View source for Dnieper

{{Short description|River in Eastern Europe}}
{{distinguish|text=the [[Dniester]], which also flows through Ukraine}}
{{About|the river|other uses|Dnieper (disambiguation)|and|Dnipro (disambiguation)|and|Dnepr (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Dnieper
| native_name = {{native name list |tag1=ru|name1=Днепр |tag2=be|name2=Дняпро |tag3=uk|name3=Дніпро}}
| name_other = 
| name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
| image = Dniepr river in Kyiv.jpg
| image_size = 
| image_caption = Dnieper in [[Kyiv]]
| map = Dnipro Basin River Town International.png
| map_size = 
| map_caption = Dnieper River drainage basin (lighter tones)
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_size = 
| pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION -->
| subdivision_type1 = Countries
| subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Russia]]|[[Belarus]]|[[Ukraine]]}}
| subdivision_type2 = 
| subdivision_name2 = 
| subdivision_type3 = 
| subdivision_name3 = 
| subdivision_type4 = 
| subdivision_name4 = 
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Dorogobuzh]]|[[Smolensk]]|[[Mogilev]]|[[Kyiv]]|[[Cherkasy]]|[[Dnipro]]|[[Zaporizhzhia]]|[[Kherson]]}}
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{convert|2201|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min = 
| width_avg = 
| width_max = 
| depth_min = 
| depth_avg = 
| depth_max = 
| discharge1_location = [[Kherson]]
| discharge1_min = 
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|1670|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
| source1 = 
| source1_location = [[Valdai Hills]], Russia
| source1_coordinates = {{Coord|55|52|18.08|N|33|43|27.08|E|type:river_region:RU-SMO|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|220|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = Dnieper Delta
| mouth_location = Ukraine
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|46|30|00|N|32|20|00|E|type:river_region:UA-48|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression = 
| river_system = 
| basin_size = {{convert|504000|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left = [[Sozh River|Sozh]], [[Desna River|Desna]], [[Trubizh River|Trubizh]], [[Supiy River|Supiy]], [[Sula River|Sula]], [[Psel River|Psel]], [[Vorskla]], [[Samara (Dnieper)|Samara]], [[Konka (river, Kherson Oblast)|Konka (Kherson Oblast)]], [[Konka (river, Zaporizhzhia Oblast)|Konka (Zaporizhzhia Oblast)]], [[Bilozerka River|Bilozerka]]
| tributaries_right = [[Drut River|Drut]], [[Berezina River|Berezina]], [[Pripyat River|Pripyat]], [[Teteriv River|Teteriv]], [[Irpin River|Irpin]], [[Stuhna River|Stuhna]], [[Ros River|Ros]], [[Tiasmyn River|Tiasmyn]], [[Bazavluk River|Bazavluk]], [[Inhulets River|Inhulets]]
| custom_label = Protection status
| custom_data = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Dnieper River Floodplain
| designation1_date = 29 May 2014
| designation1_number = 2244<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dnieper River Floodplain|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2244|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}}
| mapframe = yes | mapframe-wikidata=yes | mapframe-zoom=4 | mapframe-height=250 | mapframe-stroke-width=1.5
}}
{{routemap
|title=Settlements next to the Dnieper<br/>Towns/villages
|top=<small>blank spaces indicate as place above (")</small>
|title-color=DarkSlateBlue
|title-bg=FFFFF0
|collapse=yes
|map=
uexKHSTa~~Bocharovo
uexSTR~~Verkhnedneprovsky
uexSTR~~[[Dorogobuzh]]
uexSTR~~[[Smolensk]]
Russia–Belarus border! !uENDExa
uSTR~~[[Dubroŭna]]
uSTR~~[[Orsha]]
uSTR~~[[Kopys]]
uSTR~~[[Shkloŭ]]
uSTR~~[[Mogilev]]
uSTR~~[[Bykhaw]]
uSTR~~[[Rahachow]]
uSTR~~[[Žlobin]]
uSTR~~Streshin
uSTR~~[[Rečyca]]
uSTR~~[[Loyew]]
uSTR~~Komarin
Belarus–Ukraine border! !uVGATE
uSTR~~Radul
uSTR~~[[Liubech]]
uSTR~~[[Vyshhorod]]
uehKRZ~~[[Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant]]
uSTR~~[[Kyiv]]
uSTR~~[[Kozyn]]
uSTR~~[[Ukrainka, Kyiv Oblast|Ukrainka]]
uSTR~~[[Rzhyshchiv]]
uSTR~~[[Pereiaslav]]
[[Kaniv]]! !uehKRZ~~[[Kaniv Hydroelectric Power Plant]]
uSTR~~[[Cherkasy]]
uSTR~~[[Svitlovodsk]]
[[Kremenchuk]]! !uehKRZ~~[[Kremenchuk Hydroelectric Power Plant]]
uSTR~~[[Horishni Plavni]]
uSTR~~[[Verkhnodniprovsk]]
[[Kamianske]]! !uehKRZ~~[[Middle Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Plant]]
uSTR~~[[Dnipro]]
[[Zaporizhzhia]]! !uehKRZ~~[[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]]
uSTR~~[[Vasylivka]]
uSTR~~[[Dniprorudne]]
uSTR~~[[Enerhodar]]
uSTR~~[[Nikopol, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|Nikopol]]
uSTR~~[[Kamianka-Dniprovska]]
uSTR~~Novovorontsovka
uSTR~~Velyka Lepetyha
uSTR~~[[Hornostaivka, Kakhovka Raion, Kherson Oblast|Hornostayivka]]
uSTR~~[[Beryslav]]
[[Kakhovka]]! !uehKRZ~~[[Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Plant]]
uSTR~~[[Nova Kakhovka]]
uSTR~~Dnipriany
uSTR~~[[Oleshky]]
uSTR~~[[Kherson]]
uSTR~~Bilozerka
uSTR~~[[Hola Prystan]]
uSTR~~[[Ochakiv]]
End of [[Dnieper Estuary]]—[[Black Sea]]~~ ~~! !uVEEf
}}

