View source for Desmond Tutu

{{short description|South African bishop and anti-apartheid activist (1931–2021)}}
{{good article}}
{{use South African English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = {{pre-nominal styles|size=100%|MRevd}}
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|OMSG|CH|GCStJ|size=100%}}
| title = {{plainlist|
* [[Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town|Archbishop of Cape Town]]
* {{longitem|Primate of the [[Anglican Church of Southern Africa]]}}
* {{longitem|Chairman of the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]]}}}}
| image = Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg
| caption = Tutu {{circa|2004}}
| alt = Portrait photograph of Desmond Tutu wearing glasses and a black coat with a clerical collar
| church = [[Anglican Church of Southern Africa]]
| see = [[Anglican Diocese of Cape Town|Cape Town]]
| enthroned = 7 September 1986
| predecessor = [[Philip Russell (bishop)|Philip Russell]]
| successor = [[Njongonkulu Ndungane]]
| education = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Pretoria Bantu Normal College]]
* [[University of South Africa]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
* [[St Peter's Theological College]] ([[Licentiate of Theology|ThL]])
* [[King's College London]] ([[Bachelor of Divinity|BDiv]], [[Master of Theology|ThM]])
}}
| ordination = {{plainlist|
* 1960 (deacon)
* 1961 (priest)
}}
| consecration = 1976
| other_post = {{plainlist|
* [[Bishop of Lesotho]]
* [[Anglican Diocese of Johannesburg|Bishop of Johannesburg]]
}}
| birth_name = Desmond Mpilo Tutu
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|10|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Klerksdorp]], [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], Union of South Africa
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|12|26|1931|10|07|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Cape Town]], Western Cape, South Africa
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Nomalizo Leah Tutu|Nomalizo Leah Shenxane]]|2 July 1955}}
| children = 4, including [[Mpho Tutu van Furth|Mpho]]
| signature = Desmond Tutu Signature.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| module = 
{{Infobox archbishop styles|child = yes
|bishop name = Desmond Tutu
|dipstyle = [[Archbishop]]
|offstyle = [[Your Grace]]
|relstyle = [[The Most Reverend]]}}
}}
'''Desmond Mpilo Tutu''' (7 October 1931{{spnd}}26 December 2021) was a South African [[Anglican bishop]] and [[Christian theology|theologian]], known for his work as an [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] and [[human rights activist]]. He was [[Anglican Diocese of Johannesburg|Bishop of Johannesburg]] from 1985 to 1986 and then [[Anglican Diocese of Cape Town|Archbishop of Cape Town]] from 1986 to 1996, in both cases being the first Black African to hold the position. Theologically, he sought to fuse ideas from [[Black theology]] with [[African theology]].

Tutu was born of mixed [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] and [[Tswana people|Motswana]] heritage to a poor family in [[Klerksdorp]], [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]. Entering adulthood, he trained as a teacher and married [[Nomalizo Leah Tutu]], with whom he had several children. In 1960, he was ordained as an Anglican priest and in 1962 moved to the United Kingdom to study theology at [[King's College London]]. In 1966 he returned to southern Africa, teaching at the [[Federal Theological Seminary of Southern Africa|Federal Theological Seminary]] and then the [[University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland]]. In 1972, he became the Theological Education Fund's director for Africa, a position based in London but necessitating regular tours of the African continent. Back in southern Africa in 1975, he served first as [[Dean (Christianity)|dean]] of [[St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg|St Mary's Cathedral]] in [[Johannesburg]] and then as [[Bishop of Lesotho]]; from 1978 to 1985 he was general-secretary of the [[South African Council of Churches]]. He emerged as one of the most prominent opponents of South Africa's [[apartheid]] system of [[racial segregation]] and [[Minoritarianism#Dominant minority|white minority rule]]. Although warning the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] government that anger at apartheid would lead to racial violence, as an activist he stressed [[Nonviolent resistance|non-violent protest]] and foreign economic pressure to bring about [[universal suffrage]].

In 1985, Tutu became [[Anglican Diocese of Johannesburg|Bishop of Johannesburg]] and in 1986 the Archbishop of Cape Town, the most senior position in southern Africa's Anglican hierarchy. In this position, he emphasised a consensus-building model of leadership and oversaw the [[Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion|introduction of female priests]]. Also in 1986, he became president of the [[All Africa Conference of Churches]], resulting in further tours of the continent. After President [[F. W. de Klerk]] released the anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] from prison in 1990 and the pair led negotiations to end apartheid and introduce multi-racial democracy, Tutu assisted as a mediator between rival black factions. After the [[1994 South African general election|1994 general election]] resulted in a [[Cabinet of Nelson Mandela|coalition government]] headed by Mandela, the latter selected Tutu to chair the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] to investigate past human rights abuses committed by both pro and anti-apartheid groups. Following apartheid's fall, Tutu campaigned for [[LGBT rights by country or territory|gay rights]] and spoke out on a wide range of subjects, among them his criticism of South African presidents [[Thabo Mbeki]] and [[Jacob Zuma]], his [[opposition to the Iraq War]], and describing [[Israel and apartheid|Israel's treatment of Palestinians as apartheid]]. In 2010, he retired from public life, but continued to speak out on numerous topics and events.

As Tutu rose to prominence in the 1970s, different socio-economic groups and political classes held a wide range of views about him, from critical to admiring. He was popular among South Africa's black majority and was internationally praised for his work involving anti-apartheid activism, for which he won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] and other international awards. He also compiled several books of his speeches and sermons.

==Early life==
===Childhood: 1931–1950===
Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born on 7 October 1931 in [[Klerksdorp]], [[Transvaal (province)|Transvaal]], South Africa.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=22|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=2|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=9–10}} His mother, Allen Dorothea Mavoertsek Mathlare, was born to a [[Tswana people|Motswana]] family in [[Boksburg]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=22|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=10}} His father, Zachariah Zelilo Tutu, was from the [[Fengu people|amaFengu]] branch of [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] and grew up in [[Gcuwa]], Eastern Cape.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=22|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=10–11}} At home, the couple spoke the [[Xhosa language]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=11}} Having married in Boksburg,{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=14}} they moved to Klerksdorp in the late 1950s, living in the city's "native location", or black residential area, since renamed Makoeteng.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=14–15}} Zachariah worked as the principal of a [[Methodism|Methodist]] primary school and the family lived in the mud-brick schoolmaster's house in the yard of the Methodist mission.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=3|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=16}}

[[File:ChurchofChristtheKing.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Church of Christ the King|The Church of Christ the King in Sophiatown, where Tutu was a server under priest Trevor Huddleston]]

The Tutus were poor;{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=28|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=3}} describing his family, Tutu later related that "although we weren't affluent, we were not destitute either".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=21}} He had an older sister, Sylvia Funeka, who called him "Mpilo" (meaning 'life').{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=22, 29|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=3|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=19}} He was his parents' second son; their firstborn boy, Sipho, had died in infancy.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=19}} Another daughter, Gloria Lindiwe, was born after him.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=22}} Tutu was sickly from birth;{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=2|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=19}} [[polio]] atrophied his right hand,{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=32|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=19}} and on one occasion he was hospitalised with serious burns.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=20}} Tutu had a close relationship with his father, although angered at the latter's heavy drinking and violence toward his wife.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=22|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=3|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=22}} The family were initially Methodists and Tutu was [[baptism|baptised]] into the [[Methodist Church of Southern Africa|Methodist Church]] in June 1932.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=30|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=4|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=33}} They subsequently changed denominations, first to the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] and then to the [[Anglican Church]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=30–31|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=4|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=33}}

In 1936, the family moved to [[Tshing]], where Zachariah became principal of a Methodist school.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=20}} There, Tutu started his primary education,{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=21}} learned [[Afrikaans]],{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=23|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=4|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=21}} and became the server at St Francis Anglican Church.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=33}} He developed a love of reading, particularly enjoying comic books and European [[fairy tales]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=30|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=4|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=21}} In Tshing his parents had a third son, Tamsanqa, who also died in infancy.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=21}} Around 1941, Tutu's mother moved to the [[Witwatersrand]] to work as a cook at [[Ezenzeleni Blind Institute]] in Johannesburg. Tutu joined her in the city, living in [[Roodepoort|Roodepoort West]].{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=5|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=24}} In Johannesburg, he attended a Methodist primary school before transferring to the Swedish Boarding School (SBS) in the [[St. Martin's School (Rosettenville)|St Agnes Mission]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=24}} Several months later, he moved with his father to [[Ermelo, Mpumalanga|Ermelo]], [[eastern Transvaal]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=25}} After six months, the duo returned to Roodepoort West, where Tutu resumed his studies at SBS.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=25}} Aged 12, he underwent [[confirmation]] at St Mary's Church, Roodepoort.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=34}}

Tutu entered the Johannesburg Bantu High School (Madibane High School) in 1945, where he excelled academically.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=25, 34–35}} Joining a school [[rugby union|rugby]] team, he developed a lifelong love of the sport.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=36}} Outside of school, he earned money selling oranges and as a [[caddie]] for white [[golfer]]s.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=27|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=7|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=37}} To avoid the expense of a daily train commute to school, he briefly lived with family nearer to Johannesburg, before moving back in with his parents when they relocated to [[Munsieville]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=36, 37–38}} He then returned to Johannesburg, moving into an Anglican hostel near the Church of Christ the King in [[Sophiatown]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=29|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=8|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=42}} He became a server at the church and came under the influence of its priest, [[Trevor Huddleston]];{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=10|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=43–45}} later biographer [[Shirley du Boulay]] suggested that Huddleston was "the greatest single influence" in Tutu's life.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=31}} In 1947, Tutu contracted [[tuberculosis]] and was hospitalised in [[Rietfontein]] for 18 months, during which he was regularly visited by Huddleston.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=29–30|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=9|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=45–46}} In the hospital, he underwent [[circumcision]] to mark his transition to manhood.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=47}} He returned to school in 1949 and took his national exams in late 1950, gaining a second-class pass.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=47–48}}

===College and teaching career: 1951–1955===

Although Tutu secured admission to study medicine at the [[University of the Witwatersrand]], his parents could not afford the tuition fees.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=47–48}} Instead, he turned toward teaching, gaining a government scholarship for a course at [[University of Pretoria|Pretoria Bantu Normal College]], a teacher training institution, in 1951.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=12|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=48}} There, he served as treasurer of the Student Representative Council, helped to organise the Literacy and Dramatic Society, and chaired the Cultural and Debating Society.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=48}} During one debating event he met the lawyer—and future president of South Africa—[[Nelson Mandela]]; they would not encounter each other again until 1990.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=17|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=48–49}} At the college, Tutu attained his Transvaal Bantu Teachers Diploma, having gained advice about taking exams from the activist [[Robert Sobukwe]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=37|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=18|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=50}} He had also taken five correspondence courses provided by the [[University of South Africa]] (UNISA), graduating in the same class as future Zimbabwean leader [[Robert Mugabe]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=37|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=18|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=49–50}}

In 1954, Tutu began teaching English at Madibane High School; the following year, he transferred to the Krugersdorp High School, where he taught English and history.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=37|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=17, 18|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=50–51}} He began courting Nomalizo Leah Shenxane, a friend of his sister Gloria who was studying to become a primary school teacher.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=18|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=51}} They were legally married at Krugersdorp Native Commissioner's Court in June 1955, before undergoing a [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]] wedding ceremony at the Church of Mary Queen of Apostles; although an Anglican, Tutu agreed to the ceremony due to Leah's Roman Catholic faith.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=38|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=51–52}} The newlyweds lived at Tutu's parental home before renting their own six months later.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=52}} Their first child, Trevor, was born in April 1956;{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=22|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=53}} a daughter, Thandeka, appeared 16 months later.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=53}} The couple worshipped at St Paul's Church, where Tutu volunteered as a Sunday school teacher, assistant choirmaster, church councillor, lay preacher, and sub-deacon;{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=53}} he also volunteered as a football administrator for a local team.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=52}}

===Joining the clergy: 1956–1966===

[[File:St Albans, Golders Green-2.jpg|thumb|right|Tutu first ministered to a white congregation at the Church of St Alban the Martyr in Golders Green, living with his family in the curate's flat]]

In 1953, the white-minority [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] government introduced the [[Bantu Education Act, 1953|Bantu Education Act]] to further their [[apartheid]] system of racial segregation and white domination. Disliking the Act, Tutu and his wife left the teaching profession.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=41–45|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=20–21|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=60–61}} With Huddleston's support, Tutu chose to become an Anglican priest.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=23|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=61}} In January 1956, his request to join the Ordinands Guild was turned down due to his debts; these were then paid off by the wealthy industrialist [[Harry Oppenheimer]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=61–62}} Tutu was admitted to [[Federal Theological Seminary of Southern Africa|St Peter's Theological College]] in [[Rosettenville, Gauteng|Rosettenville]], Johannesburg, which was run by the Anglican [[Community of the Resurrection]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=46|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=25|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=63–64}} The college was residential, and Tutu lived there while his wife trained as a nurse in [[Sekhukhuneland]]; their children lived with Tutu's parents in [[Munsieville]].{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=26|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=64}} In August 1960, his wife gave birth to another daughter, Naomi.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=68}}

At the college, Tutu studied the Bible, Anglican doctrine, church history, and Christian ethics,{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=47|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=64–65}} earning a [[Licentiate of Theology]] degree,{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=47}} and winning the archbishop's annual essay prize.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=62–63|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=35|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=72}} The college's principal, Godfrey Pawson, wrote that Tutu "has exceptional knowledge and intelligence and is very industrious. At the same time, he shows no arrogance, mixes in well, and is popular ... He has obvious gifts of leadership."{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=67}} During his years at the college, there had been an intensification in anti-apartheid activism as well as a crackdown against it, including the [[Sharpeville massacre]] of 1960.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=26|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=68–69}} Tutu and the other trainees did not engage in anti-apartheid campaigns;{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=49|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=70}} he later noted that they were "in some ways a very apolitical bunch".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=70}}

In December 1960, [[Edward Paget (bishop)|Edward Paget]] ordained Tutu as an Anglican priest at [[St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg|St Mary's Cathedral]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=54|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=28|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=74}} Tutu was then appointed assistant curate in St Alban's Parish, [[Benoni, Gauteng|Benoni]], where he was reunited with his wife and children,{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=54–55|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=28|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=74}} and earned two-thirds of what his white counterparts were given.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=75}} In 1962, Tutu was transferred to St Philip's Church in [[Thokoza]], where he was placed in charge of the congregation and developed a passion for pastoral ministry.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=55|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=28|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=76}} Many in South Africa's white-dominated Anglican establishment felt the need for more black Africans in positions of ecclesiastical authority; to assist in this, Aelfred Stubbs proposed that Tutu train as a theology teacher at [[King's College London]] (KCL).{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=57|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=31|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=77}} Funding was secured from the [[International Missionary Council]]'s Theological Education Fund (TEF),{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=81}} and the government agreed to give the Tutus permission to move to Britain.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=31|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=79–81}} They duly did so in September 1962.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=57}}

[[File:Bletchingley Church in September 2010.jpg|thumb|left|During his master's degree, Tutu worked as assistant curate at St Mary's Church in Bletchingley, Surrey.]]

