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[[File:JHNewman.jpg|thumb|John Henry Newman]]
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'''Development of doctrine''' is a term used by [[John Henry Newman]] and other theologians influenced by him to describe the way [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] teaching has become more detailed and explicit over the centuries, while later statements of doctrine remain consistent with earlier statements. 

==Precursors==
In the 16th century, [[Erasmus]] controversially suggested, from historical evidence, the reality of the development of doctrine in some important areas: examples being [[papal supremacy]] ("I have never doubted about the sovereignty of the Pope, but whether this supremacy was recognised in the time of St. Jerome, I have my doubts"<ref name=gasquet>{{cite book |last1=Gasquet |first1=Francis Aidan |title=The Eve of the Reformation. Studies in the Religious Life and Thought of the English people in the Period Preceding the Rejection of the Roman jurisdiction by Henry VIII |date=1900 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/50328/pg50328-images.html#CHAPTER_VI |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|197}}) and the [[Trinity]] and [[filioque]] ("We (now) dare to call the Holy Spirit true God, proceeding from the Father and the Son, which the ancients did not dare to do."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Christ-Von Wedel |first1=Christine |title=Erasmus of Rotterdam: Advocate of a New Christianity |date=2013 |doi=10.3138/j.ctt5hjw2k.22 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt5hjw2k.22 |publisher=University of Toronto Press}}</ref>).

==Newman's formulation==
The term was introduced in Newman's 1845 book ''An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine''. 

He argued that various Catholic doctrines not accepted by Protestants (such as devotion to the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]], or [[Purgatory]]) had a developmental history analogous to doctrines that were accepted by Protestants (such as the [[Trinity]] or the divinity and humanity of [[Christ]]). Such developments were, in his view, the natural and beneficial consequences of reason working on the original revealed truth to draw out consequences that were not obvious at first. This thinking of Newman had a major impact on the [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishops]] at the [[Second Vatican Council]], and appears in their statement that ″the understanding of the things and words handed down grows, through the contemplation and study of believers, [...] [which] tends continually towards the fullness of divine truth."<ref>''Constitution on Revelation'', article 8,</ref>

G.K. Chesterton characterized the Development of Doctrine as:

{{quote|When we say that a puppy develops into a dog, we do not mean that his growth is a gradual compromise with a cat; we mean that he becomes more doggy and not less. Development is the expansion of all the possibilities and implications of a doctrine, as there is time to distinguish them and draw them out;...|source = G.K. Chesterton, Ch I, ''St Thomas Aquinas'', 1933<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chesterton |first1=G.K. |title=St Thomas Aquinas |date=1933 |url=https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100331.txt}}</ref> }}

== As distinct from evolution of dogmas ==
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There is a more radical understanding of development of doctrine that is known as ''evolution of dogmas''. This view, mixed in with philosophical currents such as [[vitalism]], [[immanentism]] and [[historicism]], was at the heart of the [[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)|modernist controversy]] during the papacy of [[Pius X]], and was condemned in the encyclical ''[[Pascendi dominici gregis]]''. Although modernist [[intellectualism|intellectuals]] such as [[George Tyrrell]] and [[Alfred Loisy]] did at times cite the influence of Newman's ideas on their thinking, their goal was not so much to understand the ancient roots of Church doctrine but to make it change meaning, according to their own ideas in the liberal spirit of the times.<ref>"Modernism", in "Glossary", ''1987 Catholic Almanac'', Huntington, IN:  Our Sunday Visitor, p. 318.</ref>

==Eastern Orthodoxy==
Archpriest Oleg Davydenkov wrote: "This theory is very convenient for Western Christians, because it makes it easy to justify arbitrary dogmatic innovations of both the Roman Catholic Church and Protestant denominations. On the one hand, this theory seems quite logical, but on the other — it leads to paradoxical conclusions. In this case, we will have to admit, for example, that the Church of the time of the apostles and even the holy apostles themselves knew incomparably less about God than any modern Christian who attended a course of dogmatics. Naturally, it is impossible to agree with such an understanding of the problem".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Давыденков |first1=Олег |title=Догматическое богословие |url=https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Oleg_Davydenkov/dogmaticheskoe-bogoslovie/ |year=2005 |chapter=Часть первая. Введение в догматическое богословие раздел I. Догматическое богословие как наука |quote=Теория эта очень удобна для западных христиан, поскольку легко позволяет оправдать произвольные догматические нововведения как Римо-Католической церкви, так и протестантских конфессий. С одной стороны, эта теория кажется довольно логичной, но с другой — она ведёт к парадоксальным выводам. В таком случае придется, например, признать, что Церковь времен апостолов и даже сами святые апостолы знали о Боге несравненно меньше, чем любой современный христианин, прослушавший курс догматики. Естественно, что с таким пониманием проблемы согласиться нельзя}}</ref>

Daniel Lattier has argued that some older [[Eastern Orthodox]] thinkers did not reject the concept outright, and that Eastern Orthodoxy may allow a form of doctrinal development, albeit more limited than Western forms of it.<ref name="orthodox">{{Cite journal |author = Daniel J. Lattier |url=https://www.academia.edu/1121332/_The_Orthodox_Rejection_of_Doctrinal_Development_ |title=The Orthodox Rejection of Doctrinal Development |journal = Ecclesia |year = 2011 |number = 20(4) |pages = 389–410 }}</ref>

==See also==  
* ''[[Grammar of Assent]]''  
* [[Probabiliorism]]
* [[Progressive revelation (Christianity)]]

== References ==  
{{reflist}}  

==Further reading==  
* John Henry Newman. [http://www.newmanreader.org/works/development/ ''An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine'']. (1845, revised 1878).
* John R, White, “Doctrinal development and the philosophy of history. Cardinal Newman’s theory in the light of Eric Voegelin’s philosophy of history,” ''American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly'', Spring 2009, vo. 83, no. 2, 201-218. Prepublication version: https://www.academia.edu/2150506/Doctrinal_development_and_the_philosophy_of_history_Cardinal_Newman_s_theory_in_the_light_of_Eric_Voegelin_s_philosophy_of_history 
* John R. White, “St. Bonaventure and the problem of doctrinal development,” American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 85, no. 1, Winter 2011, 177-202.Prepublication version: https://www.academia.edu/2150520/St_Bonaventure_and_the_problem_of_doctrinal_development



[[Category:Catholic theology and doctrine]]