The '''Dnieper''' or '''Dnepr''' ({{IPAc-en|(|d|ə|)|ˈ|n|iː|p|ər}} {{Respell|(də|)NEE|pər}}),{{efn|{{Langx|ru|Днепр|Dnepr}}, {{IPA|ru|dnʲepr|pron|ru-Днепр.ogg}};<br/>{{Langx|be|Днепр|Dniepr}}, {{IPA|be|dnʲɛpr|pron}}.}} also called '''Dnipro''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|n|iː|p|r|oʊ}} {{respell|də|NEE|proh}}),{{efn|{{Langx|be|Дняпро|Dniapro|links=no}}, {{IPA|be|dnʲaˈprɔ|pron}};<br/>{{Langx|uk|Дніпро|Dnipro}}, {{IPA|uk|d⁽ʲ⁾n⁽ʲ⁾iˈprɔ|pron|uk-Дніпро.ogg}}.}} is one of the major [[Transboundary river|transboundary]] [[list of rivers of Europe|rivers of Europe]], rising in the [[Valdai Hills]] near [[Smolensk]], [[Russia]], before flowing through [[Belarus]] and [[Ukraine]] to the [[Black Sea]]. Approximately {{convert|2200|km|mi|abbr=on}} long,<ref name=statistics>{{cite web |url = http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/237-main-characteristics-of-the-largest-rivers.html |title = Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus. Main characteristics of the largest rivers of Belarus |website = Land of Ancestors |publisher = Data of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus. |year = 2011 |access-date= 27 September 2013 }}</ref> with a [[drainage basin]] of {{convert|504000|km2|mi2}}, it is the longest river of Ukraine and Belarus and the fourth-[[List of rivers of Europe#Rivers of Europe by length|longest river in Europe]], after the [[Volga]], [[Danube]], and [[Ural (river)|Ural]] rivers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dnieper River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dnieper-River |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

In antiquity, the river was part of the [[Amber Road]] trade routes. During [[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|the Ruin]] in the later 17th century, the area was contested between the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] and [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]], dividing what is now Ukraine into areas described by its [[Right-bank Ukraine|right]] and [[Left-bank Ukraine|left]] banks. During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet period]], the river became noted for its major [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric dams]] and large reservoirs. The 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster]] occurred on the [[Pripyat (river)|Pripyat River]], a tributary of the Dnieper, just upstream from its confluence with the Dnieper. The Dnieper is an important navigable [[waterway]] for the [[economy of Ukraine]] and is connected by the [[Dnieper–Bug Canal]] to other waterways in Europe. During the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], certain segments of the river were made part of the defensive lines between territory controlled by the Russians and the Ukrainians.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Helene |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |last3=Barnes |first3=Julian E. |date=2022-11-12 |title=Winter Will Be a Major Factor in the Ukraine War, Officials Say |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/12/us/politics/winter-ukraine-russia-war.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Russian Forces Digging Trenches, Fortifications On Banks Of Dnieper River, Satellite Imagery Shows |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-russia-dnieper-trenches-fortifications-satellite-photos/32127029.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en|last1=Ovsyaniy |first1=Kyrylo }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-11 |title=Ukraine in 'final stage' of reclaiming west bank of Dnipro River |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-final-stage-reclaiming-right-river-bank-kherson-region-2022-11-11/ |access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref>

==Names==
===Dnieper===
[[File:Pontic Olbia Borysthenes.jpg|thumb|Human representation of the Dnieper river (known as [[Borysthenes]]) on an Ancient Greek coin of [[Pontic Olbia]], 4th–3rd century BC]]
[[File:Mahiloŭ, Dniaproŭski most-Traječča. Магілёў, Дняпроўскі мост-Траечча (1901-17).jpg|thumb|Pre-1918 photo with the old spelling of Dnieper ({{lang|ru-petr1708|Днѣпръ}})]]
The river is also sometimes called by the [[Russian language|Russian]] name ''Dnepr''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dnepr |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/dnepr |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Collins English Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dnepr |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Dnepr |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Dictionary.com (Random House Unabridged Dictionary)}}</ref> ({{Lang|ru|Днепр}},{{sfn|Felecan|Bughesiu|2021|p=406: "To Skythians [...] are traditionally ascribed Russia's oldest surviving toponyms—river names ''Дон'' (''Don'') and ''Днепр'' (''Dnepr, Dnieper'')"}}<ref name=":2" /> [[reforms of Russian orthography#The post-revolution reform|pre-revolutionary spelling]] {{Langx|ru|Днѣпръ|translit=Dněpr|label=none}}).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSaJpwecqZIC&pg=PA20 | title=Днѣпр и приднѣпровье: Описаніе губерній, смоленкой, Минской. Черниговской, Киевской, Полтавской, Екатеринославской, Херсонской, Таврической и Курской| last1=Турбин| first1=Сергей Иванович| year=1879}}</ref>The initial D in Dnieper is generally silent when pronounced in English, although it may be sounded: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|iː|p|ə(r)}}<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Dnieper|access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|d|ə<!--check the sound file: the transcription does not match-->|ˈ|n|iː|p|ə(r)}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite dictionary |title=Dnieper |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Dnieper |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202094055/https://www.lexico.com/definition/dnieper |archive-date=2020-12-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Dnipro'' derives from {{langx|uk|Дніпро|translit=Dnipro}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Cybriwsky |first=Roman A. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1038735219 |title=Along Ukraine's river : a social andenvironmental history of the Dnipro |publisher=Central European University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-963-386-205-6 |location=Budapest |pages=7 |language=en |oclc=1038735219 |quote=Much of the world knows the Dnipro only as the Dnieper, a name based on the Russian-language ''Dnepr'' and widely used before Ukraine achieved its independence in 1991, in concert with the fall of the Soviet Union. “Dnipro” is the Ukrainian-language word for the river, and is now its official name for international usage.}}</ref> The English pronunciation is {{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|n|iː|p|r|əʊ}}.<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dnipro Dnipro] ''www.dictionary.com''</ref> The Ukrainian name has a rare form {{Langx|uk|Дніпр|translit=Dnipr|label=none}} and rare dialectal {{Langx|uk|Дніпер|translit=Dniper|label=none}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Runyc'kyj |first=Jaroslav B. |title=An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language |publisher=Ukrainian Mohylo-Mazepian Academy of Sciences and Ukrainian Language Association |year=1982 |volume=II |location=Ottawa |pages=154–56 |language=en}}</ref> The Middle Ukrainian form attested in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries was {{Langx|uk|Днѣпръ|translit=Dnǐpr|label=none}}.<ref name=":1" /> The city of [[Dnipro]] is named for the river.<!--this is also the pronunciation of the sound file at Lexico. Webster's doesn't have Dnipro but keeps the 'd' in Dnipropetrovs'k and Dniprodzerzhyns'k.-->

