclopedia Rudimentia'' defines a rudiment as a short pattern of strokes, using John Pratt's logic that "the rudiments of drumming are strokes," in reference to the four basic [[drum stroke]]s.<ref>Bloom, Ryan Alexander. ''Encyclopedia Rudimentia''. Hudson Music, 2019. Pg 2."</ref>

==History==
The origin of [[snare drum]] rudiments can be traced back to [[Swiss mercenaries]] armed with long [[polearm]]s. The use of [[pike (weapon)|pikes]] in close formation required a great deal of coordination. The sound of the [[tabor (instrument)|tabor]] was used to set the [[tempo]] and communicate commands with distinct drumming patterns. These drumming patterns became the basis of the snare drum rudiments.

=== Swiss ===
The earliest instance of rudimental fife and drum is often cited as the Swiss military at the battle of Sempach in 1386.<ref>Brensilver, David A. "History of the Snare Drum: Eight Centuries of Innovation & Ingenuity." ''Drum!.'' September 10, 2015.</ref> There is evidence, however, that the Swiss were already using drums in battle in 1315 at the [[Battle of Morgarten]].<ref>Baldassarre, Antonio. “Envisioned History or ‘His Story’: Warfare, Musical Culture, and Imagination in the Lucerne Chronicle (1511–13) by Diebold Schilling the Younger.” Music in Art 41, no. 1–2 (2016): 9–63.</ref> Initially, Swiss rudiments were very influential to the French system, which in turn was the basis for many other rudimental systems. Switzerland produced two distinct rudimental cultures, the wider ''Swiss Ordonnanz Trommel''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trummu.ch/jungtambouren|title=Jungtambouren|website=www.trummu.ch}}</ref> practiced in [[Zürich|Zurich]], [[Canton of Valais|Valais]], and [[Geneva]], and the Basel version or ''Basler Trommeln''.<ref name="robinengelman.com">{{Cite web|url=https://robinengelman.com/2015/02/05/swiss-and-basel-drumming/|title=Swiss and Basel Drumming.|date=5 February 2015}}</ref>

The Basler Trommeln rudiments, in contrast to the Swiss Ordonnanz Trommel,  are much more widely known and practiced outside of Switzerland due to [[Fritz Berger (percussionist)|Fritz Berger]]'s publications, ''Das Basler Trommeln, Werden und Wesen''<ref name="auto1">Berger, Fitz R. ''Das Basler Trommeln, Werden und Wesen''. Basel; Trommel Verlag, 1928.</ref> and ''Instructor for Basle Drumming'',<ref>Berger, Fritz R. ''Méthode baloise de tambour = Instructor for Basle-drumming''. Basel: Trommelverlag, 1964.</ref> and travels to the [[United States]] in the 1930s. His student [[Alfons Grieder]] continued to promote Basel style drumming in North America for many years.<ref name="robinengelman.com" /> The two Swiss systems differ in several ways, including that Basel drumming rudiments draw heavily from the French system while Swiss rudiments are indigenous, and that Basel drumming was notated in a set of symbols until the 20th century (Berger devised his own notation system for export that was much more legible) while Swiss rudiments were written in standard notation centuries earlier. Swiss Ordonnanz rudiments are nearly unknown outside of Switzerland, while Basel rudiments are featured (after the 1930s) in other systems around the world, such as the Scottish, American, and Hybrid. The [[Top Secret Drum Corps]] is a prominent organization from Basel Switzerland that utilizes traditional Basel rudimental drumming along with other rudimental influences.

=== French ===
French rudiments were influenced by the Swiss and then later contributed back to the specific Basel culture in a two-way exchange. [[Thoinot Arbeau]]'s ''Orchesographie'' of 1588 is commonly cited as one of the first "rudimental" texts, though its actual use of notation is limited.<ref>Arbeau, Thoinot. ''Orchesographie, Metode et Teorie.'' France, 1588.</ref> French professional drummers became part of the king's honor guard in the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1754 {{ill|Joseph-Henri de Bombelles|fr|vertical-align=sup}} published ''Instruction pour les Tambours,'' which was one of the earliest military drum manuals to codify a specific national duty in legible drum notation.<ref>Bouzzard, Thierry. ''L’Instruction pour les Tambours 1754.'' Theatrum Belli, 2013.</ref> The craft was improved during the reign of [[Napoleon I]]. The French dance known as [[Le Rigodon]] is one of the cornerstones of modern rudimental drumming.<ref name="pfyffersyte.ch">{{cite web |url=http://www.pfyffersyte.ch/files/repertoire/hit2005_PundT.php |title=Basler Pfyffersyte - Repertoire vo de Clique 2005 |access-date=27 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218200552/http://www.pfyffersyte.ch/files/repertoire/hit2005_PundT.php |archive-date=18 February 2012  }}</ref><!--work--> [[Jean-Georges Kastner|Kastner]]'s ''Manuel Général de Musique Militaire a L’Usage des Armées Françaises'' from 1848 <ref>Kastner, Georges. ''Manuel Général de Musique Militaire a L’Usage des Armées Françaises.'' Paris: Firmin Didot Fréres de l’Institute de France, 1848.</ref> details the rudimental signals starting as far back as the 17th century and works up through the variations to his contemporary mid-19th century usage, showing that the complexity of French drumming increased significantly over time.

At least 5 French military manuals appeared between 1870 and 1900, beginning with Félix Carnaud's ''École du Tambour''<ref>Carnaud, Felix. ''Ecole du Tambour.'' Paris, 1870.</ref> from 1870 and N. Pita's ''Methode de Tambour'' from 1885,<ref>Pita, N. ''Methode de Tambour. Paris: Tilliard, 1885''</ref> followed closely and expanded upon by H. Broutin (1889), Théophile Dureau (1895), and E. Reveillé (1897).

In the 20th century, {{ill|Henri Kling|nl|vertical-align=sup}} published his ''Méthode de Tambour '' in 1901.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kling|first=Henri|title=Methode de Tambour|publisher=Imprimerie Générale Durdilly|year=1901|location=Paris}}</ref> Robert Tourte's ''Méthode de Tambour et Caisse Claire d'Orchestre''<ref>Tourte, Robert. ''Méthode de Tambour et Caisse Claire d'Orchestre''. Paris: Editions Salabert, 1946.</ref> was published in 1946 and combined a selection of 34 rudiments and the classic French military calls with studies of common orchestral excerpts such as [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]'s Scheherezade and [[Maurice Ravel]]'s Bolero. The French system is complex and expansive, rivaled in scope only by the Swiss, American, and Scottish systems. Between 30 and 34 rudiments have normally been taught from the mid-20th century onward,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://luchesi.free.fr/tambour/index.htm |title = Méthode de Tambour d'ordonnance}}</ref><ref>http://www.batterie-fanfare.fr/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Programme-de-formation-instr-Cadres-BF-Mag.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> from a historical catalog of over 70 rudiment variations.

