View source for Donald Rumsfeld

{{Short description|American politician and naval officer (1932–2021)}}
{{Redirect|Rumsfeld|the professor|John S. Rumsfeld}}
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{{Use American English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = Rumsfeld1.jpg
| caption             = Official portrait, 2001
| order               = 13th & 21st
| office              = United States Secretary of Defense
| president           = [[George W. Bush]]
| deputy              = {{ubl|[[Paul Wolfowitz]]|[[Gordon R. England|Gordon England]]}}
| term_start          = January 20, 2001
| term_end            = December 18, 2006
| predecessor         = [[William Cohen]]
| successor           = [[Robert Gates]]
| president1          = [[Gerald Ford]]
| deputy1             = [[Bill Clements]]
| term_start1         = November 20, 1975
| term_end1           = January 20, 1977
| predecessor1        = [[James R. Schlesinger|James Schlesinger]]
| successor1          = [[Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)|Harold Brown]]
| order2              = 6th
| office2             = White House Chief of Staff
| president2          = Gerald Ford
| term_start2         = September 21, 1974
| term_end2           = November 20, 1975
| predecessor2        = [[Alexander Haig]]
| successor2          = [[Dick Cheney]]
| order3              = 9th
| ambassador_from3    = United States
| country3            = NATO
| president3          = {{ubl|[[Richard Nixon]]|Gerald Ford}}
| term_start3         = February 2, 1973
| term_end3           = September 21, 1974
| predecessor3        = [[David M. Kennedy (politician)|David M. Kennedy]]
| successor3          = [[David K. E. Bruce]]
| office4             = Director of the [[Economic Stabilization Act of 1970#Administrative history|Cost of Living Council]]
| president4          = Richard Nixon
| term_start4         = October 15, 1971
| term_end4           = February 2, 1973
| predecessor4        = ''Position established''
| successor4          = ''Position abolished''
| office5             = [[Counselor to the President]]
| president5          = Richard Nixon
| term_start5         = December 11, 1970
| term_end5           = October 15, 1971
| alongside5          = [[Robert Finch (American politician)|Robert Finch]]
| predecessor5        = {{ubl|[[Bryce Harlow]]|[[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]]}}
| successor5          = Robert Finch
| order6              = 3rd
| office6             = Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity
| president6          = Richard Nixon
| term_start6         = May 27, 1969
| term_end6           = December 11, 1970
| predecessor6        = Bertrand Harding
| successor6          = [[Frank Carlucci]]
| state7              = [[Illinois]]
| district7           = {{ushr|IL|13|13th}}
| term_start7         = January 3, 1963
| term_end7           = May 25, 1969
| predecessor7        = [[Marguerite S. Church|Marguerite Church]]
| successor7          = [[Phil Crane]]
| birth_name          = Donald Henry Rumsfeld
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1932|7|9}}
| birth_place         = [[Chicago]], Illinois, U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2021|6|29|1932|7|9}}
| death_place         = [[Taos, New Mexico]], U.S.
| resting_place       = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
| party               = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Joyce Pierson|December 27, 1954|}}
| children            = 3
| education           = [[Princeton University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])<br />[[Case Western Reserve University]]<br />[[Georgetown University]]
| signature           = Donald Rumsfeld Signature.svg
| website             = {{Official website|rumsfeld.com|Library website}}
| allegiance          = United States
| branch              = {{tree list}}
* [[United States Navy]]
** [[United States Navy Reserve|Naval Reserve]]
* [[Individual Ready Reserve]]
{{tree list/end}}
| nickname            = "Rummy"
| serviceyears        = {{ubl|1954–1957 (active)|1957–1975 (reserve)|1975–1989 (ready reserve)}}
| rank                = [[Captain (United States O-6)|Captain]]
| module              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld Holds First Press Conference after Sept. 11 Attacks.ogg|title=Donald Rumsfeld's voice|type=speech|description=Rumsfeld opens the first Pentagon press conference after the [[September 11 attacks]].<br/>Recorded September 11, 2001}}
}}
{{conservatism US|politicians}} 
'''Donald Henry Rumsfeld''' (July 9, 1932 – June 29, 2021) was an American politician, businessman, and naval officer who served as the 13th [[United States secretary of defense]] from 1975 to 1977 under President [[Gerald Ford]], and again as the 21st secretary of defense from 2001 to 2006 under President [[George W. Bush]].<ref name="Historical Office Rumsfeld Bush Administration">{{cite web |url=https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/ |title=Donald H. Rumsfeld – George W. Bush Administration |work=Historical Office |publisher=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office |access-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529112533/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571288/donald-h-rumsfeld/ |title=Donald H. Rumsfeld – Gerald Ford Administration |work=Historical Office |publisher=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office |access-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529112534/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571288/donald-h-rumsfeld/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was both the youngest and the oldest secretary of defense.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2678350/rumsfeld-was-nations-youngest-oldest-defense-secretary/ |title=Rumsfeld Was Nation's Youngest, Oldest Defense Secretary |date=June 30, 2021 |last1=Cronk |first1=Terri Moon |last2=Garamone |first2=Jim |website=[[United States Department of Defense]] |access-date=July 6, 2021 |archive-date=July 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702043712/https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2678350/rumsfeld-was-nations-youngest-oldest-defense-secretary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, Rumsfeld was a four-term [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Congressman]] from Illinois (1963–1969), director of the [[Office of Economic Opportunity]] (1969–1970), [[Counselor to the President|counselor to the president]] (1969–1973), the [[United States Permanent Representative to NATO|U.S. Representative to NATO]] (1973–1974), and the [[White House Chief of Staff|White House chief of staff]] (1974–1975). Between his terms as secretary of defense, he served as the CEO and chairman of several companies.

Born in [[Chicago]], Rumsfeld attended [[Princeton University]], graduating in 1954 with a degree in [[political science]]. After serving in the [[United States Navy|Navy]] for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois's 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at the age of 30. Rumsfeld accepted an appointment by President [[Richard Nixon]] to head the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1969; appointed counsellor by Nixon and entitled to Cabinet-level status, he also headed up the [[Economic Stabilization Act of 1970|Economic Stabilization Program]] before being appointed ambassador to NATO. Called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed chief of staff by President Ford. Rumsfeld recruited a young one-time staffer of his, [[Dick Cheney]], to succeed him when Ford nominated him to be secretary of defense in 1975. When Ford lost the 1976 election, Rumsfeld returned to private business and financial life, and was named president and CEO of the [[pharmaceutical]] corporation [[G. D. Searle & Company]]. He was later named CEO of [[General Instrument]] from 1990 to 1993 and chairman of [[Gilead Sciences]] from 1997 to 2001.

Rumsfeld was appointed secretary of defense for a second time in January 2001 by President George W. Bush. As secretary of defense, Rumsfeld played a central role in the 2001 [[United States invasion of Afghanistan]] and [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. Before and during the Iraq War, he claimed that Iraq had an active [[Weapon of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction]] program; [[WMD conjecture after the 2003 invasion of Iraq|no stockpiles were ever found]].<ref name="Frontline who said">{{Cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/truth/why/said.html |title=Truth, War And Consequences: Why War? – In Their Own Words – Who Said What When |work=[[Frontline (U.S. TV program)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=May 28, 2019 |archive-date=May 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528111319/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/truth/why/said.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="FactCheck 2005-09-02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2005/09/anti-war-ad-says-bush-cheney-rumsfeld/|title=Anti-war Ad Says Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld & Rice "Lied" About Iraq|last=Jackson|first=Brooks|date=September 2, 2005|website=[[FactCheck.org]]|language=en-US|access-date=May 28, 2019|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729230849/https://www.factcheck.org/2005/09/anti-war-ad-says-bush-cheney-rumsfeld/|url-status=live}}</ref> A Pentagon Inspector General report found that Rumsfeld's top policy aide "developed, produced, and then disseminated alternative intelligence assessments on the Iraq and [[al-Qaeda]] [[Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations|relationship]], which included some conclusions that were inconsistent with the consensus of the [[United States Intelligence Community|Intelligence Community]], to senior decision-makers".<ref name="McClatchy 2007-02-07">{{Cite news |date=February 8, 2007 |url=https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/special-reports/iraq-intelligence/article24461020.html |title=Pentagon office produced 'alternative' intelligence on Iraq |last=Landay |first=Jonathan S. |work=[[McClatchy]] |access-date=May 28, 2019 |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521220947/https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/special-reports/iraq-intelligence/article24461020.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rumsfeld's tenure was controversial for [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|its use of torture]] and the [[Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse]] scandal.<ref>{{Cite news |last1= Shanker |first1= Thom |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/04/politics/rumsfeld-says-he-offered-to-quit.html |title= Rumsfeld Says He Offered to Quit |newspaper= The New York Times |date= February 4, 2005 |access-date= June 28, 2017 |archive-date= June 13, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180613211110/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/04/politics/rumsfeld-says-he-offered-to-quit.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Rumsfeld gradually lost political support and resigned in late 2006. In his retirement years, he published an autobiography, ''[[Known and Unknown: A Memoir]]'', as well as ''Rumsfeld's Rules: Leadership Lessons in Business, Politics, War, and Life''.

==Early life and education==
[[File:Rumsfeld1954 princeton yearbook.jpg|thumb|left|upright|120px|Rumsfeld's 1954 yearbook portrait from [[Princeton University|Princeton]]]]

Donald Henry Rumsfeld was born at [[St. Luke's Hospital (Chicago, Illinois)|St. Lukes Hospital]] on July 9, 1932, in [[Chicago]], Illinois, the son of Jeannette Kearsley (née Husted) and George Donald Rumsfeld.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://library.rumsfeld.com/doclib/sp/83/1946-01-11%20Autobiography%20%28II-304%29.pdf |title=My autobiography |first=Donald |last=Rumsfeld |date=January 11, 1946 |access-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116131344/http://library.rumsfeld.com/doclib/sp/83/1946-01-11%20Autobiography%20%28II-304%29.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> His father came from a [[German Americans|German]] family that had emigrated in the 1870s from [[Weyhe]] in [[Lower Saxony]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Donald-Rumsfeld|title=Donald Rumsfeld &#124; Biography & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=October 25, 2019|archive-date=October 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018104841/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Donald-Rumsfeld|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.germany.travel/en/ms/german-originality/heritage/famous-people/politics/donald-henry-rumsfeld-politician.html |title=Donald Henry Rumsfeld |archive-date=March 16, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316195127/http://www.germany.travel/en/ms/german-originality/heritage/famous-people/politics/donald-henry-rumsfeld-politician.html}}</ref><ref name="own rules">{{cite book|title=By His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld|author=Bradley Graham|publisher=[[PublicAffairs]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-58648-421-7}}</ref>{{rp|15–16}} but young Donald was sometimes ribbed about looking like a "tough Swiss".<ref name="own rules" />{{rp|16 and 31}} Growing up in [[Winnetka, Illinois]], Rumsfeld became an [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]] in 1949 and was the recipient of both the [[Distinguished Eagle Scout Award]] from the [[Boy Scouts of America]]<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Speakers Highlight Scouting's Core Values |author=Jon C. Halter |magazine=[[Scouting (magazine)|Scouting]] |volume=94 |issue=4 |page=35 |url=https://scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0609/a-chrt.html |date=September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629125741/http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0609/a-chrt.html |archive-date=June 29, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> and its [[Silver Buffalo Award]] in 2006. Living in Winnetka, his family attended a [[Congregational church]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.realclearreligion.org/articles/2013/08/05/donald_rumsfelds_golden_rule.html |author=Nicholas G. Hahn III |title=Donald Rumsfeld's Golden Rule |publisher=Real Clear Religion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806172610/http://www.realclearreligion.org/articles/2013/08/05/donald_rumsfelds_golden_rule.html |archive-date=August 6, 2013 |url-status=live |date=August 5, 2013}}</ref> From 1943 to 1945, Rumsfeld lived in [[Coronado, California]], while his father was stationed on an aircraft carrier in the Pacific in World War II.<ref>{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Larson |url=https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3771 |title=Radio Interview with Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld on KOGO Radio San Diego with Mark Larson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302023659/http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3771 |archive-date=March 2, 2010 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[KOGO (AM)|KOGO]] |via=defense.gov |access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref> He was a ranger at [[Philmont Scout Ranch]] in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3119 |title=Secretary Rumsfeld's Remarks at the White House Conference on Cooperative Conservation |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |date=August 29, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002093420/http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3119 |archive-date=October 2, 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rumsfeld attended Baker Demonstration School,<ref name="Litlovers.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.litlovers.com/reading-guides/13-fiction/8453-know-and-unknown-rumsfeld?start=1 |title=Known and Unknown – Donald Rumsfeld – Author Biography |publisher=Litlovers.com |access-date=April 17, 2017 |archive-date=June 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624202025/http://www.litlovers.com/reading-guides/13-fiction/8453-know-and-unknown-rumsfeld?start=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and later graduated<ref>{{cite web|last=Habermehl |first=Kris |date=January 25, 2007 |title=Fire Breaks Out at Prestigious High School |url=https://cbs2chicago.com/local/New.Trier.High.2.334860.html |access-date=June 28, 2008 |archive-date=April 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420212959/http://cbs2chicago.com/local/New.Trier.High.2.334860.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> from [[New Trier High School]] where he excelled academically as well as in sports. In the band, the young Rumsfeld played [[drums]] and also excelled at [[saxophone]]. He attended Princeton University on academic and [[Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps|NROTC]] partial scholarships. He graduated in 1954 with an [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] <!-- Princeton University uses the Latin form: Artium Baccalaureus -->in [[political science|politics]] after completing a senior thesis titled "[[The steel seizure case|The Steel Seizure Case of 1952]] and Its Effects on Presidential Powers".<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Rumsfeld |first=Donald Henry |degree=Senior |publisher=Princeton University Department of Politics |title=The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01n870zs64f |language=en |access-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127113856/https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01n870zs64f |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://libweb5.princeton.edu/theses/thesesid.asp?ID=31175 |title=Princeton University Senior Theses Full Record: Donald Henry Rumsfeld |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013201712/http://libweb5.princeton.edu/theses/thesesid.asp?ID=31175 |archive-date=October 13, 2007}}</ref> During his time at Princeton, he was an accomplished amateur wrestler, becoming captain of the varsity wrestling team, and captain of the [[Lightweight Football]] team playing [[defensive back]]. While at Princeton he was friends with another future Secretary of Defense, [[Frank Carlucci]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shenon |first1=Philip |title=Frank Carlucci: The Shrewdly Low-Key Defense Secretary |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/12/30/frank-carlucci-obituary-defense-secretary-223162/ |access-date=June 30, 2021 |work=Politico |date=December 30, 2018 |ref=Politico Shenon |quote=...Carlucci came to Washington and found himself in the company of old friends, including former Princeton roommate Donald Rumsfeld, Ford's White House chief of staff and later his defense secretary. |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031120759/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/12/30/frank-carlucci-obituary-defense-secretary-223162 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rumsfeld married Joyce P. Pierson on December 27, 1954. They had three children, six grandchildren, and one great-grandchild. He attended [[Case Western Reserve University School of Law]] and the [[Georgetown University Law Center]], but did not take a degree from either institution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/state-of-the-union/donald-rumsfeld-nixon-republican-turned-iraq-war-salesman-dead-at-88/ |title=Donald Rumsfeld, Nixon Republican Turned Iraq War Salesman, Dead At 88 |date=June 30, 2021 |last=Mills |first=Curt |website=[[The American Conservative]] |access-date=July 5, 2021 |archive-date=July 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702130010/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/state-of-the-union/donald-rumsfeld-nixon-republican-turned-iraq-war-salesman-dead-at-88/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Naval service===
[[File:U.S. Navy Lieutenant Donald Rumsfeld.jpg|thumb|Rumsfeld (right, standing) as a Navy lieutenant in 1955]]

Rumsfeld served in the [[United States Navy]] from 1954 to 1957, as a [[United States Naval Aviator|naval aviator]] and [[flight instructor]]. His initial training was in the [[North American Aviation|North American]] [[T-6 Texan|SNJ Texan]] basic trainer after which he transitioned to the [[North American T-28 Trojan|T-28]] advanced trainer. In 1957, he transferred to the [[United States Navy Reserve|Naval Reserve]] and continued his naval service in flying and administrative assignments as a drilling reservist. On July 1, 1958, he was assigned to Anti-submarine Squadron 662 at [[Naval Air Station Anacostia]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], as a selective reservist.<ref name="airforcetimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/legacy/new/0-AIRPAPER-1610997.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722191209/http://www.airforcetimes.com/legacy/new/0-AIRPAPER-1610997.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 22, 2012|title=Rumsfeld revealed: Secretary's Navy career spanned 35 years |work=[[Air Force Times]]}}</ref> Rumsfeld was designated aircraft commander of Anti-submarine Squadron 731 on October 1, 1960, at [[Naval Air Station Grosse Ile]], Michigan, where he flew the [[S2F Tracker]].<ref name="airforcetimes.com" /> He transferred to the [[Individual Ready Reserve]] when he became Secretary of Defense in 1975 and retired with the rank of [[Captain (United States O-6)|captain]] in 1989.<ref name="defenselink1">{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/rumsfeld.htm |title=DefenseLink's Rumsfeld Biography |archive-date=July 7, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707060729/http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/rumsfeld.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career in government (1962–1975)==
===Member of Congress===
[[File:Donald rumsfeld 1963.jpg|thumb|left|Rumsfeld during his time in Congress]]
In 1957, during the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] administration, Rumsfeld served as administrative assistant to [[David S. Dennison Jr.]], a Congressman representing the 11th district of Ohio. In 1959, he moved on to become a staff assistant to Congressman [[Robert P. Griffin]] of [[Michigan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000508 |title=RUMSFELD, Donald Henry |work=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |date=April 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425194855/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000508 |archive-date=April 25, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Engaging in a two-year stint with an investment banking firm, [[A. G. Becker & Co.]], from 1960 to 1962,<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://quest.cjonline.com/stories/122900/gen_1229007572.shtml |title=Donald Rumsfeld |access-date=April 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516103109/http://quest.cjonline.com/stories/122900/gen_1229007572.shtml |archive-date=May 16, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rumsfeld then set his sights on becoming a member of [[United States Congress|Congress]].

