View source for Dendrobranchiata

{{Short description|Suborder of prawns}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Famennian|Recent}}
| image = Shrimp body.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Penaeus monodon]]''
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Dendrobranchiata
| authority = [[Charles Spence Bate|Bate]], 1888
| subdivision_ranks = Superfamilies and families
| subdivision_ref = <ref name="Grave"/>
| subdivision =
[[Penaeoidea]]
:[[Aciculopoda|Aciculopodidae]] {{Extinct}}
:[[Aegeridae]] {{Extinct}}
:[[Aristeidae]]
:[[Benthesicymidae]]
:[[Carpopenaeus|Carpopenaeidae]] {{Extinct}}
:[[Penaeidae]]
:[[Sicyonia|Sicyoniidae]]
:[[Solenoceridae]]
[[Sergestoidea]]
:[[Luciferidae]]
:[[Sergestidae]]
| synonyms = Penaeidea <small>Dana, 1852</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="M&D">[[#MartinDavis2001|Martin & Davis, 2001]]</ref>
}}

'''Dendrobranchiata''' is a suborder of [[Decapoda|decapods]], commonly known as '''prawns''' (though [[Prawn#''Shrimp'' vs. ''prawn''|this may be ambiguous]]). There are 540 extant species in seven families, and a [[fossil record]] extending back to the [[Devonian]]. They differ from related animals, such as [[Caridea]] and [[Stenopodidea]], by the branching form of the [[gill]]s (hence their [[scientific name]] [[wikt:Dendrobranchiata|Dendrobrachiata]]) and by the fact that they do not brood their eggs, but release them directly into the water. They may reach a length of over {{convert|330|mm}} and a mass of {{convert|450|g|lb|1}}, and are widely [[shrimp fishery|fished]] and [[shrimp farm|farmed]] for human consumption.

==Nomenclature==
{{See also|Common name}}
While Dendrobranchiata and [[Caridea]] belong to different [[Order (biology)|suborder]]s of [[Decapoda]], they are very similar in appearance, and in many contexts such as commercial [[farming]] and [[Fishery|fisheries]], they are both often referred to as "shrimp" and "prawn" interchangeably. In the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]] and some other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth nations]], the word "prawn" is used almost exclusively, while the opposite is the case in [[North America]]. The term "prawn" is also loosely used to describe any large shrimp, especially those that come 15 (or fewer) to the pound (such as "king prawns", yet sometimes known as "jumbo shrimp").

Due to their superficial similarity, Dendrobranchiata and Caridea were historically grouped together, though it is currently understood that they are distantly related. The classification of these groups is [[#Systematics|explained below]]. 

==Description==
Together with other swimming Decapoda, Dendrobranchiata show the "caridoid facies", or shrimp-like form.<ref name="TM100">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 100</ref> The body is typically robust, and can be divided into a [[cephalothorax]] (fusion of the head or ''cephalon'' and [[thorax]]) and a [[pleon]] (abdomen).<ref name="TM100"/> The body is generally slightly flattened side-to-side.<ref name="TM100"/> The largest species, ''[[Penaeus monodon]]'', can reach a [[mass]] of {{convert|450|g}} and a length of {{convert|336|mm}}.<ref name="Dall3-4">[[#Dall1990|Dall, 1990]], pp. 3–4</ref>

===Head===
[[File:Shrimp head.jpg|right|thumb|Head]]
The most conspicuous [[appendage]]s arising from the head are the [[antenna (biology)|antennae]]; the first pair are [[biramous]] (having two [[flagellum|flagella]]), except in [[Luciferidae]], and are relatively small.<ref name="TM106">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 106</ref> The second pair can be 2–3 times the length of the body and are always [[uniramous]] (having a single flagellum).<ref name="TM106"/> The [[arthropod mouthparts|mouthparts]] comprise pairs of [[Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)|mandibles]], maxillules and maxillae, arising from the head, and three pairs of [[maxilliped]]s, arising from the thorax.<ref name="TM106-8">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], pp. 106–108</ref> A pair of stalked [[eye]]s points forwards from the head.<ref name="TM102">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 102</ref>

