View source for Dieric Bouts

{{Short description|15th-century Dutch painter}}
{{Infobox artist
| name             = Dieric Bouts
| image            = Theodoro Harlemio.jpg
| caption          = Portrait engraving of Bouts
| birth_name       = 
| birth_date       = {{circa|1415}}
| birth_place      = [[Haarlem]]
| death_date       = 6 May 1475
| death_place      = [[Leuven]]
| nationality      = Flemish
| field            = Painting
| training         = [[Rogier van der Weyden]] (possibly)
| movement         = [[Early Netherlandish painting]], [[Northern Renaissance]]
| patrons          = 
}}

'''Dieric Bouts'''{{refn|group=note|According to [[Karel van Mander]] in his ''Het Schilderboeck'' of 1604, Bouts was born in [[Haarlem]] and was mainly active in [[Leuven]] (Louvain), where he was city painter from 1468.<ref name=":0"/> Van Mander confused the issue by writing biographies of both "Dieric of Haarlem" and "Dieric of Leuven," although he was referring to the same artist. The similarity last names led to the confusion of Bouts with Hubrecht Stuerbout, a prominent sculptor in Leuven.}} (born {{circa|1415}} – 6 May 1475)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/b/bouts/dirk_e/biograph.html|title=Web Gallery of Art, image collection, virtual museum, searchable database of European fine arts (1000–1900)|publisher=Wga.hu|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> was an [[Early Netherlandish painter]]. Bouts may have studied under [[Rogier van der Weyden]], and his work was influenced by van der Weyden and [[Jan van Eyck]]. He worked in [[Leuven]] from 1457 (or possibly earlier) until his death in 1475.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Modern world encyclopaedia : illustrated | publisher=Home Entertainment Library | year=1935 | oclc=1091880941 }}</ref>

Bouts was among the first northern painters to demonstrate the use of a single [[vanishing point]] (as illustrated in his ''Last Supper'').

==Works==
===Early works (before 1464)===
Bouts' earliest work is the ''[[Triptych of the Virgin's Life (Bouts)|Triptych of the Virgin's Life]]'' in the [[Prado]] (Madrid), dated about 1445. The ''Deposition Altarpiece'' in Granada (Capilla Real) probably also dates to this period, around 1450–1460.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hendericks |first=Valentine |title=Dieric Bouts, Beeldenmaker |last2=Fransen |first2=Bart |publisher=Hannival Books |year=2023 |isbn=9789464666663 |editor-last=Carpreau |editor-first=Peter |location=Verne |pages=64-73 |language=nl |chapter=Cat. 1: Dieric Bouts ''Triptiek van de kruisafneming''}}</ref>  A dismembered canvas altarpiece—now in the [[Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium]] (Brussels),<ref>[http://193.190.214.109/webopac/List.csp?Profile=Default&OpacLanguage=dut&SearchMethod=Find_1&SearchTerm1=8181&RequestId=438217_4&WebAction=NewSearch&Database=2&PageType=Start&Index1=Index32&NumberToRetrieve=10&WebPageNr=1&SearchT1=8181]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225254/http://193.190.214.109/webopac/List.csp?Profile=Default&OpacLanguage=dut&SearchMethod=Find_1&SearchTerm1=8181&RequestId=438217_4&WebAction=NewSearch&Database=2&PageType=Start&Index1=Index32&NumberToRetrieve=10&WebPageNr=1&SearchT1=8181|date=September 26, 2007}}</ref> the [[J. Paul Getty Museum]] (Los Angeles),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=873&handle=li|title=The Annunciation (Getty Museum)|publisher=Gett.edu|access-date=29 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101234438/http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=873&handle=li|archive-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> National Gallery (London),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG664&collectionPublisherSection=work|title=Dirk Bouts – The Entombment – NG664 – The National Gallery, London|publisher=Nationalgallery.org.uk|access-date=29 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507190927/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG664&collectionPublisherSection=work|archive-date=7 May 2009}}</ref> [[Norton Simon Museum]] (Pasadena),<ref>[http://www.nortonsimon.org/collections/highlights.asp?period=14H&resultnum=5]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003134640/http://www.nortonsimon.org/collections/highlights.asp?period=14H&resultnum=5|date=October 3, 2006}}</ref> and a Swiss private collection—with the same dimensions as the ''Altarpiece of the Holy Sacrament'' may belong to this period.  The Louvre ''Lamentation (Pietà)''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=23984|title=Louvre Museum Official Website|publisher=Cartelen.louvre.fr|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> is another early work.