He was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]] for [[Illinois's 13th congressional district]] in 1962, at the age of 30, and was re-elected by large majorities in 1964, 1966, and 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/rumsfeld-bio.html |title=Donald Rumsfeld |publisher=[[White House]] |access-date=April 22, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601094302/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/rumsfeld-bio.html |archive-date=June 1, 2008}}</ref> While in Congress, he served on the [[Joint Economic Committee]], the Committee on Science and Aeronautics, and the Government Operations Committee, as well as on the Subcommittees on Military and Foreign Operations. He was also a co-founder of the Japanese-American Inter-Parliamentary Council<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ford.utexas.edu/LIBRARY/exhibits/cabinet/rumsfeld.htm |title=Donald Rumsfeld |publisher=White House |date=November 3, 1975 |access-date=April 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715153231/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/LIBRARY/exhibits/cabinet/rumsfeld.htm |archive-date=July 15, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> in addition to being a leading cosponsor of the [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB194/index.htm |title=Freedom of Information Act at 40 |publisher=[[National Security Archive]] |date=July 4, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060704180357/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB194/index.htm |archive-date=July 4, 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1965, following the defeat of [[Barry Goldwater]] by [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 presidential election]], which also led to the Republicans losing many seats in the House of Representatives, Rumsfeld proposed new leadership for the Republicans in the House, suggesting that representative Gerald Ford from Michigan's 5th congressional district was the most suited candidate to replace [[Charles A. Halleck]] as Republican leader.<ref name="Rumsfeld-2011">{{Cite book|last=Rumsfeld|first=Donald|title=Known and unknown : a memoir|date=2011|publisher=Sentinel|isbn=978-1-59523-067-6|location=New York|oclc=650210649}}</ref> Rumsfeld, along with other members of the Republican caucus, then urged Ford to run for Republican leader. Ford eventually defeated Halleck and became House Minority Leader in 1965. The group of Republicans that encouraged Ford to run for the Republican leadership became known as the "[[Young Turks (U.S. politics)|Young Turks]]". Rumsfeld later served during Ford's presidency as his chief of staff in 1974, and was chosen by Ford to succeed [[James Schlesinger]] as United States Secretary of Defense in 1975.<ref name="Rumsfeld-2011" />

During Rumsfeld's tenure as member of the U.S. House of Representatives, he voiced concerns about [[United States in the Vietnam War|U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War]], saying that President Johnson and his national security team were overconfident about how the war was being conducted. On one occasion, Rumsfeld joined with other members of the House and traveled to Vietnam for a fact-finding mission to see for themselves how the war was going. The trip led to Rumsfeld believing that the [[South Vietnam]]ese government was much too dependent on the United States. Rumsfeld was also unsatisfied when he received a briefing about war planning from the commander of the U.S. troops in Vietnam, General [[William Westmoreland]].<ref name="Rumsfeld-2011" /> The trip led Rumsfeld to cosponsor a resolution to bring the conduct of the war to the House floor for further debate and discussion about U.S. mismanagement of the war. However, under constant pressure from the [[Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson administration]], the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]], who at that time held the majority at the House of Representatives, blocked the resolution from consideration.<ref name="Rumsfeld-2011" />

As a young Congressman, Rumsfeld attended seminars at the [[University of Chicago]], an experience he credits with introducing him to the idea of an [[Volunteer military|all volunteer military]], and to the economist [[Milton Friedman]] and the [[Chicago School of Economics]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |url=http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=216 |title=Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld speaking at Tribute to Milton Friedman (transcript) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824220033/http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=216 |archive-date=August 24, 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He later took part in Friedman's [[PBS]] series ''[[Free to Choose]]''.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Free to Choose Media |url=https://www.freetochoosenetwork.org/programs/free_to_choose/index_80.php?id=the_tyranny_of_control |title=Free to Choose: Tyranny of Control |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506043939/http://www.freetochoose.tv/program.php?id=ftc1980_2&series=ftc80 |archive-date=May 6, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During his tenure in the House, Rumsfeld voted in favor of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Acts of 1964]] and [[Civil Rights Act of 1968|1968]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=House – February 10, 1964|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=110|issue=2|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|pages=2804–2805|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2-10-2.pdf|access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=House – July 2, 1964|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=110|issue=12|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=15897|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12-4-2.pdf|access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=House – August 16, 1967|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=113|issue=17|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=22778|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17-5-1.pdf|access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=House – April 10, 1968|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=114|issue=8|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=9621|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8-1-2.pdf|access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref> and the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=House – July 9, 1965|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=111|issue=12|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|pages=16285–16286|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12-3-2.pdf|access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=House – August 3, 1965|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=111|issue=14|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=19201|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14-5-2.pdf|access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref>

===Nixon administration===
Rumsfeld resigned from Congress in 1969 — his fourth term — to serve in the Nixon administration in a variety of executive branch positions. Nixon appointed Rumsfeld director of the [[United States Office of Economic Opportunity]] (OEO), a position with [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet rank]]. Rumsfeld had voted against the creation of OEO when he was in Congress,<ref name="Mann20031101" /> and, according to his 2011 memoirs, he initially rejected Nixon's offer, citing his own inherent belief that the OEO did more harm than good, and he felt that he was not the right person for the job.<ref name="memoir">{{cite book|title=Known and Unknown: A Memoir|publisher=[[Sentinel (publisher)|Sentinel]]|last=Rumsfeld |first=Donald|year= 2011|isbn=978-1-59523-067-6|title-link=Known and Unknown: A Memoir}}</ref>{{rp|119–121}} After much negotiation, he accepted the OEO appointment with Nixon's "assurances that he would be ... also an assistant to the President, with Cabinet-level status and an office in the White House,"<ref name="Mann20031101">{{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=James |title=Close-Up: Young Rumsfeld |journal=The Atlantic |date=1 November 2003 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/11/close-up-young-rumsfeld/302824/ |access-date=4 July 2021 |language=en |quote=Two Republican governors had turned down Nixon's invitations to head the Office of Economic Opportunity, an agency established during the Johnson Administration to run new programs aimed at eliminating poverty. Nixon offered the job to Rumsfeld, who had voted in Congress against many of those programs. ... Before taking the job Rumsfeld bargained hard. At a meeting with Nixon in Key Biscayne, he won assurances that he would be named not only head of the anti-poverty agency but also an assistant to the President, with Cabinet-level status and an office in the White House. |archive-date=July 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702072016/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/11/close-up-young-rumsfeld/302824/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which "sweetened (the OEO position) with status and responsibility".<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Administration: The New OEO Fan |magazine=Time |date=2 May 1969 |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,900793,00.html |access-date=4 July 2021 |issn=0040-781X |quote=Rumsfeld had refused an administration post at first but changed his mind when Nixon sweetened the OEO job with status and responsibility. |archive-date=July 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705091755/https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/230919112.js |url-status=live }}</ref>

As director, Rumsfeld sought to reorganize the Office to serve what he later described in his 2011 memoir as "a laboratory for experimental programs".<ref name="memoir" />{{rp|125}} Several beneficial [[poverty reduction|anti-poverty programs]] were saved by allocating funds to them from other less-successful government programs. During this time, he hired Frank Carlucci<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-04/frank-carlucci-carlyle-chairman-who-led-pentagon-dies-at-87|title=Frank Carlucci, Carlyle Chairman Who Led Pentagon, Dies at 87|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|publisher=Bloomberg|date=June 4, 2018|access-date=June 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604194726/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-04/frank-carlucci-carlyle-chairman-who-led-pentagon-dies-at-87|archive-date=June 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and Dick Cheney<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard B. Cheney, 46th Vice President (2001–2009) |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/VP_Richard_Cheney.htm |website=www.senate.gov |publisher=U.S. Senate |access-date=4 July 2021 |quote=...the inauguration of Richard Nixon as president in 1969 set in motion a chain of events that would propel Cheney from a congressional fellow to White House chief of staff in seven fast years. His rapid ascent began when Nixon appointed Rumsfeld to head the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO). Cheney sent Rumsfeld an unsolicited memo suggesting ways to handle his confirmation hearings, which prompted Rumsfeld to hire him. ... |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319090820/https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/VP_Richard_Cheney.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=O’Gara |first1=Geoffrey |title=Wyoming to the White House: Dick Cheney's Life in Politics |url=https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/wyoming-white-house-dick-cheneys-life-politics |website=WyoHistory.org |publisher=The Wyoming State Historical Society |access-date=4 July 2021 |date=October 31, 2015 |quote=...It was during Rumsfeld’s first stint in the executive branch, under Nixon, that he signed up Cheney as his chief lieutenant. This incongruously put two conservative Republicans in charge first of an anti-poverty program originated during President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society (the OEO), and ... |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411202805/https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/wyoming-white-house-dick-cheneys-life-politics |url-status=live }}</ref> to serve under him.[[File:Richard Nixon and Donald Rumsfeld with son Nick.jpg|thumb|Rumsfeld with his son, Nick, in the Oval Office with President Nixon, 1973]]

He was the subject of one of writer [[Jack Anderson (columnist)|Jack Anderson]]'s columns, alleging that "anti-poverty czar" Rumsfeld had cut programs to aid the poor while spending thousands to redecorate his office. Rumsfeld dictated a four-page response to Anderson, labeling the accusations as falsehoods, and invited Anderson to tour his office. Despite the tour, Anderson did not retract his claims, and only much later admitted that his column was a mistake.<ref name="memoir" />{{rp|125}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Patricia |title=Investigative Columnist Jack Anderson Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/12/18/investigative-columnist-jack-anderson-dies/9892c24e-0210-4079-a2dc-9c6fe686ede1/ |access-date=4 July 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=18 December 2005 |quote=...Mr. Anderson was considered significantly more accurate than his predecessor, although he was not error-free. He admitted he wrongly charged Donald H. Rumsfeld with lavishly decorating his office while cutting expenses on programs of the Office of Economic Opportunity.... |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112043027/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/12/18/investigative-columnist-jack-anderson-dies/9892c24e-0210-4079-a2dc-9c6fe686ede1/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/rumsfeld-book-known-and-unknown-excerpts |title=Rumsfeld Book Known and Unknown: Excerpts |date=February 3, 2011 |last=Kurtz |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Kurtz |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=July 5, 2021 |archive-date=July 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143556/https://www.thedailybeast.com/rumsfeld-book-known-and-unknown-excerpts |url-status=live }}</ref>

When Rumsfeld left OEO in December 1970, Nixon named him Counselor to the President, a general advisory position; in this role, he retained Cabinet status.<ref name="own rules" />{{rp|75}} He was given an office in the [[West Wing]] in 1969 and regularly interacted with the [[Nixon administration]] hierarchy. He was named director of the [[Economic Stabilization Act of 1970|Economic Stabilization Program]] in 1970 as well, and later headed up the [[ACCRA Cost of Living Index|Cost of Living Council]]. In March 1971 Nixon was recorded saying about Rumsfeld "at least Rummy is tough enough" and "He's a ruthless little bastard. You can be sure of that."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tapes.millercenter.virginia.edu/clips/rmn_rumsfeld.html |title=Nixon White House conversation 464-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124003134/http://tapes.millercenter.virginia.edu/clips/rmn_rumsfeld.html |archive-date=January 24, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew Cockburn|title=Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy |publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2007|page=20|author-link=Andrew Cockburn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Craig Unger|title=The Fall of the House of Bush: The Untold Story of how a Band of True Believers Seized the Executive Branch, Started the Iraq War, and Still Imperils America's Future |publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2007|page=50|author-link=Craig Unger}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Craig Unger|title=American Armageddon: How the Delusions of the Neoconservatives and the Christian Right Triggered the Descent of America – and Still Imperil Our Future |publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2008|page=50}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Naomi Klein|title=The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism |publisher=[[Metropolitan Books]]/[[Henry Holt (publisher)|Henry Holt]]|year=2007|title-link=The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism|author-link=Naomi Klein}}</ref>

In February 1973, Rumsfeld left Washington to serve as [[Ambassadors from the United States|U.S. Ambassador]] to the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) in [[Brussels]], Belgium. He served as the United States' Permanent Representative to the [[North Atlantic Council]] and the [[Defense Planning Committee]], and the [[Nuclear Planning Group]]. In this capacity, he represented the United States in wide-ranging military and diplomatic matters, and was asked to help mediate a conflict on behalf of the United States between [[Cyprus]] and [[Turkey]].<ref name="memoir" />{{rp|157}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oU-3IBqRH2kC |title=Takeover: The Return of the Imperial Presidency and the Subversion of American Democracy |year=2007 |last=Savage |first=Charlie |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=9780316019613 |author-link=Charlie Savage (author)|access-date=July 6, 2021 |archive-date=July 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143547/https://books.google.com/books?id=oU-3IBqRH2kC&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ford administration===
[[File:Ford meets with Rumsfeld and Cheney, April 28, 1975.jpg|thumb|Chief of Staff Rumsfeld (left) and Deputy-Chief of Staff [[Dick Cheney]] (right) meet with President Ford, April 1975.]]

In August 1974, after Nixon resigned as president in the aftermath of the [[Watergate scandal]], Rumsfeld was called back to Washington to serve as the transition chairman for the new president, Gerald Ford. He had been Ford's confidante since their days in the House, before Ford was House minority leader and was one of the members of the "[[Young Turks (U.S. politics)|Young Turks]]" who played a major role in bringing Ford to Republican leadership in the House of Representatives.<ref name="Litlovers.com" /> As the new president became settled in, Ford appointed Rumsfeld [[White House Chief of Staff]], following Ford's appointment of General [[Alexander Haig]] to be the new [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe]]. Rumsfeld served from 1974 to 1975.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald H. Rumsfeld |url=https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/ |website=Office of the Secretary of Defense |access-date=July 2, 2021 |archive-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529112533/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Litlovers.com" />

==Secretary of Defense (1975–1977)==
[[File:Associate Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart Swearing Donald Rumsfeld in as Secretary of Defense at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia - NARA - 23898551.jpg|left|thumb|Rumsfeld is sworn in as [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] in November 1975.]]
In October 1975, Ford reshuffled his cabinet in the [[Halloween Massacre (Ford administration)|Halloween Massacre]]. Various newspaper and magazine articles at the time identified Rumsfeld as having orchestrated these events.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The Nation: Scenario of the Shake-Up| url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917908,00.html| magazine=[[Time Magazine|Time]]| location=New York| publisher=Time| date=November 17, 1975| volume=106| issue=20| access-date=July 5, 2017 }}</ref> Ford named Rumsfeld to succeed Schlesinger as the 13th U.S. Secretary of Defense and [[George H. W. Bush]] to become [[Director of Central Intelligence]]. According to [[Bob Woodward]]'s 2002 book ''[[Bush at War]]'', a rivalry developed between the two men and "Bush senior was convinced that Rumsfeld was pushing him out to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] to end his political career."<ref>{{cite book|last=Woodward|first=Bob|title=Bush at War|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7432-4461-9|url=https://archive.org/details/bushatwar00wood|url-access=registration|quote=rumsfeld ford bush cia director.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bushatwar00wood/page/21 21]–22}}</ref>

Rumsfeld's confirmation hearing as Secretary of Defense began on November 12, 1975. During the hearing, Rumsfeld was mostly asked about the administration's defense policy on the Cold War. Rumsfeld stated that the Soviet Union was a "clear and present danger," especially following the end of the Vietnam War, which Rumsfeld described as the USSR's chance to build up its domination.<ref name="Litlovers.com" /> On November 17, 1975, Rumsfeld was confirmed as [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] by a vote of 97–2.<ref name="Litlovers.com" /> At the age of 43, Rumsfeld became the youngest person to serve as [[United States Secretary of Defense]] as of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rumsfeld Was Nation |url=https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2678350/rumsfeld-was-nations-youngest-oldest-defense-secretary/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Ford-rumsfeld.jpg|thumb|Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and President Ford share a laugh in a Cabinet meeting, 1975.]]
[[File:Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown.jpg|thumb|Rumsfeld with [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] General [[George Scratchley Brown|George S. Brown]] at a [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Senate Armed Services Committee]] hearing on January 15, 1976]]
During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld oversaw the transition to an all-volunteer military. He sought to reverse the gradual decline in the defense budget and to build up U.S. strategic and conventional forces, undermining Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] at the [[SALT]] talks.<ref name="NYTInfighter">{{cite news|title=Defense Choice Made a Name As an Infighter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/08/us/defense-choice-made-a-name-as-an-infighter.html |first1=Elaine |last1=Sciolino |first2=Eric |last2=Schmitt |date=January 8, 2001 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=August 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714182443/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/08/us/defense-choice-made-a-name-as-an-infighter.html |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> He asserted, along with [[Team B]] (which he helped to set up),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hnn.us/articles/18668.html |author=Sidney Blumenthal |title=The Long March of Dick Cheney |publisher=[[History News Network|HNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217110948/http://hnn.us/articles/18668.html |archive-date=December 17, 2005 |url-status=live}}</ref> that trends in comparative U.S.-[[Soviet armed forces|Soviet]] military strength had not favored the United States for 15 to 20 years and that, if continued, they "would have the effect of injecting a fundamental instability in the world".<ref name="defenselink1" /> For this reason, he oversaw the development of [[cruise missile]]s, the [[B-1 Lancer|B-1 bomber]], and a major naval shipbuilding program.<ref name="NYTInfighter" />