===Thorax===
The [[carapace]] originates from the thorax to cover the cephalothorax, and extends forwards between the eyes into a [[rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]].<ref name="TM102"/> This is only as long as the stalked eyes in [[Benthesicymidae]], [[Luciferidae]] and [[Sergestidae]], but considerably longer in [[Aristeidae]].<ref name="TM102"/>

As well as the three pairs of maxillipeds, the thorax also bears five pairs of [[pereiopod]]s, or walking legs; the first three of these end in small [[Chela (organ)|chelae]] (pincers).<ref name="TM108-10">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], pp. 108–110</ref> The last two pereiopods are absent in [[Luciferidae]] and ''[[Acetes]]'', but much longer than the preceding pereiopods in ''[[Hymenopenaeus]]'' and ''[[Xiphopenaeus]]''.<ref name="TM110">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 110</ref>

The thoracic appendages carry [[gill]]s, which are protected beneath the carapace.<ref name="TM103-5">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], pp. 103–105</ref> The gills are typically branched, and so resemble trees, lending the group its scientific name, Dendrobranchiata, from the [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] words {{lang|el|[[:wikt:δένδρον|δένδρον]]}} (''{{lang|el|dendron}}'', [[tree]]) and {{lang|el|βράγχια}} (''{{lang|el|[[:wikt:branchia|branchia]]}}'', gills).<ref name="TM103">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 103</ref>

===Pleon===
The [[pleon]], or abdomen, is similar in length to the cephalothorax.<ref name="TM105">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 105</ref> It has six segments, the first five bearing lamellar [[pleopod]]s, and the last one bearing [[uropod]]s.<ref name="TM110-11">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], pp. 110–111</ref> The pleopods are biramous, except in [[Sicyoniidae]], where they are uniramous.<ref name="TM110"/> The uropods and [[telson]] collectively form the tail fan; the uropods are not divided by a diaeresis, as they are in many other decapods.<ref name="TM111">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 111</ref> The telson is pointed and is usually armed with four pairs of [[seta]]e or [[spine (zoology)|spines]].<ref name="TM111"/>

===Internal anatomy===
Most of the [[muscle|musculature]] of a prawn is used for bending the pleon, and almost all the space in the pleon is filled by muscle.<ref name="TM113">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 113</ref> More than 17 muscles operate each of the pleopods, and a further 16 power the tail fan in the rapid backward movement of the [[caridoid escape reaction]].<ref name="TM113-114">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], pp. 113–114</ref> These muscles, collectively, are the meat for which prawns are commercially fished and farmed.<ref>[[#KanduriEckhardt2002|Kanduri & Eckhardt, 2002]], p. 42</ref>

The [[nervous system]] of prawns comprises a dorsal [[brain]], and a [[ventral nerve cord]], connected by two [[commissure]]s around the [[oesophagus]].<ref name="TM114">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 114</ref> The chief sensory inputs are visual input from the eyes, [[chemoreceptor]]s on the antennae and in the mouth, and [[mechanoreceptor]]s on the antennae and elsewhere.<ref name="TM116-8">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], pp. 116–118</ref>

The [[digestive system]] comprises a foregut, a midgut and a hindgut, and is situated dorsally.<ref name="TM118">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 118</ref> The foregut begins at the mouth, passes through the oesophagus, and opens into a sac that contains the grinding apparatus of the [[gastric mill]].<ref name="TM118"/> The [[hepatopancreas]] feeds into the midgut, where [[digestive enzyme]]s are released, and nutrients taken up.<ref name="TM118"/> The hindgut forms faecal pellets, which are then passed out through the muscular [[anus]].<ref name="TM118-9">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], pp. 118–119</ref>

