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{{Short description|City and administrative center of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine}}
{{About|the city|the river|Dnieper|other uses|Dnipro (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Dnipropetrovsk}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = 
| official_name      = Dnipro
| native_name        = {{lang|uk|Дніпро}}
| nickname           = 
| translit_lang1     = [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Romanization of Ukrainian|Romanization]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = Dnipro
| settlement_type    = [[List of cities in Ukraine|City]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 280
| image_style              = border:1;
| perrow                   = 1/1/1
 | image1 = Dnipropetrovsk view 2015 tov-tob.jpg
 | image2 = Панораму двору Спасо-Преображенського кафедрального собору.jpg
 | image3 = Монастирській острів та мости (cropped).jpg
}}
| image_caption      = {{hlist|From top: Сentral Dnipro skyline|[[Transfiguration Cathedral, Dnipro|Transfiguration Cathedral]]|[[Merefa-Kherson bridge]], [[Monastyrskyi Island]] and [[Dnieper|Dnieper River]]}}
| image_flag         = Dnipro prapor.svg
| flag_size          = 120px
| image_shield       = Coat of arms of Dnipro.svg
| shield_size        = x100px
| image_blank_emblem = File:Логотип Дніпро.png
| blank_emblem_type  = Emblem
| blank_emblem_size  = 
| motto              = 
| image_map          = Dnipropetrovsk-Raion.png
| map_caption        = Dnipro's location within [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]]
| pushpin_map        = Ukraine Dnipropetrovsk Oblast#Ukraine#Europe
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Dnipro in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast##Location of Dnipro in Ukraine##Location of Dnipro in Europe
| coordinates        = {{coord|48|28|03|N|35|02|24|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Oblasts of Ukraine|Oblast]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Raions of Ukraine|Raion]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Dnipro Raion]]
| parts_type         = [[#Government|Districts]]
| parts_style        = <!-- Use "list" (for list), "coll" (for collapsed list), "para" (for paragraph format). Default is "list" if up to 5 items, then-->
| parts              = List of 8
| p1                 = [[Amur-Nyzhniodniprovskyi District|Amur-Nyzhniodniprovskyi]]
| p2                 = [[Chechelivskyi District|Chechelivskyi]]
| p3                 = [[Industrialnyi District, Dnipro|Industrialnyi]]
| p4                 = [[Novokodatskyi District|Novokodatskyi]]
| p5                 = [[Samarskyi District|Samarskyi]]
| p6                 = [[Shevchenkivskyi District, Dnipro|Shevchenkivskyi]]
| p7                 = [[Sobornyi District, Dnipro|Sobornyi]]
| p8                 = [[Tsentralnyi District, Dnipro|Tsentralnyi]]
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = 1776 ({{years ago|1776}} years ago) (officially<ref name=UWSUla>Oleh Repan. ''[http://i.tyzhden.ua/content/photoalbum/2017/07_2017/14/uw/Book7.pdf The origins of Dnipro, the city and its name] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315154048/https://i.tyzhden.ua/content/photoalbum/2017/07_2017/14/uw/Book7.pdf |date=15 March 2022 }}''. [[The Ukrainian Week]]. July 2017 (page 46)</ref>)
| established_title2 = City Status
| established_date2  = 1778
| established_title1 = 
| established_date1  = 
| area_magnitude     = 
| area_total_km2     = 409.718
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_metro_km2     = 5606
| area_water_km2     = 
| population_as_of   = 2022
| unit_pref          = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| population_note    = 
| population_rank    = [[List of cities in Ukraine|4th]] in Ukraine
| population_total   = 968,502
| population_metro   = {{decrease}} 1145065
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{citation|title=The number of the available population of Ukraine as of January 1, 2022|url=https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 2,411
| elevation_m        = 155
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal code]]
| utc_offset         = +2
| timezone_DST       = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +3
| government_type    = [[Dnipro City Council]]
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = [[Borys Filatov]]<ref name="Filatovn1437591">{{cite news |url=https://vybory.24tv.ua/vibori-mera-dnipro-2020-ofitsiyni-rezultati-golosuvannya_n1437591 |script-title=uk:Результати 2 туру виборів у Дніпрі: розгромна перемога Філатова |trans-title=Results of the 2nd round of elections in Dnipro: a devastating victory for Filatov |work=[[:uk:24 (телеканал)|24 Kanal]] |date=24 November 2020 |access-date=24 November 2020 |language=uk}}</ref>
| leader_party       = [[Proposition (party)|Proposition]]<ref name="Filatovn1437591"/>
| leader_title1      = [[People's Deputy of Ukraine|MPs]]:
| seat_type          = Administrative HQ
| seat               = Dnipro City Hall,<br/>75 Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt
| postal_code        = 49000—49489
| area_code          = +380 56(2)
| blank_name         = 
| population_demonym = Dniprianyn, Dniprianka, Dnipriany
| website            = [http://dniprorada.gov.ua/ dniprorada.gov.ua]
| timezone1          = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Hromada]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Dnipro urban hromada]]
| module             = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=10 |height=250 |stroke-width=2 | {{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}

'''Dnipro'''<!-- please do NOT add the Ukrainian name here – it is mentioned below in the #Names section along with other names -->{{efn|See [[#Name|§Name]] for former and native names}} is [[Ukraine]]'s fourth-largest city, with about one million inhabitants.<ref name=Statistics_1_July_2011>{{cite web |url=http://www.dneprstat.gov.ua/statinfo/ds/2011/ds1_m07.htm |script-title=uk:Чисельність населення на 1 липня 2011 року, та середня за січень–червень 2011 року |trans-title=Population as of 1 July 2011, and the average for January – June 2011 |language=uk |work=Department of Statistics in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020090115/http://www.dneprstat.gov.ua/statinfo/ds/2011/ds1_m07.htm |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=Statistics2011>{{cite web |url=https://gorod.dp.ua/inf/region/?pageid=94 |script-title=ru:Общие сведения и статистика |trans-title=General information and statistics |language=ru |website=gorod.dp.ua |access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/ Ukrcensus.gov.ua — City] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109012020/http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|date=9 January 2006 }} URL accessed on 8 March 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dneprstat.gov.ua/statinfo/ds/2012/ds1_m07.htm |title=''Official statistics, 01.08.2012 (Ukrainian)'' |publisher=Dneprstat.gov.ua |access-date=28 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025072648/http://www.dneprstat.gov.ua/statinfo/ds/2012/ds1_m07.htm |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> It is located in the eastern part of Ukraine, {{cvt|243|mi|km|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Coordinates + Total Distance |url=http://www.mapcrow.info/Distance_between_Kiev_UP_and_Dnepropetrovsk_UP.html |website=MapCrow |access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> southeast of the Ukrainian capital [[Kyiv]] on the [[Dnieper River|Dnipro River]], from which it takes its name. Dnipro is the [[Capital (political)|administrative centre]] of [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]]. It hosts the administration of Dnipro urban [[hromada]].<ref name="admreform_2020_dnipro">{{cite web |title=Днепровская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/dnipro/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=Russian}}</ref> Dnipro has a population of {{Ua-pop-est2022|968502|.}}

Archeological evidence suggests the site of the present city was settled by [[Cossacks|Cossack]] communities from at least 1524. '''Yekaterinoslav''' ("glory of Catherine")<ref name="Cybriwsky History of the Dnipro"/> was established by decree of the [[Emperor of all the Russias|Russian Empress]] [[Catherine the Great]] in 1787 as the administrative center of [[Novorossiya Governorate|Novorossiya]]. From the end of the 19th century, the town attracted foreign capital and an international, multi-ethnic workforce exploiting [[Kryvbas]] iron ore and [[Donbas]] coal.

Renamed '''Dnipropetrovsk''' in 1926 after the Ukrainian [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] leader [[Grigory Petrovsky]], it became a focus for the [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] commitment to the rapid development of heavy industry. After [[World War II]], this included [[Nuclear power|nuclear]], [[Arms industry|arms]], and [[Soviet space program|space]] industries whose strategic importance led to Dnipropetrovsk's designation as a [[closed city]].

Following the [[Euromaidan]] events of 2014, the city politically shifted away from pro-Russian parties and figures towards those favoring closer ties with the European Union. As a result of [[Decommunization in Ukraine|decommunization]], the city was renamed Dnipro in 2016. Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022, Dnipro rapidly developed as a logistical hub for humanitarian aid and a reception point for people fleeing the various battle fronts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Becky |date=29 March 2022 |title=With front lines on 3 sides, Ukraine's Dnipro sharpens its focus on the war |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/29/1089146927/russia-war-ukraine-dnipro?t=1649159481082 |access-date=2022-04-05}}</ref><ref name="meduzaDniproFeb232023">{{cite web |title=Dispatch from Dnipro How 'Ukraine's outpost' and its people are faring after one year of all-out war|url=https://meduza.io/en/feature/2023/02/23/dispatch-from-dnipro|website=[[Meduza]]|date=February 23, 2023|access-date=2023-04-11}}</ref>

==Name==
===Current names===

* {{langx|uk|Дніпро}} {{IPA|uk|d⁽ʲ⁾n⁽ʲ⁾iˈprɔ||uk-Дніпро.ogg}}
* {{langx|ru|Днепр|Dnepr}} {{IPA|ru|dnʲepr|}}

=== Former names ===
*'''Novyi Kodak''' 1645–1784 
*'''Yekaterinoslav''' (also spelled Ekaterinoslav; {{langx|ru|Екатеринослав}} {{IPA|ru|jɪkətʲɪrʲɪnɐˈslaf|}}; {{langx|uk|Катеринослав|Katerynoslav}} {{IPA|uk|kɐterɪnoˈslɑu̯|}}) 1784–1796 
*'''Novorossiysk''' ({{langx|ru|Новороссийск|links=no}} {{IPA|ru|nəvərɐˈsʲijsk|}}; {{Langx|uk|Новоросійськ|Novorosiisk|links=no}} {{IPA|uk|noworoˈs⁽ʲ⁾ijsʲk|}}) 1796–1802, briefly renamed during the reign of Catherine II's son, tsar [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]]; however, the previous name was restored by tsar [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] after his father's assassination<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka"/><ref name="ukrssr2"/>
*'''Yekaterinoslav''' 1802–1918, called '''Catharinoslav''' on some nineteenth-century maps.<ref>{{cite web |title=English map of 1820 |url=http://www.arhivtime.ru/karta/karta_arhiv/image_arhiv/01/1820.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904080619/http://www.arhivtime.ru/karta/karta_arhiv/image_arhiv/01/1820.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2011 |access-date=28 November 2014 |publisher=Arhivtime.ru |format=JPG }}</ref>
*'''Sicheslav''' ({{langx|uk|Січеслав|links=no}} {{IPA|uk|s⁽ʲ⁾itʃeˈslɑu̯|}}) 1918–1921 (unofficial name)<ref>{{citation |url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=63949 |title=Проект Закону про внесення змін до статті 133 Конституції України (щодо перейменування Дніпропетровської області) |trans-title=Draft Law on Amendments to Article 133 of the Constitution of Ukraine (regarding the renaming of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast) |date=27 April 2018 |id=Number 8329 of the 8th session of the VIII convocation |publisher=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=28 April 2018}} {{citation |url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc34?id=&pf3511=63949&pf35401=453959 |title=Пояснювальна записка 27.04.2018 |trans-title=Explanatory Note 27 April 2018}}</ref>
*'''Yekaterinoslav'''/'''Katerynoslav''' 1918–1926
*'''[[wiktionary:Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipropetrovsk]]''' ({{langx|uk|Дніпропетровськ|links=no}} {{IPA|uk|ˌdn⁽ʲ⁾ipropeˈtrɔu̯sʲk|}}; {{langx|ru|Днепропетровск|Dnepropetrovsk|links=no}} {{IPA|ru|dʲnʲɪprəpʲɪˈtrofsk|}}), also '''Dnipropetrovske''' ({{Langx|uk|Дніпропетровське|links=no}}) according to the [[Ukrainian orthography of 1928|Kharkiv orthography]] 1926–2016.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://r2u.org.ua/data/other/Правопис-1928.pdf |title=Ukrainskyi pravopys |publisher=Ukrainian State Publisher, USRR National Commissariat of Education |year=1929 |edition=1st |location=Kharkiv |pages=76 |language=uk |trans-title=Ukrainian Orthography |chapter=Heohrafichni nazvy |trans-chapter=Geographical names |quote=Назви міст кінчаються на '''-ське''', '''-цьке''' (а не -ськ, -цьк) [Names of cities end in -ske, -tske (and not -sk, -tsk)]}}</ref> The word originates from {{lang|uk|Дніпро}} ("[[Dnieper|Dnieper River]]") + {{lang|uk|Петровський}}, after Soviet revolutionary [[Grigory Petrovsky]].

===Name history===
The original name of a [[Ukrainian Cossack]] city on the territory of modern Dnipro was '''Novyi Kodak''' ({{langx|uk|Новий Кодак|link=no}} {{IPA|uk|noˈwɪj koˈdɑk|}}, New Kodak).<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak">{{in lang|uk}} [https://midnipro.museum/novyj-kodak New Kodak], {{ill|Museum Of Dnipro City History|uk|Музей історії Дніпра}} (26 March 2022)</ref> Also on the territory of Modern Dnipro, the [[Russian Empire]] founded '''Yekaterinoslav''' (''the glory of Catherine'').<ref name="Cybriwsky History of the Dnipro">{{Cite book |title=Along Ukraine's River: A Social and Environmental History of the Dnipro |last=Cybriwsky |first=Roman |publisher=Central European University Press |year=2018 |isbn=9789633862049 |pages=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7pWDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Yekaterinoslav%22}}</ref> This name was first mentioned in a report to [[Azov Governorate|Azov Governor]] [[Vasily Chertkov]] to [[Grigory Potemkin]] on 23 April 1776. He wrote "The provincial city called Yekaterinoslav should be the best convenience on the right side of the [[Dnieper River]] near [[Kodak Fortress|Kaydak]]..." (Which referred to {{ill|New Kodak|uk|Нові Кодаки}}). The construction was officially transferred to the right bank in a decree of [[Emperor of all the Russias|Empress of Russia]] [[Catherine II]] of 23 January 1784.<ref name="ukrssr2"/>

In the 17th century the city was also known as '''Polovytsia'''.<ref>Mikhail Levchenko. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cjcsAAAAYAAJ&dq=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0&pg=PA188 Hanshchyna (Ганьщина Україна)]''. Opyt russko-ukrainskago slovari︠a︡. Tip. Gubernskago upravlenii︠a︡, 1874</ref>

In 1918, the [[Central Council of Ukraine]] of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] proposed to change the name of the city to ''Sicheslav''; however, this was never finalised.<ref>[http://ukrweekly.com/uwwp/rada-approves-historic-bills-to-part-with-soviet-legacy/ Rada approves historic bills to part with Soviet legacy], [[The Ukrainian Weekly]] (17 April 2015)</ref>

In 1926 the city was renamed after [[communist]] leader [[Grigory Petrovsky]].<ref name=decommupbbcU>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/05/15/7068057/ Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization]. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. 15 May 2015<br />[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/265988.html Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]. 15 May 20<br />[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32267075 Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols], [[BBC News]] (14 April 2015)</ref><ref name=Petrovsky/> In some [[English language|Anglophone]] media Dnipro was nicknamed the '''Rocket City''' during the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Zhuk, S |title=''Rock and Roll in the Rocket City: The West, Identity, and Ideology in Soviet Dniepropetrovsk, 1960–1985'' |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press with Johns Hopkins University Press |date=2010 |isbn=978-0801895500}}</ref>

The 2015 [[decommunization in Ukraine|law on decommunization]] required the city to be renamed.<ref name=decommupbbcU/> On 29 December 2015 the [[Dnipro City Council]] officially changed the reference of the city naming from referring to Petrovsky to being in honor of [[Saint Peter]],<ref>[http://lb.ua/news/2015/12/29/324750_dnepropetrovsk_sobirayutsya.html LB.ua], ''Днепропетровск собираются "переименовать" в честь Святого Петра (Dnepropetrovsk to be "renamed" in honour of St. Peter)'', 29 December 2015.</ref> thus making the name consistent with the law without actually changing the name itself.

On 3 February 2016 a draft law was registered in the [[Verkhovna Rada]] (the Ukrainian parliament) to change the name of the city to ''Dnipro''.<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/3/7097661 In Rada registered a bill to rename Dnipropetrovsk], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (3 February 2016)</ref> On 19 May 2016 the Ukrainian parliament passed a bill to officially rename the city (to ''Dnipro''). The resolution was approved by 247 out of the 344 MPs, with 16 opposing the measure.<ref name=drbvr>{{cite news |title=Dnipropetrovsk renamed Dnipro |url=http://www.unian.info/politics/1349664-dnipropetrovsk-renamed-dnipro.html |access-date=19 May 2016 |agency=UNIAN |quote=The decision comes into force from the date of its adoption.}}<br />{{in lang|uk}} [http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/radan_gs09/ns_golos?g_id=7430 Верховна Рада України (Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine)], ''Поіменне голосування про проект Постанови про перейменування міста Дніпропетровська Дніпропетровської області (No.3864) (Roll-call vote on the draft resolution on renaming of Dnipropetrovsk Dnipropetrovsk region No.3864)'', 19 May 2016.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The city's mayor [[Borys Filatov]] described the renaming of the city as "controversial and irrelevant".<ref name=KP19May2016>[https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/verkhovna-rada-renames-dnipropetrovsk-as-dnipro-414096.html Kyiv Post], ''Verkhovna Rada renames Dnipropetrovsk as Dnipro'', 19 May 2016.</ref> [[Oleksandr Vilkul]] (who stood against Filatov at the [[2015 Ukrainian local elections#Dnipropetrovsk|2015 mayoral election]]) claimed that 90% of residents were opposed to the change in the city's name.<ref name=KP19May2016/>|group=nb}}{{#tag:ref|On 1 June 2016 the Ukrainian parliament refused to support a resolution to cancel the renaming.<ref name="121016DD"/> On 16 June 2016, 48 MPs appealed against the renaming in the [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]].<ref>[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/350680.html MPs appeal against Dnipropetrovsk renaming at Constitutional Court], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (6 June 2016)</ref> The Constitutional Court refused to consider this case on 12 October 2016.<ref name="121016DD">{{in lang|uk}} [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7123443 Constitutional Court refused to consider renaming Dnipropetrovsk], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (12 October 2016)</ref>|group=nb}}

Following the renaming of the city the reference to Petrovsky has been removed from institutions named after the city. A notable exception is the name of the surrounding province, which is listed in the territorial structure of Ukraine in [[Constitution of Ukraine|the Constitution]].<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/ Ukraine], [[The World Factbook]], as accessed on 9 February 2023</ref> Thus until a lengthy and complicated process of amending is carried out, it officially retains the name [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]].

==History==
{{Split section|History of Dnipro (city)|discuss={{TALKPAGENAME}}#Split proposed |date=March 2022}}

===Early history===
[[File:Lapidarium of Dnipropetrovs'k Museum of Local History 03 (YDS 6897).jpg|thumb|A part of the [[Cumans|Cuman]] statue collection of the [[Dmytro Yavornytsky National Historical Museum of Dnipro]]]]
Human settlements in current [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] date from the [[Paleolithic]] era.<ref name="EmberEmber0717256987"/> According to archeological finds, in the Paleolithic period (7—3 thousand BC) human settlements appear near the {{ill|Aptekarska brook|uk|Аптекарська балка (Дніпро)}} in what is now [[Chechelivskyi District]] and on [[Monastyrskyi Island]].<ref name="PakhomenkovNadporizhePrydniprovye">{{cite web |author=Yuri Pakhomenkov|title=History of Nadporizhe – Prydniprovye (from the first people to the 17th century)|url=https://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ua.php?article=2|website=gorod.dp.ua|date=2000|access-date=16 October 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> A [[Neolithic]] stonecrafter's house has been excavated in one of Dnipro's city parks.<ref name="EmberEmber0717256987"/> In the [[Bronze Age]] the area was settled by diverse tribes.<ref name="EmberEmber0717256987">{{cite book |author=Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpRUAAAAMAAJ&q=Human+settlements+in+the+Dnipropetrovsk+area+date+from+the+Paleolithic+era+,+and+an+Neolithic+stonecrafters+house+has+been+excavated+in+one+of+the+city+parks+.+In+the+Bronze+Age+the+area+was+settled+by+diverse+tribes+,+including+... |title=Encyclopedia of Urban Cultures: Cities and Cultures Around the World, Volume 2 |date=2002 |publisher=Grolier Academic Reference |isbn=0717256987 |page=158 |edition=4th |language=English}}</ref> Traces of [[Cimmerian]] settlements during the Bronze Age have been found near today's [[Taras Shevchenko Park]].<ref name="PakhomenkovNadporizhePrydniprovye"/> The area of modern Dnipro was part of the [[Scythians|Scythian empire]] from approximately the 1st century BC until the 3rd century BC.<ref name="HistDniObla879"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHWhCgAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+Scythians&pg=PA29 |title=The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation |date=2015 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |isbn=978-0-300-21725-4 |page=29 and 28 |edition=4th |language=English}}</ref> During the [[Migration Period]] (300–800) nomadic tribes of the [[Huns]], [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], [[Bulgarians]], and [[Magyars]] passed through the lands of the [[Dnieper]] region, they came into contact with local agricultural [[East Slavs]].<ref name="HistDniObla879"/>

The area of modern Dnipro was part of the [[Kievan Rus']] (882–1240).<ref name="HistDniObla879">{{cite web |author=S. Svitlenko % O. Shlyakhov |title=Dnipropetrovsk region: milestones of historical progress |url=https://www.dnu.dp.ua/news/879 |website=[[Oles Honchar Dnipro National University]] |date=2012|access-date=7 October 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> The region witnessed fighting between the armies of Kievan Rus' and [[Khazars]], [[Pechenegs]], [[Tork people]] and [[Cumans]].<ref name="HistDniObla879"/> In the 13th century the Dnieper region was devastated during the [[Mongol Empire]] [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|conquest of Kievan Rus']].<ref name="HistDniObla879"/> The area of modern Dnipro city was incorporated into the Mongol's [[khanate]] [[Golden Horde]].<ref name="5CN%5CDnipropetrovskoblast">{{cite web |author=Volodymyr Kubijovyč, Ihor Stebelsky |title=Dnipropetrovsk oblast |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnipropetrovskoblast.htm |website=Encyclopedia of Ukraine |date=2020|access-date=7 October 2022|language=English}}</ref>

In the 15th century the area became part of the [[Kiev Voivodeship]] (1471–1565) of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].<ref name="5CN%5CDnipropetrovskoblast"/> Archeological finds in today's Dnipro's urban district [[Samarskyi District]] suggest that the important river crossing was a trading settlement from at least 1524.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459" /> In 1635, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth built the [[Kodak Fortress]] above the [[Dnieper Rapids]] at ''Kodaky'' on the south-eastern outskirts of modern Dnipro near the current [[Kaidatsky Bridge]],<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak"/> only to have it destroyed within months by the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks|Cossacks]] of [[Ivan Sulyma]].<ref name="SerhiiPlokhy">Plokhy, Serhii, ''The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine'', pub Oxford University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-19-924739-0}}, pages 26, 37, 40, 51, 60–1, 142, 245, and 268.</ref> Rebuilt in 1645,<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak"/> it was captured by [[Zaporozhian Sich]] in 1648.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459"/>

Around the fortress a settlement emerged that became a town in {{ill|Kodak Palanka|uk|Кодацька паланка|pl|Pałanka kudacka}} (province) of the Zaporizhian Sich called {{ill|Novi Kodaky|lt=Novyi (New) Kodak|uk|Нові Кодаки}}.<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak"/> Cossacks often hid the true number of the population to reduce taxation and other obligations, but according to documentary evidence, it can be assumed that the population of New Kodak was at least 3,000 people.<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak"/> The fortress was garrisoned by Cossacks until the Sich, allied with the [[Ottoman Empire]] and their [[Crimean Khanate|Tartar vassals]], drove out the encroaching [[Tsardom of Russia]]. Under the terms of the Russian withdrawal—the [[Treaty of the Pruth]] in 1711—the Kodak fortress was demolished.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459"/><ref name="Kodak_Pruth">[https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/time-out/above-kodak day.kyiv.ua ''Above Kodak, this year the unique fortress marks its 375th anniversary''], by Mykola Chaban, 2010.</ref>