Rumsfeld, along with President Gerald Ford, successfully pressed for [[Robert Elsworth]] to become a second [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense|deputy secretary of defense]], a position which was created in 1972 but never before filled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert F. Ellsworth |url=https://history.defense.gov/DOD-History/Deputy-Secretaries-of-Defense/Article-View/Article/585216/robert-f-ellsworth/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Historical Office |language=en-US}}</ref> More than his predecessors, Rumsfeld frequently traveled both within the U.S. and internationally, acting as an ambassador for the [[United States Department of Defense|Defense Department]], while advocating for a larger budget in order to maintain strategic parity with the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald H. Rumsfeld |url=https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571288/donald-h-rumsfeld/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924220651/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571288/ |url-status=live |archive-date=September 24, 2024 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Historical Office |language=en-US}}</ref>

Rumsfeld, who previously was assigned to the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, emphasized the importance of the next stage of the space program following the successful Moon landing in 1969. While serving as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld organized a joint-cooperation between the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] and [[NASA]] to develop [[Skylab]].<ref name="Litlovers.com" /> Another result of the cooperation was the [[Space Shuttle program]].<ref name="Litlovers.com" />

===SALT II Treaty===
During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld worked to finish the SALT II Treaty.<ref name="Litlovers.com" /> Rumsfeld, together with [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] General [[George Scratchley Brown|George S. Brown]] drafted the treaty.<ref name="Litlovers.com" /> However, an agreement was not made before the 1976 election. SALT II was finished and signed during the Carter administration.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rearden|first=Steven L.|title=Council of war : a history of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942–1991|date=2012|publisher=NDU Press for the Joint History Office, Office of the Director, Joint Staff, Joint Chiefs of Staff|isbn=978-1-78039-886-0|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=867144095}}</ref><ref name="Litlovers.com" />

In 1977, Rumsfeld was awarded the nation's highest civilian award, the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]].<ref name="Historical Office Rumsfeld Bush Administration" /> Kissinger, his bureaucratic adversary, later paid him a different sort of compliment, pronouncing him "a special Washington phenomenon: the skilled full-time politician-bureaucrat in whom ambition, ability, and substance fuse seamlessly".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2003/11/rumsfelds-roots/378570/ |title=Rumsfeld's Roots |last=Mann |first=James |date=October 8, 2003 |work=The Atlantic |access-date=August 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709025136/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200310u/int2003-10-08 |archive-date=July 9, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Rumsfeld's first tenure as Secretary of Defense ended on January 20, 1977. He was succeeded by former [[United States Secretary of the Air Force|Secretary of the Air Force]] [[Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)|Harold Brown]].<ref name="Litlovers.com" />

==Return to the private sector (1977–2000)==
===Business career===
In early 1977 Rumsfeld briefly lectured at Princeton's [[Woodrow Wilson School]] and Northwestern's [[Kellogg School of Management]]. His sights instead turned to business, and from 1977 to 1985 Rumsfeld served as chief executive officer, president, and then chairman of [[G.D. Searle, LLC|G. D. Searle & Company]], a worldwide pharmaceutical company based in [[Skokie, Illinois]]. During his tenure at Searle, Rumsfeld led the company's financial turnaround, thereby earning awards as the Outstanding Chief Executive Officer in the Pharmaceutical Industry from the ''Wall Street Transcript'' (1980) and ''Financial World'' (1981). Journalist [[Andrew Cockburn]] of [[Harper's Magazine]] claimed that Rumsfeld suppressed news that Searle's key product, [[aspartame]], was shown to have [[Aspartame controversy|potentially dangerous effects]] by leveraging old government contacts at [[Food and Drug Administration|the Food and Drug Administration]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cockburn |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lN9uIMjTyi4C |title=Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy |date=2007-02-27 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4165-4652-8 |language=en}}</ref> In 1985, Searle was sold to the [[Monsanto Company]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greenhouse |first1=Steven |title=MONSANTO TO ACQUIRE G. D. SEARLE |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/19/business/monsanto-to-acquire-g-d-searle.html |access-date=July 1, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=July 19, 1985 |archive-date=November 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126033525/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/19/business/monsanto-to-acquire-g-d-searle.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rumsfeld served as chairman and chief executive officer of [[General Instrument]] from 1990 to 1993.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lindenauer |first1=Andrew |title=The Rumsfeld Resume |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-rumsfeld-resume/ |access-date=July 3, 2021 |publisher=CBS News |date=December 28, 2000 |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122040506/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-rumsfeld-resume/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A leader in broadband transmission, distribution, and access control technologies for cable, satellite, and terrestrial broadcasting applications, the company pioneered the development of the first all-digital [[high-definition television]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]]) technology. After taking the company public and returning it to profitability, Rumsfeld returned to private business in late 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html |title=Donald H. Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary During Iraq War, Is Dead at 88 |date=June 30, 2021 |last=McFadden |first=Robert D. |author-link=Robert D. McFadden |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=July 5, 2021 |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630194022/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

From January 1997 until being sworn in as the 21st Secretary of Defense in January 2001, Rumsfeld served as chairman of [[Gilead Sciences|Gilead Sciences, Inc.]] Gilead is the developer of Tamiflu ([[Oseltamivir]]), which is used in the treatment of [[H5N1|bird flu]]<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.gilead.com/wt/sec/pr_933190157/ |publisher=[[Gilead Sciences]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619044137/http://www.gilead.com/wt/sec/pr_933190157/ |archive-date=June 19, 2007 |title=Donald H. Rumsfeld Named Chairman of Gilead Sciences |date= January 3, 1997}}</ref> as well as [[influenza A]] and [[influenza B]] in humans.<ref>{{cite web| title=Oseltamivir Phosphate Monograph for Professionals | url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/oseltamivir-phosphate.html| publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists| access-date=8 January 2017| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513062957/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/oseltamivir-phosphate.html| archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> As a result, Rumsfeld's holdings in the company grew significantly when avian flu became a subject of popular anxiety during his later term as Secretary of Defense. Following standard practice, Rumsfeld [[recusal|recused]] himself from any decisions involving Gilead, and he directed the Pentagon's general counsel to issue instructions outlining what he could and could not be involved in if there were an avian flu pandemic and the Pentagon had to respond.<ref>{{cite news|title=Roche, Gilead Sciences resolve Tamiflu conflict|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-11-16-tamiflu-usat_x.htm|work=USA Today|first1=Julie|last1=Schmit|date=November 17, 2005|access-date=May 1, 2010|archive-date=November 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104005327/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-11-16-tamiflu-usat_x.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=October 31, 2005 |url=https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/31/news/newsmakers/fortune_rumsfeld/ |department=[[CNNMoney]] |title=Rumsfeld's growing stake in Tamiflu |first1=Nelson D. |last1=Schwartz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314083340/https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/31/news/newsmakers/fortune_rumsfeld/ |archive-date=March 14, 2010 |url-status=live |access-date=May 1, 2010}}</ref>

===Part-time public service===
[[File:Ronald Reagan at a National Security Briefing with Donald Rumsfeld and George Shultz in Oval Office.jpg|thumb|Rumsfeld with [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[George Shultz]] in the [[Oval Office]], [[White House]] on November 3, 1983]]
During his business career, Rumsfeld continued part-time public service in various posts. In November 1983, Rumsfeld was appointed special envoy to the Middle East by President Ronald Reagan,<ref>{{cite news |title=MAJOR NEWS IN SUMMARY; TURKISH CYPRIOTS MAKE THE BREAK |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/20/weekinreview/major-news-in-summary-turkish-cypriots-make-the-break.html |access-date=4 July 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=20 November 1983 |quote=President Reagan sent his new Middle East envoy, Donald Rumsfeld, to confer with the Turks and prepared to receive President Spyros Kyprianou of Cyprus tomorrow. |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524142235/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/20/weekinreview/major-news-in-summary-turkish-cypriots-make-the-break.html |url-status=live }}</ref> at a turbulent time in modern Middle Eastern history when Iraq was fighting Iran in the [[Iran–Iraq War]]. The United States wished for Iraq to win the conflict, and Rumsfeld was sent to the Middle East to serve as a mediator on behalf of the president.

[[File:Shakinghands high.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=00:03|right|As President Reagan's Special Envoy to the Middle East, Rumsfeld met with [[Saddam Hussein]] during a visit to [[Baghdad]] in December 1983, during the [[Iran–Iraq War]].]]

When Rumsfeld visited [[Baghdad]] on December 20, 1983, he met Saddam Hussein at Saddam's palace and engaged a 90-minute discussion with him. They largely agreed on opposing [[Syria]]'s occupation of [[Lebanon]]; preventing Syrian and Iranian expansion; and preventing arms sales to Iran. Rumsfeld suggested that if U.S.–Iraq relations could improve the U.S. might support a new [[oil pipeline]] across [[Jordan]], which Iraq had opposed but was now willing to reconsider. Rumsfeld also informed Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Tariq Aziz]] that "Our efforts to assist were inhibited by certain things that made it difficult for us ... citing the use of [[chemical weapons]]."<ref name="own rules" />{{rp|159–60}}

Rumsfeld wrote in his memoir ''Known and Unknown'' that his meeting with Hussein "has been the subject of gossip, rumors, and crackpot conspiracy theories for more than a quarter of a century ... Supposedly I had been sent to see Saddam by President Reagan either to negotiate a secret oil deal, to help arm Iraq, or to make Iraq an American [[client state]]. The truth is that our encounter was more straightforward and less dramatic."<ref name="memoir" />{{rp|6}} ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that "Although former U.S. officials agree that Rumsfeld was not one of the architects of the Reagan administration's [[United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War|tilt toward Iraq]]—he was a private citizen when he was appointed Middle East envoy—the documents show that his visits to Baghdad led to closer U.S.–Iraqi cooperation on a wide variety of fronts."<ref>{{cite news|last=Dobbs|first=Michael|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/12/30/us-had-key-role-in-iraq-buildup/133cec74-3816-4652-9bd8-7d118699d6f8/|title=U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=2002-12-30|accessdate=2022-05-26}}</ref>

In addition to taking the position of Middle East envoy, Rumsfeld served as a member of the President's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control (1982–1986); President Reagan's special envoy on the [[Law of the Sea Treaty]] (1982–1983); a senior adviser to President Reagan's Panel on Strategic Systems (1983–1984); a member of the Joint Advisory Commission on U.S./Japan Relations (1983–1984); a member of the National Commission on the Public Service (1987–1990); a member of the [[National Economic Commission]] (1988–1989); a member of the board of visitors of the [[National Defense University (Washington, D.C.)|National Defense University]] (1988–1992); a member of the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]]'s High Definition Television Advisory Committee (1992–1993); a member of the U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission (1999–2000); a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]]; and chairman of the U.S. Commission to Assess National Security Space Management and Organization (2000). Among his most noteworthy positions was chairman of the nine-member [[Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States]] from January to July 1998. In its findings, the commission concluded that Iraq, Iran, and North Korea could develop intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities in five to ten years and that U.S. intelligence would have little warning before such systems were deployed.<ref>{{cite web |first=Donald |last=Rumsfeld |display-authors=etal |url=https://fas.org/irp/threat/missile/rumsfeld/ |title=Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States |date=July 15, 1998 |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |access-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522090854/https://fas.org/irp/threat/missile/rumsfeld/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the 1980s, Rumsfeld became a member of the [[National Academy of Public Administration (United States)|National Academy of Public Administration]], and was named a member of the boards of trustees of the Gerald R. Ford Foundation, the [[Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships]], the [[Hoover Institution]] at [[Stanford University]], and the [[National Park Foundation]]. He was also a member of the U.S./Russia Business Forum and chairman of the Congressional Leadership's National Security Advisory Group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bush Selects Rumsfeld for Another Term as Secretary of Defense – Both Men Stress Importance of Missile Defense System|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/4000/rumsfeld-picked-as-us-defense-secretary-(dec.-29).html|access-date=2020-07-30|website=www.defense-aerospace.com|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125222835/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/4000/rumsfeld-picked-as-us-defense-secretary-(dec.-29).html|url-status=live}}</ref> Rumsfeld was a member of the [[Project for the New American Century]], a think-tank dedicated to maintaining U.S. primacy. In addition, he was asked to serve the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] as a foreign policy consultant from 1990 to 1993. Though considered one of the Bush administration's staunchest hard-liners against North Korea, Rumsfeld sat on European engineering giant [[Asea Brown Boveri]]'s board from 1990 to 2001, a company that sold two light-water nuclear reactors to the [[Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization]] for installation in [[North Korea]], as part of the [[Agreed Framework between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|1994 agreed framework]] reached under President [[Bill Clinton]]. Rumsfeld's office said that he did not "recall it being brought before the board at any time" though ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine reported that "board members were informed about this project".<ref>{{cite news|title=Rummy's North Korea Connection; What did Donald Rumsfeld know about ABB's deal to build nuclear reactors there? And why won't he talk about it?|work=Fortune|date=May 12, 2003|page=75}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rumsfeld Was on ABB Board |url=https://archive.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/nkorea/2003/0224nuclear.htm |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=archive.globalpolicy.org}}</ref> The Bush administration repeatedly criticized the 1994 agreement and the former Clinton presidency for its softness towards North Korea, regarding the country as a [[State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)|state sponsor of terrorism]], and later designated North Korea as part of the [[Axis of evil|Axis-of-Evil]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2006-10-11 |title=How Rumsfeld Built Pyongyang Its Nukes |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/how-rumsfeld-built-pyongyang-its-nukes-247410/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Presidential and vice-presidential aspirations===
During the [[1976 Republican National Convention]], Rumsfeld received one vote for Vice President of the United States, although he did not seek the office, and the nomination was easily won by Ford's choice, Senator [[Bob Dole]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1976-09-20 |title=Tally on Vice President |pages=13 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/122616318 |access-date=2022-09-11|id={{ProQuest|122616318}} }}</ref> During the [[1980 Republican National Convention]] he again received one vote for vice president.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Milton |first=Raleigh E. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_republican-national-convention-proceedings_july-14-17-1980/page/492/mode/2up?view=theater&q=rumsfeld |title=Official Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Republican National Convention |publisher=Republican National Committee |year=1980 |pages=492–494}}</ref>

Rumsfeld briefly sought the presidential nomination [[1988 United States presidential election|in 1988]], but withdrew from the race before [[Partisan primary|primaries]] began.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oreskes |first=Michael |date=1988-11-21 |title=Campaign's Over? No, It Just Started |pages=B17 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/21/us/campaign-s-over-no-it-just-started.html |access-date=2022-09-11}}</ref> During the [[1996 United States presidential election|1996 election]] season, he initially formed a [[presidential exploratory committee]], but declined to formally enter the race. He was instead named national chairman for Republican nominee Dole's [[Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign|campaign]].<ref>{{cite web |author=AmericaLive |url-status=dead |url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-521030 |title=Donald Rumsfeld Biography |work=[[iReport]] |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=November 2, 2010|access-date=April 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528031323/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-521030 |archive-date=May 28, 2015}}</ref>

==Secretary of Defense (2001–2006)==
[[File:Rumsfeld is sworn-in as Secretary of Defense, January 20, 2001.jpg|thumb|Rumsfeld is administered the oath of office as the 21st Secretary of Defense on January 20, 2001, by [[Director of Administration and Management (Department of Defense)|Director of Administration and Management]] [[David O. Cooke]] (left), as Joyce Rumsfeld holds the Bible in a ceremony at the [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]].|left]]

Rumsfeld was named Secretary of Defense soon after President George W. Bush took office in 2001 despite Rumsfeld's past rivalry with the previous President Bush. Bush's first choice, [[FedEx]] founder [[Frederick W. Smith|Fred Smith]], was unavailable and Vice President-elect Cheney recommended Rumsfeld for the job.{{sfn|George W. Bush|2010|pp=83–84}} Rumsfeld's second tenure as Secretary of Defense cemented him as the most powerful Pentagon chief since [[Robert McNamara]] and one of the most influential Cabinet members in the Bush administration.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2002-12-09-1a-cover_x.htm |work=USA Today |date=December 9, 2002 |author=Moniz, Dave |title=Rumsfeld's abrasive style sparks conflict |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=January 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127204516/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2002-12-09-1a-cover_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> His tenure proved to be a pivotal and rocky one that led the United States military into the 21st century. Following the [[September 11 attacks]], Rumsfeld led the military planning and execution of the 2001 [[United States invasion of Afghanistan]] and the subsequent [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. He pushed hard to send as small a force as soon as possible to both conflicts, a concept codified as the [[Rumsfeld Doctrine]].<ref name="National Defense University Press">{{cite web|url=https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/Books/lessons-encountered/lessons-encountered_Ch1.pdf?ver=2015-09-29-125128-023.|title=Initial Planning and Execution in Afghanistan and Iraq By Joseph J. Collins|publisher=National Defense University Press|access-date=July 4, 2020|archive-date=July 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704104223/https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/Books/lessons-encountered/lessons-encountered_Ch1.pdf?ver=2015-09-29-125128-023.|url-status=live}}</ref>

Throughout his time as defense secretary, Rumsfeld was noted for his candor and quick wit when giving weekly press conferences or speaking with the press.<ref name="candor">{{cite news|date=January 20, 2002 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/opinion/rumsfeld-s-moment.html |newspaper=The New York Times |author=Wright, Robert |title=Rumsfeld's Moment |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=May 14, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514141146/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/opinion/rumsfeld-s-moment.html}}</ref> ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' called him "a straight-talking Midwesterner" who "routinely has the press corps doubled over in fits of laughter".<ref name="candor" /> By the same token, his leadership was exposed to much criticism through books covering the Iraq conflict, like [[Bob Woodward]]'s ''[[State of Denial]]'', [[Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)|Thomas E. Ricks]]' ''[[Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq|Fiasco]]'', and [[Seymour Hersh]]'s ''Chain of Command''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2006/10/11/books-lay-blame-with-general/ |title=Books lay blame with general |date=October 11, 2006 |last=Martin |first=Susan Taylor |website=[[Tampa Bay Times]] |access-date=July 5, 2021 |archive-date=July 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143549/https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2006/10/11/books-lay-blame-with-general/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===September 11, 2001 attacks===
[[File:The Pentagon is functioning.jpg|thumb|"The Pentagon is functioning" was the message Rumsfeld stressed during a press conference in the Pentagon briefing room barely eight hours after terrorists crashed a hijacked commercial jetliner into the Pentagon. Rumsfeld is flanked, left to right, by [[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary of the Army]] [[Thomas E. White|Tom White]], [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] General [[Hugh Shelton]], and Senators [[John Warner]] (R-VA), and [[Carl Levin]] (D-MI), the Ranking Member and Chairman of the [[Senate Armed Services Committee]].]]