At KCL, Tutu studied under theologians like [[Dennis Nineham]], [[Christopher Evans (theologian)|Christopher Evans]], [[Sydney Evans (priest)|Sydney Evans]], [[Geoffrey Parrinder]], and [[Eric Mascall]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=86}} In London, the Tutus felt liberated experiencing a life free from South Africa's apartheid and [[pass laws]];{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=58|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=32|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=87}} he later noted that "there is racism in England, but we were not exposed to it".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=87}} He was also impressed by the [[freedom of speech]] in the country, especially at [[Speakers' Corner]] in London's [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]].{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=59}} The family moved into the curate's flat behind the Church of St Alban the Martyr in [[Golders Green]], where Tutu assisted Sunday services, the first time that he had ministered to a white congregation.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=57–58, 63|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=31, 33|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=84, 87}} It was in the flat that a daughter, [[Mpho Andrea Tutu]], was born in 1963.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=34|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=88}} Tutu was academically successful and his tutors suggested that he convert to an [[honours degree]], which entailed his also studying [[Hebrew]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=89–90}} He received his degree from [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]] in a ceremony held at the [[Royal Albert Hall]].{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=61}}

Tutu then secured a TEF grant to study for a master's degree,{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=61–62|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=92}} doing so from October 1965 until September 1966, completing his dissertation on [[Islam]] in West Africa.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=35|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=92, 95}} During this period, the family moved to [[Bletchingley]] in Surrey, where Tutu worked as the assistant curate of St Mary's Church.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=63|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=35|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=93}} In the village, he encouraged cooperation between his Anglican parishioners and the local Roman Catholic and Methodist communities.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=35}} Tutu's time in London helped him to jettison any bitterness to whites and feelings of racial inferiority; he overcame his habit of automatically deferring to whites.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=34}}

==Career during apartheid==

===Teaching in South Africa and Lesotho: 1966–1972===
In 1966, Tutu and his family moved to [[East Jerusalem]], where he studied [[Arabic]] and Greek for two months at [[St. George's College, Jerusalem|St George's College]].{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=39|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=98–99}} They then returned to South Africa,{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=101}} settling in [[Alice, South Africa|Alice]] in 1967. The [[Federal Theological Seminary of Southern Africa|Federal Theological Seminary]] (Fedsem) had recently been established there as an amalgamation of training institutions from different Christian denominations.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=69|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=41|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=101, 103}} At Fedsem, Tutu was employed teaching doctrine, the [[Old Testament]], and Greek;{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=73|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=104}} Leah became its library assistant.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=105}} Tutu was the college's first black staff-member,{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=104, 105}} and the campus allowed a level of racial-mixing which was rare in South Africa.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=71–72|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=105}} The Tutus sent their children to a private boarding school in Swaziland, thereby keeping them from South Africa's Bantu Education syllabus.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=42|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=101}}

Tutu joined a pan-Protestant group, the Church Unity Commission,{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=105}} served as a delegate at Anglican-Catholic conversations,{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=116}} and began publishing in [[academic journal]]s.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=116}} He also became the Anglican chaplain to the neighbouring [[University of Fort Hare]];{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=42|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=108}} in an unusual move for the time, Tutu invited female as well as male students to become servers during the [[Eucharist]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=108}} He joined student delegations to meetings of the Anglican Students' Federation and the University Christian Movement,{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=109}} and was broadly supportive of the [[Black Consciousness Movement]] that emerged from South Africa's 1960s student milieu, although did not share its view on avoiding collaboration with whites.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=75–77|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=43–44|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=109–110}} In August 1968, he gave a sermon comparing South Africa's situation with that in the [[Eastern Bloc]], likening anti-apartheid protests to the recent [[Prague Spring]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=78|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=44|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=110}} In September, Fort Hare students held a sit-in protest over the university administration's policies; after they were surrounded by police with [[police dogs|dogs]], Tutu waded into the crowd to pray with the protesters.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=78–79|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=44|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=111}} This was the first time that he had witnessed state power used to suppress dissent.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=79|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=45|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=112}}

In January 1970, Tutu left the seminary for a teaching post at the [[University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland]] (UBLS) in [[Roma, Lesotho]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=80|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=45|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=113–115}} This brought him closer to his children and offered twice the salary he earned at Fedsem.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=81|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=45|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=113}} He and his wife moved to the UBLS campus; most of his fellow staff members were white expatriates from the US or Britain.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=114–115}} As well as his teaching position, he also became the college's Anglican chaplain and the warden of two student residences.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=115}} In Lesotho, he joined the executive board of the Lesotho Ecumenical Association and served as an [[external examiner]] for both Fedsem and [[Rhodes University]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=116}} He returned to South Africa on several occasions, including to visit his father shortly before the latter's death in February 1971.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=116}}

===TEF Africa director: 1972–1975===

{{Quote box
| quote = Black theology seeks to make sense of the life experience of the black man, which is largely black suffering at the hands of rampant white racism, and to understand this in the light of what God has said about himself, about man, and about the world in his very definite Word... Black theology has to do with whether it is possible to be black and continue to be Christian; it is to ask on whose side is God; it is to be concerned about the humanisation of man, because those who ravage our humanity dehumanise themselves in the process; [it says] that the liberation of the black man is the other side of the liberation of the white man—so it is concerned with human liberation.
| source=— Desmond Tutu, in a conference paper presented at the Union Theological Seminary, 1973{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=138–39}} 
| align = right
| width = 25em
}}

Tutu accepted TEF's offer of a job as their director for Africa, a position based in England. South Africa's government initially refused permission, regarding him with suspicion since the Fort Hare protests, but relented after Tutu argued that his taking the role would be good publicity for South Africa.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=88|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=49, 51|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=119–120}} In March 1972, he returned to Britain. The TEF's headquarters were in [[Bromley]], with the Tutu family settling in nearby [[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]], where Tutu became honorary curate of St Augustine's Church.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=88, 92|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=51–53|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=123, 143–144}}

Tutu's job entailed assessing grants to theological training institutions and students.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=53|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=123}} This required his touring Africa in the early 1970s, and he wrote accounts of his experiences.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=53|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=124}} In [[Zaire]], he for instance lamented the widespread corruption and poverty and complained that [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]'s "military regime... is extremely galling to a black from South Africa."{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=125–127}} In Nigeria, he expressed concern at [[Igbo people|Igbo]] resentment following the crushing of their [[Biafra|Republic of Biafra]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=128}} In 1972 he travelled around East Africa, where he was impressed by [[Jomo Kenyatta]]'s Kenyan government and witnessed [[Idi Amin]]'s [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expulsion of Ugandan Asians]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=129–130}}

During the early 1970s, Tutu's theology changed due to his experiences in Africa and his discovery of [[liberation theology]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=135}} He was also attracted to [[black theology]],{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=85|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=46}} attending a 1973 conference on the subject at New York City's [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union Theological Seminary]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=137}} There, he presented a paper in which he stated that "black theology is an engaged not an academic, detached theology. It is a gut level theology, relating to the real concerns, the life and death issues of the black man."{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=138}} He stated that his paper was not an attempt to demonstrate the academic respectability of black theology but rather to make "a straightforward, perhaps shrill, statement about an existent. Black theology is. No permission is being requested for it to come into being... Frankly the time has passed when we will wait for the white man to give us permission to do our thing. Whether or not he accepts the intellectual respectability of our activity is largely irrelevant. We will proceed regardless."{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=139}} Seeking to fuse the African-American derived black theology with [[African theology]], Tutu's approach contrasted with that of those African theologians, like [[John Mbiti]], who regarded black theology as a foreign import irrelevant to Africa.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=137}}

===Dean of St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg and Bishop of Lesotho: 1975–1978===

In 1975, Tutu was nominated to be the new [[Anglican Diocese of Johannesburg|Bishop of Johannesburg]], although he lost out to [[Timothy Bavin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=94|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=54}} Bavin suggested that Tutu take his newly vacated position, that of the [[Dean (religion)|dean]] of St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg. Tutu was elected to this position—the fourth highest in South Africa's Anglican hierarchy—in March 1975, becoming the first black man to do so, an appointment making headline news in South Africa.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=94–96|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=55, 58|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=139, 144–145}} Tutu was officially installed as dean in August 1975. The cathedral was packed for the event.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=145–146}} Moving to the city, Tutu lived not in the official dean's residence in the white suburb of [[Houghton Estate|Houghton]] but rather in [[Tutu House|a house]] on a middle-class street in the [[Orlando West]] township of [[Soweto]], a largely impoverished black area.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=96–97|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=58|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=146}} Although majority white, the cathedral's congregation was racially mixed, something that gave Tutu hope that a racially equal, de-segregated future was possible for South Africa.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1pp=59–60|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=147}} He encountered some resistance to his attempts to modernise the [[liturgies]] used by the congregation,{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=98|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=60|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=149}} including his attempts to replace masculine pronouns with gender neutral ones.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=98–99|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=60}}

[[File:Lesotho mountain village (5285775857).jpg|thumb|left|As Bishop of Lesotho, Tutu travelled around the country's mountains visiting the people living there.]]

Tutu used his position to speak out on social issues,{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=60}} publicly endorsing an international [[Disinvestment from South Africa|economic boycott of South Africa]] over apartheid.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=155}} He met with Black Consciousness and Soweto leaders,{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=102–103|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=61}} and shared a platform with anti-apartheid campaigner [[Winnie Mandela]] in opposing the government's [[Terrorism Act, 1967]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=150}} He held a 24-hour vigil for racial harmony at the cathedral where he prayed for activists detained under the act.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=150–151}} In May 1976, he wrote to Prime Minister [[B. J. Vorster]], warning that if the government maintained apartheid then the country would erupt in racial violence.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=104–106|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=61–62|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=154}} Six weeks later, the [[Soweto uprising]] broke out as black youth clashed with police. Over the course of ten months, at least 660 were killed, most under the age of 24.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=106|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=62–64|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=154, 156–158}} Tutu was upset by what he regarded as the lack of outrage from [[white South Africans]]; he raised the issue in his Sunday sermon, stating that the white silence was "deafening" and asking if they would have shown the same nonchalance had white youths been killed.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=107|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=64|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=158}}

After seven months as dean, Tutu was nominated to become the [[Bishop of Lesotho]].{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=65|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=149}} Although Tutu did not want the position, he was elected to it in March 1976 and reluctantly accepted.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=65|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=151}} This decision upset some of his congregation, who felt that he had used their parish as a stepping stone to advance his career.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=65}} In July, [[Bill Burnett]] consecrated Tutu as a bishop at St Mary's Cathedral.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=109|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=65|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=159}} In August, Tutu was enthroned as the Bishop of Lesotho in a ceremony at [[Maseru]]'s Cathedral of St Mary and St James; thousands attended, including King [[Moshoeshoe II]] and Prime Minister [[Leabua Jonathan]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=109|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=65|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=159}} Travelling through the largely rural diocese,{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=111|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=160–161}} Tutu learned [[Sesotho]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=161}} He appointed Philip Mokuku as the first dean of the diocese and placed great emphasis on [[further education]] for the Basotho clergy.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=160}} He befriended the royal family although his relationship with Jonathan's government was strained.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1pp=66–67|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=162}} In September 1977 he returned to South Africa to speak at the [[Eastern Cape]] funeral of Black Consciousness activist [[Steve Biko]], who had been killed by police.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=117–118|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=67|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=163}} At the funeral, Tutu stated that Black Consciousness was "a movement by which God, through Steve, sought to awaken in the black person a sense of his intrinsic value and worth as a child of God".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=164}}

===General-Secretary of the South African Council of Churches: 1978–1985===

====SACC leadership====

{{Quote box
| quote = We in the SACC believe in a non-racial South Africa where people count because they are made in the image of God. So the SACC is neither a black nor a white organization. It is a Christian organization with a definite bias in favour of the oppressed and the exploited ones of our society.
| source=— Desmond Tutu, on the SACC{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=75}} 
| align = right
| width = 25em
}}
After John Rees stepped down as general secretary of the [[South African Council of Churches]], Tutu was among the nominees for his successor. John Thorne was ultimately elected to the position, although stepped down after three months, with Tutu's agreeing to take over at the urging of the [[synod]] of bishops.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=120|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=69|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=164–165}} His decision angered many Anglicans in Lesotho, who felt that Tutu was abandoning them.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=121|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=69}} Tutu took charge of the SACC in March 1978.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=130|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=72|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=167}} Back in Johannesburg—where the SACC's headquarters were based at Khotso House{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=74|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=170}}—the Tutus returned to their former Orlando West home, now bought for them by an anonymous foreign donor.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=169–170}} Leah gained employment as the assistant director of the [[South African Institute of Race Relations|Institute of Race Relations]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=170}}

The SACC was one of the few Christian institutions in South Africa where black people had the majority representation;{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=168}} Tutu was its first black leader.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=72}} There, he introduced a schedule of daily staff prayers, regular Bible study, monthly Eucharist, and silent retreats.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=169}} Hegr also developed a new style of leadership, appointing senior staff who were capable of taking the initiative, delegating much of the SACC's detailed work to them, and keeping in touch with them through meetings and memorandums.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=171}} Many of his staff referred to him as "Baba" (father).{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=73}} He was determined that the SACC become one of South Africa's most visible human rights advocacy organisations.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=72}} His efforts gained him international recognition; the closing years of the 1970s saw him elected a [[Fellow#Academia|fellow]] of KCL and receive honorary doctorates from the [[University of Kent]], General Theological Seminary, and [[Harvard University]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=169|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=89–90}}

As head of the SACC, Tutu's time was dominated by fundraising for the organisation's projects.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=154|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=73}} Under Tutu's tenure, it was revealed that one of the SACC's divisional directors had been stealing funds. In 1981 a government commission launched to investigate the issue, headed by the judge [[Frikkie Eloff|C. F. Eloff]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=172–177|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=82|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=192–197}} Tutu gave evidence to the commission, during which he condemned apartheid as "evil" and "unchristian".{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1pp=83–84|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=197–199}} When the Eloff report was published, Tutu criticised it, focusing particularly on the absence of any theologians on its board, likening it to "a group of blind men" judging the [[Chelsea Flower Show]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=178|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=197–199}} In 1981 Tutu also became the rector of St Augustine's Church in Soweto's [[Orlando West]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=135|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=75|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=215}} The following year he published a collection of his sermons and speeches, ''Crying in the Wilderness: The Struggle for Justice in South Africa'';{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=144}} another volume, ''Hope and Suffering'', appeared in 1984.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=144}}

====Activism and the Nobel Peace Prize====

Tutu testified on behalf of a captured [[clandestine cell system|cell]] of [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]], an armed anti-apartheid group linked to the banned [[African National Congress]] (ANC). He stated that although he was committed to non-violence and censured all who used violence, he could understand why black Africans became violent when their non-violent tactics had failed to overturn apartheid.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=172}} In an earlier address, he had opined that an armed struggle against South Africa's government had little chance of succeeding but also accused Western nations of hypocrisy for condemning armed liberation groups in southern Africa while they had praised similar organisations in Europe during the [[Second World War]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=162–163}} Tutu also signed a petition calling for the release of ANC activist Nelson Mandela,{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=182}} leading to a correspondence between the pair.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=183}}