In [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], the river is called {{langx|be|Дняпро|translit=Dniapro|label=none}}, or {{langx|be|Днепр|Dniepr|label=none}}.<ref>Блакітная кніга Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя. — Мінск: Беларуская Энцыклапедыя, 1994. — С. 144. — 415 с. — 10 000 экз.</ref>

These names are all cognate, deriving from [[Old East Slavic language|Old East Slavic]] {{lang|orv|Дънѣпръ}} (''Dŭněprŭ''). The origin of this name is disputed but generally derived from either [[Sarmatian language|Sarmatian]] *{{lang|xsc|Dānu Apara}} ("Farther River") in parallel with the [[Dniester]] ("Nearer River") or from [[Scythian language|Scythian]] *{{lang|xsc|Dānu Apr}} ("Deep River") in reference to its lack of [[river ford|fords]],<ref name="Mallory, J.P 2000. p. 106">{{cite book |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P. |first2=Victor H. |last2=Mair |title=The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West |location=London |publisher=Thames and Hudson |year=2000 |page=106 |isbn=0-500-05101-1 }}</ref><ref>[http://i.ironau.ru/pdf/osjazfolk1949.pdf Абаев В. И. Осетинский язык и фольклор (''tr  "Ossetian language and folklore"''). Moscow:  Publishing house of Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1949. p. 236]</ref> from which was also derived the [[Late Antiquity|Late Antique]] name of the river, {{lang|grc|Δάναπρις}} {{lang|la|Danapris}}, as found in the [[Ravenna Cosmography]].<ref name="smithdictborys">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology|editor-first=William|editor-last=Smith|author-first=Philip|author-last=Smith|title=BORY´STHENES|place=London|publisher=John Murray|year=1854}}</ref>{{sfn|Felecan|Bughesiu|2021|p=406}}

===Borysthenes===
The earlier Graeco-Roman name of the river, as attested by [[Herodotus]], was "[[Borysthenes]]" ({{langx|grc|Βορυσθενης|translit=Borusthenēs}};{{sfn|Felecan|Bughesiu|2021|p=406}} {{langx|la|Borysthenes}}, {{Langx|uk|Бористен, Борисфен|translit=Borysten, Borysfen}}<ref name=":1" />) and later {{lang|el|Δάναπρις}} ''Danapris''.{{sfn|Felecan|Bughesiu|2021|p=406}} The name ''Borysthenes'' was derived from a Scythian name whose form was:
*either {{transliteration|xsc|Baurastāna}}, meaning "yellow place,"{{sfn|Bukharin|2013|p=23}}
*or {{transliteration|xsc|Baurustāna}} meant "place of beavers."{{sfn|Kullanda|2013|p=39–41}}
**this name was linked to the mantle of beaver skins worn by the Iranic water goddess [[Anahita|Arəduuī Sūrā Anāhitā]], whose epithet of {{transliteration|ae|āp}} ({{langx|ae|{{script|Avst|𐬁𐬞}}|lit=water}}) was connected to the name of the daughter of the river-god Borysthenēs in Scythian mythology, the Earth-and-Water goddess [[Scythian religion#Api|Api]], whose own name meant "water."{{sfn|Kullanda|2013|p=39–41}}

[[Ovid]] used {{lang|la|Borysthenius}}, an adjective derived from {{lang|la|Borysthenes}}, as the river's poetic Latin name.<ref name="l&sborysthenes2">{{cite encyclopedia|author1-first=Charlton|author1-last=Lewis|author2-first=Charles|author2-last=Short|encyclopedia=A Latin Dictionary. Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten by. Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. and. Charles Short, LL.D.|title=Bŏrysthĕnes, is|place=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1879|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DBorysthenes}}</ref>

===Var===
The [[Huns]]' name for the river, {{transliteration|xhc|Var}}, was derived from Scythian {{transliteration|xsc|*Varu}}, meaning "Broad." This name was connected to the Graeco-Roman name of the [[Volga]] river, {{transliteration|en|Oarus}} ({{langx|grc|Οαρος|translit=Oaros}}; {{langx|la|Oarus}}), which was also derived from Scythian {{transliteration|xsc|*Varu}}.{{sfn|Harmatta|1999|p=129}}

===Other names===
In Ukrainian it is also known poetically as {{Langx|uk|Славутич|translit=Slavutych|label=none}} or {{Langx|uk|Славута|translit=Slavuta|label=none}},<ref name=":1" /> from an old name used in [[Kievan Rus']]. This is due to the influence of the [[Old East Slavic]] [[epic poetry|epic]] ''[[The Tale of Igor's Campaign]]'' and its modern adaptations on Ukrainian literature. This usage also lent its name to the city of [[Slavutych]], founded in the wake of the [[Chernobyl disaster]] in 1986 to house displaced workers,<ref name="Yatzik2">{{cite book|author1-last = Яцик|author1-first=А. В.|author2-last= Яковлєв|author2-first=Є. О.|author3-last=Осадчук|author3-first=В. О. |title = До питання щодо спуску Київського водосховища (''Do pytanni︠a︡ shchodo spusku kyïvsʹkoho vodoskhovyshcha'') |editor = А. В. Яцика |place = Kiev |publisher = Оріяни (Oriany)|year = 2002 |pages = 6–12 |isbn = 966-7373-78-9 |language = uk}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2022}} and to the [[Slavutych (Kyiv Metro)|Slavutych]] station of the [[Kyiv Metro]].