On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[al-Qaeda]] terrorists hijacked commercial airliners and crashed them in coordinated strikes into both towers of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in [[Lower Manhattan]], New York City, and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field in [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], and its target was likely a prominent building in [[Washington, D.C.]], most probably either the [[U.S. Capitol Building]] or the [[White House]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Shuster, David |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna14778963 |title=9/11 mystery: What was Flight 93's target? |date=September 12, 2006 |work=NBC News |access-date=November 13, 2011 |archive-date=March 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302105940/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14778963 |url-status=live }}</ref> Within three hours of the start of the first hijacking and two hours after [[American Airlines Flight 11]] struck the World Trade Center, Rumsfeld raised the defense condition signaling of the United States offensive readiness to [[DEFCON|DEFCON 3]], the highest it had been since the [[Yom Kippur War|Arab–Israeli war in 1973]].<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.911commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf |title=The 9/11 Commission Report |page=326 |date=July 22, 2004 |access-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-date=June 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623164504/https://911commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rumsfeld addressed the nation in a press conference at the Pentagon, just eight hours after the attacks and stated, "It's an indication that the United States government is functioning in the face of this terrible act against our country. I should add that the briefing here is taking place in the Pentagon. The Pentagon's functioning. It will be in business tomorrow."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1613|title=DoD News Briefing on Pentagon Attack|publisher=United States Department of Defense|date=September 11, 2001|access-date=July 5, 2020|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729230343/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1613|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Military decisions in the wake of 9/11===
[[File:Rumsfeld and Giuliani at Ground Zero.jpg|thumb|Rumsfeld and New York City Mayor [[Rudy Giuliani]] speak at the site of the World Trade Center attacks in [[Lower Manhattan]] on November 14, 2001.]]

On the afternoon of September 11, Rumsfeld issued rapid orders to his aides to look for evidence of possible Iraqi involvement in regard to what had just occurred, according to notes taken by senior policy official [[Stephen Cambone]]. "Best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit S.H."{{snd}}meaning Saddam Hussein{{snd}}"at same time. Not only UBL" ([[Osama bin Laden]]), Cambone's notes quoted Rumsfeld as saying. "Need to move swiftly{{snd}}Near term target needs{{snd}}go massive{{snd}}sweep it all up. Things related and not."<ref>{{cite news|first=Joel |last=Roberts |title=Plans For Iraq Attack Began On 9/11 |date=September 4, 2002 |work=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/plans-for-iraq-attack-began-on-9-11/ |access-date=October 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927043007/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520830.shtml |archive-date=September 27, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Julian |last=Borger |title=Blogger bares Rumsfeld's post 9/11 orders |date=February 24, 2006 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/24/freedomofinformation.september11 |work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211113142/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/feb/24/freedomofinformation.september11 |archive-date=February 11, 2009 |url-status=live |access-date=February 11, 2009}}</ref>

In the first emergency meeting of the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] on the day of the attacks, Rumsfeld asked, "Why shouldn't we go against Iraq, not just al-Qaeda?" with his deputy [[Paul Wolfowitz]] adding that Iraq was a "brittle, oppressive regime that might break easily—it was doable," and, according to [[John Kampfner]], "from that moment on, he and Wolfowitz used every available opportunity to press the case."<ref>{{cite book | last =Kampfner | first =John | author-link =John Kampfner | title =Blair's wars | publisher =Simon and Schuster | year =2003 | page =156 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=U4xti2TmG6UC&pg=PA156 | isbn =978-0-7432-4829-7 | access-date =June 30, 2021 | archive-date =August 1, 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200801021731/https://books.google.com/books?id=U4xti2TmG6UC&pg=PA156 | url-status =live }}</ref> President George W. Bush reacted to Rumsfeld's suggestion, "Wait a minute, I didn't hear a word said about him (Saddam Hussein) being responsible for the attack"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bergen |first1=Peter L. |title=The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden |date=2022 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-9821-7053-0 |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCSvzgEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref> and the idea was initially rejected at the behest of Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]], but, according to Kampfner, "Undeterred Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz held secret meetings about opening up a second front—against Saddam. Powell was excluded." In such meetings they created a policy that would later be dubbed the [[Bush Doctrine]], centering on "pre-emption" and the war on Iraq, which the [[Project for the New American Century|PNAC]] had advocated in their earlier letters.<ref name="Hersh">[[Seymour Hersh|Seymour M. Hersh]], [https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/05/12/030512fa_fact "Annals of National Security Selective Intelligence:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717100914/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/05/12/030512fa_fact |date=July 17, 2014 }} Donald Rumsfeld Has His Own Special Sources. Are they reliable?" ''The New Yorker'', May 12, 2003, accessed May 8, 2007.</ref>

[[Richard A. Clarke]], the White House counter-terrorism coordinator at the time, has revealed details of another National Security Council meeting the day after the attacks, during which officials considered the U.S. response. Already, he said, they were certain al-Qa'ida was to blame and there was no hint of Iraqi involvement. "Rumsfeld was saying we needed to bomb Iraq," according to Clarke. Clarke then stated, "We all said, 'No, no, al-Qa'ida is in Afghanistan.{{'"}} Clarke also revealed that Rumsfeld complained in the meeting, "there aren't any good targets in Afghanistan and there are lots of good targets in Iraq."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rumsfeld-wanted-to-bomb-iraq-after-911-65340.html|title=Rumsfeld 'wanted to bomb Iraq' after 9/11|work=The Independent|date=March 21, 2004|access-date=July 9, 2020|archive-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711125049/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rumsfeld-wanted-to-bomb-iraq-after-911-65340.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Rumsfeld even suggested to attack other countries like Libya and Sudan, arguing that if this was to be a truly "global war on terror" then all state sponsors of terrorism should be dealt with.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bergen |first1=Peter L. |title=The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden |date=2022 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-9821-7053-0 |page=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anp5EAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

Rumsfeld wrote in ''Known and Unknown'', "Much has been written about the Bush administration's focus on Iraq after 9/11. Commentators have suggested that it was strange or obsessive for the President and his advisers to have raised questions about whether Saddam Hussein was somehow behind the attack. I have never understood the controversy. I had no idea if Iraq was or was not involved, but it would have been irresponsible for any administration not to have asked the question."<ref name="memoir" />{{rp|347}}

A memo written by Rumsfeld dated November 27, 2001, considers an Iraq war. One section of the memo questions "How start?", listing multiple possible justifications for a U.S.–Iraq War.<ref name="tv.msnbc.com" />

[[File:Rumsfeld-Memo-HowStart.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Excerpt from Donald Rumsfeld memo dated November 27, 2001<ref name="tv.msnbc.com">{{cite news|date=February 27, 2014 |url=https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/building-momentum-regime-change-rumsfe |title='Building momentum for regime change': Rumsfeld's secret memos |archive-date=March 13, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313095516/http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/building-momentum-regime-change-rumsfe}}</ref>]]

===War in Afghanistan===
Rumsfeld directed the planning for the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]] after the September 11 attacks.<ref name="National Defense University Press" /> On September 21, 2001, [[United States Central Command|USCENTCOM]] Commander General [[Tommy Franks]], briefed the President on a plan to destroy al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and remove the [[Taliban]] government. General Franks also initially proposed to Rumsfeld that the U.S. invade Afghanistan using a conventional force of 60,000 troops, preceded by six months of preparation. Rumsfeld, however feared that a conventional invasion of Afghanistan could bog down as had happened to the Soviets in the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] and the [[1842 retreat from Kabul]] by the British.<ref>{{cite web |title=Special forces and horses |url=http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/special-forces-and-horses/ |date=November 1, 2006 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224191818/http://armedforcesjournal.com/special-forces-and-horses/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rumsfeld rejected Franks's plan, saying "I want men on the ground now!" Franks returned the next day with a plan utilizing [[United States Army Special Forces|U.S. Special Forces]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zimmerman|first1=Dwight Jon|title=21st Century Horse Soldiers – Special Operations Forces and Operation Enduring Freedom|url=http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/operation-enduring-freedom-the-first-49-days-4/|date=September 16, 2011|access-date=September 11, 2015|archive-date=February 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216194220/https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/operation-enduring-freedom-the-first-49-days-4/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="National Defense University Press" /> Despite air and missile attacks against al-Qaeda in Afghanistan, [[United States Central Command|USCENTCOM]] had no pre-existing plans for conducting ground operations there.<ref name="National Defense University Press" />

[[File:Brigadier General Lloyd Austin converse with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld.jpg|thumb|Rumsfeld (center) converses with [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Afghanistan|U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan]] [[Zalmay Khalilzad]] (right) as Brig. Gen. [[Lloyd Austin]] (top left) looks on during a visit to [[Kandahar|Kandahar, Afghanistan]], on February 26, 2004.]]

The September 21, 2001 plan emerged after extensive dialogue, but Secretary Rumsfeld also asked for broader plans that looked beyond Afghanistan.<ref name="National Defense University Press" />

On October 7, 2001, just hours after the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|2001 invasion of Afghanistan]] was launched, Rumsfeld addressed the nation in a press conference at the Pentagon stating "While our raids today focus on the Taliban and the foreign terrorists in Afghanistan, our aim remains much broader. Our objective is to defeat those who use terrorism and those who house or support them. The world stands united in this effort".<ref name="United States Department of Defense-2001">{{cite web|url=https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2011|title=Rumsfeld and Myers Briefing on Enduring Freedom|publisher=United States Department of Defense|date=October 7, 2001|access-date=July 4, 2020|archive-date=July 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704213028/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rumsfeld also stated "the only way to deal with these terrorist threats is to go at them where they exist. You cannot defend at every place at every time against every conceivable, imaginable, even unimaginable terrorist attack. And the only way to deal with it is to take the battle to where they are and to root them out and to starve them out by seeing that those countries and those organizations and those non-governmental organizations and those individuals that are supporting and harboring and facilitating these networks stop doing it and find that there's a penalty for doing it".<ref name="United States Department of Defense-2001" />

Rumsfeld in another press conference at the Pentagon on October 29, 2001, stated "As the first weeks of this effort proceed, it bears repeating that our goal is not to reduce or simply contain terrorist acts, but our goal is to deal with it comprehensively. And we do not intend to stop until we've rooted out terrorist networks and put them out of business, not just in the case of the Taliban and the Al Qaeda in Afghanistan, but other networks as well. And as I've mentioned, the Al Qaeda network crosses some 40, 50-plus countries."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_102901.html|title=Text: Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 29, 2001|access-date=July 4, 2020|archive-date=November 4, 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021104072846/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_102901.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rumsfeld announced in November 2001, that he received "authoritative reports" that Al-Qaeda's number three [[Mohammed Atef]], bin Laden's primary military chief and a planner of the September 11 attacks on America, was killed by a U.S. airstrike.<ref name="Orlando Sentinel-2001">{{cite news |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2001-11-17-0111170104-story.html |title=U.S. Thinks Bomb Killed Bin Laden's Top Aide |work=Orlando Sentinel |date=November 17, 2001 |access-date=July 4, 2020 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022190425/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2001-11-17-0111170104-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_111901.html|title=Text:Pentagon Briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 19, 2001|access-date=July 4, 2020|archive-date=December 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222045045/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_111901.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="archive.defense.gov">{{cite web|url=https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2444|title=DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld|date=November 19, 2001|access-date=July 4, 2020|archive-date=July 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705040502/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2444|url-status=dead}}</ref> "He was very, very senior," Rumsfeld said. "We obviously have been seeking [him] out."<ref name="Orlando Sentinel-2001" />

In a press conference at the Pentagon on November 19, 2001, Rumsfeld described the role of U.S. ground forces in Afghanistan as firstly in the north, American troops are "embedded in [[Northern Alliance]]" elements, helping arrange food and medical supplies and pinpointing airstrikes and in the south, commandos and other troops are operating more independently, raiding compounds, monitoring roadblocks and searching vehicles in the hope of developing more information about al-Qaeda and Taliban leaders.<ref name="archive.defense.gov" /><ref name="Orlando Sentinel-2001" /> On December 16, 2001, Rumsfeld visited U.S. troops in Afghanistan at [[Bagram Airfield|Bagram Air Base]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=44350|title=Rumsfeld Visits Afghanistan, Meets With U.S. Troops|publisher=United States Department of Defense|date=December 16, 2001|access-date=July 5, 2020|archive-date=September 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930023822/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=44350|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On March 15, 2002, in another press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld commented on the mission of [[Operation Anaconda]] by stating "Operation Anaconda continues in the area south of Gardez in eastern Afghanistan. The fighting is winding down as you know. Coalition forces are for the most part in an exploitation phase, doing the difficult work of searching caves and clearing areas where the battles and fighting has taken place. Our forces are finding weapons, ammunition, some intelligence information. In the top 25 al Qaeda, we know some are dead and we know some may be dead; we know some are captured and there are a larger number that we don't know. And roughly the same proportions with respect to Taliban".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://usinfo.org/wf-archive/2002/020315/epf503.htm|title=Transcript: Defense Department Briefing, March 15, 2002|date=March 15, 2002|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>

On May 1, 2003, Rumsfeld during a visit to Afghanistan meeting with U.S. troops stationed in Kabul told the press "General Franks and I have been looking at the progress that's being made in this country and have concluded that we are at a point where we clearly have moved from major combat activity to a period of stability and stabilization and reconstruction and activities." "I should underline however, that there are still dangers, there are still pockets of resistance in certain parts of the country and General McNeal and General Franks and their, the cooperation they have with the [[Hamid Karzai|President Karzai]]'s government and leadership and Marshall Fayheems assistance. We will be continuing as a country to work with the Afghan government and the new Afghan National Army to see that the any areas where there is resistance to this government and to the coalition forces will be dealt with promptly and efficiently."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2562|title=Secretary Rumsfeld Joint Media Availability with President Karzai|publisher=United States Department of Defense|date=May 1, 2003|access-date=July 22, 2020|archive-date=July 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722114646/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2562|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There was also controversy between the Pentagon and the CIA over who had the authority to fire [[Hellfire missiles]] from [[RQ-1 Predator|Predator drones]].<ref name="gpo">{{cite web|url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/pdf/sec6.pdf |title=From Threat to Threat|access-date=February 5, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112165907/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/pdf/sec6.pdf |archive-date=January 12, 2012}} (pp. 189–90, 211–214)</ref> Even though the drones were not ready for deployment until 2002,<ref name="gpo" /> [[Daniel Benjamin]] and [[Steven Simon]] have argued that "these quarrels kept the Predator from being used against al Qaeda ... One anonymous individual who was at the center of the action called this episode 'typical' and complained that 'Rumsfeld never missed an opportunity to fail to cooperate. The fact is, the Secretary of Defense is an obstacle. He has helped the terrorists.'<ref>{{cite book|author1=Daniel Benjamin|author2=Steven Simon|title=The Next Attack|place=New York City|publisher=[[Times Books]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8050-7941-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/nextattackfailur00benj/page/161 161]|url=https://archive.org/details/nextattackfailur00benj/page/161}}</ref>