=== Spanish ===
Spain used its own rudimental system, documented as far back as 1761, with {{ill|Manuel de Espinosa|es|Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros|vertical-align=sup}} publication of ''Toques de Guerra''. Composed mostly of single strokes, the system is extremely simple with only around eight to ten named patterns.<ref>Tejada. ''Toques de Guerra.'' Borges: Radio Nacional de Espana, 1937.</ref>

===Italian===
The Italian peninsula was home to fife and drum traditions as far back as the 1400s. During the 19th century, at least 3 distinct styles of drumming were practiced: Austrian style <ref>Widensky, Tommaso. Regolamento D’Instruzione per L’I.R. Infanteria di Linea e di Confine. Vienna: Leopoldo Sommer, 1851.</ref> drumming in the northern regions adjacent to the Austrian Empire, a central Italian style in Sardinia, Piedmont, and the Papal States,<ref>Regolamento di Esercizii di Evoluzioni per La Guardia Nazionale. Roma: Tipograffa Fratelli Pallota, 1869.</ref> and a southern style in Naples and Sicily.<ref>Ordinanza di sua Maestá per gli Esercizj e le Evoluzioni delle Truppe di Fanteria. Vol 1. Napoli: Reale Epografia Militare, 1846.</ref> With the unification of the Kingdom of Italy in the 1870s, the central Italian style was adopted over the Austrian or Sicilian as the official pan-Italian rudimental system.

=== German ===
German speaking regions of Europe, often referred to historically as Prussian, had developed their own unique rudimental system by the late 18th century, as evidenced by Wittwe's 1777 publication ''Kurze Anweisung zum Trommel-Spiel''<ref>Wittwe, Georg Ludwig Winters. ''Kurze Anweisung zum Trommel-Spiel.'' Berlin: 1777.</ref> The system was dominated by the right hand and featured only about 14 standard rudiments, such as the druckruf and doppelwirbel.<ref>Kruger. ''Pauken and Kleine Trommel Schule''. Berlin: Hinrichsen, 1951.</ref> The Prussian drumming style was distinct from the regional rudimental practices of Bavaria, despite Bavaria being a part of modern Germany.<ref>''Vorschriften für den Unterricht in den Waffenbüngen der Königlich-Baierischen Infanterie''. Lindauer, 1822.</ref> It also did not apply in Hannover – which was effectively part of the British Empire for a significant period and thus used British drumming idioms.<ref>''Exercier-Reglement für die Infanterie der Koniglich-Hannoverschen Armée, Volume 4''. Hanover (Electorate): Armée, 1840.</ref>

=== Swedish ===
Sweden had drummers on military payrolls as early as 1528. The Swedish rudimental style has some unique features and rhythmic interpretations, however it draws significant influence from both French and Prussian sources. The first written manual dates from 1836 with little variation in style until the 20th century. After the 1960s the drum parts in standard military music became simplified compared to their earlier incarnations.<ref>https://www.marinensmusikkar.se/revelj/Reveljen42.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

=== Dutch ===
The military tradition of the [[Netherlands]] has a distinct rudimental system. Drummers are known to have participated in military functions from possibly as far back as 1570. Military units paid the drummers from their own commanders' budget until 1688 when the military began paying musicians directly.<ref>http://www.henkbruggeman.nl/Boeken/Garnizoen/Garn%209.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> The rudimental term "Tattoo," a term for a meeting of drum corps and a signal from the standard camp duty, derives from the Dutch "Taptoe" Tamboers. Manuals go back at least as far as 1809 with the publication of ''Over Het Tromslaan – Met Marschen En Andere Muziekstukken Voor Den Trom''<ref>Anon. ''Over Het Tromslaan – Met Marschen En Andere Muziekstukken Voor Den Trom''. Amsterdam, 1809.</ref> which indicates some basic rolls and a few military signals. ''Marsen en Signalen voor de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Armee'' by {{ill|Jacob Rauscher|nl|vertical-align=sup}} was published in 1815 and shows about nine basic rudiments. Several manuals are known from the late 1800s and early 1900s, such as ''Voorschrift voor den seargent of korporaaltamboer'' of 1893, ''Tamboers- and Hoornblazersschool'' of 1896, and ''Tamboers- and Hoornblazersschool'' from 1901. The system was simplified and many embellishments removed in the 1930s.<ref>https://www.olsfederatie.com/sites/default/files/bundel%20tamboer%20B2.2.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> The system was again refined following WWII in 1945 and 1946. Now, only the [[Netherlands Marine Corps|Dutch Marines]] continue the official military tradition actively, along with a few civilian groups. There are currently only about 14 Dutch rudiments.

=== Russian ===
Russian drumming was originally brought in from abroad specifically to emulate the drumming of other nations. Dutch drumming was used verbatim in the 17th century. This gave way to a more distinct Russian style in the 18th century under Peter I. Imperial Russian military units stopped using drummers around 1909 but the USSR reintroduced drumming to the military in the 1920s. Russia actually has no names or specific sticking for rudimental patterns<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rudimentaldrumming.com/node/32|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204828/http://www.rudimentaldrumming.com/node/32|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 February 2018|title=Rudiments in Russia &#124; RudimentalDrumming.com|website=www.rudimentaldrumming.com}}</ref> but a selection of rolls and ruffs of various lengths are present in military music. Youth Pioneer groups use simplified military signals, though the rudiments taught in these groups use American terms.<ref>”Pioneer Drummer.” Moscow: National Pioneer Association, 2015.</ref>