The [[circulatory system]] is based around a compact, triangular [[heart]], which pumps blood into three main [[artery|arteries]].<ref name="TM120">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 120</ref> [[Excretion]] is carried out through the gills, and by specialised [[gland]]s located at the base of the antennae, and is mostly in the form of [[ammonia]].<ref name="TM120-1">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], pp. 120–121</ref>

==Life cycle==
{{Main|Biological life cycle}}
[[File:Shrimp nauplius.jpg|thumb|[[Nauplius (larva)|Nauplius]] of an unidentified prawn from the family [[Penaeidae]]]]
[[File:Penaeus vannamei 01.jpg|thumb|A juvenile ''[[Litopenaeus vannamei]]'' (whiteleg prawn)]]
Prawns may be divided into two groups based on the structure of the female genitalia, known as thelycum: those with an open thelycum and those with a closed thelycum.<ref name="TM125">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 125</ref> In the open-thelycum species, mating takes place towards the end of the [[moulting]] cycle, and usually at sunset.<ref name="TM125-6">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], pp. 125–126</ref> In closed-thelycum species, mating takes place shortly after moulting, when the [[exoskeleton]] is still soft, and usually occurs in the night.<ref name="TM126">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 126</ref> [[courtship display|Courtship]] and mating may take up to 3 hours in ''[[Penaeus monodon]]'', while in ''[[Farfantepenaeus paulensis]]'', mating lasts just 4–5 seconds.<ref name="TM126"/> Spawning may occur several times during the moulting cycle, and usually occurs at night.<ref name="TM127">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 127</ref>

With the exception of [[Luciferidae]], the [[egg (biology)|eggs]] of prawns are shed directly into the water, rather than being brooded.<ref name="TM130">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 130</ref> The eggs hatch into [[nauplius (larva)|nauplius]] [[crustacean larvae|larvae]], which are followed by [[zoea]] larvae (initially protozoea, and later mysis) and then a postlarva, before reaching adulthood.<ref name="TM130"/> The changes between [[ecdysis|moults]] are gradual, and so the development is [[Anamorphosis (biology)|anamorphic]] rather than [[metamorphosis|metamorphic]].<ref name="TM130"/>

Uniquely among the Decapoda, the nauplii of Dendrobranchiata are free-swimming.<ref name="TM130"/> There are five to eight naupliar stages.<ref name="TM131">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 131</ref> The earlier stages have three pairs of appendages that are used for locomotion – two pairs of [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] and the [[Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)|mandibles]]. Later stages also have rudiments of other [[arthropod mouthparts|mouthparts]], but the nauplius is unable to feed, and only lasts 24 to 68 hours.<ref name="TM130"/> The body ends at a two-lobed [[telson]], and the beginnings of a [[carapace]] emerge at this stage.<ref name="TM131"/>

There are typically five or six zoea stages in Dendrobranchiata, divided into protozoea and mysis.<ref name="TM130"/> In the protozoea larvae, the antennae are still used for locomotion, but the mandibles become specialised for [[mastication]].<ref name="TM131"/> All the thoracic somites (body segments) have formed, and a [[carapace]] is present, covering part of the thorax.<ref name="TM131"/> It is smooth in the family [[Penaeidae]], but bears many spines in the family [[Solenoceridae]].<ref name="TM131"/> The [[pleon]] (abdomen) is unsegmented in the first protozoea, and ends in a bilobed telson, which may be used for cleaning other appendages, or for steering.<ref name="TM131"/> By the second protozoea, segmentation appears on the pleon,<ref name="TM131"/> and by the third protozoea, which may also be called the metazoea, the [[uropod]]s have appeared.<ref name="TM133"/>

By the mysis stages, the [[pereiopod]]s (thoracic appendages) start to be used instead of the antennae for locomotion.<ref name="TM133">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 133</ref> The larva swims backwards, with its tail upwards, spinning slowly as it goes.<ref name="TM133"/> The carapace covers most of the segments of the thorax, and claws appear on the first three pereiopods.<ref name="TM133"/> By the last mysis stage, the beginnings of [[pleopod]]s have appeared on the first five segments of the abdomen.<ref name="TM133"/>