In December 2005, Rumsfeld again visited Kabul and met with the Afghan defense minister, [[Rahim Wardak]]. During the meeting, Rumsfeld expressed doubts about the effectiveness of the [[Afghan Army|Afghan army]] and attributed the worsening situation in Afghanistan to ineffective governance. He criticized the longstanding plan to expand the Afghan army to 70,000 troops and requested a reduction in the size of the Afghan army to 52,000 at most, claiming that this was necessary to "suit Afghanistan's limited revenues." Shortly after the trip, Rumsfeld also withdrew 3,000 U.S. troops from Afghanistan and canceled the planned deployment of one army brigade headed there.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malkasian |first1=Carter |title=The American War in Afghanistan: A History |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-755077-9 |pages=131–132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPQuEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

In 2009, three years after Rumsfeld's tenure as Defense secretary ended, the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] led an investigation into the [[Battle of Tora Bora]] in December 2001, during the early phase of the U.S-led coalition war in Afghanistan. They concluded that Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld and General Franks had not committed enough troops during the battle to secure the area around Tora Bora. They believed that Al-Qaeda's number one leader [[Osama bin Laden]] had likely been at Tora Bora and his escape prolonged the war in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-111SPRT53709/html/CPRT-111SPRT53709.htm|title=TORA BORA REVISITED: HOW WE FAILED TO GET BIN LADEN AND WHY IT MATTERS TODAY|access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> Rumsfeld and Franks were apparently motivated by fear that a substantial American presence near Tora Bora could incite a rebellion by local [[Pashtuns]], despite the latter's lack of organizational capability at the time and the fierce dissent voiced by many CIA analysts including [[Charles E. Allen]] (who warned Franks that "the back door [to [[Pakistan]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> was open") and [[Gary Berntsen]] (who called for [[United States Army Rangers|army rangers]] to "kill this baby in the crib"). Instead of rangers or [[United States Marine Corps|marines]], the U.S. assault on Tora Bora relied on the CIA-backed Afghan militias of [[Hazrat Ali (Afghan politician)|Hazrat Ali]] and [[Zahir Qadeer]], supplemented with [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress|B-52]] bombardment. The resulting influx of hundreds of al-Qaeda fighters into Pakistan destabilized the country and damaged [[Pakistan–United States relations]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2019|isbn=9780143132509|pages=102–111}}</ref> The follow-up [[Operation Anaconda]] "witnessed failures of planning and execution, the product of the fractured lines of command," as recounted by [[Steve Coll]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2019|isbn=9780143132509|pages=125–127}}</ref> In mid-2002, Rumsfeld announced that "The war is over in Afghanistan," to the disbelief of State Department, CIA, and military officials in the country. As a result, Rumsfeld downplayed the need for an Afghan army of even 70,000 troops, far fewer than the 250,000 envisaged by Karzai.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2019|isbn=9780143132509|pages=134–135}}</ref>

===Iraq War===
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 020311-D-2987S-018.jpg|thumb|Rumsfeld, accompanied by General [[Richard Myers]] and military representatives from the [[International Security Assistance Force]], speaks to the press on March 11, 2002.]]
[[File:Donald Rumsfeld Tommy Franks.jpg|thumb|right|Rumsfeld (left) and General [[Tommy Franks]] (right), commander of [[United States Central Command]], listen to a question at a Pentagon press conference on March 5, 2003.]]

Before and during the [[Iraq War]], Rumsfeld claimed that Iraq had an active [[weapons of mass destruction]] program; in particular during his famous phrase "[[there are known knowns]]" in a press conference at the Pentagon on February 12, 2002,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2636 |title=Defense.gov News Transcript: DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers |publisher=United States Department of Defense |access-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-date=September 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905184152/http://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2636 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
no stockpiles were ever found.<ref name="Frontline who said" /><ref name="FactCheck 2005-09-02" /> Bush administration officials also claimed that there was an operational relationship between al-Qaeda and Saddam Hussein. A Pentagon Inspector General report found that Rumsfeld's top policy aide, [[Douglas J. Feith]], "developed, produced, and then disseminated alternative intelligence assessments on the Iraq and al-Qaeda relationship, which included some conclusions that were inconsistent with the consensus of the Intelligence Community, to senior decision-makers".<ref name="McClatchy 2007-02-07" />

The job of finding WMD and providing justification for the attack fell to the intelligence services, but, according to Kampfner, "Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz believed that, while the established security services had a role, they were too bureaucratic and too traditional in their thinking." As a result, "they set up what came to be known as the 'cabal', a cell of eight or nine analysts in a new [[Office of Special Plans|Office of Special Plans (OSP)]] based in the U.S. Defense Department." According to an unnamed Pentagon source quoted by Hersh, the OSP "was created in order to find evidence of what Wolfowitz and his boss, Defense Secretary Rumsfeld, believed to be true—that Saddam Hussein had close ties to [[al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]], and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of chemical, biological, and possibly even nuclear weapons that threatened the region and, potentially, the United States".<ref name="Hersh" />

On January 22, 2003, after the German and French governments voiced opposition to invading Iraq, Rumsfeld labeled these countries as part of "[[Old Europe (politics)|Old Europe]]", implying that countries that supported the war were part of a newer, modern Europe.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 23, 2003 |title=Outrage at 'old Europe' remarks |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2687403.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421002430/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2687403.stm |archive-date=April 21, 2010 |url-status=live |access-date=May 1, 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 031027-D-9880W-030.jpg|thumb|Romanian President [[Ion Iliescu]] (right) awards the [[Order of the Star of Romania|"Star of Romania"]] decoration to Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld.]]

After the war in Afghanistan was launched, Rumsfeld participated in a meeting in regard to the review of the Department of Defense's Contingency Plan in the event of a war with Iraq. The plan, as it was then conceived, contemplated troop levels of up to 500,000, which Rumsfeld felt was far too many. Gordon and Trainor wrote:

{{blockquote|As [General] Newbold outlined the plan ... it was clear that Rumsfeld was growing increasingly irritated. For Rumsfeld, the plan required too many troops and supplies and took far too long to execute. It was, Rumsfeld declared, the "product of old thinking and the embodiment of everything that was wrong with the military".<ref name="inside">Id.Gordon, Michael R. and Bernard E. Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq, 2006. Book excerpt from the Denver Post</ref>}}

In a press conference at the Pentagon on February 27, 2003, Rumsfeld told reporters after being asked a question that Army Chief of Staff General [[Eric Shinseki]] suggested it would take several hundred thousand troops on the ground to secure Iraq and provide stability. Is he wrong?. Rumsfeld replied "the idea that it would take several hundred thousand U.S. forces I think is far from the mark. The reality is that we already have a number of countries that have offered to participate with their forces in stabilization activities, in the event force has to be used."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1957|title=Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability with Afghan President Karzai|publisher=United States Department of Defense|date=February 27, 2003|access-date=July 22, 2020|archive-date=July 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722060147/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1957|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rumsfeld addressed the nation in a press conference at the Pentagon on March 20, 2003, just hours after the launch of the [[2003 Invasion of Iraq]], where he announced the first strike of the war to liberate Iraq and that "The days of the Saddam Hussein regime are numbered," and "We continue to feel there is no need for a broader conflict if the Iraqi leaders act to save themselves and act to prevent such a conflict."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=29267|title=Saddam's Days Numbered, Rumsfeld Says|publisher=United States Department of Defense|date=March 20, 2003|access-date=July 4, 2020|archive-date=July 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730012601/https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=29267|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rumsfeld's role in directing the [[Iraq War]] included a plan that was the [[Shock and Awe]] campaign,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/donald-rumsfeld-was-last-good-secretary-defense-188957|title=Donald Rumsfeld Was the Last Good Secretary of Defense|date=June 30, 2021|access-date=May 20, 2023}}</ref> which resulted in [[2003 invasion of Iraq|a lightning invasion]] with 145,000 soldiers on the ground<ref>Belasco, Amy (2 July 2009). [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/R40682.pdf "Troop Levels in the Afghan and Iraq Wars, FY2001-FY2012: Cost and Other Potential Issues"] (PDF). United States: Congressional Research Service. CRS Report R40682. Retrieved 30 March 2025. Table D-2.</ref> that took Baghdad within three weeks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tyler |first=Patrick E. |date=2003-04-10 |title=A NATION AT WAR: COMBAT; U.S. FORCES TAKE CONTROL IN BAGHDAD; BUSH ELATED; SOME RESISTANCE REMAINS |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/10/world/nation-war-combat-us-forces-take-control-baghdad-bush-elated-some-resistance.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Many government buildings, plus major museums, electrical generation infrastructure, and even oil equipment were looted and vandalized during the transition from the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime to the establishment of the [[Coalition Provisional Authority]]. A violent [[Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)|insurrection]] began shortly after the military operation started.

On March 30, 2003, in an interview with [[George Stephanopoulos]] on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s ''[[This Week (American TV program)|This Week]]'' program, Rumsfeld answered a question by Stephanopoulos about finding weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, Rumsfeld stated "We know where they are. They're in the area around [[Tikrit]] and Baghdad and east, west, south and north somewhat."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/30/international/worldspecial/comments-by-donald-rumsfeld-on-this-week.html|title=Comments by Donald Rumsfeld on 'This Week'|work=The New York Times|date=March 30, 2003|access-date=July 4, 2020|archive-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706211247/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/30/international/worldspecial/comments-by-donald-rumsfeld-on-this-week.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 9, 2003, at a press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld addressed reporters during the [[Battle of Baghdad (2003)|Fall of Baghdad]], and stated "The scenes of free Iraqis celebrating in the streets, riding American tanks, tearing down the statues of Saddam Hussein in the center of Baghdad are breathtaking."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2339 |title=DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers |publisher=United States Department of Defense |date=April 9, 2003 |access-date=July 22, 2003 |archive-date=July 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723040329/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2339 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After the Iraq invasion, U.S. troops were criticized for not protecting the historical artifacts and treasures located at the [[National Museum of Iraq]]. On April 11, 2003, at a press conference at the Pentagon, when asked at the time why U.S. troops did not actively seek to stop the lawlessness, Rumsfeld replied, "Stuff happens ... and it's untidy and freedom's untidy, and free people are free to make mistakes and commit crimes and do bad things. They're also free to live their lives and do wonderful things. And that's what's going to happen here."<ref name="StuffHappens">{{cite web |url=https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2367 |title=DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers |date=April 11, 2003 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |access-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-date=February 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211175226/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2367 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He further commented that, "The images you are seeing on television you are seeing over, and over, and over, and it's the same picture of some person walking out of some building with a vase, and you see it 20 times, and you think, "My goodness, were there that many vases?"<ref name="StuffHappens" />

On July 24, 2003, at a press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld commented on the release of photographs of the deceased sons of Saddam Hussein, [[Uday Hussein]] and [[Qusay Hussein]]. "It is not a practice that the United States engages in on a normal basis," Rumsfeld said. "I honestly believe that these two are particularly bad characters and that it's important for the Iraqi people to see them, to know they're gone, to know they're dead, and to know they're not coming back." Rumsfeld also said, "I feel it was the right decision, and I'm glad I made it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2894|title=DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Ambassador Bremer|publisher=United States Department of Defense|date=July 24, 2003|access-date=July 23, 2020|archive-date=July 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730013957/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2894|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28678|title=Photos of Hussein Brothers' Bodies Provide Proof to Iraqis|publisher=United States Department of Defense|date=July 24, 2003|access-date=July 4, 2020|archive-date=September 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930015136/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28678|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/24/international/worldspecial/images-of-husseins-sons-met-with-joy-and.html|title=Images of Hussein's Sons Met With Joy and Skepticism|work=The New York Times|date=July 24, 2003|access-date=July 4, 2020|archive-date=July 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705051755/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/24/international/worldspecial/images-of-husseins-sons-met-with-joy-and.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2003, Rumsfeld approved a secret Pentagon "roadmap" on public relations, calling for "boundaries" between information operations abroad and the news media at home. The Roadmap advances a policy according to which as long as the U.S. government does not intentionally target the American public, it does not matter that [[psychological operations]] reach the American public.<ref>{{cite web | editor-last=Adair | editor-first=Kristin  | title=Rumsfeld's Roadmap to Propaganda | website=The National Security Archive | date=2006-01-27 | url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB177/index.htm | access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref>

On December 14, 2003, Rumsfeld in an interview with journalist [[Lesley Stahl]] on ''[[60 Minutes]]'' after U.S. forces captured [[Saddam Hussein]] in [[Operation Red Dawn]], stated, "Here was a man who was photographed hundreds of times shooting off rifles and showing how tough he was, and in fact, he wasn't very tough, he was cowering in a hole in the ground, and had a pistol and didn't use it, and certainly did not put up any fight at all. I think that ... he resulted in the death of an awful lot of Iraqi people, in the last analysis, he seemed not terribly brave."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/exclusive-rumsfeld-on-saddam/|title=Exclusive: Rumsfeld On Saddam|work=CBS News|date=December 14, 2003|access-date=July 4, 2020|archive-date=July 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705045637/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/exclusive-rumsfeld-on-saddam/|url-status=live}}</ref>

As Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld was deliberate in crafting the public message from the Department of Defense. People will "rally" to the word "sacrifice", Rumsfeld noted after a meeting. "They are looking for leadership. Sacrifice = Victory." In May 2004, Rumsfeld considered whether to redefine the war on terrorism as a fight against "worldwide insurgency". He advised aides "to test what the results could be" if the war on terrorism were renamed.<ref name="FromDesk">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/31/AR2007103103095.html?hpid=topnews|title=From the Desk of Donald Rumsfeld ...|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 1, 2007|first=Robin|last=Wright|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-date=February 5, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205210652/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/31/AR2007103103095.html?hpid=topnews|url-status=live}}</ref> Rumsfeld also ordered specific public Pentagon attacks on and responses to U.S. newspaper columns that reported the negative aspects of the war.

During Rumsfeld's tenure, he regularly visited U.S. troops stationed in Iraq.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=26486|title=Rumsfeld Arrives in Baghdad to Visit Troops, Meet with Leaders|publisher=United States Department of Defense|date=May 13, 2004|access-date=July 5, 2020|archive-date=September 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930025222/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=26486|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] reported that though Rumsfeld didn't specify a withdrawal date for troops in Iraq, "He says it would be unrealistic to wait for Iraq to be peaceful before removing U.S. led forces from the country, adding that Iraq had never been peaceful and perfect."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-09-25/us-troops-can-leave-before-iraq-peaceful-rumsfeld/557522 |newspaper=Australia Broadcasting Corporation |title=US troops can leave before Iraq peaceful: Rumsfeld |date=September 24, 2004 |access-date=April 28, 2018 |archive-date=October 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027203642/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-09-25/us-troops-can-leave-before-iraq-peaceful-rumsfeld/557522 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On August 2, 2006, at a press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld commented on the [[Sectarian violence in Iraq (2006–2009)|sectarian violence in Iraq]] where he stated "there's sectarian violence; people are being killed. [[Sunnis]] are killing [[Shi'a]] and Shi'a are killing Sunnis. [[Kurds]] seem not to be involved. It's unfortunate, and they need a reconciliation process."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3692 |title=DoD News Briefing with Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Peter Pace |publisher=United States Department of Defense |date=August 2, 2006 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722174527/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3692 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On October 26, 2006, at a press conference at the Pentagon after the failure of [[Operation Together Forward]] in Iraq, Rumsfeld stated "Would defeat in Iraq be so bad?" Well, the answer is: Yes, it would be. Those who are fighting against the Iraqi government want to seize power so that they can establish a new sanctuary and a base of operations for terrorists and any idea that U.S. military leaders are rigidly refusing to make adjustments in their approaches is just flat wrong. The military is continuing to adapt and to adjust as required. Yes, there are difficulties and problems to be sure."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3772 |title=DoD News Briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld from the Pentagon |publisher=United States Department of Defense |date=October 26, 2006 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724142440/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3772 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As a result, Rumsfeld stirred controversy as to whether the forces that did invade Iraq were enough in size.<ref name="inside" /> In 2006, Rumsfeld responded to a question by [[Brit Hume]] of [[Fox News]] as to whether he pressed General [[Tommy Franks]] to lower his request for 400,000 troops for the war:

{{blockquote|Absolutely not. That's a mythology. This town [Washington, D.C.] is filled with this kind of nonsense. The people who decide the levels of forces on the ground are not the Secretary of Defense or the President. We hear recommendations, but the recommendations are made by the combatant commanders and by members of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] and there hasn't been a minute in the last six years when we have not had the number of troops that the combatant commanders have requested.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/video2/player06.html?121406/121406_sr_rumsfeld&Special_Report&Final%20Interview&acc&Politics&-1&News&486&&&new |title=Special Report with Brit Hume |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |date=December 14, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102093658/http://www.foxnews.com/video2/player06.html?121406%2F121406_sr_rumsfeld&Special_Report&Final%20Interview&acc&Politics&-1&News&486&&&new |archive-date=November 2, 2012}}</ref>}}