===Documented works===

The ''Last Supper'' is the central panel of ''[[Altarpiece of the Holy Sacrament]]'', commissioned from Bouts by the Leuven Confraternity of the Holy Sacrament in 1464. All of the central room's [[orthogonal]]s (lines imagined to be behind and perpendicular to the picture plane that converge at a vanishing point) lead to a single vanishing point in the centre of the mantelpiece above Christ's head. However the small side room has its own vanishing point, and neither it nor the vanishing point of the main room falls on the horizon of the landscape seen through the windows.  The ''Last Supper'' is the second dated work (after [[Petrus Christus]]' ''Virgin and Child Enthroned with St. Jerome and St. Francis'' in Frankfurt, dated 1457) to display an understanding of Italian [[perspective (graphical)|linear perspective]].
[[File:Dieric Bouts - The Last Supper.jpg|thumb|''Last Supper'', 1464–1467|left]]
Scholars also have noted that Bouts' ''Last Supper'' was the first [[Flemish painting|Flemish]] [[panel painting]] to depict the [[Last Supper]]. In this central panel, Bouts did not focus on the biblical narrative itself but instead presented Christ in the role of a priest performing the [[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|consecration of the Eucharistic]] [[Sacramental bread|host]] from the [[Catholic Mass]]. This contrasts strongly with other Last Supper depictions, which often focused on [[Judas Iscariot|Judas]]'s betrayal or on Christ's comforting of John.<ref name="Snyder">[[James Snyder (art historian)|Snyder, James]]. "Bouts". ''Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online''. Oxford University Press. Web. Retrieved 2 November 2013.</ref> Bouts also added to the complexity of this image by including four servants (two in the window and two standing), all dressed in Flemish attire. Although once identified as the artist himself and his two sons, these servants are most likely portraits of the confraternity's members responsible for commissioning the altarpiece. The ''Last Supper'' was the central part of the [[altarpiece]] in the [[St. Peter's Church, Leuven]].

The ''Altarpiece of the Holy Sacrament'' has four additional panels, two on each side. Because these were taken to the museums in Berlin and Munich in the 19th century, the reconstruction of the original altarpiece has been difficult. Today it is thought that the panel with Abraham and Melchizedek is above the Passover Feast on the left wing, while the Gathering of the Manna is above Elijah and the Angel on the right wing. All of these are [[typology (theology)|typological]] precursors to the Last Supper in the central panel.
[[File:Dirk Bouts - Justice of Emperor Otto III- Beheading of the Innocent Count and Ordeal by Fire - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|277px|Justice of Emperor Otto III, 1471–1475, Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels.]]
After attaining the rank of city painter of Leuven in 1468, Bouts received a commission to paint two more works for the [[Leuven Town Hall|Town Hall]]. The first was an altarpiece of the ''Last Judgment'' (1468–1470), which exists today only in the two wings with the ''[[The Ascension of the Elect|Road to Paradise]]'' and [[The Fall of the Damned (Bouts)|''The Fall of the Damned'']] in the [[Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille|Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lille]] (France), and a fragmentary ''Bust of Christ''<ref>[http://webart.nationalmuseum.se/work/work_image.aspx?id=23684]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184232/http://webart.nationalmuseum.se/work/work_image.aspx?id=23684|date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> from the central panel in the [[Nationalmuseum]], Stockholm.  After this, he turned to the larger commission for the Justice Panels<ref>[http://193.190.214.109/webopac/List.csp?Profile=Default&OpacLanguage=dut&SearchMethod=Find_1&SearchTerm1=1448&RequestId=438217_12&WebAction=NewSearch&Database=2&PageType=Start&Index1=Index32&NumberToRetrieve=10&WebPageNr=1&SearchT1=1448]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225344/http://193.190.214.109/webopac/List.csp?Profile=Default&OpacLanguage=dut&SearchMethod=Find_1&SearchTerm1=1448&RequestId=438217_12&WebAction=NewSearch&Database=2&PageType=Start&Index1=Index32&NumberToRetrieve=10&WebPageNr=1&SearchT1=1448|date=September 26, 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://193.190.214.109/webopac/List.csp?Profile=Default&OpacLanguage=dut&SearchMethod=Find_1&SearchTerm1=1447&RequestId=438217_15&WebAction=NewSearch&Database=2&PageType=Start&Index1=Index32&NumberToRetrieve=10&WebPageNr=1&SearchT1=1447]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225053/http://193.190.214.109/webopac/List.csp?Profile=Default&OpacLanguage=dut&SearchMethod=Find_1&SearchTerm1=1447&RequestId=438217_15&WebAction=NewSearch&Database=2&PageType=Start&Index1=Index32&NumberToRetrieve=10&WebPageNr=1&SearchT1=1447|date=September 26, 2007}}</ref> (1470–1475), which occupied him until his death in 1475. He completed one panel and began a second, both depicting the life of the 11th-century Holy Roman Emperor [[Otto III]].<ref name="Snyder" /> These pieces can now be seen in the [[Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium|Brussels Museum]]. The remaining two Justice panels were never completed.<ref name="Snyder" />