=== British ===
British rudimental manuals with decipherable rudiments date back as far as 1634 with the publication of Thomas Fisher's ''Warlike Directions or the Soldiers Practice'' which shows at least 4 ruff-based rudiments.<ref>Fisher, Thomas. ''Warlike Directions or the Soldiers Practice''. England, 1634.</ref>  A more thorough manual appeared in 1760, Spencer's ''The Drummer's Instructor''.<ref>Spencer. ''The Drummer's Instructor.'' London, 1760.</ref> British military drumming had already been exported to the [[Thirteen Colonies|American Colonies]] by the time of the [[American Revolution]] in the 1770s. The anonymously authored ''Young Drummers Assistant''<ref>Anon. ''Young Drummers Assistant.'' Longman and Broderip, ca. 1780.</ref> was published around 1780 and was an influential book on both sides of the Atlantic. The British system was further refined for the 19th century by [[Samuel Potter (drum major)|Samuel Potter]] in 1817 with his book ''The Art of Beating the Drum''.<ref>Potter, Samuel.''The Art of Beating the Drum''. London: Henry Potter, 1817.</ref> In the 18th century, drummers uniforms were reverse color from the rest of their military unit, but after the War of 1812, and coincidentally during Samuel Potter's service, their uniforms were switched to the standard color scheme so as not to stand out in battle. Samuel's son, Henry Potter, a noted instrument maker,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.henrypotter.co.uk/about.htm|title=Henry Potter & Co. (Drums) Ltd &#124; Since 1810|website=www.henrypotter.co.uk}}</ref> would later publish an updated drum manual called ''Authorised Sergeant Drummers' Manual.'' In 1887, the War Office published ''Drum and Flute Duty for the Infantry Branch of the Army'' <ref>War Office. ''Drum and Flute Duty for the Infantry Branch of the Army.'' Harrison and Sons, 1887.</ref> which is one of only a few pre-20th century publications to feature the 17 stroke roll. In modern times, every [[Battalion|infantry battalion]] in the British military has a rudimental Corps of Drums except for Irish, Scottish, and Rifle Battalions which feature [[Pipe band|Pipe Bands]] and their associated style of Scottish drumming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drummerscall.co.uk/history/corps-of-drums-history/|title=Corps of Drums History – Drummers Call|access-date=21 September 2019|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921182453/https://www.drummerscall.co.uk/history/corps-of-drums-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Scottish ===
Scottish drum and fife signals (those differing significantly from the English) date back to at least the 17th century, when the English referred to them as the "Scots Duty."<ref>Farmer, Henry George. "Scots Duty: The Old Drum and Fife Calls of Scottish Regiments." ''Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research''
Vol. 24, No. 98 (Summer, 1946), pp. 65–70</ref> The old Scottish calls used similar rudimental patterns and drumming idioms to the English, but featured slightly different drum arrangements and fife tunes, rather than the distinctively snappy dot-cut triplet shuffle sound that pipe band drumming would use later. The Scotch Reveille that would normally accompany The Mother and the Three Camps was adapted from, or at least inspired by, the Scotch Reveilly [sic] from this pre-pipe band era. Scottish pipe bands, in their modern form, were created by the British Army around 1830.<ref>Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association Tutor Volumes 1 and 2</ref> British regiments made up of Scottish clansmen married rudimental drumming with the [[Great Highland bagpipe|Highland bagpipes]] and [[kilt]]s in order to regain their independent culture. The drum rudiments were modified from British and European sources to fit with the piping idioms that had been in place for several hundred years prior. Pipe bands, and their stylistically unique drummers, saw their first widespread use during the [[Crimean War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rspba.org/html/history_army.php|title=RSPBA – The Heart of the Pipe Band World|website=www.rspba.org|access-date=8 September 2019|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103085417/https://www.rspba.org/html/history_army.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> They continued to be an active part of battle until [[World War I]], after which they assumed a ceremonial role. There are currently around 60–75 Scottish rudiments played in pipe bands around the commonwealth countries and former British colonies, taking influence from Swiss, French, and American Hybrid drumming as well as traditional Scottish rhythms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pipebanddrummer.com/our-rudiments|title=Pipe Band Drumming &#124; The Rudiments|website=pipebanddrummer.com}}</ref><ref>Eagle, Michael. ''The Scottish Rudiments.'' Pearl Drums and Eagle Artist Management, 2014.</ref>

=== American ===
Many attempts at formalizing a standard list of American snare drum rudiments have been made. The first publication to formally organize American drumming was by [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben]] at Valley Forge. He included camp duty signals in his general manual on military practices for George Washington’s troops, the “blue book” written in 1778–79, though the drum parts were listed in prose.<ref>Steuben, Friedrich. Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States. Pennsylvania, 1779.</ref> The first America rudimental manual to have prescribed rudimental exercises in notation was ''A Revolutionary War Drummers Book'', also from 1778, which displayed 20 exercises that can be taken as rudiments as well as "drum beatings" such as the piece ''Valley Forg'' [sic].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://robinengelman.com/2010/06/26/examples-of-snare-drum-notation-part-1-1589-1788/|title=Examples of Snare Drum Notation, Part 1: 1589–1797.|date=26 June 2010}}</ref> This was followed by Ben Clark's manual<ref>Clark, Benjamin. Ben Clark Drum Book. Boston, 1797.</ref> on military drumming in 1797<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://robinengelman.com/2010/06/25/examples-of-snare-drum-notaton-part-2-1809-20/|title=Examples of Snare Drum Notation, Part 2: 1809–20.|date=26 June 2010}}</ref> and David Hazeltine's book ''Instructor in Martial Music'' in 1810.<ref>Hazeltine, David. Instructor in Martial Music: Containing Rules and Directions for the Drum and Fife, with a Select Collection of Beats, Marches, Airs, &c. C. Norris and Company, 1810</ref> [[Charles Stewart Ashworth]] was the first person to actually label short drum exercises as "Rudiments" in 1812.<ref>Ashworth, Charles Stewart. A New Useful and Complete System of Drum Beating. trans. George P. Carroll, 1974.</ref>

Several more manuals of note were printed between 1812 and 1860, including those by Charles Robbins (1812), Rumrille and Holton (1817),<ref>Rumrille, J. L. and Holton, H. ''The Drummer’s Instructor or Martial Musician.'' Albany: Packard and Van Benthuyeer, 1817.</ref> Alvan Robinson (1818),<ref>Robinson, Alvan. ''Massachusetts Collection: Martial Musick''. Massachusetts: F. Goodale, 1818.</ref> [[Levi Lovering]] (1819),<ref>Lovering, Levi. ''The Drummers Assistant or the Art of Drumming Made Easy''. Philadelphia: Bacon & Co., 1819.</ref> and George Klinehanse (1853).<ref>Klinehanse, George D. ''The Manual of Instruction for Drummers, on an Improved Plan''. Washington D.C.: U.S. Army, 1853.</ref>

A number of manuals next appeared during the [[American Civil War]], including those by [[Elias Howe Company|Elias Howe]] (1861),<ref>Howe, Elias. ''Howe’s United States Regulation Drum and Fife Instructor for the Army and Navy.'' Boston: Elias Howe, 1861.</ref> Keach, Burditt, and Cassidy (1861),<ref>Keach, Burditt, and Cassidy, Eds. ''The Army Drum and Fife Book.'' Boston: Oliver Ditson and Co., 1861</ref> [[George G. Bruce|Bruce]] and [[Dan Emmett|Emmett]] (1862),<ref>Bruce, Geo. B. and Emmett, Dan D. ''The Drummers' and Fifers' Guide.'' New York: Firth, Pond, & Co., 1862.</ref> [[H.C. Hart]] (1862),<ref>Hart, H. C., Colonel. ''H.C. Hart's New and Improved Instructor for the Drum.'' New York: William Hall & Son, 1862.</ref> Simpson and Canterbury (1862),<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Simpson|first1=Henry|title=Union Drum and Fife Book|last2=Canterbury|first2=Ira|publisher=Oliver Ditson|year=1862|location=Boston}}</ref> William Nevins (1864).<ref>Nevins, William. ''Army Regulations for Drum, Fife, and Bugle.'' Chicago: Root & Cady, 1864.</ref> Adjutant-General [[Samuel Cooper (general)|Samuel Cooper]]'s general military manual of 1861 also contained a small section on rudimental drumming, but in a very simplified form,<ref>Cooper, Samuel. ''A Concise System of Instructions and Regulations.''Philadelphia: Charles Desilver, 1861.</ref> as did Brigadier General [[Silas Casey]]’s tactics manual of 1862.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Casey|first=Silas, Brig.-Gen.|title=Infantry Tactics|publisher=D Van Nostrand|year=1862}}</ref>

