View source for Distinguished Flying Medal

{{Short description|British military decoration}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox military award
|name= Distinguished Flying Medal
|image= [[File:DFM-GVIR.jpg|151px]][[File:Distinguished Flying Medal, reverse.jpg|148px]]
|caption= Obverse and reverse of the medal
|presenter= UK and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]
|type= Military decoration.
|eligibility= British and (formerly) Commonwealth forces
|awarded_for=''Exceptional valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying in active operations against the enemy''
|campaign=
|status= Discontinued in 1993
|description= 
|clasps=
|established= 3 June 1918
|firstawarded=1918
|lastawarded=1993
|total_awarded= 
|total_awarded_posthumously=
|total_recipients=
|individual=
|precedence_label=Order of Wear
|higher     = [[Military Medal]]<ref name="London Gazette">{{London Gazette|issue=56878|page=3352|date=17 March 2003|supp=y}}</ref>
|lower      = [[Air Force Medal]]<ref name="London Gazette"/>
|related=[[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]]
|image2=[[File:Ribbon - Distinguished Flying Medal.png|100px|centre]]Ribbon bar
|caption2=
}}

The '''Distinguished Flying Medal''' ('''DFM''') was a military decoration awarded to personnel of the [[Royal Air Force]] and other [[British Armed Forces]], and formerly to personnel of other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, below [[commissioned officer|commissioned]] rank, for "exceptional valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying in active operations against the enemy". The award was discontinued in 1993 when all ranks became eligible for the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (UK)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) as part of the reform of the British honours system.<ref name=Duckers>Duckers (2001), pp 47-48</ref>

==History==
The medal was established on 3 June 1918. It was the [[Other ranks (UK)|other ranks]]' equivalent to the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (UK)|Distinguished Flying Cross]], which was awarded to commissioned officers and [[Warrant officer (United Kingdom)|Warrant Officer]]s, although the latter could also be awarded the DFM. The decoration ranked below the DFC in order of precedence, between the [[Military Medal]] and the [[Air Force Medal]]. Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Medal are entitled to use the [[post-nominal letters]] "DFM".<ref name=Abbott/>

Although announced in the ''London Gazette'' on 3 June 1918,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30723 |supp=y |date=31 May 1918 |pages=6533–6534 }}</ref> the actual royal warrants were not published in the ''London Gazette'' until 5 December 1919.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31674|date=5 December 1919 |pages=15049–15050 }}</ref>

In 1979 eligibility for a number of British awards, including the DFM, was extended to permit posthumous awards.<ref>Abbott & Tamplin (1981), page xx.</ref> Until that time, only the [[Victoria Cross]] and a [[Mentioned in dispatches#United Kingdom, British Empire, and Commonwealth of Nations|mention in dispatches]] could be awarded posthumously.

In 1993, the DFM was discontinued, as part of [[1993 reviews of the British honours system|the review of the British honours system]], which recommended removing distinctions of rank in respect of awards for bravery. Since then, the Distinguished Flying Cross, previously only open to Commissioned and Warrant Officers, can be awarded to personnel of all ranks.<ref name=Duckers/>

The DFM had also been awarded by Commonwealth countries but by the 1990s most, including [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada|Canada]], [[Australian Honours System|Australia]] and [[New Zealand Royal Honours System|New Zealand]], had established their own honours systems and no longer recommended British honours.<ref>Mussell (2015), pp 390, 429, 459.</ref>

==Awards==
There were two categories of award, either "Immediate" or "Non-Immediate".

;Immediate
An "Immediate" award was one which was recommended by a senior officer, usually in respect of an act or acts of bravery or devotion to duty deemed to command immediate recognition. In such circumstances, the recommendation for the award was passed as quickly as possible through the laid down channels to obtain approval by the AOC-in-C of the appropriate Command to whom, from 1939, the power to grant immediate awards was designated by King George VI.<ref>Tavender (1990), p.8</ref>

An example of an "Immediate" award is that to Leslie Marsh, which was published in the ''London Gazette'' on 15 February 1944.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=36386 |supp=y|date=15 February 1944 |pages=850–851 }}</ref>
* 1482444 Sergeant Leslie MARSH, Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, No. 103 Squadron. "This airman was the mid-upper gunner of an aircraft detailed to attack Mannheim one night in September, 1943. When nearing the target area the aircraft was hit by machine gun fire from a fighter. The rear gunner was killed and Sergeant Marsh was wounded in the legs. Although in great pain Sergeant Marsh remained at his post. Coolly withholding his fire until the attacker came into close range he then delivered an accurate burst which caused the enemy aircraft to break away; later it was seen to be on fire. On two occasions, more recently, his cool and determined work has played a good part in the success of the sortie. Sergeant Marsh is a model of efficiency and his example of courage and resolution has earned great praise."

;Non-immediate
"Non-Immediate" awards were made by the monarch on the recommendation of the Air Ministry and were to reward devotion to duty sustained over a period of time. This category of award could be made at any time during an operational tour but, in a large number of instances, the award was given to recognise the successful completion of a full tour of operational flying.<ref>Tavender (1990), p.9</ref>

==Numbers of awards==
Between 1918 and 1993 a total of 6,967 medals, 64 second award bars and one third award bar were awarded. Over 95% of these awards were for service during the Second World War.
  