===Devotional panels and portraits===
[[File:Dirk Bouts – The Virgin and Child NG 2595.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''The Virgin and Child'' ({{circa|1465}}), [[National Gallery]], London|left]]

Many of Bouts' authentic works are small devotional panels, usually of the Virgin and Child.  An early example is the ''Davis Madonna''<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/viewOnezoom.asp?dep=11&zoomFlag=0&viewmode=1&item=30%2E95%2E280]   {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009062648/http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/viewOnezoom.asp?dep=11&zoomFlag=0&viewmode=1&item=30.95.280|date=October 9, 2008}}</ref> in New York ([[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]), excellent copies of which exist in the [[Bargello]] in Florence and the [[Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco]].  This composition follows the formula of the miraculous icon of Notre-Dame-des-Grâces, which was installed in the cathedral of [[Cambrai]] (France) in 1454. The ''Virgin and Child'' in the National Gallery (London) is the largest and most ambitious of these Marian pictures.

[[File:Dieric Bouts the elder - Portrait of a Man (Jan van Winckele?).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Portrait of a Man (Jan van Winckele?)''  (1462), [[National Gallery]], London]]
In the realm of portraiture, Bouts expanded upon the tradition established by [[Robert Campin]], [[Jan van Eyck]], [[Rogier van der Weyden]], and [[Petrus Christus]].  His 1462 ''Portrait of a Man''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG943&collectionPublisherSection=work|title=Dirk Bouts – Portrait of a Man (Jan van Winckele?) – NG943 – The National Gallery, London|publisher=Nationalgallery.org.uk|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507191129/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG943&collectionPublisherSection=work|archive-date=2009-05-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> in the [[National Gallery (London)]] is the first instance of a sitter shown in three-quarter view before a discernible background with a glimpse of the landscape out the window. Also widely attributed to Bouts is the ''Portrait of a Man'' in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), which resembles some of the figures in the artist's late Justice Panels of 1470–1475. Other portraits associated with Bouts, such as those in Washington ([[National Gallery of Art]]) and Antwerp ([[Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp|Royal Museum of Fine Arts]]), are more problematic.

===Other works===
{{see also|Category:Paintings by Dieric Bouts}}
[[File:0 Déploration du Christ - Dirk Bouts - RF 1 - Louvre 2 .JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Lamentation of Christ (Bouts)|Lamentation]]'', c. 1455-1460. Louvre|left]]
The ''Last Supper'' and Justice Panels are the only works known to be definitely done by Bouts.  The remaining panels from the ''Last Judgment Altarpiece'' (datable to 1468–1470) and the triptych ''[[The Martyrdom of St Erasmus (Bouts)|The Martyrdom of St Erasmus]]'' (before 1466) are also fairly secure attributions.  Aside from these, a number of other paintings have been attributed to him.