[[File:Reagan with Desmond TutuC26199-10.jpg|thumb|left|US President [[Ronald Reagan]] meeting with Desmond Tutu in 1984. Tutu described [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan's administration]] as "an unmitigated disaster for us blacks",{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=95}} and Reagan himself as "a racist pure and simple".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=255}}]]

After Tutu told journalists that he supported an international economic boycott of South Africa, he was reprimanded before government ministers in October 1979.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1pp=77, 90|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=178–179}} In March 1980, the government confiscated his passport; this raised his international profile.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=187|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=90|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=181–182}} In 1980, the SACC committed itself to supporting [[civil disobedience]] against apartheid.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=159–160|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=184}} After Thorne was arrested in May, Tutu and Joe Wing led a protest march during which they were arrested, imprisoned overnight, and fined.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=169|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=80|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=184–186}} In the aftermath, a meeting was organised between 20 church leaders including Tutu, Prime Minister [[P. W. Botha]], and seven government ministers. At this August meeting the clerical leaders unsuccessfully urged the government to end apartheid.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=166–167|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=81|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=186–187}} Although some clergy saw this dialogue as pointless, Tutu disagreed, commenting: "[[Moses]] went to Pharaoh repeatedly to secure the release of the Israelites."{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=188}}

In January 1981, the government returned Tutu's passport.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=90|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=189}} In March, he embarked on a five-week tour of Europe and North America, meeting politicians including the [[UN Secretary-General]] [[Kurt Waldheim]], and addressing the [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761|UN Special Committee Against Apartheid]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=189–190|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=90–91|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=189}} In England, he met [[Robert Runcie]] and gave a sermon in [[Westminster Abbey]], while in [[Rome]] he met Pope [[John Paul II]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=190|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=91|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=190}} On his return to South Africa, Botha again ordered Tutu's passport confiscated, preventing him from personally collecting several further honorary degrees.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=91|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=190–191}} It was returned 17 months later.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=91}} In September 1982 Tutu addressed the Triennial Convention of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] in [[New Orleans]] before traveling to Kentucky to see his daughter Naomi, who lived there with her American husband.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=191|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=91–92}} Tutu gained a popular following in the US, where he was often compared to civil rights leader [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], although white [[Conservatism in the United States|conservatives]] like [[Pat Buchanan]] and [[Jerry Falwell]] lambasted him as an alleged communist sympathiser.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=196, 198|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=93–94}}

{{Quote box
| quote = This award is for mothers, who sit at railway stations to try to eke out an existence, selling potatoes, selling mealies, selling produce. This award is for you, fathers, sitting in a single-sex hostel, separated from your children for 11 months a year... This award is for you, mothers in the KTC squatter camp, whose shelters are destroyed callously every day, and who sit on soaking mattresses in the winter rain, holding whimpering babies... This award is for you, the 3.5&nbsp;million of our people who have been uprooted and dumped as if you were rubbish. This award is for you.
| source=— Desmond Tutu's speech on receiving the Nobel Peace Prize{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=17|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=213}} 
| align = right
| width = 25em
}}
By the 1980s, Tutu was an icon for many black South Africans, a status rivalled only by Mandela.{{sfn|Gish|2004|pp=79, 86}} In August 1983, he became a patron of the new anti-apartheid [[United Democratic Front (South Africa)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF).{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=235|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=95|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=206}} Tutu angered much of South Africa's press and white minority,{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=78}} especially apartheid supporters.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=78}} Pro-government media like ''[[The Citizen (South Africa)|The Citizen]]'' and the [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] criticised him,{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=202}} often focusing on how his middle-class lifestyle contrasted with the poverty of the blacks he claimed to represent.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=85}} He received [[hate mail]] and death threats from white far-right groups like the [[Barend Strydom|Wit Wolwe]].{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=78|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=201}} Although he remained close with prominent white liberals like [[Helen Suzman]],{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=203}} his angry anti-government rhetoric also alienated many white liberals like [[Alan Paton]] and [[Bill Burnett]], who believed that apartheid could be gradually reformed away.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=203–205}}

In 1984, Tutu embarked on a three-month sabbatical at the [[General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church]] in New York.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=200|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=95|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=211}} In the city, he was invited to address the [[United Nations Security Council]],{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=99}} later meeting the [[Congressional Black Caucus]] and the subcommittees on Africa in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]].{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=100}} He was also invited to the [[White House]], where he unsuccessfully urged President [[Ronald Reagan]] to change his approach to South Africa.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=207|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=100–101|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=249–250}} He was troubled that Reagan had a warmer relationship with South Africa's government than his predecessor [[Jimmy Carter]], describing Reagan's government as "an unmitigated disaster for us blacks".{{sfn|Gish|2004|pp=92–93, 95}} Tutu later called Reagan "a racist pure and simple".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=255}}

In New York City, Tutu was informed that he had won the 1984 [[Nobel Peace Prize]]; he had previously been nominated in 1981, 1982, and 1983.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=200|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=209–210}} The Nobel Prize selection committee had wanted to recognise a South African and thought Tutu would be a less controversial choice than Mandela or [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=210–211}} In December, he attended the award ceremony in [[Oslo]]—which was hampered by a bomb scare—before returning home via Sweden, Denmark, Canada, Tanzania, and Zambia.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=208|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=101–102|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=219–220}} He shared the US$192,000 prize money with his family, SACC staff, and a scholarship fund for South Africans in exile.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=215}} He was the second South African to receive the award, after [[Albert Luthuli]] in 1960.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=95}} South Africa's government and mainstream media either downplayed or criticised the award,{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=203|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2pp=97–98}} while the [[Organisation of African Unity]] hailed it as evidence of apartheid's impending demise.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=96}}

===Bishop of Johannesburg: 1985–1986===

After Timothy Bavin retired as Bishop of Johannesburg, Tutu was among five replacement candidates. An elective assembly met at [[St Barnabas College (Johannesburg)|St Barnabas' College]] in October 1984 and although Tutu was one of the two most popular candidates, the white laity voting bloc consistently voted against his candidature. To break deadlock, a bishops' synod met and decided to appoint Tutu.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=210–211|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=105|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=217–218}} Black Anglicans celebrated, although many white Anglicans were angry;{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=212|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=105|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=218}} some withdrew their diocesan quota in protest.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=215}} Tutu was enthroned as the sixth Bishop of Johannesburg in St Mary's Cathedral in February 1985.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=107|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=220}} The first black man to hold the role,{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=210|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=105}} he took over the country's largest diocese, comprising 102 parishes and 300,000 parishioners, approximately 80% of whom were black.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=108}} In his inaugural sermon, Tutu called on the international community to introduce economic sanctions against South Africa unless apartheid was not being dismantled within 18 to 24 months.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=212–213|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=107|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=221}} He sought to reassure white South Africans that he was not the "horrid ogre" some feared; as bishop he spent much time wooing the support of white Anglicans in his diocese,{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=212, 214|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=221}} and resigned as patron of the UDF.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=221}}

{{Quote box
| quote = I have no hope of real change from this government unless they are forced. We face a catastrophe in this land and only the action of the international community by applying pressure can save us. Our children are dying. Our land is bleeding and burning and so I call the international community to apply punitive sanctions against this government to help us establish a new South Africa – non-racial, democratic, participatory and just. This is a non-violent strategy to help us do so. There is a great deal of goodwill still in our country between the races. Let us not be so wanton in destroying it. We can live together as one people, one family, black and white together.
| source=— Desmond Tutu, 1985{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=321–232}} 
| align = left
| width = 25em
}}

The mid-1980s saw growing clashes between black youths and the security services; Tutu was invited to speak at many of the funerals of those youths killed.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=221|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=228}} At a [[Duduza]] funeral, he intervened to stop the crowd from killing a black man accused of being a government informant.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=221–222|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=110|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3pp=224–225}} Tutu angered some black South Africans by speaking against the torture and killing of suspected collaborators.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=226}} For these militants, Tutu's calls for non-violence were perceived as an obstacle to revolution.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=111}} When Tutu accompanied the US politician [[Ted Kennedy]] on the latter's visit to South Africa in January 1985, he was angered that protesters from the [[Azanian People's Organisation]] (AZAPO)—who regarded Kennedy as an agent of capitalism and [[American imperialism]]—disrupted proceedings.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|pp=217–219}}

Amid the violence, the ANC called on supporters to make South Africa "[[Ungovernable (South Africa)|ungovernable]]";{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=229}} foreign companies increasingly disinvested in the country and the [[South African rand]] reached a record low.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=229–230}} In July 1985, Botha declared a state of emergency in 36 magisterial districts, suspending civil liberties and giving the security services additional powers;{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=223–224|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=111|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=227}} he rebuffed Tutu's offer to serve as a go-between for the government and leading black organisations.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=227}} Tutu continued protesting; in April 1985, he led a small march of clergy through Johannesburg to protest the arrest of Geoff Moselane.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|pp=220–221}} In October 1985, he backed the National Initiative for Reconciliation's proposal for people to refrain from work for a day of prayer, fasting, and mourning.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|pp=237–238}} He also proposed a [[General strike|national strike]] against apartheid, angering trade unions whom he had not consulted beforehand.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|pp=238–239}}

Tutu continued promoting his cause abroad. In May 1985 he embarked on a speaking tour of the United States,{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=110}} and in October 1985 addressed the political committee of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], urging the international community to impose sanctions on South Africa if apartheid was not dismantled within six months.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=231}} Proceeding to the United Kingdom, he met with Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=224|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=113}} He also formed a Bishop Tutu Scholarship Fund to financially assist South African students living in exile.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=113}} He returned to the US in May 1986,{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=116}} and in August 1986 visited Japan, China, and Jamaica to promote sanctions.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=118}} Given that most senior anti-apartheid activists were imprisoned, Mandela referred to Tutu as "public enemy number one for the powers that be".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=79}}

===Archbishop of Cape Town: 1986–1994===

[[File:Desmond Tutu, 1986 Jan (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Tutu on a visit to San Francisco in 1986]]

After [[Philip Russell (bishop)|Philip Russell]] announced his retirement as the [[Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town|Archbishop of Cape Town]],{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=121}} in February 1986 the Black Solidarity Group formed a plan to get Tutu appointed as his replacement.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=263–264}} At the time of the meeting, Tutu was in [[Atlanta]], Georgia, receiving the [[Martin Luther King, Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=263}} Tutu secured a two-thirds majority from both the clergy and laity and was then ratified in a unanimous vote by the synod of bishops.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=248–249|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=121|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=264}} He was the first black man to hold the post.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=121}} Some white Anglicans left the church in protest.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=254–255|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=265}} Over 1,300 people attended his enthronement ceremony at the [[St. George's Cathedral, Cape Town|Cathedral of St George the Martyr]] on 7 September 1986.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=122|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=266}} 
After the ceremony, Tutu held an open-air Eucharist for 10,000 people at the Cape Showgrounds in [[Goodwood, Cape Town|Goodwood]], where he invited [[Albertina Sisulu]] and [[Allan Boesak]] to give political speeches.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=259|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=267}}

Tutu moved into the archbishop's [[Bishopscourt, Cape Town|Bishopscourt]] residence; this was illegal as he did not have official permission to reside in what the state allocated as a "white area".{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1pp=122–123|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=1, 268}} He obtained money from the church to oversee renovations of the house,{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=269}} and had a children's playground installed in its grounds, opening this and the Bishopscourt swimming pool to members of his diocese.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=123|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=270}} He invited the English priest Francis Cull to set up the Institute of Christian Spirituality at Bishopscourt, with the latter moving into a building in the house's grounds.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=276}} Such projects led to Tutu's ministry taking up an increasingly large portion of the Anglican church's budget, which Tutu sought to expand through requesting donations from overseas.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=276}} Some Anglicans were critical of his spending.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=277}}

Tutu's vast workload was managed with the assistance of his executive officer [[Njongonkulu Ndungane]] and [[Michael Nuttall]], who in 1989 was elected dean of the province.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=277–279}} In church meetings, Tutu drew upon traditional African custom by adopting a consensus-building model of leadership, seeking to ensure that competing groups in the church reached a compromise and thus all votes would be unanimous rather than divided.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=279}} He secured approval for the ordination of female priests in the Anglican church, having likened the exclusion of women from the position to apartheid.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=280}} He appointed gay priests to senior positions and privately criticised the church's insistence that gay priests remain celibate.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=280–281}}

Along with Boesak and [[Stephen Naidoo]], Tutu mediated conflicts between black protesters and the security forces; they for instance worked to avoid clashes at the 1987 funeral of ANC guerrilla [[Ashley Kriel]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=284–285}} In February 1988, the government banned 17 black or multi-racial organisations, including the UDF, and restricted the activities of trade unions. Church leaders organised a protest march, and after that too was banned they established the Committee for the Defense of Democracy. When the group's rally was banned, Tutu, Boesak, and Naidoo organised a service at St George's Cathedral to replace it.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=127|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=290}}

{{Quote box
| quote = You have already lost! Let us say to you nicely: you have already lost! We are inviting you to come and join the winning side! Your cause is unjust. You are defending what is fundamentally indefensible, because it is evil. It is evil without question. It is immoral. It is immoral without question. It is unchristian. Therefore, you will bite the dust! And you will bite the dust comprehensively.
| source=— Desmond Tutu addressing the government, 1988{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=291}} 
| align = left
| width = 25em
}}

Opposed on principle to [[Capital punishment in South Africa|capital punishment]], in March 1988 Tutu took up the cause of the [[Sharpeville Six]] who had been sentenced to death.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=1–4}} He telephoned representatives of the American, British, and German governments urging them to pressure Botha on the issue,{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=4}} and personally met with Botha at the latter's [[Tuynhuys]] home to discuss the issue. The two did not get on well, and argued.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=127|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=1–5}} Botha accused Tutu of supporting the ANC's armed campaign; Tutu said that while he did not support their use of violence, he supported the ANC's objective of a non-racial, democratic South Africa.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=5–6}} The death sentences were ultimately commuted.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=6}}

In May 1988, the government launched a covert campaign against Tutu, organised in part by the [[State Security Council#Stratkom|Stratkom]] wing of the [[State Security Council]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=293, 294}} The security police printed leaflets and stickers with anti-Tutu slogans while unemployed blacks were paid to protest when he arrived at the airport.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=293, 294}} Traffic police briefly imprisoned Leah when she was late to renew her motor vehicle license.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=294}} Although the security police organised assassination attempts on various anti-apartheid Christian leaders, they later claimed to have never done so for Tutu, deeming him too high-profile.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=295}}

Tutu remained actively involved in acts of [[civil disobedience]] against the government; he was encouraged by the fact that many whites also took part in these protests.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=307}} In August 1989 he helped to organise an "Ecumenical Defiance Service" at St George's Cathedral,{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=301–302}} and shortly after joined protests at segregated beaches outside Cape Town.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=131|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=303}} To mark the sixth anniversary of the UDF's foundation he held a "service of witness" at the cathedral,{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=304}} and in September organised a church memorial for those protesters who had been killed in clashes with the security forces.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=131|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=308}} He organised a [[Cape Town peace march|protest march through Cape Town]] for later that month, which the new President [[F. W. de Klerk]] agreed to permit; a multi-racial crowd containing an estimated 30,000 people took part.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=132|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=308–311|3a1=Sampson|3y=2011|3p=397}} That the march had been permitted inspired similar demonstrations to take place across the country.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=311}} In October, de Klerk met with Tutu, Boesak, and [[Frank Chikane]]; Tutu was impressed that "we were listened to".{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=312–313}} In 1994, a further collection of Tutu's writings, ''The Rainbow People of God'', was published, and followed the next year with his ''An African Prayer Book'', a collection of prayers from across the continent accompanied by the Archbishop's commentary.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=144}}

====Dismantling of apartheid====

[[File:Nelson Mandela-2008 (edit).jpg|thumb|right|Tutu welcomed Mandela (pictured) to Bishopscourt when the latter was released from prison and later organised the religious component of his presidential inauguration ceremony.]]