In the mid-1730s, the fortress and Russians returned, living in an uneasy cohabitation with local cossacks.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459" /> From mid-century they co-existed with the Zaporozhian [[sloboda (settlement)|sloboda]] (or "free settlement") of ''Polovytsia'' located on the site of today's Central Terminal and the ''Ozyorka'' farmers market.<ref name="eugene" /><ref name="ukrssr2">[http://ukrssr.com.ua/dnipro/viniknennya-i-rozvitok-mista-dnipropetrovsk Establishment and development of the Dnipropetrovsk city (Виникнення і розвиток міста Дніпропетровськ)]. [[The History of Cities and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR]].</ref>

In the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]], the Zaporozhian cossacks allied with [[Catherine the Great|Empress Catherine II]]. No sooner had they assisted the Russians to victory than they faced an imperial ultimatum to disband their confederation. The [[Liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich|liquidation of the Sich]] destroyed their political autonomy and saw the incorporation of their lands into the new governates of [[New Russia Governorate|Novorossiya]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zaporizhia National University |last2=Milchev |first2=Vladimir |last3=Sen' |first3=Dmitry |last4=Kalmyk Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences |date=2018 |title=The Plans for the Abolition of the Zaporozhian Host and their Implementation (1740s–1770s): Cossack Ambitions vs Imperial Interests |journal=Quaestio Rossica |url=https://qr.urfu.ru/ojs/index.php/qr/article/view/302 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=385–402 |doi=10.15826/qr.2018.2.302|doi-access=free |hdl=10995/61114 |hdl-access=free | issn = 2311-911X }}</ref> In 1784, Catherine ordered the foundation of new city, commonly referred to at the time as Katerynoslav.<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak" />

In 2001 the seal of Kodak Palanka became the central element of {{ill|Dnipro's coat of arms|uk|Герб Дніпра}} and {{ill|Dnipro's official flag|uk|Прапор Дніпра}}.<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak"/>

=== Imperial city ===
{{Quote box
| quote = {{Flag|Russian Empire}} 1776–1917<br>
{{Flag|Ukrainian People's Republic}} 1917–1918<br>
∟ ''autonomous part of the [[Russian Republic]]''<br>
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine.svg|link=}} [[Ukrainian State]] 1918<br>
{{Flag|Ukrainian People's Republic}} 1918–1920<br>
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919-1929).svg}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1929-1937).svg}} {{Flag|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|1937}} 1920–1941<br>
∟ ''part of the [[Soviet Union]] from 1922''<br>
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|link=}} [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]] 1941–1944 <br>
∟ ''part of [[German-occupied Europe]]''<br>
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1937–1949).svg}} {{Flag|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}} 1944–1991<br>
∟ ''part of the [[Soviet Union]]''<br>
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine (Soviet shades).svg}} {{Flag|Ukraine}} 1991–present
| title = Historical affiliations
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| fontsize = 80%
}}

==== Establishment of Catherine's city ====
The first written mention of a town in the [[Russian Empire]] called Yekaterinoslav can be found in a report from [[Azov Governorate|Azov Governor]] [[Vasily Chertkov]] to [[Grigory Potemkin]] on 23 April 1776. He wrote "The provincial city called Yekaterinoslav should be the best convenience on the right side of the [[Dnieper River]] near Kaydak..." (referring to Novyi Kodak). In 1777, a town named Yekaterinoslav (''the glory of Catherine''),<ref name="Cybriwsky History of the Dnipro"/> was built to the north of the present-day city at the confluence of the [[Samara (Dnieper)|Samara]] and Kilchen rivers. The site was badly chosen – spring waters transformed the city into a bog.<ref name="eugene">{{cite web |url=http://www.eugene.com.ua/dnepr.html |title=www.eugene.com.ua Dnepropetrovsk History |publisher=Eugene.com.ua |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="ukrssr2"/> The surviving settlement was later renamed [[Samar, Ukraine|Novomoskovsk]].<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak"/><ref name="ReferenceA">S. S. Montefiore: Prince of Princes – The Life of Potemkin</ref>

The territory of modern Dnipro, despite the modern-day city's size, still has not expanded to encompass the territory of (Chertkov's) Yekaterinoslav of 1776.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459"/> On 22 January 1784 [[Russian Emperor|Russian Empress]] [[Catherine the Great]] signed an Imperial Ukase directing that "the gubernatorial city under name of Yekaterinoslav be moved to the right bank of the [[Dnieper]] river near Kodak". The new city would serve [[Grigory Potemkin]] as a [[Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty|Viceregal seat for the combined Novorossiya and Azov Governorates]].<ref name="ukrssr2"/>

On {{OldStyleDate|20 May|1787|9 May}}, in the course of her celebrated [[Crimean journey of Catherine the Great|Crimean journey]], the Empress laid the foundation stone of the [[Transfiguration Cathedral, Dnipro|Transfiguration Cathedral]] in the presence of Austrian [[Emperor Joseph II]], [[Polish king]] [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]], and the French and English ambassadors.<ref>Portno and Portnova (2015), p. 225</ref><ref name="sobor2">{{cite web |last=Kavun |first=Maksim |script-title=ru:Загадки Преображенского собора |trans-title=Riddles surrounding the Transfiguration Cathedral |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=124 |access-date=27 July 2019 |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |language=ru}}</ref> Potemkin's grandiose plans for a third Russian imperial capital alongside Moscow and Saint Petersburg included a viceregal palace, a university (Potemkin envisioned Yekaterinoslav as the '[[Athens]] of southern Russia'<ref name="CharlesWynnPA25&l"/>), courts of law and a botanical garden,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=acjMDgAAQBAJ&dq=Yekaterinoslav+Potemkin&pg=PA83 Mungo Melvin CB OBE, ''Sevastopol's Wars: Crimea from Potemkin to Putin'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017], page 83</ref> were frustrated by a renewal of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–92)|Russo-Turkish war]] in 1787, by bureaucratic procrastination, defective workmanship, and theft, Potemkin's death in 1791 and that of his imperial patroness five years later.<ref name="CharlesWynnPA25&l">Charles Wynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jYABAAAQBAJ&dq=Ekaterinoslav+third+capital+Russia&pg=PA25 Workers, Strikes, and Pogroms: The Donbass-Dnepr Bend in Late Imperial Russia, 1870–1905] – "[The Empress] and her favorite, Prince Grigorii Potemkin, the city's first governor-general and the de facto viceroy of southern Russia, had big plans for Ekaterinoslav. Potemkin envisioned Ekaterinoslav as the 'Athens of southern Russia' and as Russia's third capital – 'the centre of the administrative, economic, and cultural life of southern Russia.'"</ref>

In 1815 a government official described the town as "more like some [[Russian Mennonites|Dutch [Mennonite] colony]] then a provincial administrative centre".<ref name="BartlettYekaterinoslav2">{{cite book |last=Bartlett |first=Roger P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLc8AAAAIAAJ&dq=Yekaterinoslav+Potemkin+death&pg=PA133 |title=Human Capital: The Settlement of Foreigners in Russia 1762–1804 |date=13 December 1979 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22205-1 |page=133}}</ref> The cathedral, much reduced in size, was completed in 1835.<ref name="ukrssr2"/>

===== Disputed year of foundation =====
Scholarship concerning the foundation of the city has been subject to political considerations and dispute.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459"/><ref name=":4" /> In 1976, to have the bicentenary of the city coincide with the 70th anniversary of the birth of Soviet party leader, and regional native son, [[Leonid Brezhnev]], the date of the city's foundation was moved back from the visit Russian Empress Catherine II in 1787, to 1776.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459">[https://ukrainianweek.com/History/198459 Riding the currents], [[The Ukrainian Week]] (18 August 2017)</ref>

Following Ukrainian independence, local historians began to promote the idea of a town emerging in the 17th century from Cossack settlements, an approach aimed at promoting the city's Ukrainian identity.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Repan |first=Oleh |date=30 January 2022 |title=Memory Politics in Dnipropetrovsk, 1991–2015 |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2022/01/30/memory-politics-in-dnipropetrovsk-1991-2015/ |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book | first1 = Andrii | last1 = Portnov | first2 = Tetiana | last2 = Portnova | chapter = The 'Imperial' and the 'Cossack' in the Semiotics of Ekaterinoslav-Dnipropetrovsk:The Controversies of the Foundation Myth | editor-last=Pil'shchikov | editor-first=I. A. | title=Urban semiotics : the city as a cultural-historical phenomenon | publication-place=Tallinn | date=2015 | isbn=978-9985-58-807-9 | oclc=951558037 | chapter-url = https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Portnov_Andrii/The_Imperial_and_the_Cossack_in_the_Semiotics_of_Ekaterinoslav-Dnipropetrovsk_The_Controversies_of_t.pdf}}</ref> They cited the chronicler of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], [[Dmytro Yavornytsky]], whose ''History of the City of Ekaterinoslav'' completed in 1940 was authorised for publication only in 1989, the era of [[Glasnost]].<ref name="umoloda">''"Літописець Запорозької Січі – Минуло 150 років від дня народження Дмитра Яворницького", Ukraina Moloda, November 2011'', {{in lang|uk}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

==== Growth as an industrial centre ====
[[File:Катеринослав-на-Карті-Шуберта.jpg|thumb|A map of Ekaterinoslav, 1885{{#tag:ref|There is some confusion concerning the date of this map. According to the [[:File:Катеринослав-на-Карті-Шуберта.jpg|image file]] the map is by Schubert and dates from about 1860, but [[:uk:Дніпропетровськ|Ukrainian Wikipedia]] claims that it dates from 1885. The map shows the old (railway) {{ill|Amur Bridge|uk|Амурський міст}} across the river, which was completed in 1884.|group=nb}}]]
[[File:Ekaterinoslav.jpg|thumb|The Main Post Office, 1870]]
[[File:Catherine the Great in Dnipropetrovsk.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Catherine the Great]] monument in Ekaterinoslav (1840–1920{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}). This monument that stood in front of the Mining Institute was replaced by Soviet authorities with one of Russian academic [[Mikhail Lomonosov]].<ref name="oneplace1220130751"/>]]
While into the late nineteenth century the principal business of the town remained the processing of agricultural raw materials,<ref name="ukrssr2"/> there was an early state-sponsored effort to promote manufacture. In 1794 the government supported two factories: a textile factory that was transferred from the town of Dubrovny [[Mogilev Governorate]] and a silk-stockings factory that was brought from the village of Kupavna near Moscow. In 1797 the textile factory employed 819 permanent workers, 378 of whom were women and 115 children. The silk stocking workers, the majority being women, were serfs bought at an auction for 16,000 roubles. Conditions, as Potemkin himself was forced to admit, were harsh, with many of the workers dying from malnutrition and exhaustion.<ref name="ukrssr2"/>

From 1797 to 1802, while serving under the Emperor [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] as the administrative centre of a centre of the [[Novorossiya Governorate#Second establishment|Novorossiya Governorate]], the settlement was officially known as ''Novorossiysk.''<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka"/><ref name="ukrssr2"/>

Despite the bridging of the Dnieper in 1796, commerce was slow to develop. 1832 saw the establishment of the small Zaslavsky iron-casting factory, the town's first metallurgical enterprise.<ref name="ukrssr2"/> Industrialisation gathered apace in the 1880s with the establishment of the first railway connections.<ref name="ukrainetrek">{{cite web |url=http://ukrainetrek.com/Dnepropetrovsk_city.shtml |title=Ukrainetrek Dnepropetrovsk (City) |publisher=Ukrainetrek.com |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref> Rail construction responded to the enterprise of two men: [[John Hughes (businessman)|John Hughes]], a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] businessman who built an iron works at [[Donetsk|Yuzovka]] in 1869–72, and developed the Donbas coal deposits;<ref name="eugene" /> and the Russian geologist [[Alexander Pol]], who in 1866 had discovered the [[Kryvyi Rih|Krivoy Rog]] iron ore basin, [[Krivbass]], during archaeological research.<ref name="eugene" />

In 1884, a railway to supply [[pig iron]] foundries in Krivoy Rog with Donbass coal crossed the Dnieper at Yekaterinoslav.<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka">{{cite web |title=Historical reference|url=https://adm.dp.gov.ua/pro-oblast/dnipropetrovshina/istorichna-dovidka|website=[[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] official website|date=31 July 2020|access-date=16 October 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> It proved a spur to further industrial development<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka"/> and to the creation of the new suburbs of [[Nyzhniodniprovskyi District|Amur and Nyzhniodniprovsk]].

In 1897, Yekaterinoslav became the third city in the Russian Empire to have electric trams. The ''Yekaterinoslav Higher Mining School'', today's [[Dnipro Polytechnic]], was founded in 1899.<ref name="hello">[http://www.nmu.org.ua/en/now/rector_greeting/ Message of Greeting from Rector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105222654/http://www.nmu.org.ua/en/now/rector_greeting/|date=5 January 2009}}, University official website</ref> Within twenty years the population had more than tripled, reaching 157,000 in 1904.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Surh |first=Gerald |date=2003 |title=Ekaterinoslav City in 1905: Workers, Jews, and Violence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27672887 |journal=International Labor and Working-Class History |issue=64 |pages=(139–166). 140 |jstor=27672887 |issn=0147-5479}}</ref> The immigrants flowing into the city were mainly [[Russians in Ukraine|ethnic or cultural Russians]] and [[Jews in Ukraine|Jews]], with the [[Ukrainian people|Ukrainian population]] remaining rural in [[Second Industrial Revolution|this stage]] of the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="Boterbloem0773571736">{{Cite book |last1=Boterbloem |first1=Kees |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nda8n7s8o3oC&dq=Ekaterinoslav+industrial&pg=PA12 |title=Life and Times of Andrei Zhdanov, 1896–1948 |date=2004 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=0773571736 |page= |language=en}}</ref>

==== The Jewish community and the 1905 pogrom ====
{{See also|1905 Russian Revolution}}
From 1792 Yekaterinoslav was within the [[Pale of Settlement]], the former Polish-Lithuanian territories in which Catherine and her successors enforced no limitation on the movement and residency of their Jewish subjects.<ref>Taylor, Philip S., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAFO9dJEFIsC&dq=Yekaterinoslav+1815&pg=PA2 Anton Rubinstein: A Life in Music]'', Indianapolis, 2007</ref> Within less than a century, a largely [[Yiddish]]-speaking Jewish community of 40,000 constituted more than a third of the city's population, and contributed a considerable share of its business capital and industrial workforce.<ref name="1107014220Riga">{{Cite book |last1=Riga |first1=Liliana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQcHmuuEK5sC&dq=Ekaterinoslav+industrial&pg=PA139 |title=The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107014220 |page=139 |language=en}}</ref>

Such apparent strength did not protect the community—members of whom had had the unpopular task of collecting government taxes and recruiting young men for the army<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Goldbrot |first=I. |date=1972 |title=The Jews in Ekaterinoslav–Dniepropetrovsk (Pages 21–40) |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ekaterinoslav/eka021.html |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref>— from communal violence.<ref name="Yekaterinoslav+Jews+Pogrom">{{Cite book |last1=Klier |first1=John Doyle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3D7CmSOMfIC&dq=Yekaterinoslav+Jews+Pogroms&pg=PA41 |title=Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History |last2=Lambroza |first2=Shlomo |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52851-1 |page=41 |language=en}}</ref> In 1883, three days of rioting destroyed Jewish business, and persuaded many to temporarily leave the city. There was a return of anti–Semitic incitement among the Christian public in 1904, but attacks on community were, at that time, suppressed on the order of a liberal governor.<ref name=":6" />

In the widespread social unrest that followed the 1905 defeat in the [[Russo-Japanese War]], the political life of the city was dominated by the revolutionary opposition (including the Jewish Workers Socialist Party and the [[General Jewish Labour Bund|Bund]])<ref name=":6" /> and by the insurrectionary spirit of the nascent labor movement. The local [[Tsarist autocracy|czarist authorities]] were able to ride out the wave political protests and strikes, in part by playing on division between Jewish workers who predominated as clerks and artisans in the city, and Russian workers employed in the large suburban factories.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Surh |first=Gerald |date=2003 |title=Ekaterinoslav City in 1905: Workers, Jews, and Violence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27672887 |journal=International Labor and Working-Class History |issue=64 |pages=139–166 |jstor=27672887 |issn=0147-5479}}</ref> There was a wave of anti-Semitic attacks. With the army intervening against Jewish defense groups, about 100 Jews were killed and two hundred wounded.<ref name=":6" />

According to local historian [[Andrii Portnov]], 40% of the local Yekaterinoslav population was Jewish in the years leading up to [[World War I]].<ref name="ukrainianweek109391">{{in lang|uk}} [https://tyzhden.ua/Society/109391 Dnipropetrovsk region. Pragmatic area], [[The Ukrainian Week]] (8 May 2014)</ref>

===The Soviet era===
{{See also|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}}

==== War and revolution ====
{{See also|Ukrainian War of Independence}}
[[File:Dnipropetrovs'k S.Nigoyana 47 Bronepotyag (YDS 5850).jpg|thumb|Monument in Dnipro of an [[armored train]] that was built by the workers of [[Dniprovsky Metallurgical Plant|Yekaterinoslav's Bryansk plant]] in 1918, which was employed by the [[Red Army]] in its conquest of Ukraine and the [[Volga]] region.]]
Directly following the Russian [[February Revolution]], in the night of 3 March [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S]] (16 March [[Gregorian calendar#Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates|N.S]]) to 4 March 1917 a provisional government was organised in Yekaterinoslav headed by the (since 1913) chairman of the provincial land administration {{ill|Konstantin von Hesberg|uk|Гесберг Костянтин Дмитрович}}.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80">{{cite web |author=I. S. Storazhenko|title=The city of Katerinoslav in 1917–1920|url=https://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ua.php?article=80|website=gorod.dp.ua|date=2001|access-date=26 October 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> Also on 4 March a Council of Workers' Deputies was formed.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> On 6 March the [[Prime minister of Russia|prime minister]] of the [[Russian Provisional Government]] [[Georgy Lvov]] removed the governor and the vice-governor of [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]], temporarily handing these powers to Hesberg.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> On 9 March a Yekaterinoslav Council of Workers and Soldiers deputies was formed.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/>

On 16 May the Council of Workers' Deputies and the Council of Workers and Soldiers merged, to become named the Revolutionary Council in November 1917.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> All these power structures existed in duality, with Hesberg's provisional government often being at a disadvantage.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> In 1917 the city saw numerous meetings, rallies, meetings, conferences, congresses and demonstrations by political parties all over the political spectrum.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> Due to intense political agitation the newly formed factory committees and professional unions by autumn of 1917 mainly supported the [[Bolshevik]]s, significantly strengthening their positions.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/>

In June 1917 a Central Council ([[Tsentralna Rada]]) of Ukrainian parties in [[Kyiv]] declared Yekaterinoslav to be within the territory of the autonomous [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] (UPR).<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka"/> On 13 August 1917 the first democratic Yekaterinoslav 120 seats [[city Duma]] election took place.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> The Bolsheviks gained 24 seats and the [[Mensheviks]] 16, with pro-Ukrainian parties picking up 6 seats.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> {{ill|Vasyl Osipov|uk|Осипов Василь Іванович}} was elected Mayor of the city.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> Osipov was Mayor until the dissolution of the city Duma in May 1918.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> On 10 November 1917 a parade of Ukrainian troops was held, organized by the Yekaterinoslav Ukrainian Military Council in support of the [[Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council]], the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic.<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka"/>

In the November 1917 elections to the [[Russian Constituent Assembly]], the Bolsheviks secured just under 18 per cent of the [[Yekaterinoslav electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917)|vote in the Governorate]], compared to 46 per cent for the [[Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party|Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries]] and their allies.<ref name="Radkey1989-161-163">{{cite book |author=Oliver Henry Radkey |url=https://archive.org/details/russiagoestopoll00radk |title=Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8014-2360-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/russiagoestopoll00radk/page/161 161]–163 |url-access=registration}}</ref> On 22 November 1917 the Revolutionary Council and the city Duma pledged their allegiance to the Tsentralna Rada.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> The Bolsheviks then left these organisations.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> During December, the situation in the city worsened with both sides preparing for military action.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/>

On 26 December, the Bolsheviks defied an ultimatum from the Tsentralna Rada and after three days of fighting consolidated their control of the city.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80" /> On 12 February they declared Yekaterinoslav part of a [[Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic|Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic]], but the following month, under the terms of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], conceded the territory to the [[German Empire|German]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian]]-allied UPR.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mawdsley |first1=Evan |url=https://archive.org/details/russiancivilwar00evan |title=The Russian Civil War |publisher=Pegasus Books |year=2007 |isbn=9781933648156 |page=35 |ref=Mawdsley2007 |author-link=Evan Mawdsley |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka" /> On 5 April 1918 the [[Imperial German army]] entered the city. Five hundred remaining Bolshevik [[Red Guards (Russia)|Red Guards]] were publicly executed.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80" />
[[File:Military parade in Yekaterinoslav (8610324703).jpg|thumb|250px|A German military parade in Yekaterinoslav in spring 1918.]]
The formal tenure of the UPR was brief: on 29 April 1918 intervention by the [[Central Powers]] saw the UPR replaced by the more pliant [[Ukrainian State]] or [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]]. On 18 May 1918 the [[Hetman]] of the Ukrainian State, [[Pavlo Skoropadskyi]], ordered the previously nationalized enterprises returned to their former owners, and with the assistance of Austro-Hungarian troops the new authorities suppressed labor protest.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/>

On 23 December 1918, following their defeat by the Western Allies and after four days of insurgency within the city, German and Austro-Hungarian occupation forces withdrew. Four days later, Yekaterinoslav was stormed by the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|anarchist Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine]] (the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|''Makhnovshchina'']]), putting to flight forces loyal to the UPR's new [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]]. Over the course of the following year, city was to change hands several more times, contested between the UPR, the Whites ([[Armed Forces of South Russia]]), [[Nykyfor Hryhoriv]]'s peasant insurgents, [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|''Makhnovshchina'']] (who returned twice),<ref name="EprzrAhVqMewKHXLQ">{{Cite book |last1=Skirda |first1=Alexandre |title=Nestor Makhno–Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921 |date=2004 |publisher=AK Press |isbn=1-902593-68-5 |location=Oakland, CA |language=en |translator-last1=Sharkey |translator-first1=Paul |oclc=60602979}} (page 77)</ref> and the Bolsheviks, who reorganised as the Red Army, finally secured the city on 30 December 1919.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80" />{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=213|2a1=Skirda|2y=2004|2pp=77–78}}{{Sfn|Skirda|2004|p=77}}

The city had been extensively damaged and the population, which had stood at about 268,000 people in 1917, had dropped to under 190,000.<ref name="article85Storazhenko">{{cite web |author=I. S. Storazhenko|title=Dnipropetrovsk in the 1920s and 1930s|url=https://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ua.php?article=85|website=gorod.dp.ua|date=2001|access-date=2 November 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

==== Stalin-era industrialisation ====
[[File:Katerinoslav1922.jpg|thumb|The boy on the left murdered an 8-year-old for his 4 pounds of bread in Yekaterinoslav in 1922, during the [[1921–1923 famine in Ukraine|local 1921–1923 famine]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Roman Serb|title=Photos about Ukrainian Hunger 1921–1923|url=http://ukrlife.org/main/evshan/famine.htm|website=Ukrainian life in Sevastopol|access-date=2 November 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>]]
In late May 1920 the food supply to Yekaterinoslav deteriorated, resulting in a wave of strikes.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> In June 1920 Soviet authorities quelled one such protest by arresting 200 railway workers, of which 51 were sentenced to immediate execution.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/>

In 1922 the region was incorporated into the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], a constituent republic of the [[Soviet Union]]. In 1922 the [[Soviet government]] ordered that "all nationalized enterprises with names related to the Company or the Surname of the old owners must be renamed in memory of [[Russian Revolution|revolutionary events]], in memory of [[Political international|the international]], [[all-Russian]] or local leaders of the [[proletarian revolution]]."<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/> In 1922 and 1923 the factories were renamed, as well as dozens of streets, alleys, driveways, squares and parks.<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/> In 1923 the city council adopted a resolution to organize a competition to rename the city itself.<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/>