In [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], the river is known as {{Langx|crh|Özü|label=none|italic=yes}}. In [[Turkish language|Turkish]] it is {{Langx|tr|Özü|label=none}} or {{Langx|tr|Özi|label=none}}, which was derived from [[Ochakiv]].<ref>{{TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ozu|title=ÖZÜ: Günümüzde Ukrayna sınırları içinde bulunan tarihî bir kale ve şehir.|trans-title=ABSTRACT: A historical castle and city located within the borders of Ukraine today.|author=Temel Öztürk}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{see also|List of crossings of the Dnieper River}}
The total length of the river is variously given as {{convert|2145|km|mi}}<ref name=statistics /> or {{convert|2201|km|mi|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite book |last=Zastavnyi |first=F. D. |url=https://geoknigi.com/book_view.php?id=798 |title=Physical Geography of Ukraine. Rivers of Ukraine. Dnieper |work= |year=2000 |series=Forum |location=Kyiv}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Masliak |first1=P. |title=Heohrafii︠a︡ Ukraïny |last2=Shyshchenko |first2=P. |work= |year=1998 |isbn=966-7090-06-X |series=Zodiak-eko |location=Kyiv |trans-title=Geography of Ukraine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnieper.org/category/50|title=Website about Dnieper|access-date=6 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221114212/http://www.dnieper.org/category/50|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Mishyna, Liliana. ''[http://www.hydrography.com.ua/uf/File/Publicat/vd013.009.pdf Hydrographic research of Dnieper river] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072120/http://www.hydrography.com.ua/uf/File/Publicat/vd013.009.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}''. Derzhhidrohrafiya.</ref> of which {{convert|485|km|mi|abbr=on}} are within Russia, {{convert|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} are within [[Belarus]],<ref name=statistics /> and {{convert|1095|km|mi|abbr=on}} are within [[Ukraine]]. Its basin covers {{convert|504000|km2|mi2}}, of which {{convert|289000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} are within Ukraine,<ref name="EoU">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\D\N\DnieperRiver.htm |title=Dnieper River |access-date=19 January 2007 |last=Kubiyovych |first=Volodymyr |author-link=Volodymyr Kubiyovych |author2=Ivan Teslia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukraine }}</ref> {{convert|118360|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} are within Belarus.<ref name=statistics />

The source of the Dnieper is the sedge bogs (Akseninsky Mokh) of the [[Valdai Hills]] in central Russia, at an elevation of {{convert|220|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="EoU"/> For {{convert|115|km|mi|abbr=on}} of its length, it serves as the border between Belarus and Ukraine. Its estuary, or [[Liman (landform)|liman]], used to be defended by the strong fortress of Ochakiv.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}<ref>[http://www.baarnhielm.net/~gorbaa/Kartor/Rysslandskartor/Rysslandskartor.htm Sigismund von Herberstein places 'Oczakow' (today's "Ochakiv") on the coast of the Black Sea (Ponti Evxini) in his 1549 map.]''www.baarnhielm.net'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063113/http://www.baarnhielm.net/~gorbaa/Kartor/Rysslandskartor/Rysslandskartor.htm |date=17 September 2009 }}</ref>

The southernmost point in Belarus is on the Dnieper to the south of [[Kamaryn]] in [[Brahin Raion]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/235-coordinates-of-the-extreme-points-of-the-state-frontier.html |title = Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus. Coordinates of the extreme points of the state frontier |website = Land of Ancestors |publisher = The Scientific and Production State Republican Unitary Enterprise "National Cadastre Agency" of the State Property Committee of the Republic of Belarus |year = 2011 |access-date= 20 September 2013 }}</ref>

===Tributaries===
{{main|Dnieper basin}}
[[File:Bo-map.png|thumb|right|Waterbodies in Belarus, including a section of the Dnieper river]]
The Dnieper has many [[tributaries]] (up to 32,000) with 89 being rivers of 100+ km.<ref name="splendid">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150704120723/http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/rozkishniy_dnipro_nemae__rivnoii_yomu_riki_2070837 Splendid Dnieper. There is no straighter river]. [[Ukrinform]]. 4 July 2015</ref> The main ones are, [[orographic sequence|from its source to its mouth]], with left (L) or right (R) bank indicated:
[[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|right|Context of the Dnieper basin showing peoples in the ninth century]]

{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Vyazma (river)|Vyazma]] (L)
* [[Vop (river)|Vop]] (R)
* [[Khmost]] (R)
* [[Myareya]] (L)
* [[Drut (river)|Drut]] (R)
* [[Berezina]] (R)
* [[Sozh]] (L)
* [[Pripyat (river)|Pripyat]] (R)
* [[Teteriv]] (R)
* [[Irpin (river)|Irpin]] (R)
* [[Desna (river)|Desna]] (L)
* [[Stuhna]] (R)
* [[Trubizh]] (L)
* [[Ros (river)|Ros]] (R)
* [[Tiasmyn]] (R)
* [[Supii]] (L)
* [[Sula (Dnieper)|Sula]] (L)
* [[Psel (river)|Psel]] (L)
* [[Vorskla]] (L)
* [[Oril]] (L)
* [[Samara (Dnieper)|Samara]] (L)
* [[Konka (river, Kherson Oblast)|Konka (Kherson Oblast)]]
* [[Konka (river, Zaporizhzhia Oblast)|Konka (Zaporizhzhia Oblast)]]
* [[Bilozerka (river)|Bilozerka]] (L)
* [[Bazavluk]] (R)
* [[Inhulets]] (R)
{{div col end}}

Many small direct tributaries also exist, such as, in the Kyiv area, the Syrets (right bank) in the north of the city, the historically significant [[Lybid]] (right bank) passing west of the centre, and the Borshahivka (right bank) to the south.