The post-larva or [[juvenile (animal)|juvenile]] stage is characterised by the use of the pleopods for locomotion.<ref name="TM134">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 134</ref> The claws become functional, but the [[gill]]s are still rudimentary.<ref name="TM134"/> The telson is narrower and only retains traces of its two-lobed development.<ref name="TM134"/> Through a series of gradual changes over following moults, the animal takes on its adult form.<ref name="TM134"/>

==Systematics==
Dendrobranchiata were traditionally grouped together with Caridean shrimp as "[[Natantia]]" (the swimming decapoda), as opposed to the [[Reptantia]] (the walking decapods). In 1888, [[Charles Spence Bate]] recognised the differences in gill morphology, and separated Natantia into Dendrobranchiata, Phyllobranchiata and Trichobranchiata.<ref name="TM99">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 99</ref> Recent analyses using [[cladistics]] and [[molecular phylogenetics]] recognise Dendrobranchiata as the [[sister group]] to all other Decapoda, collectively called [[Pleocyemata]].<ref name="TM137">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 137</ref>

The [[cladogram]] below shows Dendrobranchiata's placement within the larger [[order (biology)|order]] [[Decapoda]], from analysis by Wolfe ''et al.'', 2019.<ref name="Wolfe2019">{{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=Joanna M. |last2=Breinholt |first2=Jesse W. |last3=Crandall |first3=Keith A. |last4=Lemmon |first4=Alan R. |last5=Lemmon |first5=Emily Moriarty |last6=Timm |first6=Laura E. |last7=Siddall |first7=Mark E. |last8=Bracken-Grissom |first8=Heather D. |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.0079 |title=A phylogenomic framework, evolutionary timeline and genomic resources for comparative studies of decapod crustaceans |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B | date=24 April 2019 |volume=286 |issue=1901 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2019.0079 |pmid=31014217 |doi-access=free |pmc=6501934 }}</ref>

{{Decapoda cladogram}}

[[File:9150 - Milano - Museo storia naturale - Aeger - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto 22-Apr-2007 cropped.jpg|thumb|Fossil ''[[Aeger]]'' ([[Aegeridae]])]]
Before 2010, the earliest known fossil prawns come from rocks in [[Madagascar]] of [[Permian|Permo]]-[[Triassic]] age, {{Ma|250}}.<ref>[[#Crean2004|Crean, 2004]]</ref><ref name="Schram">[[#Schram2000|Schram ''et al.'', 2000]]</ref> In 2010, however, the discovery of ''[[Aciculopoda]]'' from [[Famennian]]–stage rocks in [[Oklahoma]] extended the group's fossil record back to {{Ma|360}}.<ref name="Aciculopoda">[[#FeldmannSchweitzer2010|Feldmann & Schweitzer, 2010]]</ref> The best known fossil prawns are from the [[Jurassic]] [[Solnhofen limestone]]s from [[Germany]].<ref name="Schram"/>

Living prawns are divided among seven families, five in the [[superfamily (taxonomy)|superfamily]] [[Penaeoidea]], and two in the [[Sergestoidea]],<ref name="M&D"/> although molecular evidence disagrees with some aspects of the current classifications.<ref>[[#Ma2009|Ma ''et al.'', 2009]]</ref> Collectively, these include 540 [[extant taxon|extant]] species, and nearly 100 exclusively fossil species.<ref name="Grave">[[#DeGrave2009|De Grave ''et al.'', 2009]]</ref> A further two families are known only from fossils.<ref name="Grave"/>

The cladogram below shows Dendrobranchiata's internal relationships of [[extant taxon|extant]] families (excluding [[Solenoceridae]]):<ref name="Wolfe2019"/>