[[Gardiner A. Strube]] published his influential distillation of Civil War practices in 1870.<ref name="Strube1870">Strube, Gardiner A. ''Drum and Fife Instructor.'' New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1870.</ref> Between the Civil War and the 20th century, Fifes and Drums were phased out in favor of [[bugle]]s for official signals, though military music continued to be taught and practiced for ceremonial purposes.<ref name="Bloom, Ryan Alexander 2019">Bloom, Ryan Alexander. ''Encyclopedia Rudimentia''. New York: Hudson Music, 2019.</ref> [[John Philip Sousa]] produced a manual in 1886 that would later be revised several times by the U.S. Army. Walter Smith also produced a manual in 1897<ref>Smith, Walter. ''Instructions for the Trumpet and Drum.'' Boston: Carl Fischer, 1897.</ref> for the Army and Navy, though he was a bandleader in the [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]]. In 1912, just 42 years after Strube's Lessons, Harry Bower, in his book ''The Harry A. Bower System for Drums Bells Xylophone and Tympani,'' calls the military rudiments "ancient," "old fashioned," and "old style beats, rolls, and flourishes," to be played only when emulating a military sound.<ref>Bower, Henry A. ''The Harry A. Bower System for Drums Bells Xylophone and Tympani.'' New York: Carl Fischer, 1912.</ref> The Bower book offers several competing versions of many rudiments taken from multiple competing 19th century manuals.

During World War I, [[Vincent Frank Safranek|V.F. Safranek]] published a manual in 1916 (based on Smith's 1897 work),<ref>Safranek, V. F. ''Complete Instructive Manual for Bugle, Trumpet, and Drum.'' New York: Carl Fischer, 1916.</ref> while [[Carl E. Gardner]] released another in 1918.<ref>Gardner, Carl E. ''The Military Drummer: A Manual on Drum Playing as Practiced in the United States Army and Navy''. New York: Carl Fischer, 1918.</ref> [[Sanford A. Moeller|Sanford Moeller]] put a list in his 1925 book, which is one of the few books here intended for civilian drummers. The [[Moeller method]] advocated for a return to the "ancient" traditions of military drumming technique and rudiments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rockdrummingsystem.com/underground/drum-articles/history-of-moeller-method.php|title=Moeller Method &#124; History Of The Moeller Stroke And Technique|website=www.rockdrummingsystem.com}}</ref>

The [[National Association of Rudimental Drummers]], an organization established to promote rudimental drumming that included [[George Lawrence Stone]] and [[William F. Ludwig, Sr.]], organized a list of 13 essential rudiments and second set of 13 additional rudiments to form the Standard NARD 26 in 1933. This was largely based on Strube's 25 rudiments from 1870, with a single addition, the single stroke roll.<ref name="Engelman2009">{{Cite web|url=https://robinengelman.com/2009/01/20/a-brief-note-on-drum-rudiments/|title=A Brief Note on Drum Rudiments|date=20 January 2009}}</ref>

During World War II, the War Department used a manual from 1940, ''TM 20–250 Field Music Technical Manual'', that clearly echoes Smith and Safranek.<ref>''Technical Manual – Field Music: TM 20–250.'' Washington D.C.: War Department, 1940.</ref> The Marine Corps had a competing manual, essentially mirroring Sousa but updated in 1942, ''Manual for Drummers, Trumpeters, and Fifers''.<ref>Sousa, John Philip. ''Manual for Field Musics: U.S. Marine Corps 1935'', Second Revision. Washington D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps, 1942.</ref>

Later in the 20th century there were several notable variations and extensions of rudimental drumming from teachers like [[Charles Wilcoxon]], author of ''All-American Drummer''  and ''Modern Rudimental Swing Solos'', and [[Alan Dawson]], whose "Rudimental Ritual" was popular at [[Berklee College of Music]] in the 1970s.<ref>https://bateriaipercussiovalls.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/rudimental-ritual-by-alan-dawson.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

[[Drum Corps International]] was founded in 1971 bringing together drum corps from around North America to compete, some of which had been in existence since the 1930s or 1940s (though many others were formed as late as the mid-1960s).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dci.org/static/about-drum-corps-international|title=About Drum Corps International (DCI), Marching Music's Major League™|website=www.dci.org}}</ref> From the outset, the drummers steadily expanded the rudimental vocabulary from the traditional American military and NARD repertoire to include Swiss rudiments as well as Hybrid rudiments that combined elements of multiple unrelated rudiments into new, more complex patterns.

In 1984, a [[Percussive Arts Society]] committee led by Jay Wanamaker reorganized, and reinterpreted, the NARD 26 and added another 14 to form the current 40 International Snare Drum Rudiments.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.pas.org/About/history.aspx|publisher=Percussive Arts Society|access-date=23 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524041221/http://www.pas.org/About/history.aspx|archive-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

Beginning in the early 1990s, rudimental instruction began to focus heavily on hybrid rudiments. Edward Freytag's 1993 ''Rudimental Cookbook''<ref>Freytag, Edward. ''Rudimental Cookbook.'' Row-Loff, 1993.</ref> and Dennis Delucia's 1995 ''Percussion Discussion'' <ref>Delucia, Dennis. ''Percussion Discussion''. Row-Loff, 1995.</ref> both feature significant hybrid rudiment instruction. This trend continued into the 21st century with [[John Wooton]]'s 2010 ''Rudimental Remedies'',<ref>Wooton, john. ''Rudimental Remedies''. Row-Loff, 2010.</ref> [[Bill Bachman]]'s 2010 ''Rudimental Logic'',<ref>Bachman, Bill. ''Rudimental Logic''. Row-Loff, 2010.</ref> and [[Ryan Alexander Bloom|Ryan Bloom's]] 2019 ''Encyclopedia Rudimentia'' <ref>Bloom, Ryan Alexander. ''Encyclopedia Rudimentia.'' Hudson Music, 2019.</ref>
significantly focusing on hybrid corps-style rudiments as well as older standards.