In 1924 a Provincial [[Congress of Soviets]] adopted a resolution on renaming the city of Yekaterinoslav to the city of Krasnodniprovsk (and [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]] to Krasnodniprovsk). Following this, many organizations and institutions began to name Yekaterinoslav Krasnodniprovsk in official documents, only to be reminded in the press that the renaming of settlements could only be decided by the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]].<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/> In 1926 a provisional District [[Congress of Soviets|Congress of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies]] adopted a resolution on renaming Yekaterinoslav to the name Dnipropetrovsk in honour of the [[All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets]]'s chairman of the [[All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee]], [[Grigory Petrovsky]].<ref name="Petrovsky">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8380433.stm Ukraine tears down controversial statue], by Rostyslav Khotin, [[BBC News]] (27 November 2009)<br />[http://unian.net/eng/news/news-349100.html Same article on UNIAN.]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=leloAAAAMAAJ&q=The+city+was+renamed+Dnepropetrovsk+in+1926, The Kravchenko Case: One Man's War Against Stalin] by Gary Kern, Enigma Books, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-929631-73-5}}, page 191</ref><ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/>

Petrovsky was present at this congress and he did "accept this honour with great gratitude."<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/> The resolution of the congress was approved by a resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet dated 20 July 1926.<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/> In the [[1920s]] and [[1930s]] dozens of streets, alleys, driveways, squares and parks [[Sovietization|continued to be renamed]] in the city, this continued in the [[1940s]] and in subsequent years.<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/>
[[File:Зимовий театр.jpg|thumb|[[Dnipro Academic Drama and Comedy Theatre]] was constructed during the Stalinist period.]]
By 1927 the industry of Dnipropetrovsk was completely rebuilt, and according to some indicators exceeded pre-war levels.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> Due to agrarian overpopulation, an influx of unemployed from other settlements, a higher birth rates among other reasons, both employment and unemployment in Dnipropetrovsk rose.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> In the late twenties, the authorities had to contend with growing labour unrest. "Do not strangle us, our children are dying of hunger, we have been placed in worse conditions than under the old regime" read one protest.<ref>{{Cite book |last=A |first=Erdogan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkNtEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA251 |title=Transcripts from the Soviet Archives Volume VII 1927 |publisher=Erdogan A |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-329-49087-1 |pages=251 |language=en}}</ref>

The city figured prominently in [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s [[Five-year plans of the Soviet Union|Five-Year Plans]] for industrialisation. In 1932, Dnipropetrovsk's regional metallurgical plants produced 20 per cent of the entire cast iron and 25 per cent of the steel manufactured in the Ukrainian SSR. By the end of the thirties the Dnipropetrovsk region became the most urbanised of Soviet Ukraine with more than 2,273,000 people living in the region and over half a million in the city proper. Dnipropetrovsk became an important cultural and educational centre with ten colleges and a State University.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sergei |first=Zhuk |date=21 January 2022 |title=Communist Party Politics, Rockets and Komsomol Business in Soviet Dnipropetrovsk |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2022/01/21/communist-party-politics-rockets-and-komsomol-business-in-soviet-dnipropetrovsk/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US}}</ref>

The surrounding countryside was devastated by the policy of [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|forced collectivisation]] and grain seizures. Peasants had died en masse during the [[Holodomor]] of 1932–33.<ref>Boriak, Hennadii. 2009. ''Sources for the Study of the 'Great Famine' in Ukraine''. Cambridge, MA.</ref> [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] in the years 1932–33 lost 3.5 to 9.8&nbsp;million people,<ref name="Kocherhinarticle1374">{{cite web |author=Ihor Kocherhin|title=Famine 1932–1933 in Dnipropetrovshchyna|url=https://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ua.php?article=1374|website=gorod.dp.ua|access-date=2 November 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> making it one of the most affected areas of the famine.<ref name="Kocherhinarticle1374"/>

Drawn by employment in the expanding heavy industry, the survivors changed the ethnic composition of the city. The percentage of residents recorded as Ukrainian rose from 36 per cent of the population in 1926 to 54.6 per cent in 1939. The Russian percentage fell from 31.6 to 23.4, and the Jewish share fell from 26.8 to 17.9.<ref name="census1926" /><ref name=":1" /> The city's population during the [[Interwar period]] grew rapidly. 368,000 people lived in Dnipropetrovsk in 1932. In the [[Soviet Census (1939)|1939 Soviet Census]], this number had grown to more than half a million (500,662 people).<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/>

Soviet [[Ukrainization]] and [[Korenizatsiya]] were implemented in Dnipropetrovsk.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> The [[Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)|Communist party of Ukraine]] organized special courses in Ukrainian studies.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> Soviet authorities greatly increased the number of schools, and by the mid-[[1930s]] had eradicate illiteracy in the city.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> New universities were opened.<ref name="article225DniArch">{{cite web |title=Historical and urban development reference Dnipropetrovsk|url=https://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ua.php?article=225|website=gorod.dp.ua|access-date=2 November 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> At the end of the 1930s Dnipropetrovsk had 10 higher and 19 special educational institutions.<ref name="article225DniArch"/> In the 1930s a significant number of new secondary schools and hospitals were built in the city, and city parks were improved.<ref name="article225DniArch"/>

The [[Great Purge]], following the [[Assassination of Sergei Kirov]], also reached Dnipropetrovsk.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> In 1935 the Dnipropetrovsk [[NKVD]] arrested 182 "[[Trotskyists]]".<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> In 1935, 235 alleged "internal enemies" were executed, including a few university rectors.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> In 1936, 526 people were executed.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> In 1937, the regional administration of the NKVD killed 16,421 people.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/>

==== Nazi occupation ====
[[File:Monument of 20000 Jews shot by Germans in 1943 in Dnipropetrovsk -Energetichna street-, Ukraine -10-.jpg|thumb|Monument to 20,000 [[Holocaust by Bullets|Jews shot by Germans]] in 1943 in Dnipropetrovsk. The [[monumental inscription]] (in Russian) does not explicitly identify the victims as Jewish, but speaks of "20,000 civilians."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2009 |title=Monument of 20000 Jews shot by Germans in 1943 in Dnipropetrovsk [Energetichna street], Ukraine |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_of_20000_Jews_shot_by_Germans_in_1943_in_Dnipropetrovsk_-Energetichna_street-,_Ukraine_-9-.jpg|access-date=18 October 2022|website=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref>]]
Dnipropetrovsk was under [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] occupation from [[Operation Barbarossa|26 August 1941]]<ref name="musicandhistory">{{cite web |url=http://musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/202-1941.html |title=1941 |website=MusicAndHistory |access-date=31 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828144212/http://www.musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/202-1941.html |archive-date=28 August 2012}}</ref> to [[Battle of the Dnieper|25 October 1943]].<ref name="liberation">{{cite web |url=http://www.onwar.com/chrono/1943/oct1943/f25oct43.htm |title=''Onwar.com'', ''Red Army crosses Dniepr River'' |publisher=Onwar.com |access-date=28 November 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126173108/http://onwar.com/chrono/1943/oct1943/f25oct43.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city was administered as part of the ''[[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]].'' The [[Holocaust]] [[The Holocaust in Ukraine|in Dnipropetrovsk]] reduced the city's remaining Jewish population, estimates for which range from 55,000 to 30,000, to just 702.{{sfn|Hilberg|1985|p=372}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harkavi |first=Zvi |date=1973 |title=Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine (Pages 89–104,107–110) |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ekaterinoslav/eka089.html |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref> In just two days, 13–14 October 1941, the Germans killed 15,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holocaust |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CO%5CHolocaust.htm |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref>

Germany operated three [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner-of-war camps]] in the city, chiefly Stalag 348 with several subcamps in the region from October 1941 to February 1943, after its relocation from [[Rzeszów]] in German-occupied Poland,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorial to the deceased prisoners of war of the Stammlager 348 and patients of the Psychiatric Hospital "Igren" |url=https://terraoblita.com/en/places/50 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=terraoblita.com |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927230522/https://terraoblita.com/en/places/50 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at which the occupiers are estimated to have killed upwards of 30,000 Soviet POWs,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorial Executed Prisoners of War - Dnipropetrovsk - TracesOfWar.com |url=https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/67243/Memorial-Executed-Prisoners-of-War.htm |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.tracesofwar.com |language=en}}</ref> and briefly also the Stalag 310 and Stalag 387 camps.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Megargee|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Overmans|first2=Rüdiger|last3=Vogt|first3=Wolfgang|year=2022|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|pages=298, 349, 384|isbn=978-0-253-06089-1}}</ref>

In November 1941 Dnipropetrovsk's population was 233,000. In March 1942 this number had fallen to 178,000.<ref name="article225DniArch"/> On 25 October 1943 the population on the right-bank of the city numbered no more than 5,000.<ref name="article225DniArch"/> According to official statistics, in 1945 the population of Dnipropetrovsk had increased to 259,000 people.<ref name="article225DniArch"/>

==== Post-war closed city ====
[[File:Парк ракет. Дніпропетровськ.JPG|thumb|A [[Yuzhmash]] produced [[Tsyklon-3]] rocket, flanked by an [[RT-20P]] and [[R-11 Zemlya]] on display in Dnipro's "Rocket Park".]]
As early as July 1944, the State Committee of Defence in Moscow decided to build a large military machine-building factory in Dnipropetrovsk on the location of the pre-war aircraft plant. In December 1945, thousands of German [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] began construction and built the first sections and shops in the new factory. This was the foundation of the Dnipropetrovsk Automobile Factory. In 1954 the administration of this automobile factory opened a secret design office, designated [[OKB-586]], to construct military [[missile]]s and rocket engines.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Christopher |date=28 October 2017 |title=Inside 'Satan's' Lair: The Lock-Tight Ukrainian Rocket Plant At Center Of Tech-Leak Scandal |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-yuzhmash-north-korea-rocket-technology-report/28821134.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref>

The high-security project was joined by hundreds of physicists, engineers and machine designers from Moscow and other large Soviet cities. In 1965, the secret Plant No. 586 was transferred to the USSR [[Ministry of General Machine Building|Ministry of General Machine-Building]] which renamed it "the Southern Machine-building Factory" (Yuzhnyi mashino-stroitel'nyi zavod) or in abbreviated Russian, simply [[Yuzhmash]]. Yuzhmash became a significant factor in the arms race of the Cold War ([[Nikita Khrushchev]] boasted in 1960 that it was producing rockets "like sausages" ).<ref name="auto"/>

In 1959, Dnipropetrovsk was officially closed to foreign visitors.<ref name="KlumbyteSharafutdinova2022">{{cite book |author1=Neringa Klumbyte |author2=Gulnaz Sharafutdinova |title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxZyQlANcDEC&dq=closed+city+1959+Dnipropetrovsk&pg=PA68 |year=2012 |publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-7584-2 |page=68}}</ref> No foreign citizen, even of a socialist state, was allowed to visit the city or district. Its citizens were held by Communist authorities to a higher standard of ideological purity than the rest of the population, and their freedom of movement was severely restricted. It was not until 1987, during [[perestroika]], that Dnipropetrovsk was opened to international visitors and civil restrictions were lifted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2014 |title=Life and Death in Five Former Secret Soviet Cities |url=https://balkanist.net/life-and-death-in-the-user-former-secret-cities/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Balkanist |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Portnov |first=Andrii |author-link=Andrii Portnov |date=2022 |title=Dnipro: An Entangled History of a European City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9WgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT293 |series=Ukrainian Studies |location=Boston |publisher=Academic Studies Press |isbn=979-88-8719031-0 |doi=10.1515/9798887190327-008 |page=312}}</ref>

The population of Dnipropetrovsk increased from 259,000 people in 1945 to 845,200 in 1965.<ref name="article225DniArch"/>

Notwithstanding the high-security regime, in September and October 1972, workers downed tools in several factories in Dnipropetrovsk demanding higher wages, better food and living conditions, and the right to choose one's job.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krawchenko |first=Bohdan |date=1993 |title=Strike |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStrike.htm |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref> Labour militancy returned in the late 1980s, a period in which promises of [[Perestroika|Perestrioka]] and [[Glasnost]] raised popular expectations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teague |first=Elizabeth |date=1990 |title=Perestroika and the Soviet Worker |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44482502 |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=191–211 |doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1990.tb00755.x |issn=0017-257X |jstor=44482502 |s2cid=140457991|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1990 two thousand inmates rioted in the women's remand prison in a further of sign of growing unrest.<ref name="NYT20Jun1990">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE3DD173EF933A15755C0A966958260 ''New York Times'', 20 June 1990 ''Evolution in Europe; Soviet Troops Kill an Inmate During Riot in Ukrainian Jail''] This stated that TASS had issued a statement saying that there had been a riot by 2,000 inmates in a prison in Dnipropetrovsk. The riot broke out on Thursday 14 June 1990, and was quelled by Soviet troops on Friday 15 June 1990, killing one prisoner and wounding another.</ref>

==== Dissent and youth rebellion ====
[[File:Gorny 1972.jpg|thumb|Dnipropetrovsk's [[Dnipro Polytechnic|Mining Institute]], 1972.]]
In 1959 17.4% of Dnipropetrovsk students were taught in Ukrainian language schools and 82.6% in Russian language schools. 58% of the city's inhabitants self-identified as Ukrainians.<ref name="2019standardlevel"/> Compared with the other 3 biggest [[cities of Ukraine]] Dnipropetrovsk had a rather large share of education conducted in Ukrainian. In [[Kyiv]] 26.8% of pupils studied in Ukrainian and 73.1% in Russian while 66% of Kyiv residents considered themselves Ukrainian, in [[Kharkiv]] these numbers were 4.9%, 95.1% and 49%. In [[Odesa]] these numbers were 8.1%, 91.9% and 40%.<ref name="2019standardlevel">{{in lang|uk}} [https://uahistory.co/pidruchniki/strykevich-ukraine-history-11-class-2019-standard-level/12.php History of Ukraine. Standard level. Grade 11. Strukevich § 9. The state of culture during the period of de-Stalinization], History | Your library (2009–2022)</ref>{{#tag:ref|At the start of the 2018–2019 academic year, there were 31 Russian-speaking secondary schools left in the whole of [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]].<ref name="babelua37188"/> At the time the conversion of these 31 schools to Ukrainian language education was planned to be completed by 2023.<ref name="babelua37188">{{in lang|uk}} [https://babel.ua/news/37188-v-ukrajini-mayzhe-200-rosiyskomovnih-serednih-shkil-do-2023-roku-jih-mayut-perevesti-na-ukrajinsku-movu-vikladannya There are almost 200 Russian-speaking secondary schools in Ukraine. By 2023, they should be translated into the Ukrainian language of instruction], {{ill|Babel.ua|uk|Бабель (інтернет-видання)}} (22 October 2019)</ref>|group=nb}}

As in the overall [[Ukrainian SSR]], Dnipropetrovsk saw an influx of young immigrants from rural Ukraine.<ref name="Krawchenko9780333442845"/> [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] saw the highest inflow of rural youth of all Ukraine.<ref name="Krawchenko9780333442845">{{Cite book|last=Krawchenko|first=Bohdan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVSwCwAAQBAJ&dq=highest+1960+Dnipropetrovsk&pg=PA186|title=Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine|date=1985|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-333-44284-5|location=London|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-09548-3|page=186}}</ref>

According to [[KGB]] reports, in the 1960s "[[Samizdat]]" and [[Ukrainian diaspora]] publications began to circulate via [[Western Ukraine]] in Dnipropetrovsk. These fed into underground student circles where they promoted interest in the "[[Sixtiers#Ukrainian Sixtiers|Ukrainian Sixtiers]]", in [[Ukrainian history]], especially of [[Ukrainian Cossack]]s, and in the revival of the [[Ukrainian language]]. Occasionally the [[Flag of Ukraine|blue and yellow flag]] of independent Ukraine was unfurled in protest.<ref name="9781440835032Kuzio2">{{Cite book |last1=Kuzio |first1=Taras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqXACQAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+nationalism&pg=PA34 |title=Ukraine: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism |date=23 June 2015 |isbn=9781440835032 |page=34|publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref> The authorities responded with repression: arresting and jailing members of underground discussion groups for "nationalistic propaganda".<ref name="22Kamusella">{{Cite book |last1=Kamusella |first1=Tomasz |title=[[Nationalisms Across the Globe]] (volume 1) |date=2009 |isbn=978-3-03911-883-0 |page=237|publisher=Peter Lang }}</ref>

The growing evidence of dissent in the city coincided from the late 1960s with what the KGB referred to as "radio hooliganism". Thousands of high-school and college students had become [[ham radio]] enthusiasts, recording and rebroadcasting [[Pop music in Ukraine|western popular music]]. Annual KGB reports regularly drew a connection between enthusiasm for western pop culture and anti-Soviet behaviour.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klumbytė |first1=Neringa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxZyQlANcDEC |title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985 |last2=Sharafutdinova |first2=Gulnaz |date=2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-7583-5 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref> In the 1980s, by which time the KGB had conceded that their raids against "hippies" had failed suppress the youth rebellion,<ref name="KlumbyteSharafutdinova2022B22">{{cite book |author1=Neringa Klumbyte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxZyQlANcDEC&dq=closed+city+1959+Dnipropetrovsk&pg=PA68 |title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985 |author2=Gulnaz Sharafutdinova |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7391-7584-2 |page=70/71}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|In one of these cases in 1979, because the [[Jews in Ukraine|local Dnipropetrovsk perpetrator was Jewish]], a KGB report linked [[Ukrainian nationalism]] with Jewish [[Zionism]] "by promoting [[dance music]]".<ref name=Bloom97815013453642/> In this case the (according to the KGB employee "American") band the [[Bee Gees]].<ref name="Bloom97815013453642" />|group=nb}} such behaviour was reportedly found in an admixture of Anglo-American" [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[punk rock]] and [[Banderite|Banderism]]—the veneration of [[Stepan Bandera]], and of other Ukrainian nationalists, who in the Soviet narrative were denounced and discredited as [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine|Nazi]] collaborators.<ref name="Zhuk978103208012322">{{Cite book |last=Zhuk |first=Sergei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYdjEAAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+nationalism&pg=PT183 |title=KGB Operations against the USA and Canada in Soviet Ukraine, 1953–1991 |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781032080123 |pages=183 |language=en}}</ref>

In an attempt to provide Dnipropetrovsk youth with an ideologically safe alternative, beginning in 1976 the local [[Komsomol]] set up approved [[discoteque|discotheque]]s. Some of the activists involved in this "disco movement" went on in the 1980s to engage in their own illicit tourist and music enterprises, and several later became influential figures in Ukrainian national politics, among them [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], [[Victor Pinchuk]], [[Serhiy Tihipko]], [[Ihor Kolomoyskyi]] and [[Oleksandr Turchynov]].<ref name="Bloom97815013453642">[https://books.google.com/books?id=avjCDwAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+nationalism&pg=PA318 The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music and Social Class], ed. Ian Peddie, New York / London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020, {{ISBN|9781501345364}}, page 318 + 319</ref>

==== The "Dnipropetrovsk Mafia" ====
Reflecting Dnipropetrovsk's special strategic importance for the entire Soviet Union, party [[Cadre (politics)|cadres]] from the "rocket city" played an outsized role not only in republican leadership in Kyiv, but also in the Union leadership in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klumbytė |first1=Neringa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxZyQlANcDEC&pg=PA68 |title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985 |last2=Sharafutdinova |first2=Gulnaz |date=2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-7583-5 |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref> During Stalin's [[Great Purge]], [[Leonid Brezhnev]] rose rapidly within the ranks of the local ''[[nomenklatura]],''<ref name=":2">{{cite book | last1=Bacon | first1=Edwin | last2=Sandle | first2=Mark | title=Brezhnev reconsidered | publication-place=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire | date=2002 | isbn=0-333-79463-X | oclc=49894618 | language=br}}</ref> from director of the [[Dnipropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute]] in 1936 to regional (Obkom) Party Secretary in charge of the city's defence industries in 1939.<ref>{{cite book | last=McCauley | first=Martin | title=Who's who in Russia since 1900 | publisher=Routledge | publication-place=London | date=1997 | isbn=0-203-13782-5 | oclc=51666665}}</ref>

Here, he took the first steps toward building a network of supporters which came to be known as the "[[Dnipropetrovsk Mafia]]". They spearheaded the internal party coup that in 1964 saw Brezhnev replace [[Nikita Khrushchev]] as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] and call a halt to further reform.<ref name=":2" />

===Independent Ukraine===
In a [[1991 Ukrainian independence referendum|national referendum]] on 1 December 1991, 90.36% of Dnipropetrovsk's voters approved the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|declaration of independence]] that had been made by the [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukrainian parliament]] on 24 August.<ref name="Dnipropetrovsk's voters 1991 referendum">{{cite book |editor1-first=Andreas |editor1-last=Klinke |editor2-first=Ortwin |editor2-last=Renn |editor3-first=Jean-Paul |editor3-last=Lehners|title=Ethnic Conflicts and Civil Society: Proposals for a New Era in Eastern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMVKDwAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+1990%27s+%22Ukrainian+language%22&pg=PT122|year=2020 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781138935525}}</ref> Amidst the economic dislocation and soaring inflation that accompanied the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], output declined.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2014/03/ukraine-and-russia Why is Ukraine's economy in such a mess?], [[The Economist]] (5 Mar 2014)</ref> Although its economic contraction was at a rate below the national average,<ref name="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast less 1990's economical decline">{{cite book |author=[[Adam Swain]]|title=Re-Constructing the Post-Soviet Industrial Region: The Donbas in Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIh_AgAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+1990%27s+industry&pg=PT37|year=2012 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415511193}}</ref> the Dnipropetrovsk city and oblast witnessed one of the [[Demographics of Ukraine#Population decline|largest population declines]] of all the [[regions of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Thilo |editor1-last=Lang |editor2-first=Sebastian |editor2-last=Henn |editor3-first=Kornelia |editor3-last=Ehrlich |editor4-first=Wladimir |editor4-last=Sgibnev|title=Understanding Geographies of Polarization and Peripheralization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01veCgAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+demographic&pg=PT309|year=2015 |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1137415073}}</ref> By 2021, the city's population, which had stood at over 1.2&nbsp;million in 1991, had been reduced to 981,000.<ref name=":5" /> Young people from Dnipropetrovsk were among the millions of Ukrainians who left the country to find work and opportunity abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Losing Brains and Brawn: Outmigration from Ukraine |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/losing-brains-and-brawn-outmigration-ukraine-0 |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |date=14 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The continuation into the new century of the chaotic fallout from the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]] was symbolized for many in Dnipropetrovsk by two violent episodes. In June and July 2007, Dnipropetrovsk experienced a wave of random video-recorded [[serial killer|serial killings]] that were dubbed by the media as the work of the "[[Dnepropetrovsk maniacs|Dnipropetrovsk maniacs]]".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://casefilepodcast.com/case-92-dnepropetrovsk-maniacs/ |title=Case 92: Dnepropetrovsk Maniacs – Casefile: True Crime Podcast |date=11 August 2018 |work=Casefile: True Crime Podcast |access-date=2018-08-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> In February 2009, three youths were sentenced for their part in 21 murders, and numerous other attacks and robberies.<ref name="sentence">{{cite news |url=http://www.new-most.info/news/crime/10500.htm |title=Dnepropetrovsk Maniacs: Court delivers its verdicts |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212122119/http://most-dnepr.info/news/crime/10500.htm |archive-date=12 February 2012}}</ref> On 27 April 2012, four bombs [[2012 Dnipropetrovsk explosions|exploded]] near four tram stations in Dnipropetrovsk, injuring 27 people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2012 |title=Bombs wound 27 in Ukrainian city |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-blasts-idUKBRE83Q0FU20120427 |access-date=2022-08-08}}</ref> No one was convicted. Opposition politicians claimed to see the hand of President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] intent on disrupting the October [[2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election]] and installing a presidential regime.<ref name="EJ">[http://eastjournal.net/2012/04/29/ucraina-bombe-a-dnipropetrovsk-attentato-terroristico-o-servizio-segreto/ East Journal], 29 April 2012 {{in lang|it}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/dnipropetrovsk-bombers-wanted-to-frustrate-euro-2012-in-ukraine-says-sbu-314706.html Dnipropetrovsk bombers wanted to frustrate Euro 2012 in Ukraine, says SBU], [[Kyiv Post]] (20 October 2012)</ref>