{{clade
|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
|label1= '''Dendrobranchiata''' 
|1={{clade
 |label1= [[Sergestoidea]] 
 |1={{clade
  |1=[[Luciferidae]]
  |2=[[Sergestidae]] }}
 |label2= [[Penaeoidea]] 
 |2={{clade
  |1={{clade
   |1=[[Sicyoniidae]]
   |2=[[Penaeidae]] }}
  |2={{clade
   |1=[[Benthesicymidae]]
   |2=[[Aristeidae]] }} }} }} }}
===Diversity===
<br>
Dendrobranchiata comprises the following [[superfamily (taxonomy)|superfamilies]] and [[family (biology)|families]]:<br>
:Superfamily [[Penaeoidea]] <small>Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815</small>
::{{Extinct}} [[Aciculopoda|Aciculopodidae]] <small>Feldmann & Schweitzer, 2010</small> – a single [[Famennian]] species, ''[[Aciculopoda|Aciculopoda mapesi]]'' <ref name="Aciculopoda"/>
::{{Extinct}} [[Aegeridae]] <small>Burkenroad, 1963</small> – two Mesozoic genera: ''[[Aeger]]'' and ''[[Acanthochirana]]'' <ref name="TM151">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 151</ref>
::[[Aristeidae]] <small>Wood-Mason, 1891</small> – 26 extant species in 9 genera, and one fossil genus <ref name="TM152">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 152</ref>
::[[Benthesicymidae]] <small>Wood-Mason, 1891</small> – 41 species in 4 genera <ref name="TM152"/>
::{{Extinct}} [[Carpopenaeus|Carpopenaeidae]] <small>Garassino, 1994</small> – two [[Cretaceous]] species of ''[[Carpopenaeus]]'' <ref name="TM152-3">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], pp. 152–153</ref>
::[[Penaeidae]] <small>Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815</small> – 216 extant species in 26 genera, and several extinct genera, mostly Mesozoic <ref name="TM153">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 153</ref>
::[[Sicyoniidae]] <small>Ortmann, 1898</small> – 43 species of ''[[Sicyonia]]'' <ref name="TM154">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 154</ref>
::[[Solenoceridae]] <small>Wood-Mason, 1891</small> – 81 species in 9 genera <ref name="TM155">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 155</ref>
:Superfamily [[Sergestoidea]] <small>Dana, 1852</small>
::[[Luciferidae]] <small>De Haan, 1849</small> – 7 species in 2 genera
::[[Sergestidae]] <small>Dana, 1852</small> – 90 extant species in six genera, and two extinct monotypic genera <ref name="TM156">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 156</ref>

==Distribution==
The [[biodiversity]] of Dendrobranchiata decreases markedly at increasing [[latitude]]s; most species are only found in a region between [[40th parallel north|40° north]] and [[40th parallel south|40° south]].<ref name="TM145">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 145</ref> Some species may occur at higher latitudes. For instance, ''[[Bentheogennema borealis]]'' is abundant at [[57th parallel north|57° north]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]], while collections of ''[[Gennadas kempi]]'' have been made as far south as [[61st parallel south|61° south]] in the [[Antarctic Ocean]].<ref name="TM145"/>

==Ecology and behaviour==
[[File:Messina Straits Argyropelecus hemigymnus.jpg|thumb|Fish, such as this ''[[Argyropelecus hemigymnus]]'', are important predators of juvenile prawns, such as this ''[[Sicyonia]]''.]]
There is a great deal of ecological variation within the suborder Dendrobranchiata. Some species of Sergestidae live in [[fresh water]], but most prawns are exclusively marine.<ref name="TM134"/> Species of [[Sergestidae]] and [[Benthesicymidae]] mostly live in deep water, and [[Solenoceridae]] species live offshore, while most [[Penaeidae]] species live in shallow inshore waters, and ''[[Lucifer (crustacean)|Lucifer]]'' is [[plankton]]ic.<ref name="TM134"/> Some species burrow in mud on the sea floor during the day and emerge at night to feed.<ref name="TM134"/>