Rumsfeld told Hume that Franks ultimately decided against such a troop level.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/glogin://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/13/us/13cnd-army.html&OQ=_rQ3D1Q26pagewantedQ3D1Q26hp&OP=1b367f6cQ2FAs5tAFLQ7EgQ20LLQ3EQ27AQ2744Q51A(4A(2A6gA(2Q7EHFQ5DJQ20dQ25chQ3Edo |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Blunt Talk About Iraq at Army School |first=Elisabeth |last=Bumiller |date=October 13, 2007 |access-date=May 1, 2010 |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630202720/https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/enter-email?response_type=cookie&client_id=lgcl&redirect_uri=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.nytimes.com%252F2007%252F10%252F13%252Fus%252F13cnd-army.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throughout his tenure, Rumsfeld sought to remind the American people of the 9/11 attacks and threats against Americans, noting at one time in a 2006 memo to "[m]ake the American people realize they are surrounded in the world by violent extremists".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=MCJYFVHYHCMGNQFIQMGSFGGAVCBQWIV0?xml=/news/2007/11/02/wgulf402.xml |title=Rumsfeld 'kept up fear of terror attacks' |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=March 11, 2007 |location=London |first=Boris |last=Johnson |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116052736/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml%3Bjsessionid%3DMCJYFVHYHCMGNQFIQMGSFGGAVCBQWIV0?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F11%2F02%2Fwgulf402.xml}}</ref><ref name="FromDesk" /> According to a report by ''[[The Guardian]]'', Rumsfeld was allegedly including [[Bible|biblical]] quotes in top secret briefing papers to appeal George W Bush, known for his devout religious beliefs, to invade Iraq as more like "holy war" or "a religious crusade" against Muslims.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/18/rumsfeld-gq-iraq-bible-quotes-bush Iraq war briefings headlined with biblical quotes, reports US magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321064920/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/18/rumsfeld-gq-iraq-bible-quotes-bush |date=March 21, 2020 }} ''The Guardian''</ref>

In a September 2007 interview with ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', General [[Mike Jackson (British Army officer)|Mike Jackson]], the head of the [[British army]] during the invasion, criticized Rumsfeld's plans for the invasion of Iraq as "intellectually bankrupt", adding that Rumsfeld is "one of those most responsible for the current situation in Iraq", and that he felt that "the US approach to combating global terrorism is 'inadequate' and too focused on military might rather than [[nation building]] and diplomacy."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/01/wirq601.xml |author1=Robert Watts |author2=Tim Shipman |title=Gen Sir Mike Jackson's attack draws US ire |work=[[The Sunday Telegraph]] |date=September 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017092732/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F01%2Fwirq601.xml |archive-date=October 17, 2007 |location=London |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In December 2004, Rumsfeld was heavily criticized for using a [[Autopen|signing machine]] instead of personally signing over 1000 letters of condolence to the families of soldiers killed in action in Iraq and Afghanistan. He promised to personally sign all letters in the future.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/rumsfeld-to-personally-sign-all-condolence-letters-1.27255|title=Rumsfeld to personally sign all condolence letters|date=December 17, 2004|work=Stars and Stripes|access-date=October 20, 2017|archive-date=October 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021005411/https://www.stripes.com/news/rumsfeld-to-personally-sign-all-condolence-letters-1.27255|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Prisoner abuse and torture concerns===
{{Further|Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse}}
[[File:Rumsfeld-4 hours a day.png|thumb|Comment from Rumsfeld: "I stand for 8–10 hours a day. Why is standing [by prisoners] limited to 4 hours?"]]
The Department of Defense's preliminary concerns for holding, housing, and interrogating captured prisoners on the battlefield were raised during the military build-up prior to the Iraq War. Because Saddam Hussein's military forces surrendered when faced with military action, many within the DOD, including Rumsfeld and United States Central Command General Tommy Franks, decided it was in the best interest of all to hand these prisoners over to their respective countries. Additionally, it was determined that maintaining a large holding facility was, at the time, unrealistic. Instead, the use of many facilities such as [[Abu Ghraib prison|Abu Ghraib]] to house prisoners of interest prior to handing them over, and Rumsfeld defended the Bush administration's decision to detain [[enemy combatant]]s. Because of this, critics, including members of the [[U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee]], held Rumsfeld responsible for the ensuing [[Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse]] scandal. Rumsfeld himself said: "These events occurred on my watch as Secretary of Defense. I am accountable for them."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/09/iraq.abuse.main.int/ |work=CNN|title=Rumsfeld 'the best' |date=May 9, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040511033734/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/09/iraq.abuse.main.int/ |archive-date=May 11, 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He offered his resignation to President Bush in the wake of the scandal, but it was not accepted.<ref>Bush, George W. (2010), p. 88</ref>

[[File:US Navy 041224-M-8096K-064 Secretary of Defense (SECDEF), Donald Rumsfeld takes a photo with some Marines at Camp Fallujah, Iraq.jpg|thumb|right|Rumsfeld poses with Marines during one of his trips to [[Camp Fallujah]], Iraq, on Christmas Eve 2004.]]

In a memo read by Rumsfeld detailing how [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]] interrogators induced stress in prisoners by forcing them to remain standing in one position for a maximum of four hours, Rumsfeld scrawled a handwritten note on the memo reading: "I stand for 8–10 hours a day. Why is standing [by prisoners] limited to 4 hours? D.R."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-06-22-rumsfeld-abuse-usat_x.htm|title=Rumsfeld OK'd harsh treatment|date=June 23, 2004|work=[[USA Today]]|first1=John|last1=Diamond|access-date=May 1, 2010|archive-date=April 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401132056/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-06-22-rumsfeld-abuse-usat_x.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Various organizations, such as [[Human Rights Watch]], called for investigations of Rumsfeld regarding his involvement in managing the Iraq War and his support of the Bush administration's policies of "[[enhanced interrogation techniques]]", which are widely regarded as torture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3966038,00.html |title=Bush Should Face Prosecution, Says UN Representative |date=January 21, 2009 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601094302/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0%2C%2C3966038%2C00.html |archive-date=June 1, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Amy |last=Goodman |author-link=Amy Goodman |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2005/4/25/getting_away_with_torture_human_rights |title=Getting Away with Torture? Human Rights Watch Calls for Accountability into U.S. Abuse of Detainees |work=[[Democracy Now!]] |date=April 25, 2005 |access-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145739/https://www.democracynow.org/2005/4/25/getting_away_with_torture_human_rights |url-status=live }}</ref>

Legal scholars have argued that Rumsfeld "might be held criminally responsible if [he] would be prosecuted by the [[International Criminal Court|ICC]]".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smeulers|first1=Alette|last2=van Niekirk|first2=Sander|title=Abu Ghraib and the War on Terror-A case against Donald Rumsfeld?|journal=Crime, Law and Social Change|year=2009|volume=51|issue=3–4|pages=327–349|doi=10.1007/s10611-008-9160-2|ssrn=2388266|s2cid=145710956|url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/2403096/215948.pdf|access-date=June 30, 2021|archive-date=June 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630202658/https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/2403096/215948.pdf|url-status=live |issn = 0925-4994 }}</ref> In 2005 the [[ACLU]] and Human Rights First filed a lawsuit against Rumsfeld and other top government officials, "on behalf of eight men who they say were subjected to torture and abuse by U.S. forces under the command of Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld".<ref name="USA Today">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-03-01-CSM-torture_x.htm|work=USA Today|first=Faye|last=Bowers|title=Lawsuit blames Rumsfeld for overseas torture|date=March 1, 2005|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-date=March 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316231714/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-03-01-CSM-torture_x.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2005, a suit was filed against Rumsfeld by several human rights organizations for allegedly violating U.S. and international law that prohibits "torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading punishment".<ref name="USA Today" /> [[Donald Vance]] and Nathan Ertel filed suit against the U.S. government and Rumsfeld on similar grounds, alleging that they were tortured and their rights of ''[[habeas corpus]]'' were violated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/18/world/middleeast/18justice.html |title=Former U.S. Detainee in Iraq Recalls Torment |first=Michael |last=Moss |date=December 18, 2006 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 18, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213025358/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/18/world/middleeast/18justice.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-date=December 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2011/08/09/donald-rumsfeld-faces-another-torture-lawsuit/|title=Donald Rumsfeld Faces Another Torture Lawsuit|author=Patrick G. Lee|date=August 9, 2011|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=August 4, 2017|archive-date=July 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709204920/https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2011/08/09/donald-rumsfeld-faces-another-torture-lawsuit/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/opinions/editorials/iraq-crimes-return-to-haunt-rumsfeld-1.849853 |title=Iraq crimes return to haunt Rumsfeld; Former US defence secretary can no longer deflect responsibility for abuse of detainees |date=August 11, 2011 |newspaper=[[Gulf News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811062230/http://gulfnews.com/opinions/editorials/iraq-crimes-return-to-haunt-rumsfeld-1.849853 |url-status=live |archive-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2011/08/09/rumsfeld_must_face_torture_suit_appeals_court_says/ |title=Rumsfeld must face torture suit, appeals court says |date=August 9, 2011 |website=[[The Boston Globe]]|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510072825/http://articles.boston.com/2011-08-09/news/29868919_1_appeals-court-interrogation-techniques-torture |archive-date=May 10, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, U.S. District Judge [[Thomas F. Hogan]] ruled that Rumsfeld could not "be held personally responsible for actions taken in connection with his government job".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/27/AR2007032701338.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Matt|last=Apuzzo|title=Judge Dismisses Lawsuit Against Rumsfeld|date=March 28, 2007|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-date=July 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703051216/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/27/AR2007032701338.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The ACLU tried to revive the case in 2011 with no success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/13/attempt-to-reinstate-tort_n_808621.html |title=Donald Rumsfeld Torture Lawsuit Fizzles, Again |date=January 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117092206/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/13/attempt-to-reinstate-tort_n_808621.html |archive-date=January 17, 2011 |url-status=live |work=HuffPost |first=Dan |last=Froomkin}}</ref>

In 2004, German prosecutor [[Wolfgang Kaleck]] filed a criminal complaint charging Rumsfeld and 11 other U.S. officials as war criminals who either ordered the torture of prisoners or drafted laws that legitimated its use. The charges based on breaches of the UN Convention against Torture and the German Code of Crimes against International Law.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/14/world/americas/14iht-rumsfeld.3532840.html |title=Rumsfeld faces war crimes suit in Germany – Americas – International Herald Tribune |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 14, 206 |access-date=March 23, 2021 |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505163249/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/14/world/americas/14iht-rumsfeld.3532840.html |url-status=live |last1=Landler |first1=Mark }}</ref>

Rumsfeld's disclosure of the whistleblower's identity during a Senate hearing, despite assurances to [[Joe Darby]] of his anonymity<ref name="Am I a Torturer? Mother Jones">[https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2008/03/am-i-a-torturer.html Am I a Torturer? (Mother Jones)]</ref><ref name="When Joseph Comes Marching Home">{{cite news |date=May 17, 2004 |title=When Joseph Comes Marching Home |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A32048-2004May16.html |accessdate=May 6, 2010 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>[http://unbossed.com/?p=870 unbossed.com » Thank You, Joseph Darby<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> led to shunning within the community, harassment and death threats against him and his family, resulting in them being taken into protective custody by the U.S. Army.<ref>{{cite web | last=Jackson | first=John | title=A Toast to the Bravery and Sacrifice of Whistleblowers | website=HuffPost | date=2010-12-28 | url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/a-toast-to-the-bravery-an_b_801589 | access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref> Darby would come to doubt the unintentionality of his public identification, though Rumsfeld sent him a letter stating there had been no malicious intent, the mention was meant as praise, that Rumsfeld was unaware of Darby's anonymity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-05 |title=Abu Ghraib whistleblower's ordeal |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6930197.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Resignation===
[[File:Margaret Thatcher 060912-F-0193C-006.jpg|thumb|right|Rumsfeld with former British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] alongside the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General [[Peter Pace]], 2006]]

Eight U.S. and other [[Member states of NATO|NATO-member]] retired generals and admirals called for Rumsfeld to resign in early 2006 in what was called the "Generals Revolt", accusing him of "abysmal" military planning and lack of strategic competence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/washington/14military.html |work=The New York Times |title=More Retired Generals Call for Rumsfeld's Resignation |first1=David S. |last1=Cloud |first2=Eric |last2=Schmitt |date=April 14, 2006 |access-date=May 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109133044/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/washington/14military.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=November 9, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revenge of the battered generals |last=Baldwin |first=Tom |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article706556.ece |date=April 18, 2006 |work=[[The Times]] |location=London |access-date=August 22, 2008 |archive-date=May 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022329/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article706556.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401649_pf.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Bush Speaks Out for Rumsfeld|first1=Peter|last1=Baker|first2=Josh|last2=White|access-date=May 1, 2010|archive-date=June 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021426/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401649_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Commentator [[Pat Buchanan]] reported at the time that ''[[Washington Post]]'' columnist [[David Ignatius]], who traveled often to Iraq and supported the war, said the generals "mirror the views of 75 percent of the officers in the field, and probably more".<ref>{{cite web |first=Patrick J. |last=Buchanan |work=[[The Free Lance–Star]] |author-link=Pat Buchanan |title=Smackdown 2006: The Generals Vs. Rumsfeld for the Top Prize |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OYw1AAAAIBAJ&pg=2539,7675827 |access-date=March 31, 2020 |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624155019/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OYw1AAAAIBAJ&pg=2539,7675827 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rumsfeld rebuffed these criticisms, stating, "out of thousands and thousands of admirals and generals, if every time two or three people disagreed we changed the secretary of defense of the United States, it would be like a merry-go-round."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2139847/#sb2140026 |title=How many retired generals are there? |author=Daniel Engber |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |archive-date=April 17, 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060417173552/http://www.slate.com/id/2139847/#sb2140026}}</ref> Bush defended Rumsfeld throughout and responded by stating that Rumsfeld is "exactly what is needed".<ref>{{cite news|date=April 14, 2006 |title=Bush: Rumsfeld 'exactly what is needed' |work=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/04/14/iraq.rumsfeld/index.html |access-date=May 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826093036/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/04/14/iraq.rumsfeld/index.html |archive-date=August 26, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Bush and Rumsfeld shakes hands, November 8, 2006.jpg|thumb|right|Rumsfeld shakes President Bush's hand as he announces his resignation, November 8, 2006.]]
On November 1, 2006, Bush stated he would stand by Rumsfeld as defense secretary for the length of his term as president.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6421567 |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=November 2, 2006 |first=Don |last=Gonyea |title=Bush Voices Support for Rumsfeld, Cheney |access-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145751/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6421567 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rumsfeld wrote a resignation letter dated November 6, 2006, and, per the stamp on the letter, Bush saw it on [[Election Day (United States)|Election Day]], November 7, 2006.<ref name="Reuters2007-08-15">{{cite news|first=Kristin |last=Roberts |title=Rumsfeld resigned before election, letter shows |date=August 15, 2007 |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-rumsfeld-resignation/rumsfeld-resigned-before-election-letter-shows-idUSN1524505720070815 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |access-date=August 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726104051/https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/08/15/us-usa-rumsfeld-resignation-idUSN1524505720070815 |archive-date=July 26, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2006 United States general elections|elections]], the House and the Senate shifted to Democratic control. After the elections on November 8, 2006, Bush announced Rumsfeld would resign his position as Secretary of Defense. Many Republicans were unhappy with the delay, believing they would have won more votes if voters had known Rumsfeld was resigning.<ref name="Reuters2007-08-15" />

Bush nominated [[Robert Gates]] to succeed Rumsfeld.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/6130296.stm |work=BBC News |title=Rumsfeld replaced after poll loss |date=November 9, 2006 |access-date=May 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512060317/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6130296.stm |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/rice-offered-to-resign-following-bushs-2004-re-election |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |title=Rice Offered to Resign Following Bush's 2004 Re-Election |first=James |last=Rosen |author-link=James Rosen (journalist) |date=October 2, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316014334/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/10/02/rice-offered-to-resign-following-bush-2004-re-election/ |archive-date=March 16, 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=March 16, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rumsfeld quitting as defense secretary |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/08/rumsfeld/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=November 9, 2006 |access-date=November 8, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108231100/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/08/rumsfeld/index.html |archive-date=November 8, 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> On December 15, 2006, a farewell ceremony, with an armed forces full honor review and a [[21-gun salute|19-gun salute]], was held at the Pentagon Mall Terrace in honor of the departing Rumsfeld.<ref>{{cite web |title=Secretary Rumsfeld Farewell Ceremony |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?195815-1/secretary-rumsfeld-farewell-ceremony |website=www.c-span.org |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |access-date=6 July 2021 |language=en-us |date=December 15, 2006 |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031113023/https://www.c-span.org/video/?195815-1%2Fsecretary-rumsfeld-farewell-ceremony |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Retirement and later life (2006–2021)==
[[File:Donald Rumsfeld shares a laugh with Robert Gates.jpg|right|thumb|Rumsfeld shares a laugh with his successor, [[Robert Gates]], at a ceremony to unveil his official portrait as Secretary of Defense, June 25, 2010.]]
[[File:Pentagon Memorial dedication 2008 1st bench.jpg|thumb|Dedication ceremony of the [[Pentagon Memorial]] in 2008]]
[[File:Donald H. Rumsfeld and George W. Bush in 2019 (48718782863).jpg|thumb|Rumsfeld greeting former president [[George W. Bush]] in 2019]]