The water resources of the Dnieper basin compose around 80% of the total for all Ukraine.<ref name="splendid"/>

===Rapids===
[[File:Дніпрові пороги 1915.jpg|thumb|Rapids at Dnieper in 1915]]
[[File:Tractus Borysthenis vulgo Dniepr et Niepr Dicti, à Kiovia ufque ad Bouzin, Willem Blaeu (Amsterdam, 1662).jpg|thumb|Tractus Borysthenis or Dnieper (from Bovzin city to Chortyca island) in 1662]]
The [[Dnieper Rapids]] were part of the [[trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks]], first mentioned in the [[Kievan Chronicle|Kyiv Chronicle]].{{clarify|date=April 2018}} The route was probably established in the late eighth and early ninth centuries and gained significant importance from the tenth until the first third of the eleventh century. On the Dnieper the [[Varangian]]s had to [[portage]] their ships round seven rapids, where they had to be on guard for [[Pecheneg]] nomads.

Along this middle flow of the Dnieper, there were 9 major rapids (although some sources cite a smaller number), obstructing almost the whole width of the river, about 30 to 40 smaller rapids, obstructing only part of the river, and about 60 islands and islets.

After the Dnieper hydroelectric station was built in 1932, they were inundated by [[Dnieper Reservoir]].

===Canals===
There are a number of canals connected to the Dnieper:
*The [[Dnipro – Donbas Canal]];
*The [[Dnipro – Kryvyi Rih Canal]];
*The [[Kakhovka Irrigation System]] (including [[Kakhovka Canal]], SE [[Kherson Oblast]]);
*The Krasnoznamianka Irrigation System (SW [[Kherson Oblast]]);
*The [[North Crimean Canal]]—will largely solve the water problem of the peninsula, especially in the arid northern and eastern [[Crimea]];
*The Inhulets Irrigation System.

===Fauna===
The river is part of the [[quagga mussel]]'s native range.<ref name="Benson">{{cite web|last=Benson|first=AJ|title=Dreissena rostriformis bugensis Andrusov, 1897 |trans-title= |url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=95|work=Nonindigenous Aquatic Species|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2 May 2014}}</ref> The mussel has been accidentally introduced around the world, where it has become an [[invasive species]].<ref name="Benson"/>

=== Delta ===
[[File:Dnipro estuary.jpg|thumb|Thematic map (upper) and false-colour IR from satellite images of the Dnieper delta, captured 8 August 2015]]
The city of [[Kherson]] lies on the northern bank, upstream of the Dnieper [[river delta|delta]], before the Dnieper meets the [[Southern Bug]] river in the [[Dnieper–Bug estuary]].

==Ecology==
Nowadays the Dnieper River suffers from [[Anthropogenic hazard|anthropogenic]] influence resulting in numerous emissions of pollutants.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=V. |last1=Snytko |first2=V. |last2=Shirokova |first3=N. |last3=Ozerova |first4=O. |last4=Romanova |first5=A. |last5=Sobisevich |url=https://istina.msu.ru/download/72648647/1dtpjo:9hv28p6sdrCFiJq4csV-mv7yymA/ |title=Hydrological situation of the Upper Dnieper |journal=GeoConference SGEM |year=2017 |volume=17 |issue=31 |pages=379–384 }}</ref> The Dnieper is close to the [[Prydniprovsky Chemical Plant radioactive dumps]] (near [[Kamianske]]) and susceptible to leakage of its radioactive waste. The river is also close to the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station]] ([[Chernobyl Exclusion Zone]]) which is located next to the mouth of the [[Pripyat River]].

==Navigation==
Almost {{convert|2000|km|abbr=on}} of the river is navigable (to the city of [[Dorogobuzh]]).<ref name="splendid"/> The Dnieper is important for [[Transport in Ukraine|transportation]] in the [[economy of Ukraine]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} Its reservoirs have large ship locks, allowing vessels of up to {{convert|270|x|18|m|ft}} access as far as the port of [[Kyiv]], and thus are an important transportation corridor.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} The river is used by passenger vessels as well. Inland cruises on the rivers [[Danube]] and Dnieper have had a growing market in recent decades.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Upstream from Kyiv, the Dnieper receives the water of the [[Pripyat River]]. This navigable river connects to the [[Dnieper-Bug canal]], the link with the [[Bug River]]. Historically, a connection with the Western European waterways was possible, but a [[weir]] without any ship lock near the town of [[Brest, Belarus]], has interrupted this international waterway. Poor political relations between Western Europe and Belarus mean there is little likelihood of reopening this waterway in the near future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcnavigo.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109123915/http://www.noordersoft.com/indexen.html |url-status=dead |title=PC-Navigo – Dé routeplanner voor de binnenwateren |trans-title=PC-Navigo – The route planner for inland waterways |archive-date=9 November 2005 |website=PC Navigo}}</ref> River navigation is interrupted each year by freezing and severe winter storms.