In February 1990, de Klerk lifted the ban on political parties like the ANC; Tutu telephoned him to praise the move.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=135|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=313}} De Klerk then announced Nelson Mandela's release from prison; at the ANC's request, Mandela and his wife Winnie stayed at Bishopscourt on the former's first night of freedom.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1pp=135–136|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=313|3a1=Sampson|3y=2011|3p=409}} Tutu and Mandela met for the first time in 35 years at [[Cape Town City Hall]], where Mandela spoke to the assembled crowds.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=314}} Tutu invited Mandela to attend an Anglican synod of bishops in February 1990, at which the latter described Tutu as the "people's archbishop".{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=315–316}} There, Tutu and the bishops called for an end to foreign sanctions once the transition to [[universal suffrage]] was "irreversible", urged anti-apartheid groups to end armed struggle, and banned Anglican clergy from belonging to political parties.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=316}} Many clergy were angry that the latter was being imposed without consultation, although Tutu defended it, stating that priests affiliating with political parties would prove divisive, particularly amid growing inter-party violence.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=320–321}}

In March, violence broke out between supporters of the ANC and of [[Inkatha Freedom Party|Inkatha]] in [[kwaZulu]]; Tutu joined the SACC delegation in talks with Mandela, de Klerk, and Inkatha leader [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]] in [[Ulundi]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=317}} Church leaders urged Mandela and Buthelezi to hold a joint rally to quell the violence.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=319}} Although Tutu's relationship with Buthelezi had always been strained, particularly due to Tutu's opposition to Buthelezi's collaboration in the government's [[Bantustan]] system, Tutu repeatedly visited Buthelezi to encourage his involvement in the democratic process.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=318–319}} As the ANC-Inkatha violence spread from [[kwaZulu]] into the [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], Tutu toured affected townships in [[Witwatersrand]],{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=137|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=321–322}} later meeting with victims of the [[Sebokeng]] and [[Boipatong massacre]]s.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1pp=137–139|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=323, 329}}

Like many activists, Tutu believed a "[[Third Force (South Africa)|third force]]" was stoking tensions between the ANC and Inkatha; it later emerged that intelligence agencies were supplying Inkatha with weapons to weaken the ANC's negotiating position.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=138|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=325}} Unlike some ANC figures, Tutu never accused de Klerk of personal complicity in this.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=325–326}} In November 1990, Tutu organised a "summit" at Bishopscourt attended by both church and black political leaders in which he encouraged the latter to call on their supporters to avoid violence and allow free political campaigning.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=138|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=328}} After the [[South African Communist Party]] leader [[Chris Hani]] was assassinated, Tutu spoke at Hani's funeral outside Soweto.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=140|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=333–334}} Experiencing physical exhaustion and ill-health,{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=327}} Tutu then undertook a four-month sabbatical at [[Emory University]]'s Candler School of Theology in Atlanta, Georgia.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=138|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=329}}

Tutu was exhilarated by the prospect of South Africa transforming towards universal suffrage via a negotiated transition rather than civil war.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=315}} He allowed his face to be used on posters encouraging people to vote.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=142}} When the [[South African general election, 1994|April 1994 multi-racial general election]] took place, Tutu was visibly exuberant, telling reporters that "we are on cloud nine".{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=142|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=338}} He voted in Cape Town's [[Gugulethu]] township.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=142|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=338}} The ANC won the election and Mandela was declared president, heading a government of national unity.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=143|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=339}} Tutu attended Mandela's inauguration ceremony; he had planned its religious component, insisting that Christian, Muslim, Jewish, and Hindu leaders all take part.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=338–339}}

====International affairs====

Tutu also turned his attention to foreign events. In 1987, he gave the keynote speech at the [[All Africa Conference of Churches]] (AACC) in [[Lomé]], Togo, calling on churches to champion the oppressed throughout Africa; he stated that "it pains us to have to admit that there is less freedom and personal liberty in most of Africa now then there was during the much-maligned colonial days."{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=347–348}} Elected president of the AACC, he worked closely with general-secretary José Belo over the next decade.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=130|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=375}} In 1989 they visited Zaire to encourage the country's churches to distance themselves from Seko's government.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=130|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=375}} In 1994, he and Belo visited war-torn Liberia; they met [[Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)|Charles Taylor]], but Tutu did not trust his promise of a ceasefire.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=376–377}} In 1995, Mandela sent Tutu to Nigeria to meet with military leader [[Sani Abacha]] to request the release of imprisoned politicians [[Moshood Abiola]] and [[Olusegun Obasanjo]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=377}} In July 1995, he visited Rwanda a year after the [[Rwandan genocide|genocide]], preaching to 10,000 people in [[Kigali]], calling for justice to be tempered with mercy towards the [[Hutus]] who had orchestrated the genocide.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=377–378}} Tutu also travelled to other parts of world, for instance spending March 1989 in Panama and Nicaragua.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=130}}

Tutu spoke about the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], arguing that Israel's treatment of [[Palestinians]] was reminiscent of South African apartheid.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 April 2002 |title=Apartheid in the Holy Land |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/29/comment |access-date=26 December 2021 |website=The Guardian }}</ref>{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=384}} He also criticised Israel's arms sales to South Africa,  wondering how the Jewish state could co-operate with a government containing Nazi sympathisers.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=382–383, 384}}
At the same time, Tutu recognised Israel's right to exist. In 1989, he visited [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] leader [[Yasser Arafat]] in Cairo, urging him to accept Israel's existence.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=385}} In the same year, during a speech in New York City, Tutu observed Israel had a "right to territorial integrity and fundamental security", but criticised Israel's complicity in the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre]] and condemned Israel's support for the apartheid regime in South Africa.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=129|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=383}} Tutu called for a [[State of Palestine|Palestinian state]],{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=382}} and emphasised that his criticisms were of the Israeli government rather than of Jews.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=388}} At the invitation of Palestinian bishop [[Samir Kafity]], he undertook a Christmas pilgrimage to [[Jerusalem]], where he gave a sermon near [[Bethlehem]], in which he called for a [[two-state solution]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=384, 386}} On his 1989 trip, he laid a wreath at the [[Yad Vashem]] Holocaust memorial and gave a sermon on the importance of forgiving the perpetrators of [[the Holocaust]];{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=386–387}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=28 December 1989 |title=Jews Stunned by Tutu's Suggestion Holocaust Perpetrators Be Forgiven |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/jews-stunned-by-tutus-suggestion-holocaust-perpetrators-be-forgiven |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency }}</ref> the sermon drew criticism from Jewish groups around the world.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=387}} Jewish anger was exacerbated by Tutu's attempts to evade accusations of [[antisemitism]] through comments such as "my dentist is a Dr. Cohen".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=385}} [[Alan Dershowitz]] and [[David Bernstein (law professor)|David Bernstein]] called Tutu antisemitic for his comments about "the [[Jewish lobby]]", calling Jews a “peculiar people,” and accusing "'the Jews' of causing many of the world’s problems".<ref name="l152">{{cite web | last=Dershowitz | first=Alan | title=Bishop Tutu was the most influential anti-Semite of our time | website=JNS.org | date=29 December 2021 | url=https://www.jns.org/bishop-tutu-was-the-most-influential-anti-semite-of-our-time/ | access-date=31 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="y937">{{cite web | last=Bernstein | first=David | title=The Late Bishop Desmond Tutu, Antisemite | website=Reason.com | date=2 January 2022 | url=https://reason.com/volokh/2022/01/01/the-late-bishop-desmond-tutu-antisemite/ | access-date=31 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="f798">{{cite web | last=Dadoo | first=Suraya | title=Desmond Tutu's inconvenient pro-Palestine legacy | work=The New Arab | date=30 December 2021 | url=https://www.newarab.com/analysis/desmond-tutus-inconvenient-pro-palestine-legacy | access-date=31 October 2024|quote=Almost as enduring as Tutu’s support of the Palestinian liberation struggle has been smear campaigns against him, accusing the Archbishop of anti-Semitism. Tutu took on the pro-Israel lobby and the weaponisation of anti-Semitism head-on. Tutu wrote plainly: “…the Israeli government is placed on a pedestal and to criticise it is to be immediately dubbed anti-Semitic. People are scared in the US to say ‘wrong is wrong’ because the pro-Israeli lobby is powerful - very powerful. Well, so what?..." In doing so, Tutu angered the pro-Israel lobby in the US and in South Africa. In 2009, Alan Dershowitz referred to Tutu as ‘a bigot and a racist’}}</ref><ref name="k420">{{cite web | last=Rahman | first=Khaleda | title=Alan Dershowitz Calls Tutu 'Anti-Semite' and 'Bigot' After His Death | website=Newsweek | date=28 December 2021 | url=https://www.newsweek.com/alan-dershowitz-calls-desmond-tutu-antisemite-bigot-1663559 | access-date=31 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="e383">{{cite web | last=Hanau | first=Shira | title=Desmond Tutu, anti-apartheid leader who identified with Jews and criticized Israel's treatment of Palestinians, dies at 90 | website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency | date=26 December 2021 | url=https://www.jta.org/2021/12/26/obituaries/desmond-tutu-anti-apartheid-leader-who-identified-with-jews-and-criticized-israels-treatment-of-palestinians-dies-at-90 | access-date=31 October 2024|quote= remarks that some Jewish leaders called antisemitic, earned Tutu criticism from some Jewish leaders. In his 1984 JTS speech, he addressed some of that criticism while further fanning its flames with references to a “Jewish lobby.” “I was immediately accused of being antisemitic,” Tutu said in his speech, referring to the reaction to an earlier speech. “I am sad because I think that it is a sensitivity in this instance that comes from an arrogance — the arrogance of power because Jews are a powerful lobby in this land and all kinds of people woo their support.” In a 1989 visit to Israel and the West Bank, Tutu made the controversial suggestion during a visit to Yad Vashem, Israel’s Holocaust memorial, that the Nazis ought to be forgiven for their crimes against the Jewish people.}}</ref>

Tutu also spoke out regarding [[the Troubles]] in Northern Ireland. At the [[Lambeth Conference]] of 1988, he backed a resolution condemning the use of violence by all sides; Tutu believed that [[Irish republicans]] had not exhausted peaceful means of bringing about change and should not resort to armed struggle.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=381}} Three years later, he gave a televised service from [[Dublin]]'s [[Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin|Christ Church Cathedral]], calling for negotiations between all factions.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=381}} He visited [[Belfast]] in 1998 and again in 2001.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=382}}

==Later life==
In October 1994, Tutu announced his intention of retiring as archbishop in 1996.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=144}} Although retired archbishops normally return to the position of bishop, the other bishops gave him a new title: "archbishop emeritus".{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=145}} A farewell ceremony was held at St George's Cathedral in June 1996, attended by senior politicians like Mandela and de Klerk.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=145}} There, Mandela awarded Tutu the [[Order for Meritorious Service]], South Africa's highest honour.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=145}} Tutu was succeeded as archbishop by [[Njongonkulu Ndungane]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=371}}

In January 1997, Tutu was diagnosed with [[prostate cancer]] and travelled abroad for treatment.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=153|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=370}} He publicly revealed his diagnosis, hoping to encourage other men to go for prostate exams.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=153}} He faced recurrences of the disease in 1999 and 2006.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=370}} Back in South Africa, he divided his time between homes in Soweto's Orlando West and Cape Town's [[Milnerton]] area.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=371}} In 2000, he opened an office in Cape Town.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=371}} In June 2000, the Cape Town-based Desmond Tutu Peace Centre was launched, which in 2003 launched an Emerging Leadership Program.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}}

Conscious that his presence in South Africa might overshadow Ndungane, Tutu agreed to a two-year [[visiting professorship]] at [[Emory University]] in Atlanta, Georgia.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=371}} This took place between 1998 and 2000, and during the period he wrote a book about the TRC, ''No Future Without Forgiveness''.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=162}} In early 2002 he taught at the Episcopal Divinity School in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}} From January to May 2003 he taught at the [[University of North Carolina]].{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}} In January 2004, he was visiting professor of postconflict societies at King's College London, his ''alma mater''.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}} While in the United States, he signed up with a speakers' agency and travelled widely on speaking engagements; this gave him financial independence in a way that his clerical pension would not.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=371}} In his speeches, he focused on South Africa's transition from apartheid to universal suffrage, presenting it as a model for other troubled nations to adopt.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=161}} In the United States, he thanked anti-apartheid activists for campaigning for sanctions, also calling for United States companies to now invest in South Africa.{{sfn|Gish|2004|pp=161–162}}

===Truth and Reconciliation Commission: 1996–1998===

[[File:Desmond Tutu 1997.jpg|thumb|Tutu at the [[Embassy of South Africa, Washington, D.C.]], in September 1997]]
Tutu popularised the term "[[Rainbow Nation]]" as a metaphor for [[post-apartheid South Africa]] after 1994 under ANC rule.{{sfn|Sampson|2011|p=520}} He had first used the metaphor in 1989 when he described a multi-racial protest crowd as the "rainbow people of God".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=391}} Tutu advocated what liberation theologians call "critical solidarity", offering support for pro-democracy forces while reserving the right to criticise his allies.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=315}} He criticised Mandela on several points, such as his tendency to wear brightly coloured [[Madiba shirt]]s, which he regarded as inappropriate;{{clarify|date= January 2022}} Mandela offered the tongue-in-cheek response that it was ironic coming from a man who wore dresses.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=345}} More serious was Tutu's criticism of Mandela's retention of South Africa's apartheid-era armaments industry and the significant pay packet that newly elected members of parliament adopted.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1pp=143–144|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=345|3a1=Sampson|3y=2011|3p=517}} Mandela hit back, calling Tutu a "populist" and stating that he should have raised these issues privately rather than publicly.{{sfnm|1a1=Allen|1y=2006|1p=345|2a1=Sampson|2y=2011|2p=517}}