==== Euromaidan ====
[[File:Площа, пам. Леніну 22 лютого.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Lenin]] Square in Dnipropetrovsk on 22 February 2014 with the [[Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine|demolished monuments to Vladimir Lenin]].]]
On 26 January 2014, 3,000 anti-[[Viktor Yanukovych]] (Ukrainian President) and pro-[[Euromaidan]] activists attempted but failed to capture the [[Local government in Ukraine|Regional State Administration]] building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dp.vgorode.ua/news/208247-v-dnepropetrovske-bolshe-trekh-tysiach-chelovek-sobralys-vozle-oha |title=В Днепропетровске больше трех тысяч человек собрались возле ОГА – Днепропетровск |publisher=Dp.vgorode.ua |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="BBCoRSA26114">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25905031 Ukraine protests 'spread' into Russia-influenced east], [[BBC News]] (26 January 2014)</ref><ref name=kp426>{{cite news |title=EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine (Jan. 24–27 live updates) |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/euromaidan-rallies-in-ukraine-jan-24-live-updates-335518.html |newspaper=Kyiv Post |date=26 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=delo1>{{cite news |title=Восток и Юг Украины вышел пикетировать ОГА: в Запорожье стреляют в митингующих, а в Сумах просят подмоги (обновлено 2.34) |url=http://delo.ua/ukraine/vostok-i-jug-ukrainy-vyshel-piketirovat-oga-obnovljaetsja-225489/ |newspaper=Delo UA |date=27 January 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019045421/https://delo.ua/ukraine/vostok-i-jug-ukrainy-vyshel-piketirovat-oga-obnovljaetsja-225489/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://delo.ua/ukraine/protiv-mitingujuschih-v-centre-dnepropetrovska-nachali-primenjat-225486/?supdated_new=1390812619 |title=Майдан в Днепропетровске: стычки с титушками и ультиматум губернатору |publisher=Delo.ua |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202192519/http://delo.ua/ukraine/protiv-mitingujuschih-v-centre-dnepropetrovska-nachali-primenjat-225486/?supdated_new=1390812619 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There were street disturbances<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dp.vgorode.ua/news/208264-besporiadky-v-dnepropetrovske-raneny-chetyre-cheloveka-sem-zaderzhany |title=Беспорядки в Днепропетровске, ранены четыре человека, семь задержаны – Днепропетровск |publisher=Dp.vgorode.ua |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> and Euromaidan protesters were reported to be beaten up by paid pro-Yanukovych supporters (the so-called ''[[Titushky]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dp.vgorode.ua/news/208309-vydeo-kak-tytushky-yzbyvauit-luidei-vozle-dnepr-areny |title=Видео как "Титушки" избивают людей возле "Днепр-Арены" – Днепропетровск |publisher=Dp.vgorode.ua |date=27 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.liga.net/video/politics/968200-dnepropetovsk_titushki_ryadom_s_militsiey_pered_atakoy_na_maydan.htm |title=Днепропетровск: титушки и милиция против местного Майдана |publisher=News.liga.net |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> Dnipropetrovsk Governor Kolesnikov called them "extreme radical thugs from other regions".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dnepr.comments.ua/news/2014/01/26/223635.html |title=Колесников не увидел "титушек" возле здания Днепропетровской ОГА – Днепропетровск.comments.ua |publisher=Dnepr.comments.ua |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131185404/http://dnepr.comments.ua/news/2014/01/26/223635.html |archive-date=31 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Two days later about 2,000 public sector employees called an indefinite rally in support of the Yanukovych government.<ref name=mir27>{{cite web |url=http://news.bigmir.net/ukraine/788004-V-Ukraine-zahvatyvajut-oblastnye-gosadministracii--OBNOVLJaETSJa- |title=Регионы онлайн: "Крымское Межигорье" показали людям – Новости Украины сегодня, последние новостиУкраины – bigmir)net – Новости дня – bigmir)net |date=23 February 2014 |publisher=News.bigmir.net |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> Meanwhile, the government building was reinforced with barbed wire.<ref name=mir27 /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dp.vgorode.ua/news/208513-dnepropetrovskuui-oha-obnesly-koluichei-provolokoi-y-smazaly-solydolom |title=Днепропетровскую ОГА обнесли колючей проволокой и смазали солидолом – Днепропетровск |publisher=Dp.vgorode.ua |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lenta.ru/articles/2014/02/21/regions/ |title=Бывший СССР: Украина: Государство временно недоступно |publisher=Lenta.ru |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> On 19 February 2014 there was an anti-Yanukovych picket near the Regional State Administration.<ref name=OdesaEN20214>{{cite news |url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/20/ukraine-s-regions-begin-to-rise-against-yanukovych/ |title=Disturbances escalate in western Ukraine |date=20 February 2014 |work=euronews.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612163443/http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/20/ukraine-s-regions-begin-to-rise-against-yanukovych/ |archive-date=12 June 2015}}</ref> On 22 February 2014, after a further anti-Yanukovych demonstration, Dnipropetrovsk Mayor [[Ivan Kulichenko]], for the sake of "peace in the city" left Yanukovych's [[Party of Regions]].<ref name="for peace in the city">{{in lang|uk}} [http://espreso.tv/new/2014/02/22/zhyteli_dnipropetrovska_prymusyly_mera_vyyty_iz_partiyi_rehioniv Residents Dnipropetrovsk forced mayor to withdraw from the Party of Regions] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20140907172122/http://espreso.tv/new/2014/02/22/zhyteli_dnipropetrovska_prymusyly_mera_vyyty_iz_partiyi_rehioniv|date=7 September 2014 }}, [[Espreso TV]] (22 February 2014)<br />{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.newsru.ua/arch/ukraine/22feb2014/pokinul.html Dnipropetrovsk mayor left the PR 'for peace in the city'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205020755/http://www.newsru.ua/arch/ukraine/22feb2014/pokinul.html|date=5 December 2014 }}, [[NEWSru.ua]] (22 February 2014)<br />{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/02/22/7015886/ In Dnepropetrovsk Lenin Square was renamed Heroes Square, the Mayor released from PR], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (22 February 2014)</ref>

Simultaneously the [[Dnipropetrovsk City Council]] vowed to support "the preservation of Ukraine as a single and indivisible state", although some members had called for [[separatism]] and for [[federalization]] of Ukraine.<ref name="for peace in the city"/> On the same day, after [[Revolution of Dignity|street fighting in]] [[Kyiv]], 22 February 2014, Yanukovych left Ukraine and went into Russian exile.<ref name="Ukraine crisis timeline BBC">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275 Ukraine crisis timeline], [[BBC News]]</ref>

==== 2014 to 2022 ====
{{See also|2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine}}
[[File:Пам’ятник Леніну В.І. Калініна просп., 47 Перед палацом культури металургів ім. Ілліча.jpg|thumb|[[Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine|A destroyed monument to]] [[Vladimir Lenin]] on Dnipro's [[Mikhail Kalinin|Kalinin]] Avenue (now Prospekt [[Serhiy Nigoyan]]) in October 2014.]]
Dnipropetrovsk remained relatively quiet during the [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]], with pro-Russian Federation protestors outnumbered by those opposing outside intervention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/rus/news/v_dnepropetrovske_sostoyalis_dva_mitinga_za_i_protiv_novoy_vlasti_1608502 |script-title=ru:В Днепропетровске состоялись два митинга: за и против новой власти |trans-title=Two meetings took place in Dnepropetrovsk: for and against the new government |language=ru |publisher=ukrinform.ua |date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305021021/http://www.ukrinform.ua/rus/news/v_dnepropetrovske_sostoyalis_dva_mitinga_za_i_protiv_novoy_vlasti_1608502 |archive-date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Olga Rudenko, Special for USA TODAY">{{cite web |author=Rudenko |first=Olga |date=14 March 2014 |title=In East Ukraine, fear of Putin, anger at Kiev |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/03/14/ukraine-crimea-referendum/6319183/ |access-date=28 November 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> In March 2014 the city's Lenin Square was renamed "Heroes of Independence Square" in honor of [[Maidan casualties|the people killed]] during [[Euromaidan]].<ref name="Olga Rudenko, Special for USA TODAY" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/ukraine-day-after_783577.html |title=Ukraine: the Day After |publisher=Weeklystandard.com |access-date=28 November 2014 |archive-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101811/http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/ukraine-day-after_783577.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[List of statues of Vladimir Lenin|statue of Lenin]] on the square was removed.<ref name="Olga Rudenko, Special for USA TODAY" /><ref>{{cite web |date=19 August 2014 |title=Пам'ятник Леніну у Дніпропетровську остаточно перетворили в купу каміння |trans-title=Monument to Lenin in Dnipropetrovsk finally turned into a pile of stones |url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/sche-odnogo-lenyna-zvalili-v-dnypropetrovsku-363832.html |access-date=28 November 2014 |work=ТСН.ua |language=uk}}</ref> In June 2014 another Lenin monument was removed and replaced by a monument to the [[Ukrainian military]] fighting the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/video/lenin-statue-toppled-ukrainian-city-164726860.html |title=Lenin Statue Toppled in Ukrainian City of Dnipropetrovsk |work=Yahoo News Singapore |date=27 June 2014 |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Another monument to Lenin was dismantled in Dnipropetrovsk |trans-title=У Дніпропетровську демонтували черговий пам'ятник Леніну |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/06/27/7030344/ |access-date=28 November 2014 |publisher=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=uk}}</ref>

[[File:Mem ATO Dnipro.jpg|thumb|Memorial to the victims of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|Russian-Ukrainian War]] ([[Joint Forces Operation (Ukraine)|ATO zone]]) in Dnipro's city centre in 2018.]]
To comply with the [[decommunization in Ukraine|2015 decommunization law]] the city was renamed ''Dnipro'' in May 2016, after the river that flows through the city.<ref name="drbvr" /><ref name="decommupbbcU" /> By summer 2016 not only was the city renamed, but so were more than 350 streets, alleys, driveways, squares and parks.<ref name="dnipraDnipro49182" /> For example, [[Karl Marx]] Avenue, the main street, was renamed [[Dmytro Yavornytsky|Yavornytskyi]] Avenue in honour of the once neglected city and cossack historian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2016 |title=У Дніпропетровську перейменували центральний проспект та ще кілька вулиць |trans-title=In Dnipropetrovsk renamed Central Avenue and several streets |url=https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/326519.html |access-date= |website=[[Interfax-Ukraine]] |language=uk}}</ref> This was 12 per cent of all of the city's [[Toponymy|toponymies]].<ref name="dnipraDnipro49182" /> Five of [[Administrative divisions of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|the eight]] [[Urban districts of Ukraine|urban district]]s of the city received new names.<ref name="dnipraDnipro49182">{{cite web |title=Чому і як перейменували райони Дніпра: цікаві факти |trans-title=Why and how the districts of Dnipro were renamed: interesting facts |url=https://dniprograd.org/2016/09/08/chomu-i-yak-pereymenuvali-rayoni-dnipra-tsikavi-fakti_49182 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909193757/http://dniprograd.org/2016/09/08/chomu-i-yak-pereymenuvali-rayoni-dnipra-tsikavi-fakti_49182 |archive-date=9 September 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=Dniprograd.org |language=uk}}</ref>

==== 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine ====
{{See also|Dnipro strikes (2022–present)}}
[[File:Russian warship, go F yourself. Tablo.jpg|thumb|The slogan "[[Russian warship, go fuck yourself]]" displayed on a bus stop in Dnipro in February 2022.]]
In the wake of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] on 24 February 2022, and with developing military fronts near [[Kyiv]] and to the [[Northern front of the Russian invasion of Ukraine|north]], [[Eastern front of the Russian invasion of Ukraine|east]] and [[Southern front of the Russian invasion of Ukraine|south]], Dnipro has become a logistical hub for humanitarian aid and a reception point for people fleeing the war. Roughly equidistant from the war's major theatres in the [[Eastern Ukraine campaign|east]] and the [[Southern Ukraine campaign|south]], the city's location is proving critical for supplying the Ukrainian defence effort.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} At the same time, its control of a [[Dnieper River]] crossing and the opportunity it would provide to cut off Ukrainian forces in the [[Donbas]] makes the city a high-value target for the Russians.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-05 |title=Націлився на Дніпро: названо нову ймовірну мету кремлівського фюрера в Україні |trans-title=Targeted at the Dnieper: the Kremlin Fuhrer's new probable target in Ukraine has been named |url=https://ukrainenews.fakty.ua/399367-nacelilsya-na-dnepr-nazvana-novaya-veroyatnaya-cel-kremlevskogo-fyurera-v-ukraine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406074849/https://ukrainenews.fakty.ua/399367-nacelilsya-na-dnepr-nazvana-novaya-veroyatnaya-cel-kremlevskogo-fyurera-v-ukraine |archive-date=6 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=ukrainenews.fakty.ua |language=uk}}</ref>

Dnipro is reported as the only city in Ukraine where a volunteer formation has been created under direct control of the [[Dnipro City Council]]. It is called the "Dnieper Guard" (Варти Дніпра, Varty Dnipra). The mayor of Dnipro, [[Borys Filatov]] has dismissed suggestions that the group remained [[Ihor Kolomoyskyi]]'s "private army". Kolomoyskyi has helped with some equipment purchases, but the force performs defence and law and order functions under the leadership of the [[National Police of Ukraine|national police]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Горбань |first=Аліна |date=5 April 2022 |title=В університеті у Дніпрі розпочали тренінг домедичної підготовки |url=https://suspilne.media/225425-u-dnipropetrovskomu-universiteti-rozpocali-trening-domedicnoi-dopomogi-v-umovah-vijni/? |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Суспільне {{!}} Новини |language=uk}}</ref>

[[File:Dnipro after Russian shelling, 2022-09-29 (01).jpg|thumb|Dnipro city after Russian shelling in the night on 29 September 2022.]]
The Russians first hit Dnipro on 11 March. Three air strikes close to a kindergarten and an apartment building killed at least one person.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilbody-Dickerson |first=Claire |date=11 March 2022 |title=Zelensky calls Russia a 'terrorist state' after Dnipro and Lutsk hit by missiles for first time |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/ukraine-war-dnipro-lutsk-zelenksy-russia-terrorist-state-1511123 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> On 15 March, Russian missiles hit [[Dnipro International Airport]], destroying the runway and damaging the terminal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Окупанти зруйнували злітну смугу аеропорту "Дніпро" |url=https://www.epravda.com.ua/news/2022/03/15/684055/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Економічна правда |language=uk}}</ref> In the early hours of 6 April, an air strike destroyed an oil depot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Росіяни обстріляли нафтобазу і завод на Дніпропетровщині, – ОВА – новини Дніпра |url=https://dnipro.depo.ua/ukr/dnipro/rosiyani-obstrilyali-naftobazu-i-zavod-na-dnipropetrovshchini-ova-202204061437211 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.depo.ua |language=uk}}</ref> On 10 April, a Ukrainian government spokesperson said that the airport in Dnipro had been "completely destroyed" as the result of a Russian attack.<ref>{{cite news | last =Agence Press-France | first = | title =Ukraine Claims Russia Has "Completely Destroyed" Dnipro Airport: Dnipro has been targeted by Russian forces since the Russian invasion but has so far been spared major destruction. | newspaper =[[NDTV]] | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date =10 April 2022| url =https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/ukraine-claims-russia-has-completely-destroyed-dnipro-airport-2875866 | access-date =11 April 2022 }}</ref> On 15 July, a Russian missile attack killed four people and injured sixteen others in Dnipro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Удар по Дніпру: кількість загиблих зросла до 4 |trans-title=Strike on the Dnieper: death toll rises to 4 |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/07/18/7358807/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718230144/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/07/18/7358807/ |archive-date=2022-07-18 |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Ukrainska Pravda |language=uk}}</ref>

As part of the [[Derussification in Ukraine|derussification campaign]] that swept through Ukraine following the February 2022 invasion 110 toponyms in the city were "de-Russified" from February to September 2022.<ref name="DniproSBS7368431"/> The renaming started on 21 April when 31 streets connected to Russia were renamed. In May another 20 streets were renamed, followed by 21 more streets and alleys in June 2022.<ref name="TISHCHENKO7355463">{{cite web |author=Tishchenko |first=Kateryna |date=29 June 2022 |title=Дерусифікація: у Дніпрі з'явилися вулиці Азовсталі й Морської піхоти |trans-title=Derusification: Azovstal and Marine streets have appeared in Dnipro |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/06/29/7355463/ |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> According to Dnipro's Mayor [[Borys Filatov]] (speaking on 21 September 2022) "this is not the end."<ref name="DniproSBS7368431"/> Among other renamings, the Schmidt Street (the street was originally the Gymnasium Street but it was renamed to [[Otto Schmidt]] Street by Soviet authorities in 1934<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova">{{cite web |author=L.M. Markova|title=About the renaming of streets in the city of Katerynoslava – Dnipropetrovsk in the 1920s and 1930s|url=https://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ua.php?article=98|website=gorod.dp.ua|access-date=16 October 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>) in the center of Dnipro was renamed to [[Stepan Bandera]] Street.<ref name="DniproSBS7368431">{{cite web |date=21 September 2022 |title=У центрі Дніпра з'явилася вулиця Степана Бандери – мер |trans-title=In the center of Dnipro, the street of Stepan Bandera appeared – the mayor |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/09/21/7368431/ |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|On 16 November 2022 [[Pushkin]] Avenue in the city center of Dnipro was renamed [[Lesya Ukrainka]] Avenue.<ref name="news-dnipro-pushkin-32180120"/>|group=nb}} In May 2022 (also) several outdoor objects related to the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] were dismantled in Dnipro.<ref name="dniprodemontazh31832051">{{cite news |title=The "Zhukov Square" stele and other objects related to the USSR were dismantled in Dnipro (photo)|url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-dekomunizatsiya-dnipro-demontazh/31832051.html|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=3 May 2022|access-date=16 December 2022|language=Ukrainian|last1=Свобода |first1=Радіо }}</ref><ref name="7343701BALACHUKmemorials"/> In December 2022 Dnipro removed from the city all monuments to figures of [[Russian culture]] and [[History of Russia|history]].<ref name="nmMGmDnipro7379537">{{cite web |date=6 December 2022 |title=У Дніпрі приберуть з публічного простору пам'ятники Пушкіну, Ломоносову, Горькому - міськрада |trans-title=Monuments to Pushkin, Lomonosov, and Gorky will be removed from public space in Dnipro – city council |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/12/6/7379537/ |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=Ukrainian}}<br />{{cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=У Дніпрі демонтували пам'ятник Пушкіну |trans-title=A monument to Pushkin was dismantled in Dnipro |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/12/16/7381105/ |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=Ukrainian}}<br />{{cite web |author=Machula |first=Anton |date=16 December 2022 |title=У Дніпрі демонтували пам'ятники Пушкіна та Дубініна: кого ще знімуть з постаментів |trans-title=Pushkin and Dubinin monuments were dismantled in Dnipro: who else will be removed from the supplies |url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/u-dnipri-demontuvali-pam-yatniki-pushkina-ta-dubinina-kogo-shche-znimut-z-postamentiv |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Informator |language=Ukrainian}}<br />{{cite web |author=Kabashi |first=Maria |date=26 December 2022 |title=У Дніпрі демонтували пам'ятник Горькому |trans-title=A monument to Gorky was dismantled in Dnipro |url=https://life.pravda.com.ua/culture/2022/12/26/252026/ |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Monuments to [[Alexander Pushkin]], [[Maxim Gorky]], [[Valery Chkalov]], [[Yefim Pushkin]] [[Volodia Dubinin]], [[Alexander Matrosov]] and [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] were removed from the public space of the city in December 2022.<ref name="nmMGmDnipro7379537"/>|group=nb}} On 22 February 2023 26 more streets were renamed.<ref name="dnipri-pereymenuvali-26">{{cite web |author=Rudenko |first=Stas |date=22 February 2023 |title=Маршала Малиновського залишається: у Дніпрі перейменували 26 вулиць |trans-title=Marshal Malinovsky remains: 26 streets were renamed in Dnipro |url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/marshala-malinovskogo-zalishayetsya-u-dnipri-pereymenuvali-26-vulic |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Informator |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

Dnipro [[Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)#2022|was hit]] during the [[Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)|autumn 2022 Russian missile strikes on critical infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |last2=Higgins |first2=Charlotte |last3=Mazhulin |first3=Artem |date=10 October 2022 |title=Ukraine: multiple explosions hit central Kyiv and other cities |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/10/explosions-kyiv-ukraine-war-russia-crimea-putin-bridge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010085425/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/10/explosions-kyiv-ukraine-war-russia-crimea-putin-bridge |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=Kyiv}}</ref> On 10 October three civilians were killed.<ref name="dnipromissilestrikes32075129">{{cite web |author=RFE/RL|title=Stunned Dnipro Residents Survey Damage From 'Horrific' Russian Missile Strikes|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/photos-dnipro-residents-survey-damage-russian-missile-strikes/32075129.html|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=11 October 2022|access-date=11 October 2022|language=English}}</ref> On 18 October 2022 Russian missile strikes targeted the energy infrastructure of Dnipro.<ref name="17466DniproMS181022">{{Cite news |date=18 October 2022 |title=Man wounded, over 30 residential buildings damaged in Dnipro |url=https://en.lb.ua/news/2022/10/18/17466_man_wounded_over_30_residential.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241126190503/https://en.lb.ua/news/2022/10/18/17466_man_wounded_over_30_residential.html |archive-date=2024-11-26 |access-date=19 October 2022 |work=LB.ua}}<br>{{cite web |date=18 October 2022 |title=У Дніпрі пролунали вибухи – є руйнування критичної інфраструктури |trans-title=Explosions rang out in Dnipro – there is destruction of critical infrastructure |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/10/18/7372374/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> On 17 November 2022 23 people were injured.<ref name="Dnipro7376804MA">{{cite web |author=Balachuk |first=Iryna |date=17 November 2022 |title=Russian missile attacks on Dnipro: 23 people injured |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/11/17/7376804/ |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=English}}</ref> [[Dnipro strikes (2022–present)|The attacks continued]] in 2023.<ref name=Dnipromissile7384858>{{cite web |title=Russians hit multi-storey residential building in Dnipro city, destroy building section, people are under rubble|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/01/14/7384858/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|date=14 January 2023|access-date=14 January 2023|language=English}}</ref> The most deadly of these attacks being the [[2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike|14 January 2023 missile strike on an apartment building]] that killed 40 people, injured 75 and with 46 people reported missing.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=Attack on Dnipro: death toll rises to 40 people |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/01/16/7384991/ |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
=== Government ===
{{see also|City of regional significance (Ukraine)|Dnipro#Politics}}
The City of Dnipro is governed by the [[Dnipro City Council]]. It is a city municipality that is designated as a separate district within its oblast.

Administratively, the city is divided into [[Urban districts of Ukraine|urban districts]]. Presently, there are 8 of them. [[Aviatorske]], a rural settlement located near the [[Dnipro International Airport]], is also a part of [[Dnipro urban hromada]].

The City Council Assembly makes up the administration's legislative branch, thus effectively making it a city 'parliament' or rada. The municipal council is made up of 12 elected members, who are each elected to represent a certain district of the city for a four-year term. The council has 29 standing commissions which play an important role in the oversight of the city and its merchants.

Until 18 July 2020, Dnipro was incorporated as a [[city of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]], the centre of Dnipro Municipality and extraterritorial administrative centre of [[Dnipro Raion]]. The municipality was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast to seven. The area of Dnipro Municipality was merged into Dnipro Raion.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ. |url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466 |access-date=2020-10-03 |date=18 July 2020 |website=Голос України |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |date=17 July 2020 |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

Dnipro is also the seat of the oblast's local administration controlled by the [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Council|Rada]]. The [[Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] is appointed by the [[President of Ukraine]].

