View source for Double (occupation)

{{Short description|Person who substitutes for another actor in a film scene such that their face is not shown}}
{{about|the job in visual-media production|the strategic impersonation of political or military figures|Political decoy|lighting doubles, used before shooting in film or video production to set up lighting and cameras|Stand-in}}
{{Infobox occupation
| name = Body double
| image = 
| caption = 
| official_names = Body double, nude double, hand double, stunt double
<!------------Details------------------->
| type = 
| activity_sector = [[Entertainment]]
| competencies = Resemblance to real actor or person
| formation = 
| employment_field = [[Film]], [[television]], [[theatre]]
| related_occupation = [[Stand-in]], actor, [[movie star]], [[decoy]], [[political decoy]]
| average_salary =  
}}

In [[filmmaking]], a '''double''' is a person who substitutes for another actor such that the person's face is not shown. There are various terms associated with a double based on the specific body part or ability they serve as a double for, such as stunt double, "dance double", "butt double" and "hand double".

== Types of doubles ==

=== Body double ===
{{redirect|Body double|the film|Body Double|the novel |Body Double (novel)}}
{{Other uses|Body double (disambiguation)}}

A '''body double''' or '''photography double''' is used in certain specific [[Shot (filmmaking)|shots]] to replace the [[Credit (creative arts)|credited]] actor of a character.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://standincentral.com/2012/08/29/know-when-to-properly-use-the-term-stand-in-stand-in-centrals-plea-to-the-media/|title="Know When to Properly Use the Term 'Stand-In'!" - Stand-In Central's Plea to the Media - Stand-In Central|work=Stand-In Central|date=30 August 2012|access-date=2015-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722201409/http://standincentral.com/2012/08/29/know-when-to-properly-use-the-term-stand-in-stand-in-centrals-plea-to-the-media/|archive-date=2015-07-22|url-status=live}}</ref> The body double's face is obscured to maintain the illusion that they are the same character; usually by shooting their body at an angle that leaves their face out (such as by showing the body double from the back) or in post-production by superimposing the original actor's face over the body double's. The double's face is usually not seen on-camera, particularly when they do not facially resemble the actor; a wig will usually be employed if the double's hair color is different from that of the main actor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=nydailynews.com, Body double for Hollywood's biggest films, January 15, 2014|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/meet-double-hollywood-biggest-films-article-1.1580262|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194920/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/meet-double-hollywood-biggest-films-article-1.1580262|archive-date=March 4, 2016|access-date=June 16, 2015|website=[[New York Daily News]]|date=15 January 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> This is in contrast to a [[stand-in]], who replaces an actor for non-filming purposes such as scene arrangement and lighting adjustments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-06-07|title=What's the Difference Between a Stand-In and Photo Double? - Central Casting|url=https://www.centralcasting.com/difference-between-stand-in-photo-double/|access-date=2021-11-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:PlanNine 04.jpg|thumb|[[Tom Mason (actor, born 1920)|Tom Mason]] (left) standing in for deceased actor [[Bela Lugosi]] in the 1959 horror film ''[[Plan 9 from Outer Space]]'']]
A body double must sometimes be able to recite his or her lines with the same timing as the actor, and also reproduce the exact physical actions in co-ordination with the other principal actors; usually, doubles must have a strong resemblance to the actor they replace.<ref>{{cite web|title=36 Actors Hanging Out With Their Body Doubles|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/whitneyjefferson/actors-hanging-out-with-their-body-doubles#.qk0Z5aWKw1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519111029/https://www.buzzfeed.com/whitneyjefferson/actors-hanging-out-with-their-body-doubles#.qk0Z5aWKw1|archive-date=2017-05-19|access-date=2017-08-24|work=BuzzFeed|date=27 May 2014 }}</ref> An extensively used body double, especially when used in cases where the credited actor is unavailable, unwilling to film or has died, is known as a [[fake Shemp]].

A double can be used for cases where special skills are needed&mdash;such as playing musical instruments, dancing or other athletic abilities. Also, if only a part of the body is shown, the term for the double might be more specific. A common double is a "hand double", which is used to shoot inserts where only the hand or arm is in the shot.<ref name=":0"/> These inserts are often shot by the [[second unit]] with a double at a later point in production primarily because it allows the main unit to use the lead actors' time more efficiently.