=== Present day ===
In the 21st century there are four principal rudimental drumming cultures: Swiss [[Basler drum|Basler]] Trommeln, [[Pipe band|Scottish pipe drumming]], Anglo-American [[Fife and drum corps|ancient drumming]], and American modern drumming (or [[Drum Corps International|DCI]] hybrid drumming).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://drummersbook.com/26-rudiments/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327055544/http://drummersbook.com/26-rudiments/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 March 2016|title=26 Rudiments|first=Hank|last=Eastwood|date=2 May 2014}}</ref> Other organized rudimental systems include the French, Dutch, German (Prussian), {{ill|Swedish rudimental drumming|lt=Swedish|sv|Militärmusik (Sverige)|vertical-align=sup}}, {{ill|Trommeslått|no|vertical-align=sup}}, Bavarian, Austro-Hungarian, Italian, [[Marches of Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse|Belgian]], {{ill|Mexican rudimental drumming|lt=Mexican|es|Banda de guerra mexicana|vertical-align=sup}}, {{ill|Russian rudimental drumming|lt=Russian|ru|Барабанщик|vertical-align=sup}}, Swiss Ordonnanz Trommel (non-Basel, poorly understood outside of Switzerland), and Bajoaragonés systems, which are still studied and performed on a small scale in their home countries.<ref name="Bloom, Ryan Alexander 2019"/>  There is also a distinct historic Spanish military rudimental culture, though this system is no longer widely used,<ref>Poulin, David. ''Renaissance Fife and Drum Book''. Sociedad de la Entrada, 2006. PDF version. http://entrada1598.com/mdia/RF&D.pdf</ref> as well as a similarly defunct Sicilian system.<ref name=bloom2/>

Recently, the International Association of Traditional Drummers (IATD) has been working to once again promote the 26 NARD rudiments of 1933 (1870 Strube list of 25 plus 1). One of the chief issues the IATD has with the PAS 40 is the "Swiss influence,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iatdrummers.com/|title=International Association of Traditional Drummers – Home|website=iatdrummers.com}}</ref> though only eight of the extra 14 rudiments (that do not appear in the Standard 26) are foreign or not found in American military manuals prior to Strube. Only two of those eight non-traditional rudiments can be traced to a Swiss origin.<ref>Berger, Fritz. ''Instructor for Basle Drumming.'' Basel: Trommel Verlag, 1964.</ref>

There is a movement in the German-speaking areas of Europe, led by [[Claus Hessler]] and [[Percussion Creativ]],<ref>Hessler, Claus. "Rudimental Codex Präsentation". Percussion Creativ. Freiburg, Germany (2018). PDF.</ref> to revise rudimental practices and combine the French and Basel systems with some of the modern American rudiments into a single Rudimental Codex<ref>https://www.percussion-creativ.de/uploads/download/file/80/dp_Poster_4_18.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926162307/https://www.percussion-creativ.de/uploads/download/file/80/dp_Poster_4_18.pdf |date=26 September 2019 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> of 42 rudiments. The Rudimental Codex has been submitted to [[UNESCO]] as an intangible World Heritage Site.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.percussion-creativ.de/wissen-und-lernen/rudimental-codex | title=Percussion Creativ e.V. – Rudimental Codex | access-date=6 February 2020 | archive-date=6 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206162230/https://www.percussion-creativ.de/wissen-und-lernen/rudimental-codex | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Terminology==
=== Single stroke ===
A stroke performs a single percussive [[note (music)|note]]. There are [[Drum stroke|four basic single strokes]].

=== Double stroke ===
A double stroke consists of two single strokes played by the same hand (either '''RR''' or '''LL''').

=== Diddle ===
A diddle is a double stroke played at the current prevailing speed of the piece. For example, if a sixteenth-note passage is being played, then any diddles in that passage would consist of sixteenth notes.

=== Paradiddle ===
A paradiddle consists of two single strokes followed by a double stroke, i.e., '''RLRR''' or '''LRLL'''.<ref name=PAS /> When multiple paradiddles are played in succession, the first note always alternates between right and left. Therefore, a single paradiddle is often used to switch the "lead hand" in drumming music.

=== Mill stroke ===
A mill stroke is essentially a reversed paradiddle with the sticking '''RRLR''' or '''LLRL''' with an accent on the first note.<ref>Berger, Fritz. ''Das Basler Trommeln''. Hug Musikverlage, 1972.</ref> The single flammed mill is the most common mill stroke variant in American playing.<ref name=PAS />

=== Drag ===
A drag is a double stroke played at twice the speed of the context in which it is placed. For example, if a sixteenth-note passage is being played then any drags in that passage would consist of thirty-second notes. Drags can also be notated as [[grace note]]s, in which case the spacing between the notes can be interpreted by the player. On [[timpani]], drags are often played with alternating sticking<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freepercussionlessons.com/how-to-play-grace-notes-on-timpani/|title=How to Play Grace Notes on Timpani|website=freepercussionlessons.com}}</ref> ('''lrL''' or '''rlR''').<ref name=nasatir>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keynotesmagazine.com/article.php?uid=120|title=Too Many Rudiments?|access-date=22 March 2008|archive-date=2 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202083810/http://www.keynotesmagazine.com/article.php?uid=120|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

In Scottish pipe band snare drumming, a drag consists of a flam where the grace note is played as a "deadstick" (staccato note).<ref>Eagle, Michael. "Expanding the Vocabulary: The Scottish Rudiment Project." Percussive Arts Society International Convention Presentation, 2014.</ref>

=== Ruff ===
Historically, 2 grace notes preceding a beat were known as a Ruff (or Rough) '''llR''' if played closed and a Half Drag '''llR''' when played open.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bloomdrums.com/rudimental-articles/|title=Rudimental Articles|date=7 August 2019}}</ref> Ruff can also refer to a single stroked set of grace notes preceding a regular note. In American playing the 3 Stroke Ruff has 2 single stroked grace notes before the primary or full note '''rlR''' and a 4 Stroke Ruff has 3 singles before the primary note '''lrlR'''. Other rudimental systems have differing sticking methods and names for similar notation figures.  Though still used and taught by drummers and drum teachers in practice, the 3 Stroke Ruff and 4 Stroke Ruff are not officially listed on the NARD or PAS rudiment sheets and the term Drag has eclipsed Ruff (or Rough) for the double stroked rudiments, in both open or closed execution, according to the current PAS standard terminology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://robinengelman.com/2014/06/26/a-ruff-death-1634-2008-requiescat-in-pace/|title=A Ruff Death, (1634–2008, Requiescat in pace)|date=26 June 2014}}</ref>

=== Flam ===
A flam consists of two single strokes played by alternating hands ('''rL''' or '''lR'''). The first stroke is a quieter grace note followed by a louder primary stroke on the opposite hand. The two notes are played almost simultaneously, and are intended to sound like a single, broader note.<ref name=PAS /> The temporal distance between the grace note and the primary note can vary depending on the style and context of the piece being played. In the past, or in some European systems, open flams and closed flams were listed as separate rudiments.

=== Charge stroke ===
A charge stroke is a special variation on an open flam in which one or both of the notes are accented to provide a driving feel that can create the illusion that the downbeat has moved earlier in time. The two major types are French <ref>Lefèvre, Guy. ''Le Tambour Technique Superieure''. Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1987.</ref> '''Lr''' or '''Rl''' and Swiss <ref name="auto1"/> '''LR''' or '''RL''' with the first note preceding the downbeat, which falls on the second note, in both types. Charge strokes can be combined with flams or drags to create complex grace note figures preceding a downbeat.