==Reservoirs and hydroelectric power==
{{main|Dnieper reservoir cascade}}
{{Location map+|Ukraine|relief=1|width=300|label=Dams and hydroelectric stations in the Dniepr.|places=
  {{Location map~|Ukraine|lat_deg=50|lat_min=35|lat_sec=18|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=30|lon_min=30|lon_sec=44|lon_dir=E|label=Kyiv&nbsp;HES}}
  {{Location map~|Ukraine|lat_deg=49|lat_min=46|lat_sec=00|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=31|lon_min=28|lon_sec=18|lon_dir=E|label=Kaniv&nbsp;HES}}
  {{Location map~|Ukraine|lat_deg=49|lat_min=04|lat_sec=39|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=33|lon_min=15|lon_sec=02|lon_dir=E|label=Kremenchuk&nbsp;HES}}
  {{Location map~|Ukraine|lat_deg=48|lat_min=32|lat_sec=53|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=34|lon_min=32|lon_sec=29|lon_dir=E|label=Middle&nbsp;Dnieper&nbsp;HES|position=left}}
  {{Location map~|Ukraine|lat_deg=47|lat_min=52|lat_sec=09|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=35|lon_min=05|lon_sec=13|lon_dir=E|label=Dnieper&nbsp;HES}}
  {{Location map~|Ukraine|lat_deg=46|lat_min=46|lat_sec=34|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=33|lon_min=22|lon_sec=17|lon_dir=E|label=Kahkovka&nbsp;HES†}}
}}
From the mouth of the [[Pripyat River]] to the [[Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station]], there are six sets of dams and [[hydroelectric station]]s, which produce 10% of Ukraine's electricity.<ref name="splendid"/> The Kakhovka dam was [[Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam|destroyed]] on 6 June 2023 during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]],<ref name="ISW_6June2023">{{cite Q|Q119224855|url-status=live}}</ref> with the subsequent drying up of the [[Kakhovka Reservoir]] revealing the original course of the river in the area and disconnecting four canal networks known as the [[Great Meadow, Ukraine|Great Meadow]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65963403|title=Ukraine dam: Satellite images reveal Kakhovka canals drying up|date=22 June 2023|website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

The first constructed was the [[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]] (or DniproHES) near [[Zaporizhzhia]], built between 1927 and 1932 with an output of 558&nbsp;MW.<ref>{{cite book |title=Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka: Politics and people |first1=Edward A. |last1=Hewett |first2=Victor H. |last2=Winston |publisher=Brookings Institution |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DX_sAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Stalin%27s+industrialization%2C+the+famous+Dnieper%22 |page=19 |quote=The importance of Chernobyl' for Soviet industry is best illustrated by comparing it to the key energy project of Stalin's industrialization, the famous Dnieper hydroelectric station, completed in 1932. The largest European hydroelectric station of its time, it had a capacity of 560 MW.|isbn=9780815736240 }}</ref> It was destroyed during [[World War II]], but was rebuilt in 1948 with an output of 750&nbsp;MW.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Location !! Dam !! Reservoir area !! Hydroelectric station !! Date of construction
|-
|[[Kyiv]]||[[Kyiv Reservoir]]||{{convert|922|km2|mi2|disp=or|abbr=on}}||[[Kyiv Hydroelectric Station]]||1960–1964
|-
|[[Kaniv]]||[[Kaniv Reservoir]]||{{convert|675|km2|mi2|disp=or|abbr=on}}||[[Kaniv Hydroelectric Station]]||1963–1975
|-
|[[Kremenchuk]]||[[Kremenchuk Reservoir]]||{{convert|2250|km2|mi2|disp=or|abbr=on}}||[[Kremenchuk Hydroelectric Station]]||1954–1960
|-
|[[Kamianske]]||[[Kamianske Reservoir]]||{{convert|567|km2|mi2|disp=or|abbr=on}}||[[Middle Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Plant]]||1956–1964
|-
|[[Zaporizhzhia]]||[[Dnieper Reservoir]]||{{convert|420|km2|mi2|disp=or|abbr=on}}||[[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]]||1927–1932; 1948
|-
|[[Kakhovka]]||[[Kakhovka Reservoir]]||{{convert|2155|km2|mi2|disp=or|abbr=on}}||[[Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station]]†||1950–1956
|-
|}{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

==Regions and cities==
[[File:Dnieper Nasa 2004-05-06.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the Dnieper and its tributaries]]

===Regions===
{|
|-
|
* [[Smolensk Oblast]], Russia
* [[Vitebsk Region]], Belarus
* [[Mogilev Region]], Belarus
* [[Gomel Region]], Belarus
|
* [[Chernihiv Oblast]], Ukraine
* [[Kyiv Oblast]], Ukraine
* [[Cherkasy Oblast]], Ukraine
* [[Kirovohrad Oblast]], Ukraine
|
* [[Poltava Oblast]], Ukraine
* [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]], Ukraine
* [[Zaporizhzhia Oblast]], Ukraine
* [[Kherson Oblast]], Ukraine
|}
<gallery caption="The Dnieper River in different regions">
File:Dorogobuzh.jpg|The Dnieper River in [[Dorogobuzh]], [[Russian Empire]], before 1917
File:Dnieper River from Kryukivs'kyi bridge in Kremenchuk, Ukraine.jpg|The Dnieper River in [[Kremenchuk]], Ukraine
File:Above Dnieper river video from helicopter - 2004.ogv|The Dnieper river in Ukraine from a [[helicopter]], 2004
</gallery>