Body doubles are often used for shots involving nudity. The reasons for this vary. Actors' nude bodies may have too many physical flaws and imperfections that would show on camera, especially due to aging, while some actors are uncomfortable performing nude.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Will |last=Ashton|date=2019-06-05|title=Why Anna Kendrick, Blake Lively, And Other A-List Celebrities Refuse To Do Nude Scenes|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2474405/why-anna-kendrick-blake-lively-and-other-a-list-celebrities-refuse-to-do-nude-scenes|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Cinemablend|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2, 2020|title=8 Celebrities Who Spilled All the Glorious Details About Choosing a Butt Double|url=https://people.com/movies/celebrities-talk-about-butt-doubles/|access-date=2021-11-18|website=people.com|language=en}}</ref> A common body double is the "butt double", mostly used with [[Television|TV]], since whole-body nudity is less common in that medium. The term "stunt butt" is also attested, as is "[[stunt cock]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gawker.com/news/unused/diary/gossip-roundup-does-halle-berry-use-brad-pitts-stunt-butt-015383.php |title=Gossip Roundup: Does Halle Berry Use Brad Pitt's Stunt Butt? |author=Gawker |publisher=Gawker Media |work=Gawker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620142011/http://www.gawker.com/news/unused/diary/gossip-roundup-does-halle-berry-use-brad-pitts-stunt-butt-015383.php |archive-date=2007-06-20 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Grow|first=Kory|date=2014-06-17|title='Californication' and 'Louie' Actress Pamela Adlon's NSFW World|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/inside-californication-and-louie-actress-pamela-adlons-nsfw-world-50958/|access-date=2021-11-18|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref>

In some productions, a scene calls for two characters in the same shot who are portrayed by a single actor. A body double can portray one of the characters, while the credited actor plays the other, thus enabling both characters to appear simultaneously on camera. An unusual example of body doubling took place in the movie ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]'' (1991). A scene requiring [[Linda Hamilton]] to appear as two [[Sarah Connor (Terminator)|Sarah Connors]] in the same scene was created by employing Hamilton's identical twin sister Leslie as her double.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Ivan|title=26 Things You Might Not Have Known About the Terminator Movies|url=https://www.vulture.com/2014/10/26-things-you-didnt-know-about-terminator-movies.html|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Vulture|date=31 October 2014 |language=en-us}}</ref> This has become less common with digital editing currently available which can splice together multiple takes, allowing for an actor to perform as each character in separate takes that are joined to create the image of the characters in same setting, such as with [[Deep Roy]], who portrayed the Oompa-Loompas in ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)|Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cdn.playbuzz.com/cdn/111df3b4-6944-4673-97f4-aedd17e382b7/63507966-d232-4c3e-8db8-1fad229f2936.jpg |title=playbuzz.com, Deep Roy |access-date=2015-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617040716/http://cdn.playbuzz.com/cdn/111df3b4-6944-4673-97f4-aedd17e382b7/63507966-d232-4c3e-8db8-1fad229f2936.jpg |archive-date=2015-06-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 1984 film ''[[Body Double]]'', directed by [[Brian De Palma]], featured a plot that hinged on the discovery that one character had in fact served as a body double for another.<ref>Williams, Linda: [https://books.google.com/books?id=6pL0AUb5BHUC&dq=body+double+rear+window+vertigo&pg=PA86 'The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema', p. 86], 2005.</ref><ref>Ann Cvetkovich: "[http://english.illinoisstate.edu/strickland/rsvtxt/cvetko.htm Postmodern Vertigo: The Sexual Politics of Allusion in De Palma's Body Double] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211060858/http://english.illinoisstate.edu/strickland/rsvtxt/cvetko.htm |date=February 11, 2013 }}" from Raubicheck, Walter, and Walter Srebnick, eds., Hitchcock's Rereleased Films: From Rope to Vertigo. Detroit: Wayne State U Press, 1991.</ref>

=== Stunt double ===
{{refimprove|section|date=April 2024}}
[[File:Paolo Villaggio - Clemente Ukmar - Fantozzi, 1974.jpg|thumb|Actor [[Paolo Villaggio]] with his stunt double Clemente Ukmar, on the set of the 1975 film ''[[Fantozzi (film)|Fantozzi]]'']]
[[Image:Spider-Manswinging2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|A stunt-double performing  in a shoot from a commercial promoting the 2012 film "The Amazing Spider-Man".]]
A '''stunt double''' is often a [[stunt performer]], specifically a skilled replacement, used for dangerous [[Sequence (filmmaking)|sequences]] or other sophisticated [[stunt]]s (especially [[fight scene]]s). Stunt doubles may be used in cases where an actor's physical condition or age precludes much activity, or when an actor is contractually prohibited from taking certain risks.