=== Double stop ===
A double stop consists of two single strokes played simultaneously, one on each hand. It differs from a flam or charge stroke in that there is no space between the notes and both hands fall exactly at the same time. This is not considered an American rudiment on any common list, but is a staple of several European systems.<ref name=bloom2>Bloom, Ryan Alexander. ''Rudimental Grand Tour - Drumming Across 22 International Traditions.'' Mel Bay Publications, 2023.</ref> Alternative names include Flat Flam, Unison, or Both and the technique is used in modern corps style snare drumming as well as drum kit and classical percussion applications.

=== Roll ===
[[Drum roll]]s are various techniques employed to produce a sustained, continuous sound.

{{anchor|PAS International Drum Rudiments}}
<!--"PAS International Drum Rudiments" redirects here-->

==Percussive Arts Society rudiments==
Rudiments according to the [[Percussive Arts Society]].<ref name=PAS /> There are more than 850 rudiments worldwide, but these 40 are the current American standards, referred to as “international” because they mix rudiments traditionally used in Anglo-American drumming with several drawn from the Swiss Basel drumming tradition.<ref>Bloom, Ryan Alexander. ''Encyclopedia Rudimentia.'' Hudson Music, 2019. pg 4.</ref> They were compiled by a committee led by [[Jay Wanamaker]] in 1984 that also happened to include William F. Ludwig Jr., son of the founder of NARD in 1933. In contrast, there are 26 rudiments between the NARD ''13 Essential'' and ''13 Rudiments to Complete'' sheets,<ref>''The Thirteen Essential Rudiments & The Thirteen Rudiments to Complete the Standard 26.'' National Association of Rudimental Drummers, 1933.</ref> 46 rudiments on the ''Scottish Drumming Rudiments'' sheet,<ref>Eagle, Miachael. ''Scottish Drumming Rudiments.'' Pearl Drums and Eagle Artist Management, 2014.</ref> and 42 rudiments on the French/Swiss ''Rudimental Codex'' sheet.<ref>''Rudimental Codex''. Germany: Percussion Creativ, 2018.</ref>

===Roll rudiments===

====Single stroke rudiments====
The single-stroke roll consists of alternating sticking (i.e., '''RLRL''', etc.) of indeterminate speed and length.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Notation
!Example
!Description
|-
|Single stroke roll
|[[File:1 single stroke roll.svg|x50px]]
|
|Evenly-spaced notes played with alternating sticking. Though usually played fast, even [[half note]]s with alternating sticking would be considered a single stroke roll.
|-
|Single stroke four
|[[File:2 single stroke four.gif]]
|[[File:Single Stroke Four.ogv|thumb|Example of the drum rudiment single stroke four]]
|Four notes played with alternating sticking, usually as a triplet followed by an eighth note (as in the picture) or as three grace notes before a downbeat (like a ruff)
|-
|Single stroke seven
|[[File:3 single stroke seven.gif]]
|
|Seven notes played with alternating sticking, usually as sextuplet followed by a quarter note
|-
|}

====Multiple bounce roll rudiments====
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Notation
!Example
!Description
|-
|Multiple bounce roll
|[[File:4 multiple bounce roll.gif]]
|
|Alternate-handed strokes with no specific number of bounces. Sounds even and continuous. Also called a "buzz roll," "closed roll," or "press roll" (most often when referred to in the context of drum-set playing).
|-
|Triple stroke roll
|[[File:5 triple stroke roll.gif]]
|[[File:Triple Stroke Roll.ogv|thumb|Example of the drum rudiment triple stroke roll]]
|Alternate-handed strokes with three specific strokes. Each stroke can be bounced or wristed. <!-- needs explanation, perhaps a glossary on this article? --> Also called a "French roll".
|-
|}

====Double stroke open roll rudiments====
There are 10 official variants of the double-stroke roll.<ref name="PAS">{{cite web|url=http://www.pas.org/Learn/Rudiments/RudimentsOnline.aspx|title=Rudiments Online|last=Percussive Arts Society|access-date=15 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718234202/http://www.pas.org/Learn/Rudiments/RudimentsOnline.aspx|archive-date=18 July 2011}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Notation
!Example
!Description
|-
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bNwtktaUto Double stroke] (open roll or long roll)
|[[File:6 double stroke open roll.gif]]
|
|Like the single-stroke roll, usually played fast, but even when played slowly, alternating [[#Diddle rudiments|diddle]]s are considered a double stroke roll. Played so each individual note can be heard distinctly.
|-
|Five stroke roll
|[[File:7 five stroke roll.gif]]
|
|Two diddles followed by an accented note
|-
|Six stroke roll
|[[File:8 six stroke roll.gif]]
|[[File:Six Stroke Roll.ogv|thumb|Example of the drum rudiment six stroke roll]]
|Unlike most other double stroke rudiments, the six stroke roll begins with an accented single note. It is followed by two diddles and another accented note.
|-
|Seven stroke roll
|[[File:9 seven stroke roll.gif]]
|
|Three diddles followed by an accented note 
|-
|Nine stroke roll
|[[File:10 nine stroke roll.gif]]
|
|Four diddles followed by an accented note
|-
|Ten stroke roll
|[[File:11 ten stroke roll.gif]]
|
|Four diddles followed by two accented notes
|-
|Eleven stroke roll
|[[File:12 eleven stroke roll.gif]]
|
|Five diddles followed by an accented note
|-
|Thirteen stroke roll
|[[File:13 thirteen stroke roll.gif]]
|
|Six diddles followed by an accented note
|-
|Fifteen stroke roll
|[[File:14 fifteen stroke roll.gif]]
|
|Seven diddles followed by an accented note
|-
|Seventeen stroke roll
|[[File:15 seventeen stroke roll.gif]]
|
|Eight diddles followed by an accented note
|}

===Diddle rudiments===
{{redirect|Diddle}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Notation
!Example
!Description
|-
|Single paradiddle
|[[File:16 single paradiddle.gif]]
|[[File:Single Paradiddle.ogv|thumb|Example of the drum rudiment single paradiddle]]
|Two alternating notes followed by a diddle
|-
|Double paradiddle
|[[File:17 double paradiddle.gif]]
|
|Four alternating notes followed by a diddle
|-
|Triple paradiddle
|[[File:18 triple paradiddle.gif]]
|
|Six alternating notes followed by a diddle
|-
|Paradiddle-diddle
|[[File:19 paradiddle diddle.gif]]
|
|Two alternating taps followed by two alternating diddles
|}