These are: ''Christ in the House of Simon'', ''Christ in the House of Simon'' and ''Nativity'' fragment with the Virgin at Prayer in the [[Staatliche Museen]].  The triptych the ''Martyrdom of St. Hippolytus'' ([[Groeningemuseum]]), ''Virgin Enthroned with Four Angels'' ([[Royal Chapel of Granada|Capilla Real, Granada]]), and an ''Annunciation''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museu.gulbenkian.pt/obra.asp?num=628&nuc=a9&lang=en |title=Página Não Encontrada |publisher=Museu.gulbenkian.pt |access-date=29 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107085611/http://www.museu.gulbenkian.pt/obra.asp?num=628&nuc=a9&lang=en |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> ([[Museu Calouste Gulbenkian]], Lisbon). The [[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]] holds ''[[The Entombment (Bouts)|The Entombment]]'', the ''Virgin Enthroned with St. Peter and St. Paul'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG774&collectionPublisherSection=work|title=Workshop of Dirk Bouts – The Virgin and Child with Saint Peter and Saint Paul – NG774 – The National Gallery, London|publisher=Nationalgallery.org.uk|access-date=29 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507190731/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG774&collectionPublisherSection=work|archive-date=7 May 2009}}</ref> and ''The Virgin and Child''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/dirk-bouts-the-virgin-and-child/*/key-facts |title=Key facts – Dirk Bouts – The Virgin and Child – NG2595 – The National Gallery, London |publisher=Nationalgallery.org.uk |access-date=29 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030004750/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/dirk-bouts-the-virgin-and-child/*/key-facts |archive-date=30 October 2014 }}</ref> <!-- high resolution image available in Commons --> 

Others are ''Saint James the Greater''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museuartesacrafunchal.org/eng/arteflamenga/flamenga_pintura_img1.html|title=Saint James the Greater : Attributed to Dieric Bouts : Second half of 15th century, Oil painting on oak, From the Socorro Church, Funchal, 107 cm (H) x 42&nbsp;cm (W), MASF28|publisher=Museartesacrafunchal.org|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> ([[Museu de Arte Sacra do Funchal]], Madeira, Portugal),  ''Ecce Agnus Dei'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinakothek.de/alte-pinakothek/sammlung/rundgang/rundgang_inc.php?inc=bild&which=11677 |title=pinakothek.de – Förderer und Partner |publisher=Pinakothek.de |access-date=29 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006084043/http://www.pinakothek.de/alte-pinakothek/sammlung/rundgang/rundgang_inc.php?inc=bild&which=11677 |archive-date=6 October 2008 }}</ref> (Alte Pinakothek), ''Moses before the Burning Bush''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/102104.html|title=Philadelphia Museum of Art – Collections Object : Moses and the Burning Bush, with Moses Removing His Shoes|author=Philadelphia Museum of Art|publisher=Philamuseum.org|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> ([[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]), ''Bust of Christ'' ([[Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen]]), ''Virgin and Child'' <ref>{{Citation |last=Bouts |first=Dirck |title=Madonna and Child |date=c. 1465 |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.69387.html |work=National Gallery of Art Collections |access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref> ([[National Gallery of Art, Washington]]), and a ''Resurrection'' in the [[Norton Simon Museum of Art]]. Two are in the [[Louvre]] – a ''Nativity'' fragment with St. Joseph and the ''Virgin and Child Enthroned in a Niche''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=23989|title=La Vierge à l' Enfant, assise dans une niche de pierre |publisher=Louvre Collections |access-date=29 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141030031643/http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=23989 |archive-date= Oct 30, 2014 }}</ref>

Two Boutsian works in the [[Alte Pinakothek]] in [[Munich]] have perplexed art historians. One is the so-called ''Pearl of Brabant triptych'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinakothek.de/alte-pinakothek/sammlung/rundgang/rundgang_inc.php?inc=bild&which=9638 |title= Förderer und Partner |publisher=Pinakothek.de |access-date=29 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006090924/http://www.pinakothek.de/alte-pinakothek/sammlung/rundgang/rundgang_inc.php?inc=bild&which=9638 |archive-date=6 October 2008 }}</ref> which writers as early as 1902 tried to separate from Bouts' authentic works.  Recent research seems to refute this attempt. The other is a pair of panels from an altarpiece depicting the Passion, respectively showing the ''Betrayal of Christ'' and the ''Resurrection''. For a long time these were considered some of Bouts' earliest works, but [[dendrochronological]] evidence now places them around the time of his death in 1475. Schone's 1938 invention of a "Master of the Munich Betrayal" is a more appropriate attribution.