A key question facing the post-apartheid government was how they would respond to the various human rights abuses that had been committed over the previous decades by both the state and by anti-apartheid activists. The National Party had wanted a comprehensive amnesty package whereas the ANC wanted trials of former state figures.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=343–344}} [[Alex Boraine]] helped Mandela's government to draw up legislation for the establishment of a [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] (TRC), which was passed by parliament in July 1995.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=344–345}} Nuttall suggested that Tutu become one of the TRC's seventeen commissioners, while in September a synod of bishops formally nominated him.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=147|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=345}} Tutu proposed that the TRC adopt a threefold approach: the first being confession, with those responsible for human rights abuses fully disclosing their activities, the second being forgiveness in the form of a legal amnesty from prosecution, and the third being restitution, with the perpetrators making amends to their victims.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=344}}

Mandela named Tutu as the chair of the TRC, with Boraine as his deputy.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1pp=147, 148|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=345–346|3a1=Sampson|3y=2011|3p=529}} The commission was a significant undertaking, employing over 300 staff, divided into three committees, and holding as many as four hearings simultaneously.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=346}} In the TRC, Tutu advocated "restorative justice", something which he considered characteristic of traditional African jurisprudence "in the spirit of ''ubuntu''".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=347}} As head of the commission, Tutu had to deal with its various inter-personal problems, with much suspicion between those on its board who had been anti-apartheid activists and those who had supported the apartheid system.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=349}} He acknowledged that "we really were like a bunch of prima donnas, frequently hypersensitive, often taking umbrage easily at real or imagined slights."{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=150}} Tutu opened meetings with prayers and often referred to Christian teachings when discussing the TRC's work, frustrating some who saw him as incorporating too many religious elements into an expressly secular body.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=150}}

The first hearing took place in April 1996.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=150}} The hearings were publicly televised and had a considerable impact on South African society.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=350}} He had very little control over the committee responsible for granting amnesty, instead chairing the committee which heard accounts of human rights abuses perpetrated by both anti-apartheid and apartheid figures.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=348}} While listening to the testimony of victims, Tutu was sometimes overwhelmed by emotion and cried during the hearings.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=352}} He singled out those victims who expressed forgiveness towards those who had harmed them and used these individuals as his leitmotif.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=351}} The ANC's image was tarnished by the revelations that some of its activists had engaged in torture, attacks on civilians, and other human rights abuses. It sought to suppress part of the final TRC report, infuriating Tutu.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=157|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=366–367|3a1=Sampson|3y=2011|3pp=531–532}} He warned of the ANC's "abuse of power", stating that "yesterday's oppressed can quite easily become today's oppressors... We've seen it happen all over the world and we shouldn't be surprised if it happens here."{{sfn|Sampson|2011|p=532}} Tutu presented the five-volume TRC report to Mandela in a public ceremony in [[Pretoria]] in October 1998.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=157}} Ultimately, Tutu was pleased with the TRC's achievement, believing that it would aid long-term reconciliation, although he recognised its short-comings.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=158}}

===Social and international issues: 1999–2009===

{{Quote box
| quote = I would refuse to go to a homophobic heaven. No, I would say sorry, I mean I would much rather go to the other place. I would not worship a God who is homophobic and that is how deeply I feel about this. I am as passionate about this campaign as I ever was about apartheid. For me, it is at the same level.
| source=— Tutu in 2013<ref>{{cite web |date=26 July 2013 |title=Archbishop Tutu 'would not worship a homophobic God' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23464694 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308025146/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23464694 |archive-date=8 March 2017 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref>
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Post-apartheid, Tutu's status as a [[gay rights]] activist kept him in the public eye more than any other [[Anglican views of homosexuality|issue facing the Anglican Church]];{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=372}} his views on the issue became well known through his speeches and sermons.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=373}} Tutu equated discrimination against homosexuals with discrimination against black people and women.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=372}} After the 1998 Lambeth Conference of bishops reaffirmed the church's opposition to same-sex sexual acts, Tutu stated that he was "ashamed to be an Anglican."{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=372–373}} He thought Archbishop of Canterbury [[Rowan Williams]] was too accommodating towards Anglican conservatives who wanted to eject North American Anglican churches from the [[Anglican Communion]] after they expressed a pro-gay rights stance.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=373–374}} In 2007, Tutu accused the church of being obsessed with homosexuality, declaring: "If God, as they say, is homophobic, I wouldn't worship that God."<ref>{{cite news |date=18 November 2007 |title=Desmond Tutu chides Church for gay stance |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7100295.stm |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102004948/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7100295.stm |archive-date=2 January 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Archbishop Desmond Tutu gets an HIV test on The Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation's Tutu Tester, a mobile test unit that brings healthcare right to your doorstep.jpg|thumb|left|Tutu gets an HIV test on the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation's Tutu Tester, a mobile test unit.]]

Tutu also spoke out on the need to combat the [[HIV/AIDS]] pandemic, in June 2003 stating that "Apartheid tried to destroy our people and apartheid failed. If we don't act against HIV-AIDS, it may succeed, for it is already decimating our population."{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=166}} On the April 2005 election of [[Pope Benedict XVI]]—who was known for his conservative views on issues of gender and sexuality—Tutu described it as unfortunate that the [[Roman Catholic Church]] was now unlikely to change either its opposition to the use of [[condoms]] "amidst the fight against HIV/AIDS" or its opposition to the ordination of women priests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2005 |title=Africans hail conservative Pope |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4463873.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313044706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4463873.stm |archive-date=13 March 2017 |access-date=26 May 2006 |website=BBC News}}</ref> To help combat child trafficking, in 2006 Tutu launched a global campaign, organised by the aid organisation [[Plan (aid organisation)|Plan]], to ensure that all children are registered at birth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2005 |title=Tutu calls for child registration |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4289393.stm |access-date=23 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007233951/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4289393.stm |archive-date=7 October 2013}}</ref>

Tutu retained his interest in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and after the signing of the [[Oslo Accords]] was invited to [[Tel Aviv]] to attend the [[Peres Center for Peace]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=388}} He became increasingly frustrated following the collapse of the [[2000 Camp David Summit]],{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=388}} and in 2002 gave a widely publicised speech denouncing Israeli policy regarding the Palestinians and calling for sanctions against Israel.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=388}} Comparing the Israeli-Palestinian situation with that in South Africa, he said that "one reason we succeeded in South Africa that is missing in the Middle East is quality of leadership – leaders willing to make unpopular compromises, to go against their own constituencies, because they have the wisdom to see that would ultimately make peace possible."{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=388}} Tutu was named to head a United Nations fact-finding mission to [[Beit Hanoun]] in the Gaza Strip to investigate the [[Beit Hanoun November 2006 incident|November 2006 incident]] in which soldiers from the [[Israel Defense Forces]] killed 19 civilians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacob Slosberg |date=29 November 2006 |title=Tutu to head UN rights mission to Gaza |url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Tutu-to-head-UN-rights-mission-to-Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319215130/https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Tutu-to-head-UN-rights-mission-to-Gaza |archive-date=19 March 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |website=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> Israeli officials expressed concern that the report would be biased against Israel. Tutu cancelled the trip in mid-December, saying that Israel had refused to grant him the necessary travel clearance after more than a week of discussions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2006 |title=Israel 'blocks Tutu Gaza mission' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6168309.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117025239/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6168309.stm |archive-date=17 January 2007 |access-date=10 June 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

[[File:The Elders (7492963126).jpg|thumb|right|Tutu with former Irish president [[Mary Robinson]], British foreign secretary [[William Hague]], and former US president Jimmy Carter in 2012]]

In 2003, Tutu was the scholar in residence at the [[University of North Florida]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=388}} It was there, in February, that he broke his normal rule on not joining protests outside South Africa by taking part in a New York City demonstration against plans for the United States to launch the [[Iraq War]].{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=164|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=388–389}} He telephoned [[Condoleezza Rice]] urging the United States government not to go to war without a resolution from the [[United Nations Security Council]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=389}} Tutu questioned why Iraq was being singled out for allegedly possessing [[weapons of mass destruction]] when Europe, India, and Pakistan also had many such devices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2003 |title=Tutu condemns Blair's Iraq stance |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2628607.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060604020148/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2628607.stm |archive-date=4 June 2006 |access-date=23 January 2008 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In 2004, he appeared in ''[[Honor Bound to Defend Freedom]]'', an [[Off Broadway]] play in New York City critical of the American detention of prisoners at [[Guantánamo Bay, Cuba|Guantánamo Bay]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeremy Cooke |date=2 October 2004 |title=Tutu in anti-Guantanamo theatre |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3709288.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525193742/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3709288.stm |archive-date=25 May 2018 |access-date=23 January 2008 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In January 2005, he added his voice to the growing dissent over terrorist suspects held at Guantánamo's [[Camp X-Ray]], stating that these detentions without trial were "utterly unacceptable" and comparable to the apartheid-era detentions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2005 |title=Tutu calls for Guantanamo release |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4167369.stm |access-date=22 January 2008 |website=BBC News}}</ref> He also criticised the UK's introduction of measures to detain terrorist subjects for 28 days without trial.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2006 |title=Tutu calls for Guantanamo closure |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4723512.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222190031/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4723512.stm |archive-date=22 February 2009 |access-date=22 January 2008 |website=BBC News}}</ref>
In 2012, he called for US President [[George W. Bush]] and British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] to be tried by the [[International Criminal Court]] for initiating the Iraq War.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2012 |title=Desmond Tutu calls for Blair and Bush to be tried over Iraq |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19454562 |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102133206/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19454562 |archive-date=2 November 2017}}</ref>

In 2004, he gave the inaugural lecture at the Church of Christ the King, where he commended the achievements made in South Africa over the previous decade although warned of widening wealth disparity among its population.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=392}} He questioned the government's spending on armaments, its policy regarding [[Robert Mugabe]]'s government in Zimbabwe, and the manner in which [[Nguni languages|Nguni-speakers]] dominated senior positions, stating that this latter issue would stoke ethnic tensions.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=392}} He made the same points three months later when giving the annual Nelson Mandela Lecture in Johannesburg.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=392}} There, he charged the ANC under [[Thabo Mbeki]]'s leadership of demanding "sycophantic, obsequious conformity" among its members.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=393}} Tutu and Mbeki had long had a strained relationship; Mbeki had accused Tutu of criminalising the ANC's military struggle against apartheid through the TRC, while Tutu disliked Mbeki's active neglect of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=393}} Like Mandela before him, Mbeki accused Tutu of being a populist, further claiming that the cleric had no understanding of the ANC's inner workings.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=393}} Tutu later criticised ANC leader and South African President [[Jacob Zuma]]. In 2006, he criticised Zuma's "moral failings" as a result of accusations of rape and corruption that he was facing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2006 |title=S Africa is losing its way – Tutu |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5384310.stm |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308122917/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5384310.stm |archive-date=8 March 2008}}</ref> In 2007, he again criticised South Africa's policy of "quiet diplomacy" toward Mugabe's government, calling for the [[Southern Africa Development Community]] to chair talks between Mugabe's [[ZANU-PF]] and the opposition [[Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai|Movement for Democratic Change]], to set firm deadlines for action, with consequences if they were not met.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Thornycroft |first1=Peta |last2=Berger |first2=Sebastien |date=19 September 2007 |title=Zimbabwe needs your help, Tutu tells Brown |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/19/wtutu119.xml |url-status=dead |access-date=4 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117030314/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F19%2Fwtutu119.xml |archive-date=17 November 2007}}</ref> In 2008, he called for a [[United Nations peacekeeping|UN Peacekeeping]] force to be sent to Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2008 |title=Tutu urges Zimbabwe intervention |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7479696.stm |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224125214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7479696.stm |archive-date=24 December 2008}}</ref>

[[File:Dalai Lama and Bishop Tutu. Carey Linde.jpg|thumb|250 px|left|Tutu with the Dalai Lama, both Nobel Peace Prize laureates, in [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, in 2004]]

Before the [[31st G8 summit]] at [[Gleneagles (Scotland)|Gleneagles, Scotland]], in 2005, Tutu called on world leaders to promote free trade with poorer countries and to end expensive taxes on anti-AIDS drugs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2005 |title=Archbishop Tutu calls for G8 help |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4356821.stm |access-date=23 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230062048/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4356821.stm |archive-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>
In July 2007, Tutu was declared Chair of [[The Elders (organization)|The Elders]], a group of world leaders put together to contribute their wisdom, kindness, leadership, and integrity to tackle some of the world's toughest problems.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2007 |title=Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu announce The Elders |url=http://theelders.org/article/nelson-mandela-and-desmond-tutu-announce-elders |access-date=11 March 2013 |publisher=TheElders.org |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002064243/http://theelders.org/article/nelson-mandela-and-desmond-tutu-announce-elders |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tutu served in this capacity until May 2013. Upon stepping down and becoming an Honorary Elder, he said: "As Elders we should always oppose presidents for Life. After six wonderful years as Chair, I am sad to say that it was time for me to step down."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2013 |title=Kofi Annan appointed Chair of The Elders |url=http://www.theelders.org/article/kofi-annan-appointed-chair-elders |access-date=23 May 2013 |publisher=TheElders.org}}</ref> Tutu led The Elders' visit to Sudan in October 2007 – their first mission after the group was founded – to foster peace in the [[Darfur crisis]]. "Our hope is that we can keep [[Darfur]] in the spotlight and spur on governments to help keep peace in the region", said Tutu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2007 |title=Tutu denounces rights abuses |url=http://www.news24.com/World/News/Tutu-denounces-rights-abuses-20071210 |access-date=11 March 2013 |publisher=News24}}</ref> He has also travelled with Elders delegations to Ivory Coast, Cyprus, Ethiopia, India, South Sudan, and the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Desmond Tutu |url=http://www.theelders.org/desmond-tutu |access-date=7 March 2013 |publisher=TheElders.org}}</ref>

Tutu's [[Nobel Prize medal]] was stolen in June 2007 from his home in Johannesburg, but was recovered a week later.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/police-return-tutus-stolen-nobel-medal-20070617-iv3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726121156/https://www.smh.com.au/world/police-return-tutus-stolen-nobel-medal-20070617-iv3.html|title=Police return Tutu's stolen Nobel medal|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|archive-date=26 July 2023|access-date=26 July 2023|date=17 June 2007}}</ref>