During the '''First World War''', 104 Distinguished Flying Medals and two second award [[Medal bar|bars]] were awarded to British and Commonwealth servicemen,<ref>Abbott, page 104. Awards announced in London Gazette.</ref> with a further four honorary awards to foreign combatants, three Belgians and one French airman.<ref>Tavender (1990), p.35</ref><ref>Announced in Air List, 10 December 1919. Honorary awards did not appear in London Gazette.</ref>

The first awards of the medal appeared in the ''London Gazette'' of 3 June 1918, where two recipients are listed.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30722 |supp=y|date=31 May 1918 |pages=6520–6521 }}</ref>
* F/9689 Acting Air Mechanic W./T. Albert Edward Clark (of Woodford).
* 113763 Serjeant John Charles Hagan (of Ulverston)

The first award of a bar to the Distinguished Flying Medal was announced in the ''London Gazette'' on 3 December 1918. It was awarded to Sergeant observer Arthur Newland, DFM who had been awarded the DFM on 21 September 1918.<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13363/page/4479 Edinburgh Gazette (Supplement), 3 December 1918]</ref>
   
In the period '''between the World Wars''', 41 awards of the DFM were made between 1920 and 1929 and a further 39 between 1930 and 1939, along with two second award bars.<ref name=Abbott>Abbott & Tamplin (1981), DFM chapter, pp 100-106</ref>

During the '''Second World War''', a total of 6,637 DFMs were awarded, with 60 second award bars.<ref>Abbott, page 104. Appears to include honorary awards.</ref> A unique second bar, representing a third award,  was awarded to Flight Sergeant [[Donald Ernest Kingaby]] on 7 November 1941.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=7 November 1941 |supp=y |issue=35341 |page=6491 |nolink=yes}}</ref>

At least 170 Honorary DFM's and 2 Honorary bars (one of them to [[Josef Frantisek]]) were awarded to aircrew from non-Commonwealth countries. 39 were awarded to servicemen of the US, 66 Polish plus one bar, 33 French, 14 Czechoslovakian plus one bar, 7 Dutch, 6 Norwegian, 4 Russian and one Belgian.<ref>Tavender (1990), p.18-19</ref>

142 DFMs were earned '''between 1946 and 1993''' when the award was discontinued.<ref>Abbott page 105 cites 138 awards 1946-79. A further 4 are listed in London Gazette after 1979: [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49134/supplement/12841 8 Oct 82][https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52588/supplement/22 29 June 91][https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53453/supplement/16388 12 Oct 93][https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/54393/page/6549 10 May 96 (award backdated to 29 June 91)]</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Bar to the Air Force Cross.png|right|thumb|175px|Ribbon bar for a 2nd award]]
The DFM is an oval silver medal, 35&nbsp;mm wide and with a height of 41&nbsp;mm, with the following design:<ref name=Abbott/>
* The obverse shows the effigy and titles of the reigning sovereign. There are five distinct versions:
:* King George V bare headed (1918-29)
:* King George V in crown and robes (1930–1937)
:* King George VI with 'IND: IMP:' (Indian Emperor) in the inscription (1938–1949)
:* King George VI without 'IND: IMP:' in the inscription (1949–1953)
:* Queen Elizabeth II (1953–1993)
:The three most common obverse designs were:
<gallery>
File:Distinguished Flying Medal, George V obverse.jpg|George V 1918-30
File:Distinguished Flying Medal, George VI obverse.jpg|George VI 1938-49
File:Distinguished Flying Medal. Elizabeth II obverse.jpg|Elizabeth II 1953-93
</gallery>
* The reverse shows [[Athena Nike]] seated on an aeroplane, a [[hawk]] rising from her right arm above the words 'FOR COURAGE', all within a narrow [[laurel wreath]] band. From 1938, when the George VI obverse was introduced, the date '1918' was added to the reverse design.<ref name=Mussell>Mussell (2015), page 99.</ref>
* The suspension consists of two outstretched wings.
* The ribbon is 32&nbsp;mm wide, and consists of alternate violet and white stripes (1/16-inch wide) leaning 45 degrees to the left. A violet stripe is to appear in the bottom left and upper right corners when viewed on the wearer's chest. Until July 1919, the stripes were horizontal. 
* Further awards are signified by a straight slip-on silver bar with an eagle in the centre.
* All awards have the name and service details of the recipient engraved or impressed on the rim.

{|align=center class=wikitable width=50%
!colspan=4|Distinguished Flying Medal ribbon bars
|-
!width=10% valign=center align=center|
!width=20% valign=center align=center|DFM 
!width=20% valign=center align=center|DFM and Bar
|-
!width=10% valign=center align=center|1918–1919
|width=20% valign=center align=center|[[File:DFM 1918 ribbon.svg|110px|centre]]
|width=20% valign=center align=center|[[File:DFM 1918 w Bar ribbon.svg|110px|centre]]
|-
!width=10% valign=center align=center|1919–1993
|width=20% valign=center align=center|[[File:Distinguished Flying Medal ribbon.svg|110px|centre]] 
|width=20% valign=center align=center|[[File:DFM w Bar ribbon.svg|110px|centre]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[:Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Medal]]
* [[British and Commonwealth orders and decorations]]

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Abbott and Tamplin|title=British Gallantry Awards|publisher=Nimrod Dix & Co|year=1981|isbn=0902633740}}
*{{cite book|last=Duckers|first=Peter|title=British Gallantry Awards, 1855–2000|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=London|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7478-0516-8}}
*{{Cite book|last=Mussell|first=John (ed).|title=Medal Yearbook 2015|publisher=Token Publishing|location=Honiton, Devon|year=2015|isbn=978-1-908-828-16-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Tavender|first=Ian|title=The Distinguished Flying Medal, a record of courage 1918–82|publisher=JB Hayward|year=1990|isbn=0903754479}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Decorations of the United Kingdom}}
{{Former Australian Honours}}
{{South African military decorations and medals}}

[[Category:Military awards and decorations of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Courage awards]]