[[File:Christ crowned.jpg|thumb|''Christ Crowned with Thorns (Ecce Homo)'' (1458–1475), tempera with oil highlights on panel, [[Clark Art Institute]]]]

==Family==
Bouts was married twice and had four children. One of his weddings was in [[Leuven]] about 1447. His two daughters went to convents, and his two sons became painters who carried the Bouts workshop into the mid-16th century. Little is known of the elder son, [[Dieric Bouts the Younger|Dieric the Younger]], although he appears to have continued in his father's style until his early death in 1491. The younger brother, [[Aelbrecht Bouts|Aelbrecht (or Albert)]], did likewise, but in a style that is unmistakably his own. His distinctive work propelled Boutsian imagery into the 16th century.

==Exhibition ''Dieric Bouts, Creator of Images''==
In 2023, the museum of Leuven (Belgium), organised a retrospective exhibition<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Carpreau |first=Peter |title=Dieric Bouts, Creator of Images |publisher=Hannibal Books |year=2023 |isbn=978 94 6466 681 6 |location=Antwerpen}}</ref> on the work of Bouts, entitled ''Dieric Bouts, Creator of Images'', under the direction of [[Peter Carpreau]]. The main themes in the exhibition were Bouts's devotional work, his landscape painting, the use of perspective and the beauty of the banal in his paintings. Specific to this exhibition was the link made between Bouts' work and today's visual culture.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Sources===
*Paul Heiland, ''Dirk Bouts und die Hauptwerke seiner Schule'' (Potsdam, 1902).
*Max J. Friedländer, ''Die altniederländische Malerei'', vol. 3 (Berlin, 1925); Eng. trans. as ''Early Netherlandish Painting'', vol. 3 (Leiden and Brussels, 1968).
*[[Ludwig von Baldass]], "Die Enwicklung des Dieric Bouts," ''Jahrbuch der Kunsthist. Samml. Wien'', n.s., 6 (1932): 77–114.
*Wolfgang Schöne, ''Dieric Bouts und seine Schule'' (Berlin and Leipzig, 1938).
*M. J. Schretlen, ''Dirck Bouts'' (Amsterdam, 1946).
*J. Francotte, ''Dieric Bouts'' (Leuven, 1951–52).
*Erwin Panofsky, ''Early Netherlandish Painting'' (Cambridge, MA, 1953).
*Valentin Denis, ''Thierry Bouts'' (Brussels and Amsterdam, 1957).
*''Dieric Bouts'', exh. cat. (Brussels and Delft, 1957–58).
*''Dieric Bouts en zijn Tijd'', exh. cat. (Leuven, 1975).
*''Dirk Bouts (ca. 1410–1475): Een Vlaams primitief te Leuven'', exh. cat. (Leuven, 1998).
*Maurits Smeyers, ''Dirk Bouts, Schilder van de Stilte'' (Leuven, 1998).
*Anna Bergmans, ed., ''Dirk Bouts: Het Laatste Avondmaal'' (Tielt, 1998).
*Catheline Périer-D'Ieteren, ''Dieric Bouts: The Complete Works'' (Brussels, 2006).
*{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Bouts, Dirk|year=1920}}
*Peter Carpreau, e.a., Dieric Bouts, Creator of Images, exh. cat., Leuven, 2023

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFwrYQN3r3c Dieric Bouts in the Leuven St. Pieter Church]
*[http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/bouts_the_elder_dieric.html Dirk Bouts at Artcyclopedia]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191323/http://www.aiwaz.net/gallery/bouts-dirk/gc362 Dirk Bouts at Panopticon Virtual Art Gallery]
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/74278/rec/1 ''Fifteenth- to eighteenth-century European paintings: France, Central Europe, the Netherlands, Spain, and Great Britain''], a collection catalog fully available online as a PDF, which contains material on Dieric Bouts (cat. no. 17)
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/75339 ''Gerard David: purity of vision in an age of transition''], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Bouts (see index)

{{Dieric Bouts|state=expanded}}
{{Early Netherlandish painting}}
{{ACArt}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bouts, Dirk}}
[[Category:1410s births]]
[[Category:1475 deaths]]
[[Category:Dutch painters]]
[[Category:Dutch male painters]]
[[Category:Netherlandish Renaissance painters]]
[[Category:Early Netherlandish painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Haarlem]]
[[Category:Painters from Leuven]]