In the months after his resignation, Rumsfeld toured the New York City publishing houses in preparation for a potential memoir.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nysun.com/national/publishers-abuzz-over-possible-rumsfeld-book/57376/ |first=Gary |last=Shapiro |title=Publishers Abuzz Over Possible Rumsfeld Book |date=June 27, 2007 |work=[[The New York Sun]] |access-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145752/https://www.nysun.com/national/publishers-abuzz-over-possible-rumsfeld-book/57376/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After receiving what one industry source labeled "big bids",<ref>{{cite news |title=Rumsfeld Memoir Is Slated for 2010 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120819442235013215 |date=April 14, 2008 |access-date=July 2, 2021 |agency=Associated Press via Wall Street Journal |archive-date=May 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527002233/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120819442235013215 |url-status=live }}</ref> he reached an agreement with the [[Penguin Group]] to publish the book under its [[Sentinel HC]] imprint.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deahl |first1=Rachel |title=Sentinel to Publish Rumsfeld Memoir |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/international/international-deals/article/44527-sentinel-to-publish-rumsfeld-memoir.html |access-date=July 3, 2021 |work=Publishers Weekly |date=September 20, 2010 |archive-date=December 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201020946/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/international/international-deals/article/44527-sentinel-to-publish-rumsfeld-memoir.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rumsfeld declined to accept an [[advance payment|advance]] for the publication of his memoir, and said he was donating all proceeds from the work to veterans groups.<ref name="foundation" /> His book, entitled ''[[Known and Unknown: A Memoir]]'', was released on February 8, 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/culture/2011/02/17/ducking-and-diving |title=Donald Rumsfeld's memoir: Ducking and diving – His study in self-defence |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 17, 2011 |access-date=February 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221190316/http://www.economist.com/node/18175359 |archive-date=February 21, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In conjunction with the publication of ''Known and Unknown'', Rumsfeld established "The Rumsfeld Papers", a website with documents "related to the [[endnotes]]" of the book and his service during the George W. Bush administration;<ref name="website">{{cite web |url=https://www.rumsfeld.com/archives/page/about-the-rumsfeld-archive-2 |title=About the Rumsfeld Archive |website=rumsfeld.com |access-date=June 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023203730/http://www.rumsfeld.com/library/page/about-the-library |archive-date=October 23, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> during the months that followed the book's publication, the website was expanded to include over 4,000 documents from his archive. As of June 2011,{{update after|2012|6}} the topics included his Congressional voting record, the Nixon administration, documents and memos of meetings while he was part of the Ford, Reagan, and George W. Bush administrations, private sector documents, and NATO documents, among other items.<ref name="website" />

In 2007, Rumsfeld established The Rumsfeld Foundation, which focuses on encouraging public service in the United States and supporting the growth of free political and free economic systems abroad. The educational foundation provides fellowships to talented individuals from the private sector who want to serve for some time in government.<ref name="foundation">{{cite web|url=https://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/about |title=About the Rumsfeld Foundation |publisher=Rumsfeld Foundation |access-date=November 13, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203085046/http://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/about/ |archive-date=December 3, 2011}}</ref> Rumsfeld personally financed the foundation.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Michael |last=Duffy |url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1623260,00.html |title=Donald Rumsfeld's Next Move |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=May 18, 2007 |access-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145738/http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1623260,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of January 2014, the foundation had sponsored over 90 fellows from Central Asia, provided over $1.2 million in tuition and stipend support for graduate students, awarded over $3 million in [[microfinance]] grants, and donated over $2.4 million to charities for veterans' affairs.{{clarify|date=June 2021 |reason=numbers missing}}<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Annual Report |url=https://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/library/doclib/2017/01/20140120_2013AnnualReport.pdf |publisher=Rumsfeld Foundation |access-date=March 26, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221418/https://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/doclib/20140120_2013AnnualReport.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref>

Rumsfeld was awarded the "Defender of the Constitution Award" at the 2011 [[Conservative Political Action Conference]] in Washington, D.C., on February 10, 2011.

After his retirement from government, Rumsfeld criticized former fellow Cabinet member [[Condoleezza Rice]], [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], in his memoir, asserting that she was basically unfit for office. In 2011, she responded, saying that Rumsfeld "doesn't know what he's talking about. The reader may imagine what can be correct about the conflicted matter."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/condoleezza-rice-fires-back-grumpy-donald-rumsfeld-132950462.html |first=Rachel Rose |last=Hartman |date=April 28, 2011 |title=Condoleezza Rice fires back at 'grumpy' Donald Rumsfeld |agency=[[The Irish Times|The Ticket]]|publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |access-date=April 28, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307152139/http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/condoleezza-rice-fires-back-grumpy-donald-rumsfeld-132950462.html |archive-date=March 7, 2012}}</ref>

In February 2011, Rumsfeld endorsed the repeal of the military's "[[Don't ask, don't tell]]" policy, saying that allowing gays and lesbians to openly serve "is an idea whose time has come".<ref>{{cite news|title=Rumsfeld: "Time Has Come" To Allow Gays To Serve Openly|url=http://abcnewsradioonline.com/national-news/rumsfeld-time-has-come-to-allow-gays-to-serve-openly.html|author=Amy Bingham|author2=Steven Portnoy|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=February 11, 2011|access-date=May 29, 2019|archive-date=May 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145740/http://abcnewsradioonline.com/national-news/rumsfeld-time-has-come-to-allow-gays-to-serve-openly.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2011, Rumsfeld spoke out on the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]], telling [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] Senior White House Correspondent [[Jake Tapper]] that the Obama administration should "recognize the mission has to determine the coalition. The coalition ought not determine the mission." Rumsfeld also used the word "confusion" six times to describe the United Nations-backed military effort in Libya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/rumsfeld-gadhafi-stays-us-reputation-damaged-american-enemies/story?id=13232616|title=Rumsfeld: If Gadhafi Stays, U.S. Reputation Damaged, American Enemies Emboldened|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=March 27, 2011|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706103245/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/rumsfeld-gadhafi-stays-us-reputation-damaged-american-enemies/story?id=13232616|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2011, Rumsfeld conducted an interview with [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'s Washington, D.C., bureau chief [[Abderrahim Foukara]]. Foukara asked Rumsfeld whether, in hindsight, the Bush administration had sent enough troops into Iraq to secure the borders of the country, and whether that made the United States culpable in the death of innocent Iraqis. Foukara said people in the Pentagon told Rumsfeld the number of troops sent into Iraq was insufficient. Rumsfeld said, "You keep making assertions which are fundamentally false. No one in the Pentagon said they were not enough." Foukara pressed Rumsfeld repeatedly. Rumsfeld then asked, "Do you want to yell or do you want to have an interview?" Foukara then asked, "Do you think the numbers that you went to Iraq with did absolve you from the responsibility of tens, maybe hundreds of thousands of innocent Iraqis killed by the Coalition and those criminals that you talked about?" Rumsfeld called the question "pejorative" and said Foukara was "not being respectful" (Foukara disagreed) and was "just talking over, and over, and over again".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/1011/Rumsfelds_second_Al_Jazeera_interview_less_cordial.html|title=Rumsfeld's second Al Jazeera interview less cordial|work=Politico|date=October 4, 2011|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706104420/https://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/1011/Rumsfelds_second_Al_Jazeera_interview_less_cordial.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/donald-rumsfelds-hate-love-hate-relationship-al-jazeera/337117/|title=Donald Rumsfeld's Hate-Love-Hate-Relationship with Al Jazeera|work=The Atlantic|date=October 4, 2011|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706060418/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/donald-rumsfelds-hate-love-hate-relationship-al-jazeera/337117/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rumsfeld was the subject of the 2013 [[Errol Morris]] documentary ''[[The Unknown Known]]'', the title a reference to his [[There are known knowns|response to a question at a February 2002 press conference]]. In the film Rumsfeld "discusses his career in Washington D.C. from his days as a congressman in the early 1960s to planning the invasion of Iraq in 2003".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Unknown Known|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2390962|website=IMDb|date=January 16, 2014|access-date=April 11, 2014|archive-date=April 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123030/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2390962/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2016, in partnership with the literary and creative agency Javelin, which handled design and development,<ref>{{cite news |title=Churchill Solitaire |url=http://javelindc.com/projects/churchill-solitaire/ |agency=Javelin |access-date=August 16, 2017 |archive-date=August 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812075921/http://javelindc.com/projects/churchill-solitaire/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rumsfeld released a [[mobile app]] game of [[Solitaire (game)|solitaire]] called ''Churchill Solitaire'', emulating a variant of the card game as played by [[Winston Churchill]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Donald Rumsfeld releases solitaire app |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/25/donald-rumsfeld-releases-solitaire-app |date=January 2, 2016 |access-date=January 25, 2016 |archive-date=January 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125115132/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/25/donald-rumsfeld-releases-solitaire-app |url-status=live }}</ref> Rumsfeld and the Churchill family said that profits from the game would be donated to charity.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rumsfeld |first1=Donald |title=At 83, I Decided to Develop an App|work=Medium |url=https://medium.com/@DonRumsfeld/at-83-i-decided-to-develop-an-app-dadd4e53d342|date=January 2, 2016|access-date=January 25, 2016|archive-date=January 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125151251/https://medium.com/@DonRumsfeld/at-83-i-decided-to-develop-an-app-dadd4e53d342|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld Just Released a Video Game |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-just-rele/1100-6434112/ |website=GameSpot |date=January 2, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |archive-date=January 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129144053/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-just-rele/1100-6434112/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2016, Rumsfeld announced that he would vote for [[Donald Trump]] in the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/donald-rumsfeld-donald-trump-224698|title=Donald Rumsfeld says he's 'clearly' voting for Trump|work=Politico|date=June 22, 2016|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=December 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217130917/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/donald-rumsfeld-donald-trump-224698|url-status=live}}</ref>

On January 5, 2021, Rumsfeld was one of the ten living former [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretaries of Defense]] that sent a warning letter in order to warn President Trump not to involve the military in a 2020 presidential election dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defense secretaries' letter warning Trump was signed by all in only 2 days |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/defense-secretaries-letter-warning-trump-signed-days/story?id=75036788 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
On June 29, 2021, Rumsfeld died from [[multiple myeloma]] at his home in [[Taos, New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Macias |first1=Amanda |title=Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, who oversaw Iraq war, dies at 88 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-dead-at-88.html |access-date=June 30, 2021 |work=CNBC |date=June 30, 2021 |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630194403/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-dead-at-88.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html|title = Donald Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary Under 2 Presidents, Is Dead at 88|last = McFadden|first = Robert D.|date = June 30, 2021|accessdate = June 30, 2021|work = [[The New York Times]]|archive-date = June 30, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210630194022/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Following a private funeral at [[Fort Myer]], he was buried in [[Arlington National Cemetery]] on August 24, 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Leibovich|first=Mark|date=2021-08-25|title=Donald Rumsfeld, Architect of War in Afghanistan, Is Laid to Rest|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/us/politics/rumsfeld-afghanistan.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/us/politics/rumsfeld-afghanistan.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|access-date=2021-08-28|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby and Major General Hank Taylor, Deputy Director of t|url=https://www.war.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2742828/pentagon-press-secretary-john-f-kirby-and-major-general-hank-taylor-deputy-dire/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=U.S. Department of Defense|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
{{Main|Electoral history of Donald Rumsfeld}}
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 050702-F-7203T-593.jpg|200px|thumb|upright|Rumsfeld gives the command at the [[2005 Pepsi 400]], where he served as the grand marshal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lap-by-Lap: Pepsi 400 |url=http://www.nascar.com/2005/races/lapbylap/07/02/daytona_july/index.html |publisher=[[NASCAR]] |date=July 3, 2005 |access-date=January 7, 2013 |archive-date=December 14, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214042637/http://www.nascar.com/2005/races/lapbylap/07/02/daytona_july/index.html}}</ref>]]

During the four elections during which he ran to represent [[Illinois's 13th congressional district]], Rumsfeld received shares of the popular vote that ranged from 58% (in 1964) to 76% (in 1966). In 1975 and 2001, Rumsfeld was overwhelmingly [[List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation|confirmed by the U.S. Senate]] after presidents Gerald Ford and George W. Bush, respectively, appointed him as U.S. Secretary of Defense.

==Awards==
[[File:Donald H. Rumsfeld.jpg|thumb|Rumsfeld in the Pentagon auditorium for his final meeting with Pentagon employees, December 8, 2006]]

Rumsfeld was awarded 11 honorary degrees.<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" /> Following his years as CEO, president, and later chairman of G. D. Searle & Company, he was recognized as Outstanding CEO in the pharmaceutical industry by ''[[The Wall Street Transcript]]'' (1980) and ''[[Financial World]]'' (1981).<ref>{{cite web|title=Donald H. Rumsfeld |url=http://history.defense.gov/rumsfeld2.shtml |publisher=Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense |access-date=April 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419191743/http://history.defense.gov/rumsfeld2.shtml |archive-date=April 19, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some of his other awards included:

* All Navy Wrestling Champion (1956)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense">{{cite web|last=U.S. Department of Defense |title=DONALD H. RUMSFELD Former Secretary of Defense |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Article/602800/donald-h-rumsfeld/ |access-date=March 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412203621/http://www.defense.gov/bios/biographydetail.aspx?biographyid=90 |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] (1983)<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service|access-date=November 20, 2020|archive-date=December 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[George Marshall|George C. Marshall]] Medal by the [[Association of the U.S. Army]] (1984)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www3.ausa.org/WEBINT/DeptAUSANews.nsf/byid/CCRN-6CGLFC |title=3 Marshall Medal Recipients Hold Key Positions |date=March 1, 2001 |publisher=[[Association of the United States Army]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316011517/http://www3.ausa.org/WEBINT/DeptAUSANews.nsf/byid/CCRN-6CGLFC |archive-date=March 16, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Woodrow Wilson Medal]] by Princeton University (1985)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] Medal (1993)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* Lone Sailor Award by the [[U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation]] (2002)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* Statesmanship Award by the [[United States Association of Former Members of Congress]] (2003)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* [[Ronald Reagan Freedom Award]] (2003)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* [[James H. Doolittle]] Award by the [[Hudson Institute]] (2003)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* Gerald R. Ford Medal presented by President Ford and the [[Ford Foundation]] (2004)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/rumsfeld_bio.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515004352/http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/rumsfeld_bio.html |archive-date=May 15, 2006 |title=Biography: Donald H. Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense|access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Distinguished Eagle Scout Award]] by the [[Boy Scouts of America]] (1976)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wendell |first1=Bryan |title=Donald Rumsfeld, Distinguished Eagle Scout and former secretary of defense, dies at 88 |journal=Bryan on Scouting |date=2 July 2021 |url=https://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2021/07/02/donald-rumsfeld-distinguished-eagle-scout-and-former-secretary-of-defense-dies-at-88/ |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=July 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143705/https://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2021/07/02/donald-rumsfeld-distinguished-eagle-scout-and-former-secretary-of-defense-dies-at-88/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor]] (2004) for his appearance in ''[[Fahrenheit 9/11]]''<ref>{{Cite news|title = Berry gets worst actress Razzie|url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4301783.stm|newspaper = BBC News|date = February 2, 2005|access-date = January 27, 2016|archive-date = March 8, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160308223451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4301783.stm|url-status = live}}</ref>
* [[Union League of Philadelphia]] Gold Medal for Citizenship (2006)
* [[Claremont Institute]] Statesmanship Award (2007)
* Victory of Freedom Award from the [[Richard Nixon Foundation]] (2010)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ocregister.com/news/rumsfeld-279081-nixon-library.html |title=Rumsfeld accepts award at Nixon library |author=Michael Mello |newspaper=[[The Orange County Register]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210075035/http://www.ocregister.com/news/rumsfeld-279081-nixon-library.html |archive-date=December 10, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Order of Anthony Wayne from [[Valley Forge Military Academy]]
* National Flag award from Albania's President [[Bujar Nishani]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.president.al/?p=9714 |title=Presidenti Nishani dekoron zotin Donald Rumsfeld me Dekoratën e "Flamurit Kombëtar" |language=sq |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624013711/http://www.president.al/?p=9714 |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=November 11, 2013}}</ref>

==Honors==
{| class="wikitable"