===Cities===
Major cities, over 100,000 in population, are in bold script.
Cities and towns located on the Dnieper are listed in order from the river's source (in Russia) to its mouth (in Ukraine):
{|
|-
|
* [[Dorogobuzh]], Russia
* '''[[Smolensk]]''', Russia
* '''[[Orsha]]''', Belarus
* [[Shklow]], Belarus
* '''[[Mogilev]]''', Belarus
* [[Bykhaw]], Belarus
* [[Rahachow]], Belarus
* [[Zhlobin]], Belarus
* [[Rechytsa]], Belarus
* [[Vyshhorod]], Ukraine
* '''[[Kyiv]]''', Ukraine
*[[Ukrainka, Kyiv Oblast|Ukrainka]], Ukraine
*[[Pereiaslav]], Ukraine
* [[Kaniv]], Ukraine
|
* '''[[Cherkasy]]''', Ukraine
* [[Svitlovodsk]], Ukraine
* '''[[Kremenchuk]]''', Ukraine
* [[Horishni Plavni]], Ukraine
* '''[[Kamianske]]''', Ukraine
* '''[[Dnipro]]''', Ukraine
* '''[[Zaporizhzhia]]''', Ukraine
* [[Marhanets]], Ukraine
* '''[[Nikopol, Ukraine|Nikopol]]''', Ukraine
* [[Enerhodar]], Ukraine
* [[Kamianka-Dniprovska]], Ukraine
* [[Kakhovka]], Ukraine
* [[Nova Kakhovka]], Ukraine
* '''[[Kherson]]''', Ukraine
|}

[[Arheimar]], a capital of the [[Goths]], was located on the Dnieper, according to the [[Hervarar saga]].<ref name=KERSHAW>{{cite web|url=http://www.home.ix.netcom.com/~kyamazak/myth/norse/kershaw/Kershaw1s-hervor-and-heithrek.htm |title=An English translation of Hervar saga by Kershaw |access-date=28 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060328125356/http://www.home.ix.netcom.com/~kyamazak/myth/norse/kershaw/Kershaw1s-hervor-and-heithrek.htm |archive-date=28 March 2006 }}</ref>

==In the arts==
===Literature===
The River Dnieper has been a subject of chapter X of a story by [[Nikolai Gogol]] ''[[A Terrible Vengeance]]'' (1831, published in 1832 as a part of the ''[[Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka]]'' short stories collection). It is considered as a classical example of description of the nature in Russian literature. The river was also described in the works of [[Taras Shevchenko]].

In the adventure novel ''[[The Long Ships]]'' (also translated ''Red Orm''), set during the [[Viking Age]], a [[Scania]]n chieftain travels to the Dnieper Rapids to retrieve a treasure hidden there by his brother, encountering many difficulties. The novel was very popular in Sweden and is one of few to depict a Viking voyage to eastern Europe.

===Visual arts===
The River Dnieper has been a subject for artists, great and minor, over the centuries. Major artists with works based on the Dnieper are [[Arkhip Kuindzhi]] and [[Ivan Aivazovsky]].

===Films===
The River Dnieper makes an appearance in the 1964 Hungarian drama film ''The Sons of the Stone-Hearted Man'' (based on the novel of the same name by [[Mór Jókai]]), where it appears when two characters are leaving [[Saint Petersburg]] but get attacked by wolves.

In 1983, the concert program "Song of the Dnieper" from the "Victory Salute" series was released, dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the liberation of the city of [[Kyiv|Kiev]] from the German fascist invaders. The program includes songs by Soviet composers, [[Ukrainian folk music|Ukrainian folk songs]], and dances performed by the Song and Dance Ensemble of the Kiev Military District led by A. Pustovalov, [[P. Virsky Ukrainian National Folk Dance Ensemble]], [[Kyiv Bandurist Capella]], the Military Band of the Headquarters of the Kiev Military District led by A. Kuzmenko, singers [[Anatoliy Mokrenko]], [[Lyudmila Zykina]], [[Anatoliy Solovianenko]], [[Dmytro Hnatyuk]], [[Mykola Hnatyuk]]. Filming on the battlefield, streets and squares of Kiev. Scriptwriter – Victor Meerovsky. Directed by Victor Cherkasov. Operator – Alexander Platonov.<ref>{{YouTube|VE8UQgd756c|Victory Salute. Song of the Dnieper (1983)}}</ref>

The 2018 film ''[[Volcano (2018 film)|Volcano]]'' was filmed at the river in [[Beryslav]], [[Kherson Oblast]].

===Music===
In 1941, [[Mark Fradkin]] wrote "Song of the Dnieper" to the words of [[Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky]].<ref>{{YouTube|suX4D_dkX2A|Kyiv Bandurist Capella – Song of the Dnieper}}</ref>

==Image gallery==
<gallery caption="The Dnieper in painting">
File:Plersch-Odjazd Katarzyny II z Kaniowa w 1787 roku.jpg|''[[Catherine II]] leaving Kaniów in 1787'' by [[Johann Gottlieb Plersch]]
File:Archip Iwanowitsch Kuindshi 001.jpg|''Dnieper'' by [[Arkhip Kuindzhi]], 1881
File:Arkhip Kuindzhi - Ночь на Днепре - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[Moonlit Night on the Dnieper]]'' by [[Arkhip Kuindzhi]], 1882
File:Aivazovsky Ice on Dnipro.jpg|''Ice in the Dnieper'' by [[Ivan Aivazovsky]], 1872
StanislawskiJan.DnieprSzafirowy.1904.ws.jpg|''Sapphire Dnieper'' by [[Jan Stanisławski (painter)|Jan Stanisławski]], 1904
</gallery>