During the [[2008 Tibetan unrest]], Tutu marched in a pro-Tibet demonstration in San Francisco; there, he called on heads of states to boycott the [[2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]] in Beijing "for the sake of the beautiful people of [[Tibet]]".<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2008 |title=San Francisco set for torch relay |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7337925.stm |access-date=9 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413062507/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7337925.stm |archive-date=13 April 2008}}</ref> Tutu invited the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] leader, the [[14th Dalai Lama]], to attend his 80th birthday in October 2011, although the South African government did not grant him entry; observers suggested that they had not given permission so as not to offend the People's Republic of China, a major trading partner.<ref>{{Cite news |last=David Smith |date=4 October 2011 |title=Dalai Lama forced to pull out of Desmond Tutu birthday in visa dispute |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/04/dalai-lama-desmond-tutu-visa |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216155551/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/04/dalai-lama-desmond-tutu-visa |archive-date=16 February 2017}}</ref>
In 2009, Tutu assisted in the establishing of the Solomon Islands' [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Solomon Islands)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], modelled after the South African body of the same name.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rowan Callick |date=29 April 2009 |title=Solomon Islands gets Desmond Tutu truth help |work=The Australian |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/solomons-gets-tutu-truth-help/news-story/dde524403c1c627316739af4ddc6cf5c?sv=ec104d5ddd5ae12fbf3d2037b102a22f |access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref> He also attended the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in Copenhagen,<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2009 |title=International day of demonstrations on climate change |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/10/24/international.climate.change.demonstrations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013237/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/10/24/international.climate.change.demonstrations/ |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=10 June 2018 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> and later publicly called for [[fossil fuel divestment]], comparing it to disinvestment from apartheid-era South Africa.<ref name="We need an apartheid-style boycott to save the planet">{{Cite news |last=Desmond Tutu |title=We need an apartheid-style boycott to save the planet |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/10/divest-fossil-fuels-climate-change-keystone-xl |access-date=24 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307184343/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/10/divest-fossil-fuels-climate-change-keystone-xl |archive-date=7 March 2018}}</ref> Tutu appeared as a guest on the American talk show ''[[The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson]]'' on March 4, 2009, an episode that earned the program a [[Peabody Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson: An Evening with Archbishop Desmond Tutu |url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/the-late-late-show-with-craig-ferguson-an-evening-with-archbishop-desmond-t/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=PeabodyAwards.com}}</ref>

===Retirement from public life: 2010–2021===

[[File:TutuCOP17.JPG|thumb|Tutu at the [[2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP17]] "We Have Faith: Act Now for [[Climate Justice]] Rally" in Durban, November 2011]]

In October 2010, Tutu announced his retirement from public life so that he could spend more time "at home with my family – reading and writing and praying and thinking".<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2010 |title=South Africa's Tutu Announces Retirement |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/07/22/south.africa.tutu.retires/index.html#fbid=ZeXEgKJ1qcV |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831090429/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/07/22/south.africa.tutu.retires/index.html |archive-date=31 August 2017}}</ref> In 2013, he declared that he would no longer vote for the ANC, stating that it had done a poor job in countering inequality, violence, and corruption;<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2013 |title=South Africa's Desmond Tutu: 'I will not vote for ANC' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22478916 |access-date=5 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203011352/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22478916 |archive-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> he welcomed the launch of a new party, [[Agang South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Natasha |last=Marrian |date=21 June 2013 |title=Tutu endorses Ramphele's Agang SA |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/politics/2013-06-21-tutu-endorses-rampheles-agang-sa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525204614/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/politics/2013-06-21-tutu-endorses-rampheles-agang-sa/ |archive-date=25 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Business Day|location=South Africa}}</ref> After Mandela's death in December, Tutu initially stated that he had not been invited to the funeral; after the government denied this, Tutu announced his attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2013 |title=Desmond Tutu changes mind, going to Mandela funeral |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/desmond-tutu-changes-mind-going-to-mandela-funeral-1.2464192 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118171239/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/desmond-tutu-changes-mind-going-to-mandela-funeral-1.2464192 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=18 August 2014 |publisher=CBC News}}</ref> He criticised the memorials held for Mandela, stating that they gave too much prominence to the ANC and marginalised [[Afrikaners]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Chothia |last=Farouk |date=17 December 2013 |title=Archbishop Tutu: Nelson Mandela services excluded Afrikaners |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25413501 |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517225759/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25413501 |archive-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

Tutu maintained an interest in social issues. In 2011, he called on the Anglican Church of Southern Africa to conduct [[same-sex marriages]];<ref>{{Cite web |first=Desmond |last=Tutu |date=11 June 2011 |title=All Are God's Children: On Including Gays and Lesbians in the Church and Society |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/desmond-tutu/religion-homosexuality_b_874804.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803215812/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/desmond-tutu/religion-homosexuality_b_874804.html |archive-date=3 August 2017 |access-date=12 August 2016 |website=HuffPost}}</ref> in 2015 he gave a blessing at his daughter Mpho's marriage to a woman in the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Aislinn|last= Laing |date=23 May 2016 |title=Desmond Tutu's reverend daughter marries a woman and loses church licence |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/23/desmond-tutus-reverend-daughter-marries-a-woman-and-loses-church/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226044532/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/23/desmond-tutus-reverend-daughter-marries-a-woman-and-loses-church/ |archive-date=26 February 2018 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> In 2014, he came out in support of legalised [[Voluntary euthanasia|assisted dying]],<ref name="Tutu 2014">{{Cite web |first=Desmond |last=Tutu |date=12 July 2014 |title=Desmond Tutu: A dignified death is our right – I am in favour of assisted dying |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/12/desmond-tutu-in-favour-of-assisted-dying |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105002459/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/12/desmond-tutu-in-favour-of-assisted-dying |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=14 May 2017 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Miranda |last=Prynne |date=13 July 2014 |title=Desmond Tutu: I support assisted dying |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/10964306/Desmond-Tutu-I-support-assisted-dying.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328232607/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/10964306/Desmond-Tutu-I-support-assisted-dying.html |archive-date=28 March 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> revealing that he wanted that option open to him.<ref name="BBC News assisted dying 2016">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2016 |title=Archbishop Desmond Tutu 'wants right to assisted death' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-37587290 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210154435/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-37587290 |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=14 May 2017 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

Tutu continued commenting on international affairs. In November 2012, he published a letter of support for the imprisoned US military whistleblower [[Chelsea Manning]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2012 |first=Desmond|last=Tutu|author2=Mairead Maguire|author3=Adolfo Pérez Esquivel|title=Nobel Laureates Salute Bradley [sic] Manning |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/171272/nobel-laureates-salute-bradley-manning# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408113505/https://www.thenation.com/article/nobel-laureates-salute-bradley-manning/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=15 February 2013 |website=The Nation}}</ref> In May 2014, Tutu visited [[Fort McMurray]], in the heart of Canada's [[oil sands]], condemning the "negligence and greed" of oil extraction.<ref name="oilsands1">{{Cite news |date=31 May 2014 |title=Desmond Tutu calls oilsands 'filth,' urges cooperation on environment |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/desmond-tutu-calls-oilsands-filth-urges-cooperation-on-environment-1.2660804 |access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref> A month earlier he had called for "an [[Fossil fuel divestment|apartheid-style boycott]] [of corporations financing the [[Climate justice|injustice of climate change]]] to save the planet".<ref name="oil2">{{Cite news |last=Tutu |first=Desmond |date=10 April 2014 |title=We need an apartheid-style boycott to save the planet |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/10/divest-fossil-fuels-climate-change-keystone-xl |access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref>
In August 2017, Tutu was among ten Nobel Peace Prize laureates who urged Saudi Arabia to stop the execution of 14 participants of the [[2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2017 |title=Nobel laureates urge Saudi king to halt 14 executions |work=National Post |url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/nobel-laureates-urge-saudi-king-to-halt-14-executions |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> In September, Tutu asked Myanmar's leader [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] to halt the [[Rohingya persecution in Myanmar (2016–present)|army's persecution of the country's Muslim Rohingya minority]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Naaman |last=Zhou |author2=Michael Safi |date=8 September 2017 |title=Desmond Tutu condemns Aung San Suu Kyi: 'Silence is too high a price' |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/08/desmond-tutu-condemns-aung-san-suu-kyi-price-of-your-silence-is-too-steep |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302134807/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/08/desmond-tutu-condemns-aung-san-suu-kyi-price-of-your-silence-is-too-steep |archive-date=2 March 2018}}</ref> In December 2017, he was among those to condemn US President [[Donald Trump]]'s decision to [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel|officially recognise Jerusalem as Israel's capital]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Paula |last=Slier |date=7 December 2017 |title=God is Weeping Over Inflammatory Recognition of Jerusalem as Israel Capital |work=Eyewitness News |url=http://ewn.co.za/2017/12/07/god-is-weeping-over-inflammatory-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israel-capital |access-date=8 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208105224/http://ewn.co.za/2017/12/07/god-is-weeping-over-inflammatory-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israel-capital |archive-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> Tutu's last prominent public statement on world affairs was an op-ed published in the UK ''Guardian'' on 30 December 2020, in which he called for incoming U.S. President Joe Biden to declare Israel had nuclear weapons and to eliminate all financial aid to the country (he believed that doing so would lead to the fall of Israel's "apartheid" system because it would remove alleged Israeli deterrence over the Arabs and force a "peace agreement").<ref>{{cite news| last = Tutu| first = Desmond| date = 31 December 2020| title = Joe Biden should end the US pretence over Israel's 'secret' nuclear weapons| newspaper = The Guardian | page =| url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/dec/31/joe-biden-us-pretence-israel-nuclear-weapons| access-date = 16 September 2023| quote =}}</ref>

====Death====
Tutu died from cancer at the Oasis Frail Care Centre in [[Cape Town]] on 26 December 2021, aged 90.<ref>{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Marilyn |date=26 December 2021 |title=Desmond Tutu, Whose Voice Helped Slay Apartheid, Dies at 90 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/26/obituaries/desmond-tutu-dead.html |url-access=limited |access-date=26 December 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 December 2021 |title=South African anti-apartheid campaigner Archbishop Desmond Tutu dies aged 90 |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-africas-desmond-tutu-dies-aged-90/article38041030.ece |access-date=26 December 2021 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> South African president [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] described Tutu's death as "another chapter of bereavement in our nation's farewell to a generation of outstanding South Africans who have bequeathed us a liberated South Africa."<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement on the passing of Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Mpilo Tutu|url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/statement-passing-archbishop-emeritus-desmond-mpilo-tutu|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=The Presidency Republic Of South Africa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226072430/https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/statement-passing-archbishop-emeritus-desmond-mpilo-tutu |archive-date=26 December 2021 }}</ref>

Tutu's body [[lying in state|lay in state]] for two days before the funeral.<ref>{{cite web|last=Agence France-Presse|date=28 December 2021|title=Archbishop Desmond Tutu to lie in state in Cape Town for two days|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/28/archbishop-desmond-tutu-to-lie-in-state-in-cape-town-for-two-days|access-date=30 December 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
For several days before the funeral the cathedral rang its bells for 10 minutes each day at noon and national landmarks, including [[Table Mountain]], were illuminated in purple in Tutu's honour.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mji|first1=Zanele|last2=Chutel|first2=Lynsey|date=27 December 2021|title=South Africa Begins a Week of Mourning for Desmond Tutu|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/27/world/africa/desmond-tutu-mourning.html|access-date=30 December 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
A [[Funeral Mass]] was held for Tutu at St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town on 1 January 2022.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59843925 South Africa holds state funeral for Archbishop Desmond Tutu]. BBC News, 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/01/funeral-of-desmond-tutu-takes-place-in-cape-town |title=Desmond Tutu laid to rest at state funeral in Cape Town|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Jason |last=Burke|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref> President [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] gave a eulogy, and [[Michael Nuttall]], the former [[Diocese of Natal|bishop of Natal]], delivered the sermon. Attendance at the funeral was limited to 100 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions. During the funeral, Tutu's body lay in a "plain pine coffin, the cheapest available at his request to avoid any ostentatious displays".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-religion-cape-town-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-dbff09f744f1c5c63e43b65617e8ed4a|title = 'Moral compass': Requiem for South Africa's Archbishop Tutu|work = [[AP News]]|first=Andrew|last=Meldrum|date =1 January 2022|access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref> Following the funeral, Tutu's remains were to be [[Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)|aquamated]]; his remains are interred in St. George's Cathedral.<ref name="BBC funeral">{{cite web| title= Desmond Tutu: Body of South African hero to be aquamated | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-59842728 | date= 31 December 2021| work= [[BBC News]]| accessdate= 1 January 2022 }}</ref>

M-Net channels began to change logos of their channels to the colour purple for approximately 3 weeks in honour for his death.

==Personal life and personality==

{{Quote box
| quote =[Tutu's] extrovert nature conceals a private, introvert side that needs space and regular periods of quiet; his jocularity runs alongside a deep seriousness; his occasional bursts of apparent arrogance mask a genuine humility before God and his fellow men. He is a true son of Africa who can move easily in European and American circles, a man of the people who enjoys ritual and episcopal splendour, a member of an established Church, in some ways a traditionalist, who takes a radical, provocative and fearless stand against authority if he sees it to be unjust. It is usually the most spiritual who can rejoice in all created things and Tutu has no problem in reconciling the sacred and the secular, but critics note a conflict between his socialist ideology and his desire to live comfortably, dress well and lead a life that, while unexceptional in Europe or America, is considered affluent, tainted with capitalism, in the eyes of the deprived black community of South Africa.
| source=— [[Shirley du Boulay]] on Tutu's personality{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=232}}
| align = right
| width = 25em
}}

Shirley Du Boulay noted that Tutu was "a man of many layers" and "contradictory tensions".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=18}} His personality has been described as warm,{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=35}} exuberant,{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=35}} and outgoing.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=53}} Du Boulay noted that his "typical African warmth and a spontaneous lack of inhibition" proved [[Culture shock|shocking]] to many of the "reticent English" whom he encountered when in England,{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=68}} but that it also meant that he had the "ability to endear himself to virtually everyone who actually meets him".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=239}}

Du Boulay noted that as a child, Tutu had been hard-working and "unusually intelligent".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=28}} She added that he had a "gentle, caring temperament and would have nothing to do with anything that hurt others",{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=29}} commenting on how he had "a quicksilver mind, a disarming honesty".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=181}} Tutu was rarely angry in his personal contacts with others, although could become so if he felt that his integrity was being challenged.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=171}} He had a tendency to be highly trusting, something which some of those close to him sometimes believed was unwise in various situations.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=73}} He was also reportedly bad at managing finances and prone to overspending, resulting in accusations of irresponsibility and extravagance.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=62}}

Tutu had a passion for preserving African traditions of courtesy.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=115}} He could be offended by discourteous behaviour and careless language,{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=53}} as well as by [[Profanity|swearing]] and ethnic slurs.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=133|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=73}} He could get very upset if a member of his staff forgot to thank him or did not apologise for being late to a prayer session.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=133}} He also disliked gossip and discouraged it among his staff.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=73|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=170}} He was very punctual,{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=114}} and insisted on punctuality among those in his employ.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=170, 275}} Du Boulay noted that "his attention to the detail of people's lives is remarkable", for he would be meticulous in recording and noting people's birthdays and anniversaries.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=137}} He was attentive to his parishioners, making an effort to visit and spend time with them regularly; this included making an effort to visit parishioners who disliked him.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|pp=134–136}}

According to Du Boulay, Tutu had "a deep need to be loved",{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=18}} a facet that he recognised about himself and referred to as a "horrible weakness".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=133}} Tutu has also been described as being sensitive,{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=133|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=53}} and very easily hurt, an aspect of his personality which he concealed from the public eye;{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=133}} Du Boulay noted that he "reacts to emotional pain" in an "almost childlike way".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=148}} He never denied being ambitious,{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|pp=247–248}} and acknowledged that he enjoyed the limelight which his position gave him, something that his wife often teased him about.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=272}} He was, according to Du Boulay, "a man of passionate emotions" who was quick to both laugh and cry.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=133}}