! Ribbon !! Country !! Honour !! Year
|-
| [[File:Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction (ribbon).PNG|Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction (ribbon)|50px]] || United States || [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] || 1977<ref>{{cite web |url=http://osd.dtic.mil/photos/Jul2004/040701-D-2987S-024.html |title=People – Secretary of Defense |author=Helene C. Stikkel |date=November 18, 2004 |publisher=United States Department of Defense |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110050237/http://osd.dtic.mil/photos/Jul2004/040701-D-2987S-024.html}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR|50px]] || Japan || Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] || 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/english/html/pressreleases/2015/order-of-the-rising-sun-rumsfeld.html|title=2015 Fall Conferment of Decoration : The Honorable Donald Rumsfeld|date=November 16, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Spange des König-Abdulaziz-Ordens.png|Spange des König-Abdulaziz-Ordens|50px]] || KSA || Grand Cordon of the [[Order of King Abdulaziz]] || 2002
|-
| [[File:POL Order Zaslugi RP kl1 BAR.svg|POL Order Zaslugi RP kl1 BAR|50px]] || Poland || [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland|Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]] || 2005<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20050730995|title=Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 8 lipca 2005 r. o nadaniu orderu|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl|access-date=June 30, 2021|archive-date=June 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630202659/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20050730995|url-status=live}}</ref> 
|-
| [[File:Order of the Star of Romania - Ribbon bar.svg|Order of the Star of Romania - Ribbon bar|50px]] || Romania || Grand Officer of the [[Order of the Star of Romania]] || 2004
|-
| [[File:D-HAN-B-Order-Ernest-August BAR.png|D-HAN-B-Order-Ernest-August BAR|50px]] || Rwanda || Medal of the Royal Order of the Lion || 2007
|-
| [[File:TWN Order of Brilliant Star 1Class BAR.svg|TWN Order of Brilliant Star 1Class BAR|50px]] || Taiwan || Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Brilliant Star]] || 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=448|title=Office of the President, ROC (Taiwan)|website=english.president.gov.tw|access-date=June 30, 2021|archive-date=October 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012124719/https://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=448|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Legacy and reputation==
Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] described Rumsfeld as "the most ruthless man" he knew.<ref>BBC News, November 8, 2006 "[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3690341.stm Profile Donald Rumsfeld]</ref> [[George Packer]] of ''The Atlantic'' named Rumsfeld "the worst secretary of defense in American history" who "lacked the wisdom to change his mind."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Packer|first=George|date=2021-07-01|title=How Rumsfeld Deserves to Be Remembered|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/06/how-donald-rumsfeld-deserves-be-remembered/619334/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> Bradley Graham, a ''[[Washington Post]]'' reporter and author of the book titled ''By His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld'' released on June 23, 2009, stated "Rumsfeld left office as one of the most controversial Defense Secretaries since Robert McNamara and widely criticized for his management of the Iraq war and for his difficult relationships with Congress, administration colleagues, and military officers."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/titles/bradley-graham/by-his-own-rules/9781586486501/|title=By His Own Rules The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld|date=June 27, 2017|isbn=9781586486501|access-date=20 February 2022|last1=Graham|first1=Bradley|publisher=PublicAffairs }}</ref>&nbsp;[[Neoconservatism|Neoconservative]] commentator [[Bill Kristol]] was also critical of Rumsfeld, stating he "breezily dodged responsibility" for planning mistakes made in the Iraq War, including insufficient troop levels.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A132-2004Dec14.html The Defense Secretary We Have], William Kristol, December 15, 2004</ref> In [[Jon Meacham]]'s book [[Destiny and Power|Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush]], published in November 2015, the 41st president [[George H. W. Bush]] was critical of Rumsfeld and called Rumsfeld "an arrogant fellow" and "I think he served the president badly," and "I don't like what he did, and I think it hurt the president having his iron-ass view of everything."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/biography-george-h-w-bush-slams-iron-ass-cheney-rumsfeld-n457911|title=In Biography, George H.W. Bush Slams 'Iron-Ass' Cheney, Rumsfeld|website=[[NBC News]] |date=5 November 2015|access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref>

==Affiliation history==
{{more citations needed section |date=July 2024 }}

===Institutional affiliations===
[[File:Donald Rumsfeld.jpg|thumb|309x309px|Rumsfeld's official portrait in 2001]]

* [[Center for Security Policy]]: longtime associate; winner of the CSP's 1998 "Keeper of the Flame" award (5)
* [[Hoover Institution]]: former member, board of trustees
* [[Project for the New American Century]]: signed PNAC's founding statement of principles as well as two policy letters on Iraq
* [[Freedom House]]: former board member
* [[RAND Corporation]]: former chairman
* [[Committee for the Free World]]: former chairman
* [[National Park Foundation]]: former member<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* [[Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships]]: former chairman<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* [[Le Cercle]]: member<ref>{{Cite web |first=MATT | last=KENNARD | first2=MARK |last2=CURTIS |date=2021-12-09 |title=Secret 'CIA-funded' group linked to UK ministers |url=https://www.declassifieduk.org/secret-cia-funded-group-linked-to-uk-ministers/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Declassified Media Ltd |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Bohemian Club]]: member
* [[Alfalfa Club]]: member
* [[National Academy of Public Administration (United States)|National Academy of Public Administration]]: member<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />

===Government posts, panels, and commissions===
* Secretary of Defense (2001–06)
* U.S. Commission to Assess National Security Space Management and Organization: chairman (2000)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* U.S. Trade Deficit Reviews Commission: member (1999–2000)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* [[Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States]]: chairman (1998)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* National Commission on Public Service: member (1987–1990)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* [[National Economic Commission]]: member (1988–1989)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* President Reagan's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control: member (1982–1986)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* U.S. Joint Advisory Commission on U.S./Japan Relations: member (1983–1984)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* Presidential Envoy to the Middle East, Reagan administration (1983–1984)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* Presidential Envoy on the [[Law of the Sea Treaty]], Reagan administration (1982–1983)<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense" />
* Secretary of Defense (1975–77)
* [[White House Chief of Staff]] in [[Ford administration]] (1974–75)
* [[U.S. Ambassador to NATO]] (1973–74)
* [[U.S. Congress]]: [[U.S. Representative|Representative]] from [[Illinois]] (1962–69)
* [[United States Navy]]: Various posts, including aviator (1954–57); reserves (1957–1975); retired as a navy captain (1989)

===Corporate connections and business interests===
* [[Eastern Air Lines]]: former director – The annual reports of Eastern Air Lines disclose that Donald Rumsfeld was a member of Eastern Air Lines board of directors.
* [[Gilead Sciences]]: Joined Gilead as a director in 1988, chairman (1997–2001)
* [[General Instrument]]: chairman and CEO (1990–93)
* [[G. D. Searle & Company]]: CEO/chairman/president (1977–1985)
* [[Gulfstream Aerospace]]: director
* [[Tribune Company]]: director
* Metricom: director
* [[Sears]]: director
* [[ABB]]: director
* [[Kellogg's]]: director 1985–1999 while [[Carlos Gutierrez]] (ex Cuba 1960) was president, CEO and chairman of Kellogg until named Secretary of Commerce under Bush from 2005.
* [[RAND Corporation]]: chairman of the board from 1981 to 1986; 1995–1996
* [[Amylin Pharmaceuticals]]: director

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown at a press conference in the Pentagon.jpg|[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Donald Rumsfeld and [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] General [[George Scratchley Brown|George S. Brown]] at [[The Pentagon]], January 15, 1976
File:President Ford and Soviet General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev - NARA - 7162534 (crop).jpg|Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]], President Ford and Rumsfeld in [[Vladivostok]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union, November 1974
File:Defense.gov News Photo 040323-F-6655M-225.jpg|[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Donald Rumsfeld with [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff]] General [[Richard Myers|Richard B. Myers]] and [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense|Deputy Secretary of Defense]] [[Paul Wolfowitz]] testifying before the [[9/11 Commission]] in March 2004
File:Defense.gov News Photo 051024-F-5586B-016.jpg|Rumsfeld and [[Victoria Nuland]] at the [[Ukraine–NATO relations|NATO-Ukraine]] consultations in Vilnius, Lithuania, on October 24, 2005 
</gallery>

===Education===
* Princeton University: A.B. (1954)<!-- Princeton University uses the Latin form: "Artium Baccalaureus" -->

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:President Ford meets with Rumsfeld and Cheney - NARA - 7140637.jpg|Rumsfeld and Cheney with President Ford at The [[Oval Office]]
File:Photograph of President Gerald R. Ford and Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld in the Oval Office - NARA - 7140610.jpg|[[White House Chief of Staff]] Donald Rumsfeld with President [[Gerald Ford]] at the [[Oval Office]], [[White House]]
File:Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with Vice President Nelson Rockefeller.jpg|[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Donald Rumsfeld with [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Nelson Rockefeller]] in 1976
File:Rumsfeld, Brown, Bush and Scowcroft at The Oval Office, White House.jpg|[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Donald Rumsfeld with [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff]] General [[George Scratchley Brown|George S. Brown]], [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] Lieutenant General [[Brent Scowcroft]], and [[Director of Central Intelligence|C.I.A. Director]] [[George H. W. Bush]] at The [[Oval Office]], [[White House]], March 11, 1976
File:Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld testifying at a Senate hearing on the Defense Department budget.jpg|[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Donald Rumsfeld testifying at Senate Armed Services Committee hearing on the Defense Department budget on March 9, 1976
File:Rumsfeld Donald 1976 DD-SN-07-12483.JPEG|[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Donald Rumsfeld speaking during a press conference at [[The Pentagon]] on October 6, 1976
File:Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld during an Interview at The Pentagon Studio.jpg|[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Donald Rumsfeld during an Interview with WMAL-TV reporter Jim Clark at [[The Pentagon]] Studio on November 4, 1976
File:Reagan Contact Sheet C19174 (cropped).jpg|Donald Rumsfeld with President [[Ronald Reagan]] at The [[Oval Office]] in 1983
File:Defense.gov News Photo 011001-D-2987S-004.jpg|[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Donald Rumsfeld watches as General [[Richard Myers|Richard B. Myers]] was sworn in as the 15th [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], October 1, 2001.
File:Defense.gov News Photo 020110-D-2987S-170.jpg|[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Donald Rumsfeld with [[President of the United States|President]] George W. Bush, following President Bush's visit to [[The Pentagon]] to address military and Department of Defense personnel and sign the Defense Appropriations Bill, January 10, 2002
File:Defense.gov News Photo 011015-D-9880W-174.jpg|[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Donald Rumsfeld, [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]], [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff]] General [[Richard Myers|Richard B. Myers]], and [[Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Vice Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff]] General [[Peter Pace]] watch troops pass in review at [[Fort Myer|Fort Myer, Virginia]], on October 15, 2001.
File:Defense.gov News Photo 011216-D-2987S-241.jpg|U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with troops at [[Bagram Air Base]], December 2001
File:Defense.gov News Photo 050629-D-9880W-076.jpg|[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Donald Rumsfeld with [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] General [[Richard Myers|Richard B. Myers]] during the annual Pentagon Town Hall meeting at [[The Pentagon]] auditorium
File:Defense.gov News Photo 050321-F-7203T-067.jpg|Secretary Rumsfeld during a visit to [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
File:Defense.gov News Photo 020427-D-9880W-126.jpg|U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld during a visit to [[Bagram Airfield|Bagram Air Force Base]]
File:Defense.gov News Photo 040107-D-9880W-003.jpg|Rumsfeld with UK [[Secretary of State for Defence]] [[Geoff Hoon|Geoffrey Hoon]]
</gallery>

==Works==
* {{cite web|title=Strategic Imperatives in East Asia|publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]] |url=https://www.heritage.org/asia/report/strategic-imperatives-east-asia
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208145054/https://www.heritage.org/asia/report/strategic-imperatives-east-asia
|url-status=unfit
|archive-date=December 8, 2019
|author=Rumsfeld, Donald |year=1998|location=Washington, D.C.|series= Heritage lectures, no. 605}} Speech given March 3, 1998, in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |title=Strategic imperatives in East Asia / Donald Rumsfeld |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/29267528 |department=trove.nla.gov.au |publisher=[[Trove]] |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=July 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143530/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/29267528 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{cite book|title=Known and Unknown: A Memoir|publisher=[[Sentinel (publisher)|Sentinel]]|last=Rumsfeld|first=Donald|year=2011|isbn=978-1-59523-067-6|title-link=Known and Unknown: A Memoir}}
* {{cite book|title=Rumsfeld's Rules|publisher= [[Broadside Books]]|author=Rumsfeld, Donald|year=2013|isbn=978-0062272867}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rumsfeld |first1=Donald |year=2018 |title=When the Center Held: Gerald Ford and the Rescue of the American Presidency |publisher=Free Press |isbn=978-1501172939}}

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Biography|Politics}}
* ''[[Agathidium#Selected species|Agathidium rumsfeldi]]'' – Species of beetle named after Rumsfeld
* [[Allard K. Lowenstein#Associations with conservatives|Early association with liberal activist Allard Lowenstein]]
* {{annotated link|Known and Unknown: A Memoir|''Known and Unknown: A Memoir''}}
* {{annotated link|Rumsfeld Doctrine}}
* {{annotated link|There are known knowns}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==General and cited sources==
* {{cite book|title=By His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld |author=Bradley Graham|publisher=[[PublicAffairs]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-58648-421-7}}
* {{cite book|title=Rumsfeld's War: The Untold Story of America's Anti-Terrorist Commander |author=Rowan Scarborough|publisher=[[Regnery Publishing]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-89526-069-7|author-link=Rowan Scarborough|url=https://archive.org/details/rumsfeldswarunto00scar}}
* [[Midge Decter]]. ''Rumsfeld: A Personal Portrait''. (Regan Books, 2003). {{ISBN|0-06-056091-6}}.
* {{cite book|title=The Rumsfeld Way: The Leadership Wisdom of a Battle-Hardened Maverick |url=https://archive.org/details/rumsfeldwayleade00kram|url-access=registration|author=Jeffrey A. Krames|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-07-140641-3|author-link=Jeffrey A. Krames}}
* {{cite book|title=Succession management for senior military positions: the Rumsfeld model for Secretary of Defense involvement|publisher=RAND|author=Hoehn, Andrew R. |author2=Albert A. Robbert |author3=Margaret C. Harrell|year=2011|location=Santa Monica, CA|isbn=978-0-8330-5228-5}}
* {{cite book|title=Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy |author=Andrew Cockburn|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribners]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4165-3574-4|url=https://archive.org/details/rumsfeldhisrisef00cock}}
* {{cite book|title=Rumsfeld's Wars: The Arrogance of Power |author=Dale R. Herspring|publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7006-1587-2|url=https://archive.org/details/rumsfeldswarsarr00hers}}
* {{cite book|title=Decision Points |author=George W. Bush|publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group|Crown]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-307-59061-9|title-link=Decision Points|author-link=George W. Bush}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|c=Category:Donald Rumsfeld
|d=yes|s=yes|n=yes|b=no|v=no|voy=no|wikt=no|m=no|mw=no}}
'''Works'''
* {{official website|http://www.rumsfeld.com/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150905075312/http://archive.defense.gov/speeches/ U.S. Department of Defense: Speeches] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609171540/http://archive.defense.gov/speeches/ |date=June 9, 2016 }})
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180524031137/http://www.rumsfeldsrules.com/ Rumsfeld's Rules] advice on government, business and life, January 29, 2001
* [http://www.project-syndicate.org/contributor/722 Donald Rumsfeld's Project Syndicate op/eds]
* [http://churchillsolitaire.com/ Churchill Solitaire], an iOS and Android adaptation of Churchill's variant of Solitaire

'''Government service'''
* [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/rumsfeld-bio.html White House Biography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061115085641/http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/secdef_bio.html Department of Defense Biography]
* {{CongBio|r000508}}
* <!-- Links formerly displayed via the CongLinks template:
* [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n93-82884 Works by or about Donald Rumsfeld] in libraries ([[WorldCat]] catalog)
* [http://www.c-spanvideo.org/donaldrumsfeld Appearances] on [[C-SPAN]] programs
* [http://www.charlierose.com/guest/view/666 Appearances] on ''[[Charlie Rose (TV show)|Charlie Rose]]''
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1288432 Appearances] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
* -->
* {{C-SPAN}}
* {{Guardian topic}}
* {{JPosttopic|Donald_Rumsfeld}}
* {{New York Times topic|new_id=person/donald-h-rumsfeld|name=Donald H. Rumsfeld}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081220094138/http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/pdf/12112008_detaineeabuse.pdf Senate Armed Services Committee Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody] [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services]], 2008

'''Documentary videos'''
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=openmind_ep1204|name=A View from the White House, Part I (1975)}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=openmind_ep1205|name=A View from the White House, Part II (1975)}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=openmind_ep1209|name=A Single Six Year Term for President (1987)}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=openmind_ep1210|name=Money, television, and Politics (1988)}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=openmind_ep1207|name=The Private Lives of Public Servants (1989)}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pentagon/ Rumsfeld's War] PBS Frontline, October 2004
* [[The Unknown Known]] – Interview with Rumsfeld by [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winning documentarian [[Errol Morris]], December 2013
* [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/ Video clip of Rumsfeld (as special U.S. envoy to Middle East) meeting Hussein]

'''Articles profiling Rumsfeld'''
<!-- Please limit this article section to links that are ''profiles''/''personal histories'' of Rumsfeld or long-term ''collections'' of articles or information about Rumsfeld (e.g. quotations). Don't add news report articles/articles on specific instances/opinion columns/editorials etc. If there are encyclopedically significant news stories about Rumsfeld, these belong in the main text with footnoted sources. Don't use this section just as a dumping ground for links. -->
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pentagon/etc/cronfeld.html The Life and Times of Donald Rumsfeld], [[PBS]]
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/liveonline/partners/frontline.htm Washington Post – Rumsfeld's War] archives 2001–04
* [https://www.airforcetimes.com/legacy/new/0-AIRPAPER-1610997.php Rumsfeld revealed], Vivienne Heines. ''[[Air Force Times]]'', March 3, 2003
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2003/11/mann.htm Close-Up: Young Rumsfeld], [[James Mann (writer)|James Mann]], ''[[The Atlantic]]'', November 2003
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006qnj3 The Donald Rumsfeld Library of Quotations], [[BBC Radio 4]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090427201621/http://frontlineclub.com/events/2007/05/insight-with-andrew-cockburn-rumsfeld---the-man-behind-the-us-military-disaster.html Biographer Andrew Cockburn on Rumsfeld] at London [[Frontline Club]] May 2007.
* [https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2001/The-Don-A-Look-at-Former-Defense-Secretary-Donald-Rumsfeld/ The Don: A Look at Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld], Carol Felsenthal, ''[[Chicago magazine]]''.
* [https://www.ft.com/content/76c3f776-3563-11e0-aa6c-00144feabdc0 Lunch with the FT: Donald Rumsfeld] by [[Gideon Rachman]], ''[[Financial Times]]'', February 11, 2011
<!-- Please don't add news report articles/articles on specific instances/opinion columns/editorials etc here. If there are encyclopedically significant news stories about Rumsfeld, they belong in the main text with footnoted sources. Don't use this links section just as a dumping ground for any news article out there about Rumsfeld. -->

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