====Subdivisions====
[[File:Dnipro districts map.png|thumbnail|Area map]]
[[File:Dnipro City Hall.jpg|thumbnail|Dnipro City Hall]]
[[File:Будинок Дніпропетровської обласної ради.JPG|thumbnail|The Dnipropetrovsk Regional Administration building]]
[[File:Central post office of Dnipropetrovsk.jpg|thumb|The [[Central Post Office (Dnipro)|Dnipro central post office]]]]
[[File:Площа з висоти пташиного польоту.jpg|thumb|Vokzalna square]]
[[File:Вид на "Нагірну" частину міста з лівого берегу.jpg|thumb|300px|Modern buildings on the right bank]]
[[File:Prydniprovsk Power Plant.jpg|thumb|The Prydniprovsk Power Plant]]
[[File:Dnipro Amur Bridge1.jpg|thumb|[[Staryi Bridge]]]]

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Code
! Name of urban district
! Year of creation
! Area (hectares)
! Population in 2006
! Prominent streets and areas
|-
|1
|[[Amur-Nyzhniodniprovskyi District|Amur-Nyzhniodniprovskyi]]
|1918/1926
|7,162.6
|154,400
|'''Streets:''' Vulytsia Peredova, Prospekt Manuilyvskyi, Prospekt Slobozhanskyi, Vulytsia Kalynova, Vulytsia Vidchyznyana, Vulytsia Yantarna, Donetske Shose<br />'''Areas:''' Amur, Nyzhniodniprovsk, Kyrylivka, Borzhom, Sultanivka, Sakhalin, Berezanivka, Soniachnyi mikroraion, Lomivka, Livoberezhnyi mikroraion 1 and 2.
|-
|2
|[[Shevchenkivskyi District, Dnipro|Shevchenkivskyi]]
|1973
|3,145.2
|152,000
|'''Streets:''' Prospekt Bohdana Khmelnytskoho, Vulytsia Mykhaila Hrushevskoho/Vulytsia Sichovykh Striltsiv, Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, Vulytsia Sviatoslava Khorobroho, Zaporizke Shosse, Vulytsia Krotova<br />'''Areas:''' Tsentr, Slobodka, Razvlika-Pidstantsiya, 12th Kvartal, Topol mikroraion 1, 2 and 3, Myrnyi, Danyla Nechaia.
|-
|3
|[[Sobornyi District, Dnipro|Sobornyi]]
|1935
|4,409.3
|169,500
|'''Streets:''' Prospekt Gagarina, Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, Sicheslavska naberezhna/Peremogy, Vulytsia Volodymyra Vernadskoho, Vulytsia Hoholya, Vulytsia Chesnyshevskoho, Vulytsia Kosmichna, Vulytsia Yasnopolianska<br />'''Areas:''' Tsentr, Nahirny (Tabirny), Pidstantsiia, Sokil mikroraion 1 and 2, Peremoha mikroraion 1–6, Mandrykivka, Lotskamianka, Tunelna Balka, Monastyrskyi Ostriv, Kosa.
|-
|4
|[[Industrialnyi District, Dnipro|Industrialnyi]]
|1969
|3,267.9
|132,700
|'''Streets:''' Prospekt Slobozhanskyi, Prospekt Petra Kalnyshevskoho, Vulytsia Osinnia, Vulytsia Baykalska, Vulytsia Vinokurova<br />'''Areas:''' Klochko, Samarivka (Yozhefstal), Oleksandrivka, Livoberezhnyi mikroraion 1–3; (Nyzhniodniprovskyi Pipe Production Plant).
|-
|5
|[[Tsentralnyi District, Dnipro|Tsentralnyi]]
|1932
|1,040.3
|67,200
|'''Streets:''' Vulytsia Staryi Shliakh, Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, Prospekt Pushkina, Vulytsia Yaroslava Mudroho, Vulytsia Voitsekhovycha, Vulytsia Korolenko, Prospekt Bohdana Khmelnytskoho, Staromostova Square<br />'''Areas:''' Dniprovsky Avtovokzal, Dniprovsky Richkovy Vokzal and [[Dnipropetrovsk River Port|Dnipro River Port]].
|-
|6
|[[Chechelivskyi District|Chechelivskyi]]
|1933
|3,589.7
|120,600
|Vulytsia Robitnycha, Prospekt Nigoyana, Prospekt Pushkina, Vulytsia Kirovozhska, Vulytsia Makarova, Vulytsia Titova, Vulytsia Budivelnykiv, Prospekt Bohdana Khmelnytskoho<br />'''Areas:''' Chechelivka, Aptekarska Balka/Shliakhivka, 12th Kvartal, Krasnopillia, ([[PA Pivdenmash|Pivdenmash]]).
|-
|7
|[[Novokodatskyi District|Novokodatskyi]]
|1920
|10,928
|157,400
|'''Streets:''' Vulytsia Naberezhna Zavodska, Prospekt Nihoiana, Prospekt Mazepy, Prospekt Metallurhiv, Vulytsia Kyivska, Vulytsia Kommunarovska, Prospekt Svobody, Vulytsia Brativ Trofimovykh, Vulytsia Mostova, Vulytsia Maiakovskoho, Vulytsia Budennoho<br />'''Areas:''' Toromske, Diyevka, Sukhachivka, Yasny, Novi Kaidaky, Sukhyi Ostriv, Chervonyi Kamin mikroraion, Kommunar mikroraion, Parus mikroraion 1 and 2, Zakhidnyi mikroraion, Petrovskyi Factory and other metallurgical plants.
|-
|8
|[[Samarskyi District|Samarskyi]]
|1977
|6,683.4
|77,900
|'''Streets:''' Vulytsia Marshala Malinovskoho, Vulytsia Molodohvardiiska, Vulytsia Semaforna, Vulytsia Tomska, Vulytsia Kosmonavta Volkova, Vulytsia 20 rokiv Peremohy, Vulytsia Havanska<br />'''Areas:''' Chapli, Prydniprovsk, Ihren, Rybalske (Fischersdorf), Odinkivka, Shevchenko, Pivnichnyi mikroraion, Nyzhniodniprovsk-Vuzol.
|}
Five of the eight urban districts were renamed late November 2015 to comply with [[Decommunization in Ukraine|decommunization laws]].<ref name="radiosvoboda.mobi">{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.radiosvoboda.mobi/a/27401886.html Street signs were Dnipropetrovsk nedekomunizovanymy], [[Radio Svoboda]] (2 December 2015)</ref>

=== Politics ===
In the first decades of [[Ukrainian independence]] the city's voters generally favoured the proponents of continued close ties to Russia: in the 1990s the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]], and in the new century, the [[Party of Regions]].<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/1069188.html Our Ukraine In Coalition Talks With Party Of Regions], [[Radio Free Europe]] (15 June 2006)</ref><ref name="20140917oswanalyses2">[https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-09-17/ukraines-political-parties-start-election-campaign Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign], [[Centre for Eastern Studies]] (17 September 2014)</ref> After the 2014 events of [[Euromaidan]], which included demonstrations and clashes in the central city, the Party of Regions ceded influence to those parties and independents calling for [[Ukraine–European Union relations|closer ties to the]] European Union.

As in Soviet Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk was disproportionately represented among political leaders in Kyiv.<ref name="KlumbyteSharafutdinova2022"/> The principal representatives of the so-called "Dnipropetrovsk Faction" in the capital were Ukraine's second president [[Leonid Kuchma]] and Ukraine's 10th and 13th prime minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Avioutskii |first=Viatcheslav |date=2010 |title=The Consolidation of Ukrainian Business Clans |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-revue-internationale-d-intelligence-economique-2010-1-page-119.htm?contenu=article |journal=Revue internationale d'intelligence économique |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=119–141 |doi=10.3166/r2ie.2.119-141 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |via=Cairn.Info|doi-access=free }}</ref> Kuchma was a former senior manager of [[Yuzhmash]]<ref name=":22" /> while Tymoshenko was president of [[United Energy Systems of Ukraine]], a Dnipropetrovsk-based private company that from 1995 to 1997 was the main importer of Russian natural gas to Ukraine.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=udlwTxw8FkYC&dq=%22United+Energy+Systems%22+Ukraine&pg=PA26 Staff Country Report Ukraine], [[International Monetary Fund]] (October 1997)

[https://books.google.com/books?id=tRnMeZcgry8C&dq=%22United+Energy+Systems%22+Ukraine&pg=RA1-PA61 Ukraine: State and Nation Building] by [[Taras Kuzio]], [[Routledge]], 1998, {{ISBN|0415171954}}.</ref>

Kuchma's [[1994 Ukrainian presidential election|1994 presidential]] campaign had been financed by Dnipropetrovsk businessmen [[Ihor Kolomoyskyi]] and [[Gennadiy Bogolyubov]]. Kolomoyskyi and Bogolyubov were partners in [[Privat Group]], a scandal-ridden financial-industrial conglomerate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Magyar |first=Bálint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_uZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |title=Stubborn Structures: Reconceptualizing Post-Communist Regimes |date=2019 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=978-963-386-215-5 |pages=234–235 |language=en}}</ref> As prime Minister, Kuchma had granted their ''[[PrivatBank]]'' the unique privilege of opening overseas branches. These were later implicated in the wholesale defrauding of Ukrainian depositors, leading to the [[Nationalization of PrivatBank|bank's nationalization in 2016]].<ref name="OCCRP1904201722">{{cite news |last=Stack |first=Graham |date=19 April 2017 |title=Oligarchs Weaponized Cyprus Branch of Ukraine's Largest Bank to Send $5.5 Billion Abroad |work=[[OCCRP]] |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/oligarchs-weaponized-cyprus-eranch-of-ukraines-largest-bank-to-send-5-billion-abroad |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324000453/https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/oligarchs-weaponized-cyprus-eranch-of-ukraines-largest-bank-to-send-5-billion-abroad |archive-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kroll_Project |url=http://candu.md/files/doc/Kroll_Project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026170508/http://candu.md/files/doc/Kroll_Project |archive-date=26 October 2016 |access-date=3 February 2016 |publisher=[[Andrian Candu]]}}</ref> Kuchma was also closely tied to another budding Dnipropetrovsk billionaire, his son-in-law [[Victor Pinchuk|Viktor Pinchuk]] whose assets included several giant steel and pipe plants in the region and the bank ''Kredit-Dnepr''.<ref name=":22" />
[[File:Party of the Regions tents 25dec09 2934.JPG|thumb|Campaign activities of the [[Party of Regions]] in central Dnipropetrovsk on 25 December 2009 during the [[2010 Ukrainian presidential election|2010 presidential election]].]]
With [[Viktor Yushchenko]], Tymoshenko co-led the [[Orange Revolution]] which annulled the declared victory of [[Viktor Yanukovych]] in the [[2004 Ukrainian presidential election|2004 presidential election]],<ref>{{cite web |date=11 December 2009 |title=Tymoshenko does not regret supporting Yushchenko in 2004 |url=https://en.for-ua.com/news/2009/12/11/162738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708110747/https://en.for-ua.com/news/2009/12/11/162738.html |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=En.for-ua.com}}</ref> and under President Yuschenko served as prime minister from 24 January to 8 September 2005, and again from 18 December 2007 to 4 March 2010. Yanukovych narrowly defeated Tymoshenko in the [[2010 Ukrainian presidential election|2010 presidential election]], taking 41.7 per cent of the vote in the Dnipropetrovsk region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2010 |title=Ukraine. Presidential Election 2010 – Electoral Geography 2.0 |url=https://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/u/ukraine/ukraine-presidential-election-2010.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Electoral Geography 2.0 – Mapped politics}}</ref> The candidates accused one another of [[vote rigging]].<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55333/ Yanukovych sure Tymoshenko will try to rig results of presidential election], [[Kyiv Post]] (17 December 2009)</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55336/ Tymoshenko says she will prevent Yanukovych from rigging presidential election], [[Kyiv Post]] (17 December 2009)</ref>

In the October [[2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election]] Yanukovych's [[Party of Regions]], which promoted itself as the champion of the language rights and industrial interests of largely Russian-speaking eastern Ukraine, won 35.8 per cent of the vote in the Dnipropetrovsk region, compared to 18.4 per cent for Tymoshenko's [[Fatherland Party (Ukraine)|Fatherland Party]] and 19.4 per cent for the [[Communist Party of Ukraine|Communists]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2012 |title=Ukraine. Legislative Election 2012 – Electoral Geography 2.0 |url=https://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/u/ukraine/ukraine-legislative-election-2012.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Electoral Geography 2.0 – Mapped politics}}</ref> Tymoshenko mounted a hunger strike to once again protest election irregularities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2012 |title=Ukraine election 'reversed democracy', OSCE says |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20120888 |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref>

On 2 March 2014, following the [[Revolution of Dignity|removal of Yanukovich as President]], acting President [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] appointed [[Ihor Kolomoyskyi]] [[Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|Governor]] of [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/world/europe/ukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html Ukraine Turns to Its Oligarchs for Political Help], [[nytimes.com]] (2 March 2014)</ref> Kolomoyskyi initially dismissed suggestions of [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|Russian-backed separatism]] in Dnipropetrovsk,<ref>{{cite web |last=Цензор.НЕТ |title=Коломойский: "Сепаратизм на Востоке и Юге Украины не пройдет. Мы не дадим расколоть страну!" |url=https://censor.net.ua/news/272122/kolomoyiskiyi_separatizm_na_vostoke_i_yuge_ukrainy_ne_proyidet_my_ne_dadim_raskolot_stranu |access-date=14 May 2019 |website=Цензор.НЕТ|date=22 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2014 |title=Коломойский предупредил Кернеса, что сепаратизм не пройдет |url=http://www.vaadua.org/news/kolomoyskiy-predupredil-kernesa-chto-separatizm-ne-proydet |access-date=14 May 2019 |website=Ассоциация еврейских организаций и общин Украины (Ваад)}}</ref> but then took vigorous measures. He posted bounties for the capture of Russian-backed militants and the surrender of weapons;<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/17/ukrainian-oligarch-offers-financial-rewards-russians-igor-kolomoisky Ukrainian oligarch offers bounty for capture of Russian 'saboteurs'] – The Guardian, 18 April 2014</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Коломойський вже виплатив 80 тис доларів за затриманих сепаратистів |url=https://24tv.ua/news/showNews.do?kolomoyskiy_vzhe_viplativ_80_tis_dolariv_za_zatrimanih_separatistiv&objectId=435069 |access-date=14 May 2019 |website=24 Канал| date=22 April 2014 }}</ref> drafted thousands of Privat Group employees as auxiliary police officers;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pfeffer |first=Anshel |date=18 October 2014 |title=Is This Man the Most Powerful Jew in the World? |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2014-10-18/ty-article/.premium/the-most-powerful-jew-in-the-world/0000017f-ea28-d639-af7f-ebffe41b0000 |access-date=2022-07-24}}</ref> and is said to have provided substantial funds to create the [[Dnipro Battalion]],<ref name="enjoys strong support from the local population22">[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/06/12/dnipropetrovsk-the-ukrainian-town-determined-to-stop-putin.html The Town Determined to Stop Putin], [[The Daily Beast]] (12 June 2014)</ref><ref name="WSJ271422">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraines-secret-weapon-feisty-oligarch-ihor-kolomoisky-1403886665 Ukraine's Secret Weapon: Feisty Oligarch Ihor Kolomoisky], [[The Wall Street Journal]] (27 June 2014)</ref> and to support the [[Aidar Battalion|Aidar]], [[Azov Battalion|Azov]], and [[Donbas Battalion|Donbas]] [[Territorial defense battalions (Ukraine)|volunteer battalions]].<ref name="nw-2014091022">{{cite news |author=Damien Sharkov |date=10 September 2014 |title=Ukrainian Nationalist Volunteers Committing 'ISIS-Style' War Crimes |newspaper=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/evidence-war-crimes-committed-ukrainian-nationalist-volunteers-grows-269604 |access-date=28 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2015 |title=In the battle between Ukraine and Russian separatists, shady private armies take the field |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS60927080220150505 |via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>

In the Dnipropetrovsk region, [[Petro Poroshenko]] won the May [[2014 Ukrainian presidential election|2014 presidential election]] with 45 per cent, but in the [[2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election|2014 parliamentary election in October]] his political party [[Petro Poroshenko Bloc]] secured 19.4 per cent of the vote, 5 points behind the [[Opposition Bloc]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2014 |title=Ukraine. Legislative Election 2014 – Electoral Geography 2.0 |url=https://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/u/ukraine/ukraine-legislative-election-2014.html |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Electoral Geography 2.0 – Mapped politics}}</ref> the successor to the disbanded Party of Regions.<ref>Kazanskyi, D. ''[http://argumentua.com/stati/revansh-separatizma-2014-god-povtoritsya-vopros-kogda Revenge of separatism. 2014 will happen again, the question is when? (Реванш сепаратизма. 2014 год повторится, вопрос — когда?)]''. Argument. 10 May 2017</ref><ref name="KPOBFL91118">[https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/two-russia-friendly-parties-join-forces-for-presidential-election.html Two Russia-friendly parties join forces for presidential election], [[Kyiv Post]] (9 November 2018)</ref>

On 25 March 2015, following a struggle with Kolomoyskyi for control the state-owned oil pipeline operator,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2015 |title=Kolomoisky speaks of his inner tug of war and patriots from the Opposition Bloc |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/kolomoisky-speaks-of-his-inner-tug-of-war-and-patriots-from-the-opposition-bloc-384757.html |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=KyivPost}}</ref> President Poroshenko replaced Kolomoyskyi as governor with [[Valentyn Reznichenko]].<ref name="economist-2015032832">{{cite news |date=28 March 2015 |title=President v oligarch |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21647355-building-nation-means-putting-plutocrats-their-place-president-v-oligarch |access-date=28 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=President signed a Decree on dismissal of Ihor Kolomoyskyi from the post of Dnipropetrovsk RSA Head |url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/32541.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327222425/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/32541.html |archive-date=27 March 2015 |access-date=25 March 2015 |publisher=Press office of President of Ukraine}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32051743 Ukraine arrests two top officials at cabinet meeting], [[BBC News]] (25 March 2015)</ref>

In the [[2015 Ukrainian local elections#Dnipropetrovsk|2015 Ukrainian local elections]] [[Borys Filatov]] of the patriotic [[UKROP]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151024165350/http://carnegieendowment.org/2015/10/23/democracy-and-disorientation-ukraine-votes-in-local-elections/ijlw Democracy and Disorientation: Ukraine Votes in Local Elections] by Balázs Jarábik, [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] (23 October 2015 )</ref> was elected Mayor of Dnipro.<ref name="PMBFs152">[http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-politics/1915506-borys-filatov-becomes-dnipropetrovsk-mayor-election-commission.html Borys Filatov becomes Dnipropetrovsk mayor – election commission], [[Ukrinform]] (18 November 2015)</ref>

In the March–April [[2019 Ukrainian presidential election]] Dnipro voted overwhelmingly voted for the successful candidate, [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]], who advocated membership of European Union.<ref>Source: Central Election Commission [https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2019/wp300pt001f01=719.html First round] [https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2019/wp300pt001f01=720.html Second round]</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmanau |first=Yuras |title=Comedian who plays Ukraine's president on TV leads real race |language=en |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/comedian-plays-ukraines-president-tv-leads-real-race-60906207 |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> In the parliamentary election in October, his [[Servant of the People]] party swept the board, winning each of Dnipro's five single-mandate parliamentary constituencies.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Extraordinary parliamentary election on 26.10.2014 |url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2014/wp039ept001f01=910.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029091159/http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2014/wp039ept001f01%3D910.html |archive-date=29 October 2014 |access-date=21 July 2019 |publisher=[[Central Election Commission (Ukraine)]]}}{{cite web |script-title=uk:Парламентські вибори – Результати – Кандидати на мажоритарних округах |trans-title=Parliamentary Elections – Results – Candidates in Majority Districts |url=http://vibori2014.rbc.ua/ukr/okrug |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205042521/http://vibori2014.rbc.ua/ukr/okrug |archive-date=5 February 2015 |publisher=[[RBK Ukraine]] |language=uk}}</ref><ref>[[Central Electoral Commission of Ukraine|CEC]] ([https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2019/wp300pt001f01=919.html Proportional votes], [https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2019/wp310pt001f01=919.html Single-member constituencies]) [[Ukrayinska Pravda|Ukrainian Pravda]] ([https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/articles/2019/07/21/7221526/ Seats and regions]), [https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/6/9/439634_0.pdf OSCE]</ref>

By the time of the October [[2020 Ukrainian local elections#Dnipro|2020 Ukrainian local elections]], support for Zelenskyy's party had collapsed: it won just 8.7 per cent of the vote for the [[Dnipro City Council]].<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [https://vybory.rbc.ua/ukr/2020/vybory-dnepre-reyting-kandidatov-pered-vtorym-1605791690.html Elections in Dnipro: rating of candidates before the second round], [[RBC Ukraine]] (19 November 2020)</ref> The Euromaidan trajectory was represented instead by Filatov's [[Proposition (party)|Proposition]] (the "Party of Mayors"),<ref name="Filatovn14375912">{{cite news |date=24 November 2020 |script-title=uk:Результати 2 туру виборів у Дніпрі: розгромна перемога Філатова |language=uk |trans-title=Results of the 2nd round of elections in Dnipro: a devastating victory for Filatov |work=[[:uk:24 (телеканал)|24 Kanal]] |url=https://vybory.24tv.ua/vibori-mera-dnipro-2020-ofitsiyni-rezultati-golosuvannya_n1437591 |access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> with 60 per cent of the popular vote against 30 per cent for the pro-Russian the [[Opposition Platform – For Life]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dnipro. City Council elections 25 October 2020. Results, Ukraine Elections |url=https://ukraine-elections.com.ua/en/election_data/region_result_page/137 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=ukraine-elections.com.ua}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|In the wake of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion]], in March 2022 [[Opposition Platform – For Life]], together with a number of other smaller parties, were banned by the [[Ukrainian National Security Council]] because of alleged ties to the [[Government of Russia]].<ref name="6644security-council-ban">{{cite web |date=14 April 2022 |title=Parliament dissolves pro-Russian Opposition Platform faction following Security Council ban. |url=https://kyivindependent.com/uncategorized/parliament-dissolves-pro-russian-opposition-platform-faction-following-security-council-ban/}}</ref><ref name="ukrinform-22">{{cite web |date=20 March 2022 |title=NSDC bans pro-Russian parties in Ukraine |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3434673-nsdc-bans-prorussian-parties-in-ukraine.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |publisher=Ukrinform}}</ref>|group=nb}}

==Geography==
[[File:Dniepropetrowsk z lotu ptaka.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of Dnipro. The [[Dnieper River]], city's left and right banks, and a number of bridges can be seen.]]

The city is built mainly upon both banks of the Dnieper, at its confluence with the [[Samara River (Dnieper)|Samara River]]. In the loop of a major meander, the Dnieper changes its course from the north west to continue southerly and later south-westerly through Ukraine, ultimately passing [[Kherson]], where it finally flows into the [[Black Sea]].{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

Nowadays both the north and south banks play home to a range of industrial enterprises and manufacturing plants. The airport is located about {{cvt|15|km|1}} south-east of the city.

The centre of the city is constructed on the right bank which is part of the [[Dnieper Upland]], while the left bank is part of the [[Dnieper Lowland]]. The old town is situated atop a hill that is formed as a result of the river's change of course to the south. The change of river's direction is caused by its proximity to the [[Azov Upland]] located southeast of the city.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

One of the city's streets, Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, links the two major architectural ensembles of the city and constitutes an important thoroughfare through the centre, which along with various suburban radial road systems, provides some of the area's most vital transport links for both suburban and inter-urban travel.

===Climate===

Under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen–Geiger climate classification system]], Dnipro has a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfa'').<ref name=Peel>{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> Snowfall is more common in the hills than at the city's lower elevations. The city has four distinct seasons: a cold, snowy winter; a hot summer; and two relatively wet transition periods. However, according to other schemes (such as the Salvador Rivas-Martínez bioclimatic one), Dnipro has a Supratemperate bioclimate, and belongs to the Temperate xeric steppic thermoclimatic belt, due to high [[evapotranspiration]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/form/maps.htm |title=Bioclimatic & Biogeographic Maps of Europe |last=Rivas-Martínez |first=Salvador |year=2004 |publisher=University of León |access-date=1 May 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517211604/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/form/maps.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the summer, Dnipro is very warm (average day temperature in July is {{cvt|24|to|28|C}}, even hot sometimes {{cvt|32|to|36|C}}). Temperatures as high as {{cvt|36|C|0}} have been recorded in May. Winter is not so cold (average day temperature in January is {{cvt|-4|to|0|C}}, but when there is no snow and the wind blows hard, it feels extremely cold. A mix of snow and rain happens usually in December.