===Popular culture===
* The river is one of the symbols of the Ukrainian nation<ref>''[http://www.ukrlib.com.ua/sochm/printout.php?id=75 Work on the subject Ukrainian national symbols].'' Library of Ukrainian literature.</ref> and is mentioned in the national [[anthem of Ukraine]].
* There are several historical names that connect the name of the river with Ukraine: [[Dnieper Ukraine]] ({{Transliteration|uk|Naddniprianshchyna}}), [[Right-bank Ukraine]], [[Left-bank Ukraine]], and others. 
* The cities [[Dnipro]], [[Dniprorudne]], [[Kamianka-Dniprovska]] are named after the river.
* The [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]] lived on the lower Dnieper and their name refers to their location "beyond the [[rapids]]".<ref>"...the Zaporohjans whose name meant 'those who live beyond the cataracts'...", [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]], ''[[With Fire and Sword]]'', chap. 7.</ref>
* The [[folk metal]] band [[Turisas]] have a song called "The Dnieper Rapids" on their 2007 album ''[[The Varangian Way]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.turisas.com/site/releases/|title=Releases |work=www.turisas.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2022–23 Dnipro River skirmishes]]
* [[List of crossings of the Dnieper]]
* [[List of rivers of Belarus]]
* [[List of rivers of Russia]]
* [[List of rivers of Ukraine]]
* [[Middle Dnieper culture]]
* [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References and footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bukharin |first=Mikhail Dmitrievich |author-link=:ru:Бухарин, Михаил Дмитриевич |date=2013 |title=Колаксай и его братья (античная традиция о происхождении царской власти у скифов |trans-title=Kolaxais and his Brothers (Classical Tradition on the Origin of the Royal Power of the Scythians) |language=ru |url=https://www.academia.edu/6542379 |journal=Аристей: вестник классической филологии и античной истории |volume=8 |issue= |pages=20–80 |doi= |access-date=2022-07-13 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163309/https://www.academia.edu/6542379 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Felecan |first1=Oliviu |last2=Bughesiu |first2=Alina |title=Names and Naming: Multicultural Aspects |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Names_and_Naming/Krg-EAAAQBAJ?hl= |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2021 |isbn=9783030731861 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Kolganova |editor-first1=G. Y. |editor-last2=Kullanda |editor-first2=S. V. |editor-link2=:ru:Кулланда, Сергей Всеволодович |editor-last3=Nemirovsky |editor-first3=A. A. |editor-link3=:ru:Немировский, Александр Аркадьевич |editor-last4=Petrova |editor-first4=A. A. |editor-last5=Safronov |editor-first5=A. V. |last=Kullanda |first=S. V. |author-link=:ru:Кулланда, Сергей Всеволодович |date=2013 |title=Иранский Мир II – I тыс. до н.э. Материалы международной научной конференции, посвященной памяти Эдвина Арвидовича Грантовского и Дмитрия Сергеевича Раевского. Выпуск VI |trans-title=Iranian World 2nd – 1st millennium BC. Proceedings of the International Scientific conference Dedicated to the Memory of Edwin Arvidovich Grantovsky and Dmitry Sergeevich Raevsky. Issue VI |chapter=Скифские этимологии |trans-chapter=Scythian Etymologies |url=https://www.academia.edu/5461605 |location=[[Moscow]], [[Russia]] |publisher=[[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences]] |pages=38–48 |isbn=978-5-892-82576-4 }}
* {{cite book |editor-first1=Olivier |editor-last1=Reverdin |editor-link1=:fr:Olivier Reverdin |editor-first2=Giuseppe |editor-last2=Nenci |editor-link2=:it:Giuseppe Nenci |last=Harmatta |first=János |author-link=János Harmatta |date=1999 |title=Hérodote et les Peuples Non Grecs |trans-title=Herodotus and the Non-Greek Peoples |chapter=Herodotus, Historian of the Cimmerians and the Scythians |url=https://archive.org/details/herodoteetlespeu0035unse |chapter-url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=oac-001%3A1990%3A35%3A%3A381 |language=fr |location=[[Vandœuvres]], [[Switzerland]] |publisher={{ill|Fondation Hardt pour l'étude de l'Antiquité classique|fr|Fondation Hardt|vertical-align=sup}} |pages=115–130 |isbn=978-3-774-92415-4 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Dnieper River}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Dnieper | volume= 8 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link= Peter Kropotkin| last2= Bealby |first2= John Thomas| page = 349 |short= 1}}
* [[Volodymyr Kubiyovych|Volodymyr Kubijovyč]], Ivan Teslia, [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\D\N\DnieperRiver.htm Dnieper River] at the [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/ ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine'']
* [http://dnieper.org/#googtrans/ru/en Site about Dnieper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203001301/http://www.dnieper.org/#googtrans/ru/en |date=3 February 2021 }}—objects over the river, photos, facts
* [http://charts.gov.ua/index_en.htm Dnieper river charts]
* [http://kp.ua/daily/031212/369129/ "Комсомольская правда" об угрозах плотины Киевской ГЭС и водохранилища](''tr. "Komsomolskaya Pravda" about the threats of the dam of the Kyiv hydroelectric power station and the reservoir"'')
* [http://www.aif.ua/incidents/965194 "Аргументы и факты" о реальных угрозах дамбы Киевского водохранилища и ГЭС](''tr. ""Arguments and Facts" about the real threats of the dam of the Kyiv reservoir and hydroelectric power station"'')
* [http://izvestia.ru/news/378899 "Известия" о проблематике плотины Киевского водохранилища и ГЭС] (''tr. ""Izvestia" about the problems of the dam of the Kyiv reservoir and hydroelectric power station"'')
* [http://www.unian.net/society/337483-grozit-li-navodnenie-dambe-kievskogo-morya.html Эксперт УНИАН об угрозах дамбы Киевского водохранилища] (''tr. "UNIAN expert on the threats of the Kyiv reservoir dam"'')
{{refend}}

{{Dnieper River}}
{{Rivers of Russia}}
{{Rivers of Ukraine}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dnieper| ]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]
[[Category:Belarus–Russia border]]
[[Category:Belarus–Ukraine border]]
[[Category:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth–Russian Empire border]]
[[Category:International rivers of Europe]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in Belarus]]
[[Category:Rivers of Belarus]]
[[Category:Rivers of Cherkasy Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Gomel region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Kherson Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Kyiv]]
[[Category:Rivers of Mogilev region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Poltava Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Smolensk Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Vitebsk region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Zaporizhzhia Oblast]]