As well as English, Tutu could speak Zulu, Sotho, Tswana, and Xhosa.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=114}} He was often praised for his public speaking abilities; Du Boulay noted that his "star quality enables him to hold an audience spellbound".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=157}} Gish noted that "Tutu's voice and manner could light up an audience; he never sounded puritanical or humourless".{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=76}} Quick witted, he used humour to try and win over audiences.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=103}} He had a talent for [[mimicry]], according to Du Boulay, "his humour has none of the cool acerbity that makes for real wit".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=65}} His application of humour included jokes that made a point about apartheid;{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=192}} "the whites think the black people want to drive them into the sea. What they forget is, with apartheid on the beaches – we can't even ''go'' to the sea".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=100}} In a speech made at the Sixth Assembly of the [[World Council of Churches]] in Vancouver he drew laughs from the audience for referring to South Africa as having a "few local problems".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=194}}

[[File:Tutu meets Schweitzer (8).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Tutu with his daughter [[Mpho Tutu van Furth]] in the Netherlands, 2012]]

Tutu had a lifelong love of literature and reading,{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=11}} and was a fan of [[cricket]].{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=133|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=75}} To relax, he enjoyed listening to classical music and reading books on politics or religion.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=123}} His favourite foods included [[samosas]], [[marshmallows]], [[Vetkoek|fat cakes]], and Yogi Sip.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=133|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=75}} When hosts asked what his culinary tastes were, his wife responded: "think of a five-year old".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=272}} 
Tutu woke at 4{{nbsp}}am every morning, before engaging in an early morning walk, prayers, and the Eucharist.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1pp=133, 141|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=274}} On Fridays, he fasted until supper.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=275}}

Tutu was a committed Christian from boyhood.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=23}} Prayer was a big part of his life; he often spent an hour in prayer at the start of each day, and would ensure that every meeting or interview that he was part of was preceded by a short prayer.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=141}} He was even known to often pray while driving.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=141}} He read the Bible every day<ref name="CNN">{{Cite news |date=15 December 2009 |title=Tutu urges leaders to agree climate deal |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/12/15/ctw.tutu.climate.interview/index.html |access-date=15 December 2009}}</ref> and recommended that people read it as a collection of books, not a single constitutional document: <!-- don't copy-edit the direct quote -->
"You have to understand that the Bible is really a library of books and it has different categories of material", he said. "There are certain parts which you have to say no to. The Bible accepted slavery. [[St. Paul]] said women should not speak in church at all and there are people who have used that to say women should not be ordained. There are many things that you shouldn't accept."<ref name="CNN" />

On 2 July 1955, Tutu married [[Nomalizo Leah Tutu|Nomalizo Leah Shenxane]], a teacher whom he had met while at college. They had four children: Trevor Thamsanqa, Theresa Thandeka, Naomi Nontombi and [[Mpho Tutu van Furth|Mpho Andrea]], all of whom attended the [[Waterford Kamhlaba]] School in Swaziland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Patron – Archbishop Desmond Tutu |url=http://www.helpkids.org.za/pages.php?id=26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518020115/http://www.helpkids.org.za/pages.php?id=26 |archive-date=18 May 2008 |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=Cape Town Child Welfare}}</ref> Du Boulay referred to him as "a loving and concerned father",{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=81}} while Allen described him as a "loving but strict father" to his children.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=170}}

==Ideology==

===Political views===

====Anti-apartheid views====

[[File:ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg|thumb|right|Apartheid legislation impacted all areas of life]]
Allen stated that the theme running through Tutu's campaigning was that of "democracy, human rights and tolerance, to be achieved by dialogue and accommodation between enemies."{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=374}} Racial equality was a core principle,{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=xii}} and his opposition to apartheid was unequivocal.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=157}} Tutu believed that the apartheid system had to be wholly dismantled rather than being reformed in a piecemeal fashion.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=252|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=76}} He compared the apartheid ethos of South Africa's [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] to the ideas of the [[Nazi Party]], and drew comparisons between apartheid policy and the [[Holocaust]]. He noted that whereas the latter was a quicker and more efficient way of exterminating whole populations, the National Party's policy of forcibly relocating black South Africans to areas where they lacked access to food and sanitation had much the same result.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=212}} In his words, "Apartheid is as evil and as vicious as Nazism and Communism."{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=84}}

Tutu never became anti-white, in part due to his many positive experiences with white people.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=129}} In his speeches, he stressed that it was apartheid—rather than white people—that was the enemy.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=68}} He promoted racial reconciliation between South Africa's communities, believing that most blacks fundamentally wanted to live in harmony with whites,{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=80}} although he stressed that reconciliation would only be possible among equals, after blacks had been given full civil rights.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=100}} He tried to cultivate goodwill from the country's white community, making a point of showing white individuals gratitude when they made concessions to black demands.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=80}} He also spoke to many white audiences, urging them to support his cause, referring to it as the "winning side",{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=161|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=81}} and reminding them that when apartheid had been overthrown, black South Africans would remember who their friends had been.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=186}} When he held public prayers, he always included mention of those who upheld apartheid, such as politicians and police, alongside the system's victims, emphasising his view that all humans were the children of God.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=74}} He stated that "the people who are perpetrators of injury in our land are not sporting horns or tails. They're just ordinary people who are scared. Wouldn't you be scared if you were outnumbered five to one?"{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=191|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=91|3a1=Allen|3y=2006|3p=239}}

Tutu was always committed to non-violent activism,{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=243|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=xii}} and in his speeches was also cautious never to threaten or endorse violence, even when he warned that it was a likely outcome of government policy.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=162|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=77}} He nevertheless described himself as a "man of peace" rather than a [[pacifism|pacifist]].{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=77|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=212}} He, for instance, accepted that violence had been necessary to stop Nazism.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=77}} In the South African situation, he criticised the use of violence by both the government and anti-apartheid groups, although he was also critical of white South Africans who would only condemn the use of violence by the latter, regarding such a position as a case of a double standard.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=77}} To end apartheid, he advocated foreign economic pressure be put on South Africa.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=77}} To critics who claimed that this measure would only cause further hardship for impoverished black South Africans, he responded that said communities were already experiencing significant hardship and that it would be better if they were "suffering with a purpose".{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=160|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=90}}

During the apartheid period, he criticised the black leaders of the Bantustans, describing them as "largely corrupt men looking after their own interests, lining their pockets";{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=168}} Buthelezi, the leader of the Zulu Bantustan, privately claimed that there was "something radically wrong" with Tutu's personality.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=265}} In the 1980s, Tutu also condemned Western political leaders, namely Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, and West Germany's [[Helmut Kohl]], for retaining links with the South African government, stipulating that "support of this racist policy is racist".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=257}} Regarding Reagan, he stated that although he once thought him a "crypto-racist" for his soft stance on the National Party administration, he would "say now that he is a racist pure and simple".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=255}} He and his wife boycotted a lecture given at the Federal Theological Institute by former British Prime Minister [[Alec Douglas-Home]] in the 1960s; Tutu noted that they did so because Britain's [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] had "behaved abominably over issues which touched our hearts most nearly".{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=77|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=105}} Later in life, he also spoke out against various African leaders, for instance describing Zimbabwe's [[Robert Mugabe]] as the "caricature of an African dictator", who had "gone bonkers in a big way".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=377}}

====Broader political views====

According to Du Boulay, "Tutu's politics spring directly and inevitably from his Christianity."{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=164}} He believed that it was the duty of Christians to oppose unjust laws,{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=75}} and that there could be no separation between the religious and the political just as—according to Anglican theology—there is no separation between the spiritual realm (the [[Holy Ghost]]) and the material one ([[Jesus Christ]]).{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=87}} However, he was adamant that he was not personally a politician.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=164}} He felt that religious leaders like himself should stay outside of party politics, citing the example of [[Abel Muzorewa]] in Zimbabwe, [[Makarios III]] in Cyprus, and [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] in Iran as examples in which such crossovers proved problematic.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=164|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=206}} He tried to avoid alignment with any particular political party; in the 1980s, for instance, he signed a plea urging anti-apartheid activists in the United States to support both the ANC and the [[Pan Africanist Congress of Azania|Pan Africanist Congress]] (PAC).{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=206–207}} Du Boulay, however, noted that Tutu was "most at home" with the UDF umbrella organisation,{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=234}} and that his views on a multi-racial alliance against apartheid placed him closer to the approach of the ANC and UDF than the blacks-only approach favoured by the PAC and Black Consciousness groups like [[AZAPO]].{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=236}} When, in the late 1980s, there were suggestions that he should take political office, he rejected the idea.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=125}}

[[File:Desmond tutu wef.jpg|thumb|left|Tutu at the [[World Economic Forum]] in 2009]]

When pressed to describe his ideological position, Tutu described himself as a [[socialist]].{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=236}} In 1986, he related that "[a]ll my experiences with [[capitalism]], I'm afraid, have indicated that it encourages some of the worst features in people. Eat or be eaten. It is underlined by the survival of the fittest. I can't buy that. I mean, maybe it's the awful face of capitalism, but I haven't seen the other face."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Earley, Pete |date=16 February 1986 |title=Desmond Tutu |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1986/02/16/desmond-tutu/3fc3da7f-4926-44cf-896a-5d1bf7f00206/ |access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Also in the 1980s, he was reported as saying that "apartheid has given free enterprise a bad name".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=248}} While identifying with socialism, he opposed forms of socialism like [[Marxism–Leninism]] which promoted communism, being critical of Marxism–Leninism's promotion of [[atheism]].{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=236}} Tutu often used the aphorism that "African communism" is an oxymoron because—in his view—Africans are intrinsically spiritual and this conflicts with the atheistic nature of Marxism.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=66}} He was critical of the Marxist–Leninist governments in the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Eastern Bloc]], comparing the way that they treated their populations with the way that the National Party treated South Africans.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=212}} In 1985, he stated that he hated Marxism–Leninism "with every fiber of my being" although sought to explain why black South Africans turned to it as an ally: "when you are in a dungeon and a hand is stretched out to free you, you do not ask for the pedigree of the hand owner."{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=237|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=107}}

Nelson Mandela had foregrounded the idea of ''[[Ubuntu theology|Ubuntu]]'' as being of importance to South Africa's political framework.{{sfn|Sampson|2011|p=10}} In 1986, Tutu had defined Ubuntu: "It refers to gentleness, to compassion, to hospitality, to openness to others, to vulnerability, to be available to others and to know that you are bound up with them in the bundle of life."{{sfn|Sampson|2011|p=10}} Reflecting this view of ubuntu, Tutu was fond of the Xhosa saying that "a person is a person through other persons".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=114}}

===Theology===

[[File:Desmond Tutu - Kirchentag Cologne 2007 (7137).jpg|thumb|right|Tutu in Cologne in 2007]]

Tutu was attracted to [[Anglicanism]] because of what he saw as its tolerance and inclusiveness, its appeal to reason alongside [[scripture]] and tradition, and the freedom that its constituent churches had from any centralized authority.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=373}} Tutu's approach to Anglicanism has been characterised as having been [[Anglo-Catholicism|Anglo-Catholic]] in nature.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=239–240}} He regarded the Anglican Communion as a family, replete with its internal squabbles.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=259|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=373}}

Tutu rejected the idea that any particular variant of theology was universally applicable, instead maintaining that all understandings of God had to be "contextual" in relating to the socio-cultural conditions in which they existed.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=116|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=135}} In the 1970s, Tutu became an advocate of both [[black theology]] and [[African theology]], seeking ways to fuse the two schools of Christian theological thought.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=136, 137}} Unlike other theologians, like [[John Mbiti]], who saw the traditions as largely incompatible, Tutu emphasised the similarities between the two.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=115}} He believed that both theological approaches had arisen in contexts where black humanity had been defined in terms of white norms and values, in societies where "to be really human", the black man "had to see himself and to be seen as a chocolate coloured white man".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=116}} He also argued that both black and African theology shared a repudiation of the supremacy of Western values.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=116}} In doing so he spoke of an underlying unity of Africans and the [[African diaspora]], stating that "All of us are bound to Mother Africa by invisible but tenacious bonds. She has nurtured the deepest things in us blacks."{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=115}}

He became, according to Du Boulay, "one of the most eloquent and persuasive communicators" of black theology.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=87}} He expressed his views on theology largely through sermons and addresses rather than in extended academic treatises.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=87}} Tutu expressed the view that Western theology sought answers to questions that Africans were not asking.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=135–136}} For Tutu, two major questions were being posed by [[African Christianity]]; how to replace imported Christian expressions of faith with something authentically African, and how to liberate people from bondage.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=136}} He believed that there were many comparisons to be made between contemporary African understandings of God and those featured in the [[Old Testament]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=137}} He nevertheless criticised African theology for failing to sufficiently address contemporary societal problems, and suggested that to correct this it should learn from the black theology tradition.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=116}}

When chairing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Tutu advocated an explicitly Christian model of reconciliation, as part of which he believed that South Africans had to face up to the damages that they had caused and accept the consequences of their actions.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=342}} As part of this, he believed that the perpetrators and beneficiaries of apartheid must admit to their actions but that the system's victims should respond generously, stating that it was a "gospel imperative" to forgive.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=342}} At the same time, he argued that those responsible had to display true repentance in the form of restitution.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=342}}

==Reception and legacy==

[[File:Desmond tutu 20070607 2.jpg|thumb|Tutu at the [[German Evangelical Church Assembly]], 2007]]

Gish noted that by the time of apartheid's fall, Tutu had attained "worldwide respect" for his "uncompromising stand for justice and reconciliation and his unmatched integrity".{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=148}} According to Allen, Tutu "made a powerful and unique contribution to publicizing the antiapartheid struggle abroad", particularly in the United States.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=233}} In the latter country, he was able to rise to prominence as a South African anti-apartheid activist because—unlike Mandela and other members of the ANC—he had no links to the South African Communist Party and thus was more acceptable to Americans amid the [[Cold War]] anti-communist sentiment of the period.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=253}} In the United States, he was often compared to [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], with the African-American civil rights activist [[Jesse Jackson]] referring to him as "the Martin Luther King of South Africa".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=198}} After the end of apartheid, Tutu became "perhaps the world's most prominent religious leader advocating gay and lesbian rights", according to Allen.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=372}} Ultimately, Allen thought that perhaps Tutu's "greatest legacy" was the fact that he gave "to the world as it entered the twenty-first century an African model for expressing the nature of human community".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=396}}

During Tutu's rise to notability during the 1970s and 1980s, responses to him were "sharply polarized".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=201}} Noting that he was "simultaneously loved and hated, honoured and vilified",{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=170}} Du Boulay attributed his divisive reception to the fact that "strong people evoke strong emotions".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=138}} Tutu gained much adulation from black journalists, inspired imprisoned anti-apartheid activists, and led to many black parents' naming their children after him.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=201}} For many black South Africans, he was a respected religious leader and a symbol of black achievement.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=247}} By 1984 he was—according to Gish—"the personification of the South African freedom struggle".{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=103}} In 1988, Du Boulay described him as "a spokesman for his people, a voice for the voiceless".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=18}}