The best time for visiting the city is in late spring (late April and May), and early in autumn: September, October, when the city's trees turn yellow. Other times are mainly dry with a few showers.<ref>See also: [http://www.klimadiagramme.de/Europa/dnepropetrovsk.html klimadiagramme.de] – Climate in Dnipropetrovsk URL accessed on 20 March 2007</ref>

"However, the city is characterized with significant pollution of air with industrial emissions."<ref name=mfa270>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/270.htm |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine – Population |publisher=Mfa.gov.ua |access-date=28 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012010700/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/en/270.htm |archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> The "severely polluted air and water" and allegedly "vast areas of decimated landscape" of Dnipro and [[Donetsk]] are considered by some to be an environmental crisis.<ref name=Mongabay>[http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/russia/GEOGRAPHY.html www.mongabay.com Russia – Geography] states: "Since 1990 Russian experts have added to the list the following less spectacular but equally threatening environmental crises: the Dnepropetrovsk-Donets and Kuznets coal-mining and metallurgical centres, which have severely polluted air and water and vast areas of decimated landscape;..."</ref> Though exactly where in Dnipropetrovsk these areas might be found is not stated.<ref name=Mongabay/>

{{Weather box|location=Dnipro (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present)
| metric first = y
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 12.3
| Feb record high C = 17.5
| Mar record high C = 24.1
| Apr record high C = 31.8
| May record high C = 36.1
| Jun record high C = 37.8
| Jul record high C = 39.8
| Aug record high C = 40.9
| Sep record high C = 36.5
| Oct record high C = 32.6
| Nov record high C = 20.6
| Dec record high C = 13.7
| year record high C = 40.9
| Jan high C = -0.9
| Feb high C = 0.6
| Mar high C = 7.1
| Apr high C = 16.0
| May high C = 22.7
| Jun high C = 26.6
| Jul high C = 29.1
| Aug high C = 28.7
| Sep high C = 22.4
| Oct high C = 14.4
| Nov high C = 5.8
| Dec high C = 0.6
| year high C = 14.4
| Jan mean C = -3.6
| Feb mean C = -2.8
| Mar mean C = 2.5
| Apr mean C = 10.3
| May mean C = 16.5
| Jun mean C = 20.5
| Jul mean C = 22.7
| Aug mean C = 22.1
| Sep mean C = 16.2
| Oct mean C = 9.2
| Nov mean C = 2.6
| Dec mean C = -1.9
| year mean C = 9.5
| Jan low C = -6.1
| Feb low C = -5.8
| Mar low C = -1.2
| Apr low C = 5.1
| May low C = 10.9
| Jun low C = 15.1
| Jul low C = 17.1
| Aug low C = 16.3
| Sep low C = 11.0
| Oct low C = 5.2
| Nov low C = -0.1
| Dec low C = -4.2
| year low C = 5.3
| Jan record low C = -30.0
| Feb record low C = -27.8
| Mar record low C = -19.2
| Apr record low C = -8.2
| May record low C = -2.4
| Jun record low C = 3.9
| Jul record low C = 5.9
| Aug record low C = 3.9
| Sep record low C = -3.0
| Oct record low C = -8.0
| Nov record low C = -17.9
| Dec record low C = -27.8
| year record low C = -30.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 50
| Feb precipitation mm = 43
| Mar precipitation mm = 51
| Apr precipitation mm = 39
| May precipitation mm = 51
| Jun precipitation mm = 64
| Jul precipitation mm = 55
| Aug precipitation mm = 45
| Sep precipitation mm = 42
| Oct precipitation mm = 39
| Nov precipitation mm = 44
| Dec precipitation mm = 46
| year precipitation mm = 569
| Jan snow depth cm = 7
| Feb snow depth cm = 10
| Mar snow depth cm = 5
| Apr snow depth cm = 0
| May snow depth cm = 0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0
| Nov snow depth cm = 1
| Dec snow depth cm = 4
| year snow depth cm = 10
| Jan humidity = 88.5
| Feb humidity = 84.7
| Mar humidity = 77.2
| Apr humidity = 64.6
| May humidity = 63.2
| Jun humidity = 64.8
| Jul humidity = 63.6
| Aug humidity = 60.5
| Sep humidity = 67.3
| Oct humidity = 77.1
| Nov humidity = 85.5
| Dec humidity = 88.8
| year humidity = 73.8
| Jan rain days = 9
| Feb rain days = 8
| Mar rain days = 11
| Apr rain days = 13
| May rain days = 13
| Jun rain days = 13
| Jul rain days = 12
| Aug rain days = 9
| Sep rain days = 10
| Oct rain days = 11
| Nov rain days = 12
| Dec rain days = 11
| year rain days = 132
| Jan snow days = 16
| Feb snow days = 15
| Mar snow days = 9
| Apr snow days = 1
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 1
| Nov snow days = 7
| Dec snow days = 15
| year snow days = 64
| Jan sun = 50
| Feb sun = 74
| Mar sun = 132
| Apr sun = 196
| May sun = 266
| Jun sun = 281
| Jul sun = 310
| Aug sun = 285
| Sep sun = 211
| Oct sun = 142
| Nov sun = 62
| Dec sun = 37 
| year sun = 2046
|source 1=Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213143459/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34504.htm |archive-date=13 December 2019 |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34504.htm |title=Климат Днепра (Climate of Dnipro) |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |access-date=8 November 2021 |language=ru |date=2016}}</ref>
|source 2=[[NOAA]] (humidity and sun 1991–2020)<ref name=NOAA>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419123857/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Ukraine/CSV/Dnipro_34504.csv |archive-date=19 April 2025 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Ukraine/XLS/DNIPRO_34504.csv|title=Dnipro Climate Normals 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |format=CSV |access-date=19 April 2025 }}</ref>
}}

===Cityscape===
[[File:Stalinist Architecture Dnipropetrovsk.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Stalinist architecture]] on the {{ill|Dmytro Yavornytsky Avenue|uk|Проспект Дмитра Яворницького|ru|Проспект Дмитрия Яворницкого|de|Dmytro-Jawornyzkyj-Prospekt}}]]
Dnipro is a primarily industrial city of around one million people. It has developed into a large urban centre over the past few centuries to become, today, Ukraine's fourth-largest city after [[Kyiv]], [[Kharkiv]] and [[Odessa|Odesa]]. [[Stalinist architecture]] (monumental soviet classicism) dominates in the city centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnepr.com/main/sport_and_culture_dp/7847-ot-stalinskogo-ampira-do-brezhnevskogo-minimalizma.html |title=От "сталинского ампира" до "брежневского минимализма" " www.DNEPR.com – Главный портал города Днепропетровска |publisher=DNEPR.com |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref>

Immediately after its foundation Yekaterinoslav, began to develop exclusively on the right bank of the [[Dnieper River]]. At first the city developed radially from the central point provided by the [[Transfiguration Cathedral, Dnipro|Transfiguration Cathedral]], completed in 1835.<ref name="ukrssr2"/> [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] structures of brick and stone construction were preferred and the city began to take on the appearance of a typical European city of the era. Many of these buildings have been retained in the city's older [[Sobornyi District, Dnipro|Sobornyi District]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=52 |title=История Днепропетровска и Приднепровья |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> Among the most important buildings of this era are the Transfiguration Cathedral, and a number of buildings in the area surrounding Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, including the [[Khrennikov House]].

Over the next few decades, until the final end of the [[Russian Empire]] with the [[October Revolution]] in 1917, the city did not change much in appearance. The predominant architectural style remained [[neo-classicism]]. Notable buildings built in the era before 1917 include the main building of the [[Dnipro Polytechnic]], which was built in 1899–1901,<ref>{{cite web |author=Вт, 12 марта 201307:51 |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/out/attractions/oneplace/?place_id=932 |title=Национальный Горный Университет – Днепропетровск |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> the art-nouveau inspired building of the city's former [[Duma]] (parliament),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dneprotur.ucoz.com/photo/retrophotos/old_dnepropetrovsk/city_council/27-0-46 |title=Городская Дума – Старый Днепропетровск – Ретрофото – Фотоальбомы – Памятники, архитектура, история, туризм |publisher=Dneprotur.ucoz.com |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> the Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum, and the [[Élie Metchnikoff|Mechnikov]] Regional Hospital. Other buildings of the era that did not fit the typical architectural style of the time in Dnipropetrovsk include,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=53 |title=История Днепропетровска и Приднепровья |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> the Ukrainian-influenced Grand Hotel Ukraine, the Russian revivalist style railway station (since reconstructed),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ef2012.com/index.php/ru/rezervnye-goroda/dnepropetrovsk/jd-vokzal-dnepropetrovsk.html |script-title=ru:Железнодорожный вокзал, Днепропетровск, Украина |trans-title=Railway station, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine |language=ru |publisher=ef2012.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425125011/http://www.ef2012.com/index.php/ru/rezervnye-goroda/dnepropetrovsk/jd-vokzal-dnepropetrovsk.html |archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> and the [[Art Nouveau|art-nouveau]] Astoriya building on Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt.

Once Yekaterinoslav became part of the [[Soviet Union]] ([[Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|officially in 1922]]), and became Dnipropetrovsk in 1926,<ref name="Petrovsky"/> the city was gradually purged of tsarist-era monuments. Monumental architecture was stripped of Imperial coats of arms and other non-socialist symbolism. Following the 1917 October Revolution, a monument to [[Catherine the Great]] that stood in front of the Mining Institute was replaced with one of Russian academic [[Mikhail Lomonosov]].<ref name="oneplace1220130751">{{cite web |author=Вт, 12 марта 201307:51 |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/out/attractions/oneplace/?place_id=1122 |title=Ломоносову М.В., памятник – Днепропетровск |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |date=14 September 2011 |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref>

Later, due to damage from [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], badly damaged buildings were, more often than not, demolished completely and replaced with new structures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=67 |title=История Днепропетровска и Приднепровья |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> In the early 1950s, during the ongoing industrialisation of the city, much of Dnipropetrovsk's centre was rebuilt in the Stalinist style of [[Socialist Realism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=39 |title=История Днепропетровска и Приднепровья |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> This is one of the main reasons why much of Dnipro's central avenue, [[Dmytro Yavornytsky|Akademik Yavornitskyi]] Prospekt (formerly [[Karl Marx]] Prospect), is designed in the style of Stalinist Social Realism.<ref>[http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=67] Центральный проспект почти полностью был разрушен. Практически его нужно было создать заново</ref> A number of large buildings were reconstructed. The main railway station, for example, was stripped of its [[Russian Revival architecture|Russian-revival]] ornamentation and redesigned in the style of Stalinist social-realism.<ref>[http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=67] Центральный железнодорожный вокзал был уничтожен во время войны. Потребовалось строительство нового здания</ref>
{{multiple image
| direction         = horizontal
| align             = right
| footer            = [[Khrennikov House|Grand Hotel Ukraine]] in 2013 and in 1913.
| image1            = Дніпропетровськ 155.jpg
| caption1          = 
| width1            = 250
| image2            = Екатеринослав. Екатеринославский проспект. 220.jpg
| caption2          = 
| width2            = 250
}}

The [[Khrennikov House|Grand Hotel Ukraine]] survived the war but was later simplified much in design, with its roof being reconstructed in a typical French [[Mansard roof|mansard style]] as opposed to the ornamental [[Ukrainian Baroque]] of the pre-war era. Many pre-revolution buildings were reconstructed to suit new purposes. For example, the [[Nicholas II of Russia|Emperor Nicholas II]] Commercial Institute in the city was reconstructed to serve as the administrative centre for the [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]], a function it fulfils to this day. Other buildings, such as the Potemkin Palace were given over to "the [[proletariat]]" (the [[working man]]), in this case as the students' union of the [[Oles Honchar Dnipro National University]].

After the death of [[Joseph Stalin]] in 1953 and the appointment of [[Nikita Khrushchev]] as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], the industrialisation of Dnipropetrovsk became even more profound, with the [[PA Pivdenmash|Southern (Yuzhne) Missile and Rocket factory]] being set up in the city. However, this was not the only development and many other factories, especially metallurgical and heavy-manufacturing plants, were set up in the city.<ref name=gorod.dp.ua-68>{{cite news |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=68 |title=История Днепропетровска и Приднепровья |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Просп. Гагарина, дом 99. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Khrushchyovka]]s on {{ill|Science Avenue|uk|Проспект Науки (Дніпро)|ru|Проспект Науки (Днепр)}} (formerly [[Gagarin]] Avenue)<ref name="vulicya-chornobrivciv-ne">{{cite web |author=Stas Rudenko|title=Chornobrivtsiv Street did not appear: Gagarin Avenue and 91 other toponyms were renamed in Dnipro|url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/vulicya-chornobrivciv-ne-z-yavilasya-u-dnipri-pereymenuvali-prospekt-gagarina-ta-shche-91-toponim|date=31 January 2024|access-date=31 January 2024|language=Ukrainian|website=dp.informator.ua}}<br>{{cite web |author=Stas Rudenko|title=Gagarin, Titov, Sofia Kovalevska and more than 90 streets and alleys are going to be renamed in Dnipro|url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/u-dnipri-zbirayutsya-pereymenuvati-gagarina-titova-sofiji-kovalevskoji-ta-shche-ponad-90-vulic-ta-provulkiv|website=Informator|date=23 January 2024|access-date=23 February 2024|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>]]
As a result of all this industrialisation the city's inner suburbs became increasingly polluted and were gradually given over to large, industrial enterprises. At the same time the extensive development of the city's left bank and western suburbs as new residential areas began.<ref name=gorod.dp.ua-68/> The low-rise tenant houses of the Khrushchev era ([[Khrushchyovka]]s) gave way to the construction of high-rise prefabricated apartment blocks (similar to German [[Plattenbau]]s). In 1976, in line with the city's 1926 renaming, a large monumental statue of [[Grigoriy Petrovsky]] was placed on the square in front of the [[Dnipro railway station|city's railway station]].<ref name="toppled135443012"/><ref>[http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=67] В 1976 г. архитектурно-художественная композиция привокзальной площади была завершена постановкой памятника Г. И. Петровскому</ref>

Since the [[independence of Ukraine]] in 1991 and the economic development that followed, a number of large commercial and business centres have been built in the city's outskirts. To this day the city is characterised by its mix of architectural styles, with much of the city's centre consisting of pre-revolutionary buildings in a variety of styles, stalinist buildings and constructivist architecture, while residential districts are, more often than not, made up of aesthetically simple, technically outdated mid-rise and high-rise housing stock from the Soviet era. Despite this, the city has a large number of 'private sectors' where the tradition of building and maintaining individual detached housing has continued to this day.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}

The local statue of [[Lenin]] was toppled by protesters in February 2014 the day after Ukraine's president [[Viktor Yanukovych]] [[Revolution of Dignity|fled to]] Russia [[Euromaidan|following months of protests against him]].<ref name="usatoday.comLmDg">[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/03/14/ukraine-crimea-referendum/6319183/ In East Ukraine, fear of Putin, anger at Kiev]<br />[http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/ukraine-day-after_783577.html Ukraine: the Day After] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101811/http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/ukraine-day-after_783577.html |date=17 June 2015 }}<br />[http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/sche-odnogo-lenyna-zvalili-v-dnypropetrovsku-363832.html Пам'ятник Леніну у Дніпропетровську остаточно перетворили в купу каміння "Monument to Lenin in Dnipropetrovsk finally turned into a pile of stones"]</ref><ref name="WynnyckyjKramer20150104">{{cite book |last1=Wynnyckyj |first1=Mychailo |title=Ukraine's Maidan, Russia's War: A Chronicle and Analysis of the Revolution of Dignity |date=2019 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |pages=132–135}}<br>{{Cite news |last1=Higgins |first1=Andrew |last2=Kramer |first2=Andrew E. |date=2015-01-04 |title=Ukraine Leader Was Defeated Even Before He Was Ousted |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/world/europe/ukraine-leader-was-defeated-even-before-he-was-ousted.html |access-date=2023-04-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The square were the statue had stood for some 50 years was soon renamed from "Lenin Square" to "[[Maidan casualties|Heroes of]] [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Maidan Square]]".<ref name="usatoday.comLmDg"/>

In late November 2015 about 300 streets, 5 of the 8 city districts and one metro station were renamed to comply with [[Decommunization in Ukraine|decommunization laws]].<ref name="radiosvoboda.mobi"/>

The 1976 Petrovsky statue was destroyed by an angry mob on 29 January 2016.<ref name="toppled135443012">{{cite web |agency=[[AFP News]]|title=Statue of controversial Bolshevik leader toppled in Ukraine|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/statue-controversial-bolshevik-leader-toppled-ukraine-135443012.html|website=[[Yahoo News]] Singapore|date=30 January 2016|language=en}}<br>{{cite web |last1=Soviet-Era |title=Monument Torn Down in Eastern Ukraine |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-monument/27523767.html |website=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=February 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

As part of the [[Derussification in Ukraine|derussification campaign]] that swept through Ukraine following the February [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], 110 toponyms in the city were renamed from February to September 2022.<ref name="DniproSBS7368431"/> On 3 May 2022 alone more than a dozen memorials erected during Soviet times were dismantled.<ref name="7343701BALACHUKmemorials">{{cite web |author=IRINA BALACHUK|title=More than a dozen memorials related to the USSR were removed from Dnipro|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/05/3/7343701/|website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |date=3 May 2022|access-date=1 November 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref name="dniprodemontazh31832051"/> In December 2022 the Dnipro communal services (in accordance a decision of the [[Dnipro City Council]]) removed from the city all monuments to figures of [[Russian culture]] and [[History of Russia|history]].<ref name="nmMGmDnipro7379537"/> This meant that monuments to [[Alexander Pushkin]], [[Alexander Matrosov]], [[Volodia Dubinin]], [[Maxim Gorky]], [[Valery Chkalov]], [[Yefim Pushkin]] and [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] were removed from the public space of the city.<ref name="nmMGmDnipro7379537"/> On 16 November 2022 Pushkin Avenue in Dnipro had been renamed [[Lesya Ukrainka]] Avenue.<ref name="news-dnipro-pushkin-32180120">{{cite web |title=A monument to Pushkin was dismantled in Dnipro (photo)|url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-dnipro-pushkin-demontazh/32180120.html|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=16 December 2022|access-date=16 December 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> In January 2023 a [[T-34]] tank on Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt that served as a monument to [[Hero of the Soviet Union]] Yefim Pushkin was removed after the Dnipro City Council had decided the monument "has no historical or artistic value."<ref>{{cite web |title=A Soviet tank was removed from its pedestal in the Dnipro|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2023/01/4/162253/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda|Istorychna Pravda ("Historical Truth")]]|date=4 January 2023|access-date=4 January 2023|language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref name="tank-na-prospekti-yavornickogo"/>{{#tag:ref|This monument of Yefim Pushkin was erected 1967 and was intended to symbolize the [[Battle of the Dnieper|liberation of Dnipro]] from the [[Nazis]] by the [[Red Army|Soviet army]].<ref name="tank-na-prospekti-yavornickogo">{{cite web |author=Alina Samoilenko|title=In Dnipro, the legendary tank was dismantled on Yavornytsky Avenue|url=https://dnepr.express/post/u-dnipri-demontuvali-legendarnij-tank-na-prospekti-yavornickogo|website=Дніпро Оперативний|date=4 January 2023|access-date=4 January 2023|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> On 5 January 2023, the day after the monument was dismantled, Mayor of Dnipro [[Borys Filatov]] claimed that Yefim Pushkin "defended our city when the Soviet command was incompetent, in just a few days, surrendering a huge industrial centre to the advancing [[Nazis]]."<ref name="tank-1967-Dnipro-yavornickogo"/> Filatov also claimed that the [[T-34]] tank of the monument was of a modification of 1967 and so could have never been driven by Pushkin.<ref name="tank-1967-Dnipro-yavornickogo">{{cite web |author=Olexei Alexandrov|title=" I'm not at war with the story": Filatov dispelled the myths about the Pushkin tank monument and the Matrosov memorial|url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/ya-ne-voyuyu-z-istoriyeyu-filatov-rozviyav-mifi-pro-pamyatnik-tank-pushkinu-ta-memorial-matrosovu|website=Informator|date=5 January 2023|access-date=5 January 2023|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>|group=nb}} 26 more streets were renamed in Dnipro on 22 February 2023.<ref name="dnipri-pereymenuvali-26"/> In December 2023 the renaming of streets continued with on 20 December 2023 again 53 city toponyms their names being changed by the [[Dnipro City Council]].<ref name="53-vulici-ta-provulki">{{cite web |author=Stas Rudenko|title=Kamianoghirska still remains: 53 streets and alleys were renamed in Dnipro|url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/kam-yanogirska-poki-zalishayetsya-u-dnipri-pereymenuvali-53-vulici-ta-provulki|date=20 December 2023|access-date=21 December 2023|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> Also on this day the Dnipro City Council renamed a part of Dnipro's central avenue, Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, in honor of commander of the [[:uk:1-й окремий механізований батальйон «Вовки Да Вінчі»|1st Mechanized Battalion]] of the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]] and [[Hero of Ukraine]] [[Dmytro Kotsiubailo]] (who had perished on 7 March 2023 in [[Battle of Bakhmut|battle near Bakhmut]]).<ref name="kver-na-chest-dmitro-da-vinchi">{{cite web |author=Stas Rudenko|title=A square in honor of Dmytro "Da Vinci" Kotsyubail appeared in Dnipro|url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/u-dnipri-z-yavivsya-skver-na-chest-dmitra-da-vinchi-kocyubayla|date=20 December 2023|access-date=21 December 2023|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> On 31 January 2024 92 other toponyms were renamed by the Dnipro City Council, including the avenue named after (Soviet [[cosmonaut]] and first human in space) [[Yuri Gagarin]].<ref name="vulicya-chornobrivciv-ne"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Streets of world-famous researchers of the Holodomor appeared in Dnipro|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2024/02/7/163623/|date=7 February 2024|access-date=9 February 2024|language=Ukrainian|website=[[Istorychna Pravda]]}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Architecture and historically significant sites and monuments in Dnipro">
File:Istorichnii myzei Dnipropetrovs'ka.JPG|The Yavornytsky Historical Museum
File:Passage, Dnepropetrovsk.jpg|[[Stalinist architecture]] blends with the post-modernism of Dnipro's 'Passage' shopping and entertainment centre<ref>{{cite web |url=http://akselrod-estate.com/project-passag |title=Торговый комплекс "Пассаж" |publisher=Akselrod-estate.com |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729143203/http://akselrod-estate.com/project-passag |archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref>
File:Будинок Громадського зібрання 1.jpg|The Dnipro Philharmonic
</gallery>
{{wide image|Вид на місто зі сторони Південного мосту.jpg|1000px|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of the city}}
{{wide image|Вид на ділову частину міста .jpg|1000px|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of the city}}
{{wide image|Панорама міста.jpg|1000px|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of the city}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|cols=1
|1782<ref name="eugene"/>
|2194
|1800<ref>Eugene.com states that the population in the early 19th century was 6,389, while Cheba states that this was the population in 1800.</ref>
|6389
|1811<ref name=DiasporaMerchants34>Kardasis, Vassilis, ''Diaspora Merchants in the Black Sea: The Greeks in Southern Russia, 1775–1861'', pub Lexington Books, 2001, {{ISBN|0-7391-0245-1}}, page 34.</ref>
|9000
|1825<ref name=Cheba>{{cite web |url=http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/tt/a4b |title="History" a Dnipropetrovsk Travel Page by Cheba |work=VirtualTourist.com |access-date=28 November 2014 |archive-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322061449/http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/tt/a4b |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|8412
|1857<ref name=DJC>[http://djc.com.ua/h_obchiny/?id=2 Dnepropetrovsk Jewish Community (DJC.com) – About Yekaterinoslav Dnepropetrovsk], accessed 1 February 2014. (English language version of this page has disappeared since 2008, but Russian language version still present.)</ref>
|13217
|1862<ref name=Cheba/>
|19515
|1866<ref>[http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/tt/a4b Cheba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322061449/http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/tt/a4b |date=22 March 2017 }} states that in a census for 1 January 1866 the population was 22,846. [http://www.eugene.com.ua/dnepr.html Eugene.com] states 22,816 for 1865, while DJC.com states 22,846 for 1865.</ref>
|22846
|1885<ref name=Cheba/><ref name=DJC/>
|46876
|1897<ref name="mashke.org">{{cite web|title=Cities & Towns of Ukraine|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-cities.htm}}</ref>|112839|1926<ref name="mashke.org" />|187570|1939<ref name="mashke.org" />|500636|1943<ref name=Evacuation_Cities>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-XPaAAAAMAAJ&q=Zaporozhe ''The emergency evacuation of cities: a cross-national historical and geographical study''], by Wilbur Zelinsky, Leszek A. Kosiński, pub Rowman & Littlefield, 1991, {{ISBN|978-0-8476-7673-6}}.</ref>
|280000|1959<ref name="mashke.org" />|661547|1970<ref name="mashke.org" />|862100|1979<ref name="mashke.org" />|1066016|1989<ref name="mashke.org" />|1177897|[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001]]<ref name="chinalist.ru">[http://chinalist.ru/facts/objyears.php?p_param=1077&p_country=223&p_lang=1&p_parent=&p_obj=890 "China in Figures"] says 1,178,000.</ref>|1065008|2011<ref name="mashke.org" />|1004853|2022<ref name="mashke.org" />|968502}}

The population of the city is about 1 million people. In 2011, the average age of the city's resident population was 40 years. The number of males declined slightly more than the number of females. The natural population growth in Dnipro is slightly higher than growth in Ukraine in general.