===Flam rudiments===
{{Listen|type=music|pos=left|filename=Drums - Four Flams.ogg|title=Four flams (drums)|description=Four flams [[drum cadence]] by the [[United States Navy Band]]}}{{clear}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Notation
!Example
!Description
|-
|Flam
|[[File:20 flam.gif]]
|
|Two taps (a grace note followed by a full volume tap) played very close together in order to sound like one slightly longer note.  In the [[Hudson Music]] DVD ''Great Hands For a Lifetime'', drummer Tommy Igoe describes flams as "the easiest rudiment to play wrong" and goes on to say "...think of the syllable 'lam'.  It's one syllable.  'Flam' is still only one syllable, but it's slightly longer."  This is a good way for a beginner to conceptualize a "correct" flam.
|-
|Flam accent
|[[File:21 flam accent.gif]]
|
|Alternating groups of three notes of the form [flam – tap – tap]
|-
|Flam tap
|[[File:22 flam tap.gif]]
|
|Alternating diddles with flams on the first note of each diddle
|-
|Flamacue
|[[File:23 flamacue.gif]]
|
|A group of four notes and an ending downbeat, where the first note and the down beat are flammed, and the second note is accented
|-
|Flam Paradiddle</td>
|[[File:24 flam paradiddle.gif]]
|
|A paradiddle with a flam on the first note.<ref name=PAS /> Also known as a "flamadiddle".
|-
|Single flammed mill
|[[File:25 single flammed mill.gif]]
|
|An inverted paradiddle (<code>RRLR</code>, <code>LLRL</code>) with a flam on the first note of each diddle
|-
|Flam paradiddle-diddle
|[[File:26 flam paradiddle diddle.gif]]
|
|Alternating paradiddle-diddles with flams on the first note of each
|-
|Pataflafla
|[[File:27 pata flafla.gif]]
|[[File:Pataflafla.ogv|thumb|Example of the drum rudiment pataflafla]]
|A four-note pattern with flams on the first and last notes<ref name=PAS />
|-
|Swiss Army triplet
|[[File:28 swiss army triplet.gif]]
|
|A right hand flam followed by a right tap and a left tap, or (using a left hand lead) a left hand flam followed by a left tap and a right tap.<ref name=PAS /><ref>[http://www.vicfirth.com/education/rudiments/28swissarmytriplet.html Vic Firth Home page] Swiss Army Triplet Example on VicFirth.com''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331100423/http://www.vicfirth.com/education/rudiments/28swissarmytriplet.html |date=31 March 2008 }} Accessed 8 November 2007.</ref> It is often used in the place of a flam accent, since repeated flam accents will have three taps on the same hand in a row, where repeated Swiss army triplets only involve two taps on the same hand.
|-
|Inverted flam tap
|[[File:29 inverted flam tap.gif]]
|
|Alternating diddles (offset by one sixteenth note) with a flam on the second note of each diddle. Also known as a "tap flam".
|-
|Flam drag
|[[File:30 flam drag.gif]]
|[[File:Flam Drag.ogv|thumb|Example of the drum rudiment flam drag]]
|Alternating groups of three notes of the form [flam – drag – tap]
|}

===Drag rudiments===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Notation
!Description
|-
|Drag (half drag or ruff)
|[[File:31 drag.gif]]
|Two diddled grace notes before a tap, which is usually accented
|-
|Single drag tap (single drag)
|[[File:32 single drag tap.gif]]
|Two alternating notes where the first note has drag grace notes and the second is accented
|-
|Double drag tap (double drag)
|[[File:33 double drag tap.gif]]
|A single drag tap with another grace note drag before it
|-
|Lesson 25 (two and three)
|[[File:34 lesson 25.gif]]
|A lesson 25 is three alternating notes where the first note has drag grace notes and the third is accented
|-
|Single dragadiddle
|[[File:35 single dragadiddle.gif]]
|A paradiddle where the first note is a drag
|-
|Drag paradiddle No. 1
|[[File:36 drag paradiddle 1.gif]]
|The first drag paradiddle is an accented note followed by a paradiddle with drag grace notes on the first note.
|-
|Drag paradiddle No. 2
|[[File:37 drag paradiddle 2.gif]]
|The second drag paradiddle is two accented notes followed by a paradiddle, with drag grace notes on the second accented note and the first note of the paradiddle.
|-
|Single ratamacue
|[[File:38 single ratamacue.gif]]
|Four notes where the first note has drag grace notes and the fourth is accented<ref name=PAS />
|-
|Double ratamacue
|[[File:39 double ratamacue.gif]]
|A single ratamacue with a drag before it
|-
|Triple ratamacue
|[[File:40 triple ratamacue.gif]]
||A single ratamacue with two drags before it
|}

==Historical organization==

Strube's ''Drum and Fife Instructor'' lists the snare drum rudiments needed to play the camp duty.<ref name="Strube1870"/> These then became the NARD standard rudiments.<ref name="Engelman2009"/>

===Strube (1870)===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
# The Long Roll (i.e. double stroke open roll){{ref label|strube1|Note1}}
# The Five-Stroke Roll
# The Seven-Stroke Roll
# The Nine-Stroke Roll
# The Ten-Stroke Roll
# The Eleven-Stroke Roll
# The Thirteen-Stroke Roll
# The Fifteen-Stroke Roll
# The Flam
# The Ruff (i.e. drag)
# The Single Drag (i.e. single drag tap)
# The Double Drag (i.e. double drag tap)
# The Single Ratamacue
# The Double Ratamacue
# The Triple Ratamacue
# The Flam Accent
# The Flamacue
# The Flam Tap
# The Single Paradiddle
# The Double Paradiddle
# The Flam Paradiddle
# The Flam Paradiddle-Diddle
# The Drag Paradiddle, No. 1
# The Drag Paradiddle, No. 2
# (No name given){{ref label|strube2|Note2}}
}}

{{note|strube1}} The Single-Stroke Roll is given in a footnote<br>
{{note|strube2}} As each rudiment is introduced with "Lesson, No. X", this became known as the Lesson 25

===The NARD Standard 26 American Drum Rudiments (1933)===
====Thirteen "essential" rudiments====
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* The double stroke open [[drum roll|roll]]
* The five stroke roll
* The seven stroke roll
* The flam
* The flam accent
* The flam paradiddle
* The flamacue
* The drag (half drag or ruff)
* The single drag tap
* The double drag tap
* The double paradiddle
* The single ratamacue
* The triple ratamacue
}}

====Second thirteen rudiments====
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* The single stroke roll
* The nine stroke roll
* The ten stroke roll
* The eleven stroke roll
* The thirteen stroke roll
* The fifteen stroke roll
* The flam tap
* The single paradiddle
* The drag paradiddle No. 1
* The drag paradiddle No. 2
* The flam paradiddle-diddle
* The lesson 25
* The double ratamacue
}}

===The last fourteen rudiments (1984)===

In 1984, the Percussive Arts Society added 14 more rudiments to extend the list to the current 40 International Snare Drum Rudiments. The ordering was completely changed during this last re-organization, in some places restoring the Strube order.