Stunt doubles should be distinguished from daredevils, who perform stunts for the sake of the stunt alone, often as a career. Sequences often do not place stunt doubles in the same mortal peril as the characters: for example, harnesses and wires can be [[Wire removal|digitally removed]] from the final film.

Many stunt doubles have long production careers as part of a star actor's contractual "support crew", along with the star's cooks, trainers, dressers, and assistants. Often stunt doubles have to look like their respective actors, in order to maintain the illusion that it is the actor on-screen. Stunt doubles for [[Eddie Murphy]], [[John Wayne]], [[Harrison Ford]], [[Steve Martin]], [[Salman Khan]] and [[Michael Landon]] have been associated with their lead actors for decades.

Sometimes stunt doubles are cast in small roles apart from the actor they double for. In the episode "[[The Trouble with Tribbles]]" (1967) of [[Star Trek: The Original Series|the original ''Star Trek'' series]] (1966-1969), [[William Shatner]]'s stunt double [[Paul Baxley]] was cast as Ensign Freeman, a minor character primarily seen during a bar fight.  

Non-humans are also known to have stunt doubles. For example, [[Enzo (dog actor)|Enzo]] was the stunt double for his aging sire [[Moose (dog actor)|Moose]] on the [[sitcom]] ''[[Frasier]]'' (1993-2004).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ryzik|first=Melena|date=2012-02-22|title=Play Dead, Act Coy, Roll Over and Upstage the Humans|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/23/movies/awardsseason/uggie-and-cosmo-scene-stealing-dogs-and-humans.html|access-date=2021-11-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Soccer (dog actor)|Soccer]], the [[Jack Russell terrier]] on ''[[Wishbone (television show)|Wishbone]]'' (1995-1997), reportedly hated swimming and therefore had stunt doubles.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sfetcu|first=Nicolae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNR8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA483|title=About Dogs|date=2014-05-02|publisher=Nicolae Sfetcu|language=en}}</ref>

=== Dance double ===
A '''dance double''' performs physically difficult dancing.

The [[Black Swan dance double controversy|''Black Swan'' dance double controversy]] brought significant attention to dance doubles. After the [[83rd Academy Awards]], in which [[Natalie Portman]] won the [[Academy Award|Oscar]] for [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for her role in [[Black Swan (film)|''Black Swan'']] (2010) as a [[ballerina]], controversy arose over how much credit for the dancing in the film was being given to her and how much to her "dance double", [[American Ballet Theatre]] [[Soloist (ballet)|soloist]] [[Sarah Lane]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Fuhrer, Margaret|date=April–May 2010|title=Ballet All Over: Big Names in ''Black Swan''|work=Pointe Magazine|publisher=Macfadden Performing Arts Media|url=http://pointemagazine.com/issues/aprilmay-2010/call-board|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715134013/http://pointemagazine.com/issues/aprilmay-2010/call-board|archive-date=2010-07-15}}</ref>

Prior to ''Black Swan'', there had also been dance doubles in other films. In ''[[Flashdance]]'' (1983), [[Jennifer Beals]]’ dancing was doubled by [[Marine Jahan]] and, at one point, the male dancer [[Crazy Legs (dancer)|Crazy Legs]] for a difficult break dancing sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-22 |title=Meet the man who impersonated Jennifer Beals in 'Flashdance' |url=https://nypost.com/2015/08/22/meet-the-man-who-impersonated-jennifer-beals-in-flashdance/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Black Swan dance double controversy|''Black Swan'' dance double controversy]]
* [[Doppelgänger]]
* [[Digital face replacement]]
* [[Impersonation]]
* [[Look-alike]]
* [[Nudity clause]]
* [[Political decoy]]
* {{annotated link|Shelley Michelle}}
* [[Simulacrum]]
* [[Stand-in]]
*[[Fake Shemp]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{film crew}}

[[Category:Acting]]
[[Category:Special effects]]
[[Category:Filmmaking occupations]]
[[Category:Stunt doubles| ]]