Between 1923 and 1933 the Ukrainian proportion of the population of the city increased from 16% to 48%. [[Ukrainization|This was part of a national trend.]]<ref name=EncUkr>[[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]]; Zenon Kuzelia, Енциклопедія українознавства ''(Encyclopedia of Ukrainian studies)'', 3-volumes, Kyiv, 1994, {{ISBN|5-7702-0554-7}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
! style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Year
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="5"|Ethnicity of Citizens
! style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Foreign<br/>Citizens
! style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Reference
|- valign="top"
! style="text-align:center;"|Russian
! style="text-align:center;"|Ukrainian
! style="text-align:center;"|Jewish
! style="text-align:center;"|Polish
! style="text-align:center;"|German
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1887
|style="text-align:right;"|47,200
|style="text-align:right;"|17,787
|style="text-align:right;"|39,979
|style="text-align:right;"|3,418
|style="text-align:right;"|1,438
|style="text-align:right;"|1,075
||<ref name=DJC/>
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1887
|style="text-align:right;"|42.6%
|style="text-align:right;"|16.0%
|style="text-align:right;"|36.1%
|style="text-align:right;"|3.1%
|style="text-align:right;"|1.3%
|style="text-align:right;"|1.0%
||<ref name=DJC/>
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1904(?)
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|52%
|style="text-align:right;"|40%
|style="text-align:right;"|4.5%
|style="text-align:right;"|<small>Not Stated</small>
|style="text-align:right;"|<small>Not Stated</small>
||<ref name=Surh>{{cite journal |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=187691 |journal=International Labor and Working-Class History |date=October 2003 |volume=64 |pages=139–166 |publisher=Journals.cambridge.org |doi=10.1017/S0147547903000231 |access-date=28 November 2014 |last1=Surh |first1=Gerald |title=Ekaterinoslav City in 1905: Workers, Jews, and Violence |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |s2cid=145677880|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|}

{|class="standard"
|-
! Ethnic group||1926<ref name="census1926">Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. М.: Издание ЦСУ Союза ССР, 1928–29</ref>||1939<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_39_ra.php?reg=80 |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Национальный состав населения районов, городов и крупных сел союзных республик СССР. г. Днепропетровск |trans-title=All-Union census of 1939. The national composition of the population of the districts, cities and large villages of the Union Republics of the USSR. City of Dnepropetrovsk |language=ru |publisher=demoscope.ru |access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref>||1959<ref>{{cite book |last=Kabuzan |first=Vladimir Maksimovich |url=http://www.pseudology.org/Eneida/KabuzanVM_Ukraincy_v_mire1991a.pdf |script-title=ru:Украинцы в мире: динамика численности и расселения. 20-е годы XVIII века – 1989 год. Формирование этнических и политических границ украинского этноса |trans-title=Ukrainians in the world. The dynamics of the number and settlement of the 1920s–1989. Formation of ethnic and political borders of the Ukrainian ethnos |language=ru |year=2006 |publisher=[[Russian Academy of Sciences|Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences]] |isbn=978-5-02-033991-0 |access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref>||1989<ref name="romantsov">{{Cite web |url=http://teliha.com.ua/naukovi/22-2009-10-10-19-34-24 |title=Романцов В.&nbsp;О.&nbsp;– "Населення України і його рідна мова за часів радянської влади та незалежності" |access-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306024551/http://teliha.com.ua/naukovi/22-2009-10-10-19-34-24 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>||2001<ref name="romantsov"/>||2017<ref name=IRI2017>{{cite web |url=http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2017-8-22_ukraine_poll_presentation.pdf |title=Public Opinion Survey of Residents of Ukraine June 9 – July 7, 2017 |publisher=iri.org |page=80 |date=22 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822212837/http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2017-8-22_ukraine_poll_presentation.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ukrainians]]||36.0%||54.6%||61.5%||62.5%||72.6%||82%
|-
|[[Russians]]||31.6%||23.4%||27.9%||31.0%||23.5%||13%
|-
|Jews||26.8%||17.9%||7.6%||&nbsp;3.2%||1.0%||
|-
|[[Belarusians]]||1.9%||1.9%||1.7%||||1.0%||
|}

In a survey in June–July 2017, 9% of residents said that they spoke Ukrainian at home, 63% spoke Russian, and 25% spoke Ukrainian and Russian equally.<ref name=IRI2017/>

The same survey reported the following results for the religion of adult residents.<ref name=IRI2017/>
*49% [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate]]
*6% [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate]]
*7% atheist
*1% belong to other religions
*28% believe in God, but do not belong to any religion
*5% found it difficult to answer

According to a survey conducted by the [[International Republican Institute]] in April–May 2023, 27% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 66% spoke Russian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/municipal_survey_may_2023_ua_-_final.pdf |title=Municipal Survey 2023|website=ratinggroup.ua|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Чавуноплавильний завод у Катеринославі, 1889 рік.jpg|thumb|The [[Dniprovsky Metallurgical Plant|Alexander Southern Russian Ironworks and Rolling Mill of the Bryansk Joint-Stock Company]] (currently the Dniprovsky Metallurgical Plant) depicted in 1889.]]
Dnipro is a major industrial centre of Ukraine.<ref name="DniproEcml2wsbzc6">{{cite web |author=Anthony Loyd|title='If we don't fight the Russian invasion, we'll lose everything'
|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/russia-ukraine-war/article/war-in-ukraine-if-we-dont-fight-the-russian-invasion-well-lose-everything-ml2wsbzc6
|website=[[The Times]]|date=25 February 2022|access-date=17 October 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> It has several facilities devoted to heavy industry that produce a wide range of products, including [[cast-iron]], [[launch vehicle]]s, rolled metal, pipes, [[machinery]], different mining combines, [[agricultural equipment]], [[tractor]]s, [[trolleybus]]es, refrigerators, different chemicals and many others.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} The most famous and the oldest (founded in the 19th century) is the [[Dniprovsky Metallurgical Plant]] (from 1922 until the time of [[decommunization in Ukraine]], the plant was named after the Soviet Union statesman [[Grigory Petrovsky]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/976462.html|title=Grigory Petrovsky: from a workers' activist to a party dignitary |website=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=January 30, 2008|access-date=October 18, 2022|last1=Свобода |first1=Радіо }}</ref>). Other notable industrial company of Dnipro is [[PA Pivdenmash]], a heavy machinery and rocket manufacturer.

Metals and metallurgy is the city's core industry in terms of output. Employment in the city is concentrated in large-sized enterprises. Metallurgical enterprises are based in the city and account for over 47% of its industrial output. These enterprises are important contributors to the city's budget and, with 80% of their output being exported, to Ukraine's foreign exchange reserve. Dnipro serves as the main import hub for foreign goods coming into the oblast and, on average, accounted for 58% of the oblast's imports between 2005 and 2011. With economic conditions improving even further in 2010 and 2011, registered unemployment fell to about 4,100 by the end of 2011.

The city of Dnipro's economy is dominated by the wholesale and retail trade sector, which accounted for 53% of the output of non-financial enterprises in 2010.
[[File:PrivatBank Headoffice.jpg|thumbnail|Main office [[PrivatBank]]]]
Entrepreneur [[Ihor Kolomoyskyi]]'s [[Privat Group]], a global business group, is based in the city and grouped around the [[Privatbank]]. Privat Group controls thousands of companies of virtually every industry in Ukraine, European Union, Georgia, [[Ghana]], Russia, [[Romania]], United States and other countries. Steel, oil & gas, chemical and energy are sectors of the group's prime influence and expertise. Privat Group is in business conflict with the [[Interpipe]], also based in Dnipro area. The influential metallurgical mill company founded and mostly owned by the local business oligarch [[Viktor Pinchuk]].

Another company headquartered in Dnipro is [[ATB-Market]]. This company owns the largest national network of retail shops.

None of the group's capital is publicly traded on the stock exchange. Group's founding owners are natives of Dnipro and made their entire career here. [[Privatbank]], the core of the group, is the largest commercial bank in Ukraine. In March 2014 was named by the American review magazine ''Global Finance'' as "the Best Bank in Ukraine for 2014" while British magazine ''The Banker'' in November 2013 named again the same bank as "the Bank of the year 2013 in Ukraine".

In 2018 a private Texas-based [[aerospace]] firm [[Firefly Aerospace]] opened a Research and Development (R&D) centre in Dnipro to develop small and medium-sized [[launch vehicle]]s for commercial launches to orbit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/business/firefly-looks-to-bolster-aerospace-ties-with-us-investing-in-ukraine-for-the-long-haul.html |title=Firefly looks to bolster aerospace ties with US, investing in Ukraine for the long-haul {{!}} KyivPost – Ukraine's Global Voice|date=20 August 2018|website=KyivPost |access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
! style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Year
! style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Factories<br/>& Plants
! style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Employees
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|Production Volume<ref name=Convert1900>Conversion from contemporary Imperial Russian roubles to 2007 currency used the following method:<br/> (1) Conversion to contemporary Sterling used [http://eh.net/databases/finance/ table 18], which accompanies Marc Flandreau and Frédréric Zumer's book ''The Making of Global Finance, 1880–1913'', OECD 2004. <br/>(2) Conversion to 2007 Sterling used RPI data from Table 63 of ''National Income Expenditure and Output of the United Kingdom 1855–1965'', by CH Feinstein, pub [[Cambridge University Press]], 1972 and [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/tsdataset.asp?vlnk=7172&More=N&All=Y Retail Prices Index: annual index numbers of retail prices 1948–2007 (RPI) (RPIX)] <br/>(3) Conversion to 2007 US Dollars used the calculated 2007 Sterling value and the average exchange rate for 2007, i.e. $1=£0.49987, taken from [http://www.oanda.com FXHistory: historical currency exchange rates]. It would have been better to have used contemporary ruble/dollar exchange rates and US RPI data, but the latter were not available to author (March 2008).</ref>
! style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Reference
|- valign="top"
! style="text-align:center;"|roubles
! style="text-align:center;"|2007 [[£stg]] <br/>million
! style="text-align:center;"|2007 US$<br/>million
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1880
|style="text-align:right;"|49
|style="text-align:right;"|572
|style="text-align:right;"|1,500,000
|style="text-align:right;"|£10.5 m
|style="text-align:right;"|$21 m
||<ref name=DJC/>
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1903
|style="text-align:right;"|194
|style="text-align:right;"|10,649
|style="text-align:right;"|21,500,000
|style="text-align:right;"|£177.5 m
|style="text-align:right;"|$355 m
||<ref name=DJC/>
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
! style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Year
! style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Enterprises
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|Earnings<ref name=Convert1900/><ref name=Convert1940>Conversion from 1940 roubles to 2007 currency used a similar method to that used with Imperial Russian roubles, with the following used to generate rouble to Sterling exchange rate for 1940. [http://www.gutenberg-e.org/kod01/frames/fkod16.html Kawlsky, Daniel, ''Stalin and the Spanish Civil War'' Chapter 11] quotes a rate for the 1930s of 5.3 roubles per US dollar. [http://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/exchange/result_exchange.php measuringworth.com] quotes a 1940 exchange rate of $1000000=£261096.61.</ref>
! style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Reference
|- valign="top"
! style="text-align:center;"|roubles
! style="text-align:center;"|£2007 stg <br/>million
! style="text-align:center;"|2007 US$<br/>million
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1900
|style="text-align:right;"|1,800
|style="text-align:right;"|40,000,000
|style="text-align:right;"|£328.7 m
|style="text-align:right;"|$658 m
||<ref name=Surh/>
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1940
|style="text-align:right;"|622
|style="text-align:right;"|1,096,929,000
|style="text-align:right;"|£2,120.3 m
|style="text-align:right;"|$4,242 m
||<ref name=DJC/>
|}

==Transport==
===Local transportation===
[[File:Ул. Карла Маркса, Днепропетровск.jpg|right|thumb|Akademik [[Dmytro Yavornytsky|Yavornitskyi]] Prospekt, Dnipro's central avenue, features a green pedestrian boulevard and a tram line]]

The main forms of public transport used in Dnipro are trams, buses and electric [[Trolleybus|trolley buses]]. In addition to this there are a large number of taxi firms operating in the city, and many residents have private cars.

The city's municipal roads also suffer from the same funding problems as the trams, with many of them in a very poor technical state.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} It is not uncommon to find very large potholes and crumbling surfaces on many of Dnipro's smaller roads. Major roads and highways are of better quality. In the early [[2010s]] the situation was improving, with a number of new used trams bought from the German cities of [[Dresden]] and [[Magdeburg]],<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=19 January 2011 |title=К нам привезли новые старые трамваи – Днепропетровск |trans-title=New old trams were brought to us – Dnepropetrovsk |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/news/60242 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |language=ru}}</ref> and a number of roads, including [[Otto Schmidt|Schmidt]] Street (now [[Stepan Bandera]] Street<ref name="DniproSBS7368431"/>) and Moskovsky Street (now [[Vladimir II Monomakh|Volodymyr Monomakh]] Street<ref name="APPEAL№220666DCC">{{cite web |date=6 January 2022 |title=Звернення №220666 Водопостачання: Відсутність водопостачання за межами будинку вулиця Володимира Мономаха (Московська) 12а, Дніпро |trans-title=APPEAL №220666 Water supply: No water supply outside the house Volodymyr Monomakh Street (Moskovsky) 12a, Dnipro |url=https://hotline.dniprorada.gov.ua/contactcenter/request/220666 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Dnipro City Council |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>) were being reconstructed with modern road-building techniques.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 August 2011 |title=Ремонт дорог в Днепропетровске на 16 августа 2011 года |trans-title=Road repairs in Dnepropetrovsk on August 16, 2011 |url=http://34.ua/news/economic/transport/roads/85-remont-dorog-v-dnepropetrovske-na-16-avgusta-2011-goda.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505093610/http://34.ua/news/economic/transport/roads/85-remont-dorog-v-dnepropetrovske-na-16-avgusta-2011-goda.html |archive-date=5 May 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=34.ua |language=ru}}</ref>
[[File:Dnipro_Metro.jpg|thumb|225px|left|A scheme of the [[Dnipro Metro]] system in the city]]

Dnipro also has a [[Dnipro Metro|metro system]], opened in 1995, which consists of one line and 6 stations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/metro/eng/ |title=Metro |access-date=25 March 2008}}</ref> The 1980 official plans for four different lines were never made reality.<ref name="журналМетростройDma">{{Cite web |title=Проектируется метро в Днепропетровске (журнал "Метрострой" №5 за 1980 г.) |trans-title=The metro is being designed in Dnepropetrovsk (Metrostroy magazine No.5 1980) |url=https://metro.dp.ua/articles/projected-subway-in-dnipropetrovsk.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321205759/https://metro.dp.ua/articles/projected-subway-in-dnipropetrovsk.html |archive-date=21 March 2019 |access-date= |website=metro.dp.ua}}</ref> In 2011 the metro was transferred to municipal ownership in the hope that this will help it secure a loan from the [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/115437/ |title=Dnipropetrovsk Metropoliten in municipal ownership now |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=21 October 2011 |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> In 2011, plans envisioned an expansion of three station, {{stnlnk|Teatralna|Dnipro Metro|Teatralna}}, {{stl|Dnipro Metro|Tsentralna}} and {{stl|Dnipro Metro|Muzeina}}, to be completed by 2015.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2011 |title=Метро в Днепропетровске достроят в 2015 году – Днепропетровск |trans-title=The metro in Dnepropetrovsk will be completed in 2015 – Dnepropetrovsk |url=http://mignews.com.ua/ru/articles/90597.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223155941/https://mignews.com.ua/ru/articles/90597.html |archive-date=23 December 2011 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=MIGnews.com.ua |language=ru}}</ref> The opening of these three stations have been repeatedly delayed,<ref name="673225bDniproMetro"/> and after the February [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine]] all work on the expansion stopped.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 January 2024 |title=У Дніпрі турецька компанія покинула будівництво метро: які заходи вживатиме міська влада |trans-title=In Dnipro, a Turkish company abandoned the construction of the metro: what measures will the city authorities take? |url=https://suspilne.media/dnipro/672236-u-dnipri-turecka-kompania-pokinula-budivnictvo-metro-akih-zahodiv-vzivatime-miska-vlada/ |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2024 |title="Limak" кинув Дніпро: чому не продовжують будівництво метро? |trans-title="Limak" abandoned Dnipro: why is the construction of the metro not being continued? |url=https://dnipro.tv/news-dnipro/limak-kynuv-dnipro-chomu-ne-prodovzhuiut-budivnytstvo-metro/ |website=Dnipro News |language=uk}}</ref> The extension will increase the number of stations to nine, which would extend the line 4&nbsp;km to a total of 11.8&nbsp;km (7.3-mile).<ref name="673225bDniproMetro">{{Cite web |date=21 April 2021 |title=Будівництво трьох нових станцій метро у Дніпрі продовжили до 2024 року |trans-title=Construction of three new metro stations in the Dnieper continued until 2024 |url=https://epravda.com.ua/news/2021/04/21/673225/ |access-date= |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=uk}}</ref>

===Suburban transportation===
[[File:Central bridge Dnipro.jpg|thumb|Bridges linking the city's right and left banks are heavily used]]

Dnipro has some highways crossing through the city. The most popular routes are from [[Kyiv]], [[Donetsk]], [[Kharkiv]] and [[Zaporizhzhia]]. Transit through the city is also available. {{As of|2011}} the city is also seeing construction of a southern urban bypass, which will allow automobile traffic to proceed around the city centre. This is expected to both improve air quality and reduce transport issues from heavy freight lorries that pass through the city centre.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}

The largest bus station in [[eastern Ukraine]] is located in Dnipro, from where bus routes are available to all over the country, including some international routes to [[Poland]], Germany, [[Moldova]] and [[Turkey]]. It is located near the city's central railway station. Since the start of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] Ukraine's border crossings with Russia and [[Belarus]] are closed to regular traffic.<ref name="gov.uktaU18112022">{{Cite web |title=Foreign travel advice Ukraine|url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/ukraine/returning-to-the-uk|access-date=18 November 2022|website=[[GOV.UK]] |language=English}}<br>{{Cite web |title=War in Ukraine: The village with Russia and Belarus on its doorstep|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61220296|date=26 April 2022|access-date=18 November 2022|website=[[BBC News]] |language=English}}</ref>

In the summertime, there are some routes available by [[hydrofoil]]s on the [[Dnieper River]], while various tourist ships on their way down the river, (Kyiv–[[Kherson]]–[[Odesa]]) tend to make a stop in the city. Dnipro's river port is located close to the area surrounding the central railway station, on the banks of the river.

===Rail===
[[File:Головний залізничний вокзал Дніпра.jpg|right|thumb|Dnipro's main station is one of eastern Ukraine's largest]]
The city is a large railway junction, with many daily trains running to and from Eastern Europe and on domestic routes within Ukraine.

There are two railway terminals, [[Dnipro Railway station|Dnipro Holovnyi]] (main station) and Dnipro Lotsmanska (south station).

Two express passenger services run each day between [[Kyiv]] and Dnipro under the name 'Capital Express'. Other daytime services include suburban trains to towns and villages in the surrounding [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]]. Most long-distance trains tend to run at night to reduce the amount of daytime hours spent travelling by each passenger.

Domestic connections exist between Dnipro and [[Kyiv]], [[Lviv]], [[Odesa]], [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], [[Truskavets]], [[Kharkiv]] and many other smaller Ukrainian cities, while international destinations include, among others the Bulgarian seaside resort of [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]]. Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] all railway connection between Ukraine and Belarus were axed.<ref name="7332827UkberuRail"/> Meaning that the pre-war international destinations to [[Minsk]] in Belarus, Moscow's [[Kursky Rail Terminal|Kursky Station]] and [[Saint Petersburg]]'s [[Vitebsky Rail Terminal|Vitebsky Station]] in Russia and [[Baku]]—the capital of [[Azerbaijan]]—are no longer in service.<ref name="7332827UkberuRail">{{Cite web|title=There is no longer a railway connection between Ukraine and Belarus – head of Ukrzaliznytsia|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/03/19/7332827/|date=19 March 2022|access-date=18 November 2022|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |language=English}}</ref>

===Aviation===
The city is served by [[Dnipro International Airport]] {{airport codes|DNK}} and is connected to European and Middle Eastern cities with daily flights. It is located {{cvt|15|km}} southeast from the city centre. [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|A Russian attack]] on 10 April 2022 completely destroyed the airport and the infrastructure nearby.<ref name="345DniproIA3903">{{Cite web |title=Russian military again strikes Dnipro airport|url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3453903-russian-military-again-strikes-dnipro-airport.html|access-date=2022-04-10 |website=[[Ukrinform]] |date=10 April 2022 |language=English}}</ref>

===Water transportation===
The city has a river port located on the left bank of the [[Dnieper]]. There is also a railway freight station.

==Education==
[[File:DNU library.JPG|right|thumb|Oles Honchar National University is one of the leading establishments of higher education in Ukraine. It was founded in 1918.]]

There are 163 educational institutions among them schools, gymnasiums and boarding schools. For children of pre-school age there are 174 institutions, also a lot of out-of -school institutions such as centre of out-of-school work. Eighty-seven institutions that are recognized on all Ukrainian and regional levels.

In a survey in June–July 2017, adult respondents reported the following educational levels:<ref name=IRI2017/>
*1% primary or incomplete secondary education
*13% general secondary education
*46% vocational secondary education
*39% university education (including incomplete university education)

In 2006 Dnipropetrovsk hosted the All-Ukrainian Olympiad in Information Technology; in 2008, that for Mathematics, and in 2009 the semi-final of the All-Ukrainian Olympiad in Programming for the Eastern Region. In the same year as the latter took place, the youth group 'Eksperiment', an organisation promoting increased cultural awareness amongst Ukrainians, was founded in the city.

===Higher education===
Dnipro is a major educational centre in Ukraine and is home to two of Ukraine's top-ten universities; the [[Oles Honchar Dnipro National University]] and [[Dnipro Polytechnic|Dnipro Polytechnic National Technical University]].
The system of high education institutions connects 38 institutions in Dnipro, among them 14 of IV and ІІІ levels of accreditation, and 22 of І and ІІ levels of accreditation. In year 2012 National Mining Institute was on the 7th and National University named after O. Honchar was on the 9th place among the best high education institutions in "TOP-200 Ukraine" list.
[[File:Будинок №19 ,Горная Академия-4082.jpg|thumb|The main building of the [[Dnipro Polytechnic]]]]

The list below is a list of all current state-organised higher educational institutions (not included are non-independent subdivisions of other universities not based in Dnipro).
{|
|-
|style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
* [[Oles Honchar Dnipro National University]] was founded 90 years ago. At the present day it has nationwide meaning and consists of 20 faculties, 80 specialities, 43 laboratories and scientific-research institutes.
* [[Prydniprovska State Academy of Physical Culture and Sport]]
* [[Dnipro Polytechnic]]
* [[Dnipro State Medical University]] is one of the oldest educational institutions in Ukraine which includes 6 faculties and almost 60 departments.
* [[National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine]] was founded in 1899.
* [[Ukrainian State Chemical-Technological University]]
* [[Dnipro State University of Internal Affairs]]
* [[University of Customs and Finance]]
* [[Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture]] one from 8 IHEs in Ukraine which is the member of the [[International Association of Universities]].
* [[Dnipro National University of Rail Transport|Dnipro National University of Railway Transport]]
|style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
* [[Dnipro Agricultural University]]
* [[Alfred Nobel University]]
* [[Institute of the Inter-regional Academy for Human Resources]]
* [[Dnipropetrovsk regional institute of the Presidential Civil Service Academy of Ukraine]]
* [[Institute for the Preparation of Industrial Experts]]
|}

In the 21st century annually around 55,000{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} students studied in Dnipro, a significant number of whom students from abroad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine: Why so many African and Indian students were in the country |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60603226 |website=BBC News |access-date=4 March 2022 |date=3 March 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304095725/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60603226 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Дом органной музыки Днепропетровск 1.JPG|thumbnail|[[Dnipropetrovsk House Of Organ And Chamber Music]]]]

===Attractions===
[[File:Dnp ukr2013 08.JPG|thumb|left|[[Menorah center, Dnipro|Synagogue and Menorah Center]]]]
[[File:Monument of M. Gorky.JPG|thumb|left|Entrance to the [[Taras Shevchenko Park]]]]

Dnipro has a variety of theatres ([[Dnipro Academic Drama and Comedy Theatre]], [[Taras Shevchenko Dnipro Academic Ukrainian Music and Drama Theatre]] and [[Dnipro Opera and Ballet Theatre]]), a circus ([[Dnipro State Circus]]) and several museums ([[Dmytro Yavornytsky National Historical Museum of Dnipropetrovsk|Dmytro Yavornytsky National Historical Museum]], [[Diorama "Battle of the Dnieper"]] and [[Dnipro Art Museum]]). There are also several restaurants, beaches and parks ([[Taras Shevchenko Park]] and [[Sevastopol Park]]).