The response he received from South Africa's white minority was more mixed. Most of those who criticised him were conservative whites who did not want a shift away from apartheid and white-minority rule.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=138|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=78}} Many of these whites were angered that he was calling for economic sanctions against South Africa and that he was warning that racial violence was impending.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=98}} Said whites often accused him of being a tool of the communists.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=236}} This hostility was exacerbated by the government's campaign to discredit Tutu and distort his image,{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=97}} which included repeatedly misquoting him to present his statements out of context.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=263}} According to Du Boulay, the [[SABC]] and much of the white press went to "extraordinary attempts to discredit him", something that "made it hard to know the man himself".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=18}} Allen noted that in 1984, Tutu was "the black leader white South Africans most loved to hate" and that this antipathy extended beyond supporters of the far-right government to liberals too.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=202}} The fact that he was "an object of hate" for many was something that deeply pained him.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=138}}

{{Quote box
| quote = Hated by many white South Africans for being too radical, he was also scorned by many black militants for being too moderate.
| source=— On Tutu in the mid-1980s, by Steven D. Gish, 2004{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=111}} 
| align = left
| width = 25em
}}

Tutu also drew criticism from within the anti-apartheid movement and the black South African community. He was criticised repeatedly for making statements on behalf of black South Africans without consulting other community leaders first.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=239}} Some black anti-apartheid activists regarded him as too moderate,{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=138|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=79}} and in particular too focused on cultivating white goodwill.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=79}} The African-American civil rights campaigner [[Bernice Powell]], for instance, complained that he was "too nice to white people".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=242}} According to Gish, Tutu "faced the perpetual dilemma of all moderates – he was often viewed suspiciously by the two hostile sides he sought to bring together".{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=79}} Tutu's critical view of Marxist-oriented communism and the governments of the [[Eastern Bloc]], and the comparisons he drew between these administrations and far-right ideologies like [[Nazism]] and apartheid brought criticism from the [[South African Communist Party]] in 1984.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=214}} After the transition to universal suffrage, Tutu's criticism of presidents [[Thabo Mbeki|Mbeki]] and [[Jacob Zuma|Zuma]] brought objections from their supporters; in 2006, Zuma's personal advisor Elias Khumalo claimed that it was a double standard that Tutu could "accept the apology from the apartheid government that committed unspeakable atrocities against millions of South Africans", yet "cannot find it in his heart to accept the apology" from Zuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zukile Majova |date=1 September 2006 |title=Zuma camp lashes out at 'old' Tutu |url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=282735&area=/insight/insight__national/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923192222/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=282735&area=%2Finsight%2Finsight__national%2F |archive-date=23 September 2006 |access-date=1 September 2006 |website=Mail & Guardian}}</ref>

=== Honours ===
{{See also| List of honours of Desmond Tutu}}
[[File:Desmond Tutu at Penn.jpg|thumb|Tutu at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]]]

Tutu gained many international awards and honorary degrees, particularly in South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}} By 2003, he had approximately 100 honorary degrees;{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=164}} he was, for example, the first person to be awarded an honorary doctorate by [[Ruhr University]] in West Germany, and the third person to whom [[Columbia University]] in the U.S. agreed to award an honorary doctorate off-campus.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|pp=188–189}} Many schools and scholarships were named after him.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}} [[Mount Allison University]] in [[Sackville, New Brunswick]] was the first Canadian institution to award Tutu an honorary doctorate in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Listen to Desmond Tutu's 'profound' address to Mount Allison University|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/listen-to-desmond-tutu-s-profound-address-to-mount-allison-university-1.6298884|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227202159/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/listen-to-desmond-tutu-s-profound-address-to-mount-allison-university-1.6298884 |archive-date=27 December 2021 }}</ref> In 2000, the Munsieville Library in [[Klerksdorp]] was renamed the Desmond Tutu Library.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}} The Desmond Tutu School of Theology at [[Fort Hare University]] was launched in 2002.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}}

On 16 October 1984, Tutu was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. The Nobel Committee cited his "role as a unifying leader figure in the campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa".<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Nobel Peace Prize for 1984 |publisher=[[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] |url=http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1984/press.html |access-date=26 May 2006}}</ref> This was seen as a gesture of support for him and the [[South African Council of Churches]] which he led at that time. In 1987 Tutu was awarded the [[Pacem in Terris Award|''Pacem in Terris'' Award]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gish |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6UYpCoGUkgC&q=1987+Tutu+was+awarded+the+Pacem+in+Terris+Award |title=Desmond Tutu: A Biography |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1963 |isbn=978-0-313-32860-2 |location=Westport, Connecticut |page=126 |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref> named after a 1963 [[encyclical]] letter by [[Pope John XXIII]] that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Habitat for Humanity Lebanon Chairman to receive prestigious Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award |date=1 November 2007 |publisher=Habitat for Humanity |url=http://www.habitat.org/newsroom/2007archive/11_01_2007_HFH_Freedom_Award.aspx |access-date=6 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705175359/http://www.habitat.org/newsroom/2007archive/11_01_2007_HFH_Freedom_Award.aspx |archive-date=5 July 2008 }}</ref>

In 1985 the City of [[Reggio Emilia]] named Tutu an honorary citizen together with [[Albertina Sisulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 1985 |title=Cittadinanze onorarie |trans-title=Honorary citizens|url=https://www.comune.re.it/retecivica/urp/retecivi.nsf/PESDocumentID/BF63E31FCD68ACD7C12580B9003F1784?opendocument&FROM=Cttdnnznrr |access-date=3 February 2018 |website=Comune di Reggio Emilia}}</ref>

In 2000, Tutu received the Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Andruss |first1=Jessica |title=Doctorow '52 wins prestigious, lucrative prize |url=https://digital.kenyon.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1365&context=collegian |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=Kenyon Collegian |issue=CXXVII, 19 |publisher=Kenyon College |date=30 March 2000 |location=Gambier, Ohio |page=2}}</ref>
 
In 2003, Tutu received the [[Academy of Achievement#Notable recipients of the Golden Plate Award|Golden Plate Award]] of the [[Academy of Achievement]] presented by Awards Council member [[Coretta Scott King]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service |website=achievement.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Summit Overview Photo |url=https://achievement.org/summit/ |quote=South Africa's Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu receives the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award from Council member Coretta Scott King during the 2003 International Achievement Summit in Washington, D.C.}}</ref> In 2008, Governor [[Rod Blagojevich]] of Illinois proclaimed 13 May 'Desmond Tutu Day'.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Gov. Blagojevich Proclaims Today "Desmond Tutu Day" in Illinois |date=13 May 2008 |publisher=Illinois Government News Network |url=http://www.illinois.gov/pressreleases/ShowPressRelease.cfm?SubjectID=2&RecNum=6830 |access-date=6 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110104426/http://www.illinois.gov/PressReleases/ShowPressRelease.cfm?SubjectID=2&RecNum=6830 |archive-date=10 November 2009 }}</ref>

In 2015, Queen Elizabeth II appointed Tutu an Honorary [[Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour]] (CH).<ref>[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/509363/2015_Honorary_Awards_-_Final.pdf "Honorary awards"] (2015)</ref> Queen Elizabeth II appointed Tutu as a Bailiff Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Venerable Order of St. John]] in September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2017 |title=Order of St John |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/2871020 |access-date=3 February 2018 |website=The Gazette}}</ref>

In 2010, Tutu delivered the Bynum Tudor Lecture at the [[University of Oxford]] and became a visiting fellow at [[Kellogg College, Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archbishop Desmond Tutu |url=http://www.kellogg.ox.ac.uk/discover/people/archbishop-desmond-tutu/ |access-date=22 July 2018 |publisher=[[Kellogg College]] |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195105/http://www.kellogg.ox.ac.uk/discover/people/archbishop-desmond-tutu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013, he received the £1.1m (US$1.6m) [[Templeton Prize]] for "his life-long work in advancing spiritual principles such as love and forgiveness".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2013 |title=2013 Templeton Prize Laureate. Desmond Tutu |url=http://www.templetonprize.org/currentwinner.html |access-date=8 August 2013 |website=templetonprize.org |publisher=[[John Templeton Foundation]]}}</ref> In 2018 the fossil of a [[Devonian]] [[tetrapod]] was found in [[Grahamstown]] by Rob Gess of the [[Albany Museum]]; this tetrapod was named ''[[Tutusius]] umlambo'' in Tutu's honour.<ref name="Lang2018">{{Cite web |last=Steven Lang |date=7 June 2018 |title=Grahamstown scientist's new fossil scoop |url=http://www.grocotts.co.za/2018/06/07/grahamstown-scientists-new-fossil-scoop/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610193257/http://www.grocotts.co.za/2018/06/07/grahamstown-scientists-new-fossil-scoop/ |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |website=Grocott's Mail}}</ref>

==Writings==
Tutu is the author of seven collections of [[sermon]]s in addition to other writings:
* ''Crying in the Wilderness'', [[Eerdmans]], 1982. {{ISBN|978-0-8028-0270-5}}
* ''Hope and Suffering: Sermons and Speeches'', Skotaville, 1983. {{ISBN|978-0-620-06776-8}}
*''The War Against Children: South Africa's Youngest Victims'', [[Human Rights First]], 1986. {{ISBN|9780934143004}}
* ''The Words of Desmond Tutu'', Newmarket, 1989. {{ISBN|978-1-55704-719-9}}
* ''The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful Revolution'', [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-385-47546-4}}
* ''Worshipping Church in Africa'', [[Duke University Press]], 1995. ASIN B000K5WB02
* ''The Essential Desmond Tutu'', David Phillips Publishers, 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-86486-346-1}}
* ''No Future Without Forgiveness'', [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-385-49689-6}}
* ''An African Prayerbook'', [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-385-47730-7}}
* ''God Has a Dream: A Vision of Hope for Our Time'', [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-385-47784-0}}
* ''Desmond and the Very Mean Word'', [[Candlewick Press|Candlewick]], 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-763-65229-6}}
* ''The Book of Forgiving: The Fourfold Path for Healing Ourselves and Our World'', [[HarperOne]], 2015. {{ISBN|978-0062203571}}
* ''[[The Book of Joy]]: Lasting Happiness in a Changing World'', coauthored by His Holiness the [[14th Dalai Lama]], 2016, {{ISBN|978-0-67007-016-9}}

==See also==
* [[List of black Nobel laureates]]
* [[List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[Political theology in Sub-Saharan Africa]]
* [[Reconciliation theology]]

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|25em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Allen |first=John |title=Rabble-Rouser for Peace: The Authorised Biography of Desmond Tutu |publisher=Rider |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84-604064-1 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Battle |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAw9PgAACAAJ |title=Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu |publisher=Pilgrim Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8298-1833-8 |author-link=Michael J. Battle}}
* {{Cite book |last=Du Boulay |first=Shirley |title=Tutu: Voice of the Voiceless |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=1988 |isbn=9780340416143 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gish |first=Steven D. |url=https://archive.org/details/desmondtutu00stev |title=Desmond Tutu: A Biography |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-313-32860-9 |location=Westport, Connecticut and London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sampson |first=Anthony |title=Mandela: The Authorised Biography |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-00-743797-9 |location=London |author-link=Anthony Sampson |orig-year=1999}}
* Tlhagale, Buti, and Itumeleng Mosala, eds. ''Hammering Swords into Ploughshares: Essays in Honor of Archbishop Mpilo Desmond Tutu'' (Eerdmans, 1987).
* "Desmond Tutu". in ''Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors'' (Gale, 2013) [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1000100474/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=f57629e8 online]
* "Desmond Mpilo Tutu". in ''Contemporary Black Biography'' (44, Gale, 2004) [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1606002783/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=48ce0349 online]
* "Bishop Tutu's Christology." ''Cross Currents'' 34 (1984): 492–99.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Battle, Michael. ''Desmond Tutu: A Spiritual Biography of South Africa's Confessor'' (Westminster John Knox Press, 2021).
* Kokobili, Alexander. "An insight on Archbishop Desmond Tutu's struggle against apartheid in South Africa." ''Kairos: Evangelical Journal of Theology'' 13.1 (2019): 115-126. [https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/319720 online]
* Maluleke, Tinyiko. "Forgiveness and Reconciliation in the Life and Work of Desmond Tutu." ''International Review of Mission'' 109.2 (2020): 210-221. 
* Maluleke, Tinyiko. "The Liberating Humour of Desmond Tutu." ''International Review of Mission'' 110.2 (2021): 327-340. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tinyiko-Maluleke/publication/356105746_The_Liberating_Humour_of_Desmond_Tutu/links/618be8dd61f09877207a8552/The-Liberating-Humour-of-Desmond-Tutu.pdf online]
* Nadar, Sarojini. "Beyond a "Political Priest": Exploring Desmond Tutu as a 'Freedom-Fighter Mystic'." ''Black Theology'' (2021): 1-8.
* Pali, K. J. "The leadership role of emeritus Archbishop Desmond Tutu in the social development of the South African society." ''Stellenbosch Theological Journal'' 5.1 (2019): 263-297. [http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S2413-94672019000100014&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en online]
* {{cite journal |last1=Pali |first1=K.&nbsp;J. |title=The leadership role of emeritus Archbishop Desmond Tutu in the social development of the South African society |journal=Stellenbosch Theological Journal |year=2020 |volume=5 |pages=263–297 |doi=10.17570/stj.2019.v5n1.a13 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |s2cid=201695299 |doi-access=free }}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.tutu.org.za/ The Desmond & Leah Tutu Legacy Foundation SA]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111031010750/http://www.tutufoundationusa.org/ Desmond Tutu Peace Foundation USA]}}
* [http://www.tutufoundationuk.org/ Tutu Foundation UK]
* {{C-SPAN|1819}}
* [https://achievement.org/achiever/desmond-tutu/#interview Archbishop Desmond Tutu Biography and Interview] with [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]]
* {{Nobelprize}}
* {{discogs artist|Desmond Tutu}}
* {{IMDb name|0878379}}
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{{S-rel|sa}}

{{s-bef
| before = [[John Maund (bishop)|John Maund]]
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{{s-ttl
| title = [[Diocese of Lesotho|Bishop of Lesotho]]
| years = 1976–1978
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{{s-aft
| after = [[Philip Stanley Mokuku]]
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{{s-bef
| before = [[Timothy Bavin]]
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{{s-ttl
| title = [[Anglican Diocese of Johannesburg|Bishop of Johannesburg]]
| years = 1985–1986
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{{s-aft
| after = [[George Buchanan (bishop)|George Buchanan]]
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{{s-bef
| before = [[Philip Russell (bishop)|Philip Russell]]
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{{s-ttl
| title = [[Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town|Archbishop of Cape Town]]
| years = 1986–1996
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{{s-aft
| after = [[Njongonkulu Ndungane]]
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{{S-end}}
{{Bishops of Lesotho}}
{{Bishops of Johannesburg}}
{{Archbishops of Cape Town}}
{{The Elders}}
{{Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)}}
{{Navboxes|title=Awards for Desmond Tutu|list=
{{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1976-2000}}
{{Footer Sydney Peace Prize laureates}}
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{{Templeton Prize Laureates}}
{{1984 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Pacem in Terris Award laureates}}
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