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
*The single stroke four
*The single stroke seven
*The multiple bounce roll
*The triple stroke roll
*The six stroke roll
*The seventeen stroke roll
*The triple paradiddle
*The single paradiddle-diddle
*The single flammed mill
*The pataflafla
*The Swiss Army triplet
*The inverted flam tap
*The flam drag
*The single dragadiddle
}}

==Notable contributors==
*[[Charles Stewart Ashworth]]: drum major and author, [[United States Marine Corps Band]]
* [[Samuel Potter (drum major)|Samuel Potter]]: drum major and author, [[Band of the Coldstream Guards]]
* [[H.C. Hart]]: drum major and author, [[71st New York Infantry]]
* [[George Barrett Bruce]]: drum major and author, [[7th New York Militia]], [[22nd New York Infantry Regiment]], [[5th Maryland Infantry Regiment]], [[69th New York Infantry Regiment]].
* [[Gardiner A. Strube]]: drum major and author, [[5th New York Volunteer Infantry|Duryeé's Zouaves]], 12th Regiment NGSNY. 
* [[J. Burns Moore]]: champion drummer, contributor to the 26 rudiments, former president of [[National Association of Rudimental Drummers|NARD]], [[New Haven Symphony Orchestra]] and [[Governor's Guards]]
* [[William F. Ludwig, Sr.|William F. Ludwig]]: contributor to the selection of the standard 26 rudiments, owner of [[Ludwig Drums]] Company, former president of NARD
* [[George Lawrence Stone]]: author and teacher, contributor to the selection of the standard 26 rudiments, former president of NARD
* [[Charles Wilcoxon|Charley Wilcoxon]]: author and teacher
* [[Fritz Berger (percussionist)|Fritz Berger]]: author and teacher, promoter of Swiss rudiments
* [[Frank Arsenault]]: teacher known for his official recording of ''The 26 Standard American Drum Rudiments and Selected Solos'', former president of NARD
* [[John S. Pratt]]: author, instructor, and arranger, [[West Point Band]], Interstatesmen, Gray Knights, and [[Hawthorne Caballeros Drum and Bugle Corps]], and founder of IATD 
* [[Marty Hurley]]: contributor to the PAS 40 rudiments, instructor and arranger, [[Phantom Regiment Drum and Bugle Corps]]
* [[Mitch Markovich]]: composer, clinician, former president of NARD, [[The Cavaliers Drum and Bugle Corps]]
* [[Fred Sanford (musician)|Fred Sanford]]: contributor to the PAS 40 rudiments, instructor and arranger, Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps
* [[Jay Wanamaker]]: author, contributor to the PAS 40 rudiments, president [[Roland Corporation]]
* [[Ralph Hardimon]]: instructor and arranger, [[Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps]]
* [[Claus Hessler|Claus Heßler]]: president of [[Percussion Creativ]], contributor to the Rudimental Codex

==Hybrid rudiments==
A hybrid drum rudiment is when two rudiments are combined into one rudiment.<ref>Bloom, Ryan Alexander. ''Encyclopedia Rudimentia: The Ultimate Drum Rudiment Collection.'' New York: Hudson Music, 2019.</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>Agostinelli, D. Mark. ''The Drum Rudiment Bible: 500 Rudiments from Beginner to Advanced.'' Self Published, 2010.</ref><ref>Freytag, Edward. ''The Rudimental Cookbook''. Row-Loff Productions, 1995.</ref> For example, the PAS #30 Flam Drag is a simple hybrid combining the traditional PAS rudiments #20 Flam and #31 Drag.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://drumrudiments.com/drum-rudiments/drum-lessons/flag-drag-drum-rudiment.htm|title=Flag Drag – DRUM RUDIMENTS|website=drumrudiments.com}}</ref> A hybrid can also be created by adding a prefix before a rudiment or a suffix at the end of the rudiment in the form of extra notes or a rudimental pattern.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agostinelli |first1=D. Mark |title=The Drum Rudiment Bible: 500 Rudiments Beginner to Advanced |url=https://www.thedrumrudiments.com/the-drum-rudiment-bible-500-rudiments-beginner-to-advanced/ |website=Thedrumrudiments.com |date=4 June 2019 |page=11 |language=en |access-date=28 August 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828161124/https://www.thedrumrudiments.com/the-drum-rudiment-bible-500-rudiments-beginner-to-advanced/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

There are certain characteristics that make a reasonable hybrid rudiment:

* The Rudiment cannot be too long as to where it extends beyond one measure (bar).
* The Rudiment needs to be symmetrical meaning that it may be played on the right or left. As an example; the rock beat cannot be a rudiment because the right-hand plays something completely different from the left.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agostinelli |first1=D. Mark |title=The History of the Snare Drum Rudiments |url=http://www.thedrumrudiments.com/the-history-of-the-snare-drum-rudiments/ |website=www.thedrumrudiments.com |date=7 July 2019 |access-date=28 August 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828155409/http://www.thedrumrudiments.com/the-history-of-the-snare-drum-rudiments/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A few examples are the "Herta" which is a drag played with alternating sticking; the "cheese", a diddle with a grace note; and the "eggbeater", a five-tuplet with the sticking "rrrll." These hybrids have themselves given way to further hybrids; the "cheese invert" (an inverted flam tap with cheeses instead of flams) and the "diddle-egg-five" (a paradiddle-diddle followed by an eggbeater and two diddles, one on each hand). Other hybrid rudiments include: "book reports", "ninjas", and "flam dragons" (formerly known as "double flam drags").<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ninjadrummist.com/drum-rudiments/hybrid-rudiments/|title=507 Hybrid Rudiments|website=Ninja Drummist}}</ref>

Hybrid rudiments have been historically associated with modern marching band repertoire, especially [[Drum Corps International]]. The number of hybrid rudiments expanded rapidly starting in the 1990s.<ref>Beck, John H. ''Encyclopedia of Percussion.'' Routledge, 2013.</ref> Today there are an indeterminate number, with more than 500 published and documented hybrid rudiments or unique variations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mattdudleydrumming.com/2016/09/13/the-importance-of-learning-hybrid-rudiments/|title=The Importance Of Learning Hybrid Rudiments|date=13 September 2016}}</ref>

The latest innovation in hybrid rudiments has been "The Grid", which is a method for producing variations on a simple rudimental pattern by moving the individual elements of the rudiment (for example flams, accents, or diddles) through the notes of basic rhythm of the rudiment.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://drumlinechops.com/posts/39-the-beginner-s-guide-to-gridding |title = Drumline Chops – Improve Your Rudimental Drumming}}</ref> One example of a Grid technique would be to play the PAS Flam Accent (a grace note and accent on the first of 3 single strokes) with the accent on the first note, then the second note, then the third note, producing 3 variations of the pattern and exhausting the placement options for the accent within the rhythm. The same could then be done with the grace note for the flam, producing 3 more patterns. The resulting 6 patterns could then be combined in a sequential way, producing further variations until all combinations of elements are exhausted. Not all of the resulting combinations are named or officially listed as rudiments, but are useful in developing a player's skills.

==See also==
*[[Drum cadence]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://nard.us.com/N.A.R.D._Rudiments_files/NARD13Essential.pdf 13 essential rudiments rundown sheet from N.A.R.D.]
*[https://www.midnightdrummer.com/single-stroke-roll-exercises/ 16 single stroke roll exercises incl. video]
*[https://www.rudknow.org/ Motion Capture Analysis of Snare Drumming Technique]

{{Drum beats}}
{{Rudimental Percussion}}

[[Category:Percussion performance techniques]]
[[Category:Drum rudiments]]
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