The major streets of the city were renamed in honour of [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist]] heroes during the [[Soviet Union|Soviet era]].<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/> Following the 2015 [[decommunization in Ukraine|law on decommunization]] these have been renamed.<ref name=decommupbbcU/><ref name="radiosvoboda.mobi"/>

The central thoroughfare is known as Akademik [[Dmytro Yavornytsky|Yavornytskyi]] Prospekt, a wide and long boulevard that stretches east to west through the centre of the city. It was founded in the 18th century and parts of its buildings are the actual decoration of the city. In the heart of the city is Soborna Square, which includes the [[Transfiguration Cathedral, Dnipro|Transfiguration Cathedral]] founded by order of [[Catherine the Great]] in 1787.<ref name="sobor2"/> On the square, there are some remarkable buildings: the Museum of History, [[Diorama "Battle of the Dnieper"]] ([[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]]).

The [[Ukrposhta]] for the city was once housed at the [[Central Post Office (Dnipro)|Central Post Office]], a 20th-century building. Rising magnificently above the Dnieper, the building's tower has become one of the most identifiable features in the city.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |last=Доброта |first=Валерия |date=2024-02-19 |title=Свидетели эпохи: какие тайны и легенды хранит Днепровский Главпочтамт |url=https://nashemisto.dp.ua/ru/2024/02/19/svideteli-jepohi-kakie-tajny-i-legendy-hranit-dneprovskij-glavpochtamt/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Наше Місто |language=ru-RU}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Дєточкін |first=Юрій |date=2021-11-25 |title=Прокуратура требует вернуть государству почтамт на проспекте Дмитрия Яворницкого в Днепре |url=https://d1.ua/prokuratura-trebuet-vernut-gosudarstvu-pochtamt-na-prospekte-dmitriya-yavornitskogo-v-dnepre |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Телеканал D1 |language=uk}}</ref>

Further from the city centre and next to the [[Dnieper River]] (spelled "Dnipro" in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]) is the large [[Taras Shevchenko]] Park (which is on the right bank of the river) and [[Monastyrskyi Island]]. In the 9th century, [[History of the Eastern Orthodox Church#Byzantine period|Byzantine monks]] based a monastery here.<ref>[http://www.museum.dp.ua/articles0340.html Monastyrsky (Komsomolsky) island. Historical background], [[Dmytro Yavornytskyi National Historical Museum]] {{in lang|uk}}</ref>

The [[Governor's House (Dnipro)|Governor's House]] is a 19th-century building which formerly housed the [[Governor of Yekaterinoslav]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Будинок губернатора, Дніпро |url=https://ua.igotoworld.com/ua/poi_object/37653_the-governors-residence.htm |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=UA.IGotoWorld.com |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=ТОП-5 найстаріших будинків, які збереглись у Дніпрі з часів заснування міста (ФОТО) – Днепр Инфо |url=https://dnepr.info/uk/news/top-5-najstarishyh-budynkiv-yaki-zbereglys-u-dnipri-z-chasiv-zasnuvannya-mista-foto/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Днепр Инфо – Новости Днепра |language=uk}}</ref> Since 2020, it became the home of the Museum of Dnipro City History.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Будинок губернатора |url=https://midnipro.museum/budynok-hubernatora/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=midnipro.museum |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=В Музеї історії Дніпра проводять інклюзивні екскурсії {{!}} Travels in Ukraine |url=https://travels.in.ua/uk/news-detail/1c6760b5-8d4e-40a2-7896-08dc0dc192ba |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=travels.in.ua |language=uk}}</ref>

A few areas retain their historical character: all of Central Avenue, some street-blocks on the main hill (the Nagorna part) between [[Lesya Ukrainka]] Avenue and Embankment, and sections near Globa (formerly known as [[Chkalov]] park until it was renamed) and Shevchenko parks have been untouched for 150 years.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

The river keeps the climate mild.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} It is visible from many points in Dnipro. From any of the three hills in the city, one can see a view of the river, islands, parks, outskirts, river banks and other hills.

There was no need to build skyscrapers in the city in Soviet times. The major industries preferred to locate their offices close to their factories and away from the centre of town. Most new office buildings are built in the same architectural style as the old buildings. A number, however, display more modern aesthetics, and some blend the two styles.

=== Religion ===
[[Ludwig Charlemagne|Ludwig Charlemagne-Bode]] and Pietro Visconti designed and erected the 19th century [[Holy Trinity Cathedral, Dnipro|Holy Trinity Cathedral in Dnipro]], which is an Eastern Orthodox cathedral of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|UOC of the Moscow Patriarchate]].<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |date=2017-01-27 |title=Свято-Троїцький собор – Дніпро |url=https://www.i-love-ukraine.vpoltave.net/sobori/svato-troickii-sobor-dnipro |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Я кохаю Україну – цікаві місця |language=uk}}</ref> It was known as the Trinity Church for most of the 1800s until changing to the Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Свято-Троїцький Кафедральний собор |url=https://discover.ua/locations/troyickiy-sobor |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=discover.ua |language=uk}}</ref> It is now a historical landmark within the city.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2017-01-27 |title=Свято-Троїцький собор – Дніпро |url=https://www.i-love-ukraine.vpoltave.net/sobori/svato-troickii-sobor-dnipro |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Я кохаю Україну – цікаві місця |language=uk}}</ref>

The UOC's [[Dnipropetrovsk House Of Organ And Chamber Music]] is a performance hall and an Eastern Orthodox cathedral from the 20th century. In addition, the structure is a national architectural and historical landmark.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |title=Dnipropetrovsk House Of Organ And Chamber Music |url=http://www.domorgan.dp.ua/english |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=www.domorgan.dp.ua}}</ref>

The [[Saint Nicholas Church, Dnipro|Saint Nicholas Church in Dnipro]] is a national monument and the Eastern Orthodox cathedral of the UOC from the 19th century. It is located on what was formerly Novi Kodaky property and is the oldest church in Dnipro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-02 |title=Пам'ятки архітектури національного значення. |url=http://ukrainaincognita.com/ru/derzhavnyi-reestr-nerukhomykh-pam039yatok-ukrainy/pamyatky-arkhitektury-natsionalnogo-znachennya-dni |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=ukrainaincognita.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095219/http://ukrainaincognita.com/ru/derzhavnyi-reestr-nerukhomykh-pam039yatok-ukrainy/pamyatky-arkhitektury-natsionalnogo-znachennya-dni |archive-date=2 April 2015 |language=uk}}</ref><ref name=":05">{{Cite web |title=Saint Nicholas Church, Dnipro: information, photos, reviews |url=https://travels.in.ua/en-US/object/628 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=travels.in.ua |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Central Asia|German Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Ukraine]] (GELCU) owns the 19th-century [[Evangelical Lutheran]] [[Church of St. Catherine, Dnipro|Church of St. Catherine]]. It is also known as the St. Catherine Evangelical Lutheran Church. It is the first church in Ukraine to open after independence.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Євангельсько-лютеранська церква Святої Катерини |url=https://ua.igotoworld.com/ua/poi_object/65872_evangelical-lutheran-church-of-st-katarina.htm |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=UA.IGotoWorld.com |language=uk}}</ref>

===Sports===
[[File:Panoramio - V&A Dudush - Домашняя арена Днепра.jpg|thumb|[[Dnipro-Arena]]]]

[[FC Dnipro]] is the most successful [[association football|football]] club of the city.<ref name="kolomoyskiy492631Dnipro"/><ref name="DniproWilson2015may27"/><ref name="Dnipro2007aug28Wilson"/> It is a former second runner-up in the [[Ukrainian Premier League]] and in the [[UEFA Cup]] it reached and lost the [[2015 UEFA Europa League Final]].<ref name="DniproWilson2015may27">{{cite web|author=[[Jonathan Wilson (writer)|Jonathan Wilson]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/may/27/dnipro-dnipropetrovsk-sevilla-europa-league-final-match-report|title=Carlos Bacca double breaks Dnipro hearts for Sevilla to make history|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 May 2015|access-date=4 November 2022|language=English}}</ref><ref name="kolomoyskiy492631Dnipro"/> It also was the only Soviet team to win the [[USSR Federation Cup]] twice. The club was owned by the [[Privat Group]].<ref name="Dnipro2007aug28Wilson"/> The club has been inactive since 2019.<ref name="kolomoyskiy492631Dnipro">{{cite web |url=https://focus.ua/uk/sport/492631-ne-soskuchilsya-po-futbolu-kolomoyskiy-otricaet-otnoshenie-k-dnepru-1|title="Didn't miss football": Kolomoyskyi denies the "Dnipro-1"|publisher=[[Focus (Ukrainian magazine)|Focus]]|date=13 September 2021|access-date=4 November 2022|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://football24.ua/kolomoyskiy_anonsuvav_vidnovlennya_dnipra_n565080|title= Kolomoisky announced the restoration of Dnipro|publisher={{ill|Football 24|uk|Футбол 24}} |date=21 October 2019|access-date=4 November 2022|language=uk}}</ref> Note: A [[bandy]] team, a basketball team and others use the same name.

Other local football clubs include: FC Lokomotyv Dnipropetrovsk and [[FC Spartak Dnipropetrovsk]], both of which have large fan bases. [[SC Dnipro-1]] is another team emerged in 2017.<ref name="skdnipro1tid1334">{{cite web |url=https://football24.ua/sk_dnipro_1_tid1334/|title=SC Dnipro-1 profile, statistics and news|publisher={{ill|Football 24|uk|Футбол 24}} |access-date=4 November 2022|language=uk}}</ref> SC Dnipro-1 established itself as the most successful club in town; playing in the Ukrainian Premier League, the [[UEFA Europa League]] and the [[UEFA Europa Conference League]].<ref name="skdnipro1tid1334"/>

In 2008 the city built a new soccer stadium; the [[Dnipro-Arena]] has a capacity of 31,003 people and was built as a replacement for Dnipro's old stadium, [[Stadium Meteor]].<ref name="Dnipro2007aug28Wilson">{{cite web|author=[[Jonathan Wilson (writer)|Jonathan Wilson]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/aug/28/europeanfootball.dniprodnipropetrovsk|title=Three's a crowd for Dynamo and Shakhtar|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 August 2007|access-date=4 November 2022|language=English}}</ref> The Dnipro-Arena hosted the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] qualification game between [[Ukraine national football team|Ukraine]] and [[England national football team|England]] on 10 October 2009. The Dnipro Arena was initially chosen as one of the Ukrainian venues for their joint [[Euro 2012]] [[UEFA Euro 2012 bids|bid]] with [[Poland]]. However, it was dropped from the list in May 2009 as the capacity fell short of the minimum 33,000 seats required by [[UEFA]].<ref name="Dnipro256553euro2012">{{cite web |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/kiev-and-donetsk-likely-for-euro-2012-others-uncertain.256553|title=Kiev and Donetsk likely for Euro 2012, others uncertain|publisher=[[Times of Malta]]|date=12 May 2009|access-date=4 November 2022|language=English}}</ref> The city is home to [[BC Dnipro]], champion of the [[2019–20 Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague]]. The team plays its home games at the ''Palace of Sports Shynnik''.

The city is the centre of Ukrainian [[bandy]]. The [[Ukrainian Federation of Bandy and Rink-Bandy]] has its office in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukrbandy.org.ua/about_en.html |title=Ukrainian bandy and rink-bandy federation. About Federation |publisher=Ukrbandy.org.ua |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223045433/http://www.ukrbandy.org.ua/about_en.html |archive-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> The foremost local bandy club is [[Dnipro (bandy)|Dnipro]], which won the [[List of Ukrainian bandy champions|Ukrainian championship]] in 2014.

==Notable people==
[[File:Hpb.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Helena Blavatsky]], 1877]]
[[File:1991 CPA 6314.jpg|thumb|140px|USSR stamp, centenary of [[Sergei Prokofiev]], 1991]]
[[File:Yulia Tymoshenko 2011.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Yulia Tymoshenko]], 2011]]
{{Further|:Category:People from Dnipro}}
{{See also|List of mayors and political chiefs of the Dnipro city administration}}

* [[Peter Arshinov]] (1886–1937) – Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary and intellectual, chronicled the history of the [[Makhnovshchina]], a stateless anarchist society in Ukraine.
* [[Helena Blavatsky]] (1831–1891) – founder of [[Theosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna |volume= 4 | page = 48 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Oles Honchar]] (1918–1995) – [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] writer and public figure and member of the [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukrainian parliament]].
* [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] (born 1964) – Former Secretary of the [[National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turchynov becomes secretary of Ukraine's NSDC |url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/240095.html |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Interfax-Ukraine |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gennadiy Bogolyubov]] (born 1961/1962) – Ukrainian-Cypriot-Israeli billionaire businessman, [[Privat Group]].
* [[Valentyn Reznichenko]] (born 1972) – The [[Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] 2020–2023.
* [[Borys Filatov]] (born 1972) – The current mayor of Dnipro.
* [[Yuriy Tkach]] (born 1983) Ukrainian comedian and actor.
* [[Kyrylo Tymoshenko]] (born 1989) Ukrainian politician who served as deputy [[Office of the President of Ukraine|Head of the Office of the President of Ukraine]] 2019–2023.
* [[Viktor Chebrikov]] (1923–1999) – head of the [[KGB]] 1982–1988.
* [[Dmytro Derevytskyy]] (born 1973) – Ukrainian entrepreneur
* [[Katherine Esau]] (1898–1997) German-American botanist.
* [[Vsevolod Garshin]] (1855–1888) – Russian author of short stories.
* [[Helen Gerardia]] (1903–1988) – American painter.<ref name=SI1>{{cite web |title=Helen Gerardia |url=http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artist/?id=1779 |website=Smithsonian American Art Museum |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=2 January 2016}}</ref>
* [[Linor Goralik]] (born 1975) [[flash fiction]] author, poet and essayist.
* [[Ilya Kabakov]] (born 1933) – Russian–American conceptual artist.
* [[Pavlo Khazan]] (born 1974) – Ukrainian ecologist and politician.
* [[Ihor Kolomoyskyi]] (born 1963 – U.S.-indicted Ukrainian-Cypriot-Israeli billionaire businessman, [[Privat Group]].
* [[Leonid Kogan]] (1924–1982) – violinist.
* [[Yuri Krasny]] (born 1946) — educational theorist.
* [[Victor Kravchenko (defector)|Victor Kravchenko]] (1905–1966) Soviet defector.
* [[Valerii Kryshen]] (born 1955) – scientist, doctor of medicine and professor.
* [[Leonid Kuchma]] (born 1938) – [[President of Ukraine]] in 1994–2005.
* [[Ihor Lachenkov]] (born 1999) – Influencer, blogger and volunteer.
* [[Leonid Levin]] (born 1948) Soviet-American mathematician and computer scientist.
* [[Lera Loeb]] (born {{circa|1979}} – 1980) – fashion blogger and publicist.
* [[Konstantin Lopushansky]] (born 1947) – film director, film theorist and author.
* [[Pavlo Matviienko]] (born 1973) – politician and entrepreneur.
* [[Marina Maximillian Blumin|Marina Maximilian]] (born 1987) – Israeli singer-songwriter and actress.
* [[Yuriy Meshkov]] (1945–2019) – [[President of Crimea]], 1994–1995.
* [[Igor Morozov (baritone)|Igor Morozov]] (born 1948) – baritone opera singer.
* [[David Nachmansohn]] (1899–1983) – a German-Jewish biochemist.
* [[Viktor Petrov]] (1894–1969) – Ukrainian existentialist writer, pen names ''V. Domontovych'' and ''Viktor Ber.''
* [[Gregor Piatigorsky]] (1903–1976) American classical cellist.
* [[Viktor Pinchuk]] (born 1960) – [[business oligarch]].
* [[Sergei Prokofiev]] (1891–1953) – composer, pianist and conductor.
* [[Boris Sagal]] (1923–1981) – American television and film director.
* [[Daniel Sakhnenko]] (1875–1930) — Ukrainian filmmaker and director.
* [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]]{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} (1902–1994) – the ''"Lubavitcher Rebbe",'' headed the [[Chabad]] Movement.
* [[Moses Schönfinkel]] (1888–1942) – a Russian logician and mathematician.
* [[Oleg Tsaryov]] (born 1970) – politician and separatist leader of [[Novorossiya (confederation)|Novorossiya]] in 2014.
* [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] (born 1960) – Prime Minister of Ukraine in 2005 and 2007–10, and candidate in the [[2010 Ukrainian presidential election]].
* [[Olena Vaneeva]] (born 1982) – mathematician and vice head of the [[NASU Institute of Mathematics]].
* [[Alexander Pavlovich Vasiliev]] – (1894–ca.1944), an Orthodox, later Greek-Catholic, priest.
[[File:Igor Olshansky crop.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Igor Olshansky]], 2011]]
[[File:Olesya Povh Paris 2011.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Olesya Povh]], 2011]]

=== Sport ===
* [[Oksana Baiul]] (born 1977) – [[1994 Winter Olympics]] [[figure skating]] gold medalist
* [[Anatoliy Demyanenko]] (born 1959) – Ukrainian football coach and former football defender.
* [[Artem Dolgopyat]] (born 1997) – Israeli artistic gymnast (Olympic medalist, second in world championships)
* [[Marharyta Dorozhon]] (born 1987) – Ukrainian/Israeli Olympic [[javelin throw]]er
* [[Kyrylo Fesenko]] (born 1986) – [[NBA]] basketball player
* [[Inessa Kravets]] (born 1966) – long jumper and triple jumper
* [[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]] (born 2001) – high jumper
* [[Igor Olshansky]] (born 1982) – [[NFL]] defensive tackle
* [[Olesya Povh]] (born 1987) – Olympic bronze medalist runner
* [[Oleh Protasov]] (born 1964) – former Ukrainian footballer
* [[Inna Ryzhykh]] (born 1985) – professional triathlete
* [[Adel Tankova]] (born 2000) – Ukrainian-born Israeli Olympic figure skater
* [[Oleg Tverdokhleb]] (1969–1995) – athlete, 400-metre hurdles
* [[Tatiana Volosozhar]] (born 1986) – figure skating Olympic gold medalist, [[2014 Winter Olympic Games|2014]]

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine}}
Dnipro is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Підписання угоди про партнерські відносини між містами Дніпропетровськ і Солнок. |url=https://dniprorada.gov.ua/uk/articles/item/14132/pidpisannja-ugodi-pro-partnerski-vidnosini-mizh-mistami-dnipropetrovsk-i-solnok |website=dniprorada.gov.ua |publisher=Dnipro |language=uk |date=12 September 2013 |access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Гарады-партнёры |url=http://gomel.gov.by/by/content/economics/vneshneekonomicheskaya-deyatelnost/goroda-partnyery/ |website=gomel.gov.by |publisher=Gomel |language=be |access-date=2020-03-31 |archive-date=23 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423194901/http://gomel.gov.by/by/content/economics/vneshneekonomicheskaya-deyatelnost/goroda-partnyery/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Dalian]], China
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Regional Municipality of Durham|Durham]], Canada
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Gomel]], Belarus (2018)
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Herzliya]], Israel (1992)
*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Kutaisi]], Georgia
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Szczecin]], Poland (2010)
*{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan (1998)
*{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Vilnius]], Lithuania (1988)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xi'an]], China (1998)
*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Žilina]], Slovakia (1993)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Cologne]], Germany (2024)
<!--Bern, Thessaloniki, Szolnok - not twinning, Russian cities - twinning ended-->
{{div col end}}

===Friendship cooperation cities===
Dnipro also cooperates with:<ref name=sisters>{{cite web |title=The City of Osaka's International Network|url=https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/keizaisenryaku/english/international_network.html|website=city.osaka.lg.jp|publisher=Osaka|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415203553/https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/keizaisenryaku/english/international_network.html|archive-date=15 April 2021}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|JAP}} [[Osaka]], Japan (2022)
* [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids]], USA (2023)

==See also==
* [[Dnepropetrovsk maniacs]]
* [[Golden Rose Synagogue, Dnipro]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Avrich |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Avrich |title=[[The Russian Anarchists]] |year=1971 |orig-year=1967 |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0691007667 |oclc=1154930946}}
* Михаил Александрович Шатров (Штейн). Город на трёх холмах. – Днепропетровск: Промiнь, 1969. (in Russian)
* Алексей Николаевич Толстой. Хождение по мукам. – М.: Художественная литература, 1976. (in Russian)
* Дмитрий Яворницкий. История города Екатеринослава. – Днепропетровск: Сiч, 1996. (in Russian)
* Справочник "Освобождение городов: Справочник по освобождению городов в период Великой Отечественной войны 1941—1945" / М. Л. Дударенко, Ю. Г. Перечнев, В. Т. Елисеев и др. М.: Воениздат, 1985. 598 с. (in Russian)
* Описание населенных мест Екатеринославской губернии на 1-е января 1925 г. – Екатеринослав: Типо-Литография Екатерининской ж.д., 1925. – 635 с. (in Russian)
* {{cite book|first=Sergei I. |last=Zhuk|title=Rock and Roll in the Rocket City: The West, Identity, and Ideology in Soviet Dniepropetrovsk, 1960–1985 '|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press & Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press|year=2010|pages=18–28}}
* {{cite book |last=Hilberg |first=Raul |author-link=Raul Hilberg |title=The Destruction of the European Jews |location=New York |publisher=Holmes & Meier |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8419-0832-1|title-link=The Destruction of the European Jews}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Collier's poster|Ekaterinoslav}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Ekaterinoslav (town) |volume= 9 | page = 139 }}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Ekaterinoslav (government) |volume= 9 | page = 139 }}
*{{cite web |url=https://dp.locator.ua/?l=en |title=Dnipro City Guide. Map of city. |language=en}}
*{{cite web |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/eng/ |title=Welcome to Dnipro City!}}
*{{cite web |url=https://vn.com.ua/ua/catalog/dnepropetrovskaya-oblast/dnepr|title=vn.com.ua – the most complete information base of all residential complexes of Dnipro|language=uk}}
*{{cite web |url=http://dnepr.info |title=Entertaining-information portal of Dnipro |language=uk}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=283|title=The murder of the Jews of Dnipro during World War II|publisher=[[Yad Vashem]]}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre={{flagicon image|Флаг Днепропетровска 2.png}} Dnipro
|North={{flagicon image|Dnepropetrovskiy rayon prapor.png}} [[Dnipro Raion]]
|Northeast=
|East={{flagicon image|Dnepropetrovskiy rayon prapor.png}} [[Dnipro Raion]]
|Southeast=
|South={{flagicon image|Dnepropetrovskiy rayon prapor.png}} [[Dnipro Raion]]
|Southwest=
|West={{flagicon image|Flag of Dniprodzerzhynsk.svg}} [[Kamianske]]
|Northwest={{flagicon image|Petrikivskiy_rayon_prapor.png}} [[Petrykivka Raion]]
}}
{{Subject bar|commons=y|voy=y|wikt=y|q=|b=|v=|s=}}
{{Subject bar|portal1=Ukraine|portal2=Europe }}
{{Dnipro Municipality}}
{{Navboxes
|list=
{{Dnipropetrovsk Oblast}}
{{Administrative divisions of Ukraine}}
{{Cities in Ukraine}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dnipro| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Yekaterinoslavsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Former closed cities]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1776]]
[[Category:Cities of regional significance in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1776 establishments in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Dnieper in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Oblast centers in Ukraine]]