Prawns are "opportunistic omnivores",<ref name="TM135"/> and their [[diet (nutrition)|diet]] can include a range of food items from fine particles to large organisms. These may include [[fish]], [[chaetognath]]s, [[krill]], [[copepod]]s, [[radiolaria]]ns, [[phytoplankton]], [[nematocyst]]s, [[ostracod]]s and [[detritus]].<ref name="TM135">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 135</ref> Prawns eat less around the time of [[ecdysis]] (moulting), probably because of the softness of the mouthparts, and must eat more than usual to compensate, once ecdysis is complete.<ref name="TM135"/>

Prawns are an attractive food for [[predator]]s, with a higher [[energy content]] than most other invertebrates.<ref name="Dall357">[[#Dall1990|Dall, 1990]], p. 357</ref> The larvae are prey to [[comb jelly|comb jellies]], [[jellyfish]], [[chaetognath]]s, [[fish]] and other [[crustacean]]s (such as [[mantis shrimp]] and [[crab]]s), and only a tiny proportion survive.<ref name="Dall358">[[#Dall1990|Dall, 1990]], p. 358</ref> Juveniles are targeted by a number of fish, [[cephalopod]]s and [[bird]]s; ''[[Litopenaeus vannamei]]'' juveniles experience 90% mortality in the 6–12 weeks they spend in Mexican [[lagoon]]s, and this is thought to be due almost entirely to predation.<ref name="Dall358"/> Adult prawns are less susceptible to predation, but can fall prey to some [[fish]].<ref name="Dall359">[[#Dall1990|Dall, 1990]], p. 359</ref>

==Economic importance==
[[File:Marsupenaeus japonicus.jpg|thumb|''[[Marsupenaeus japonicus]]'' (Kuruma prawn) in an [[aquaculture]] facility in [[Taiwan]]]]
Dendrobranchiata are of huge economic importance. While in some countries, such as the [[United States]], production is almost entirely through [[shrimp fishery|fisheries]], other countries have concentrated on [[aquaculture]] ([[shrimp farm]]s), including [[Ecuador]] where 95% of production is [[shrimp farm|farmed]]; some countries produce similar amounts from fisheries and aquaculture, including [[Mexico]], [[China]], [[India]] and [[Indonesia]].<ref name="TM136">[[#TavaresMartin2010|Tavares & Martin, 2010]], p. 136</ref>

Species from the family [[Aristeidae]] are important to deep-water fisheries, particularly in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], where ''[[Aristaeomorpha foliacea]]'' is caught by trawlers.<ref name="TM136"/> In [[Brazil]], ''Aristaeomorpha foliacea'', ''[[Aristaeopsis edwardsiana]]'' and ''[[Aristeus antillensis]]'' are of commercial importance.<ref name="TM136"/> The shallow-water [[Penaeidae]] are of greater importance, however, and the most important species for fisheries is ''[[Fenneropenaeus chinensis]]'', with a catch in 2005 of over 100,000 tons.<ref name="TM137" />

The most important species for [[aquaculture]] are ''[[Marsupenaeus japonicus]]'' (Kuruma prawn), ''Fenneropenaeus chinensis'' (Chinese prawn), ''[[Penaeus monodon]]'' (giant tiger prawn) and ''[[Litopenaeus vannamei]]'' (whiteleg prawn).<ref name="TM137"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|21em}}

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*{{cite web |author=Indian Aquaculture Authority |url=http://aquaculture.tn.nic.in/pdf/farming.pdf |title=Shrimp Aquaculture and the Environment - An Environment Impact Assessment Report, chapter 2; IAA report |year=2001 |ref=IAA2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081932/http://aquaculture.tn.nic.in/pdf/farming.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-16 }}
*{{cite book |author1=Laxman Kanduri |author2=Ronald A. Eckhardt |year=2002 |title=Food Safety in Shrimp Processing: a Handbook for Shrimp Processors, Importers, Exporters and Retailers |publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]] |isbn=978-0-85238-270-7 |chapter=HACCP in shrimp processing |pages=40–64 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCeZbFp6YM0C&pg=PA42 |ref=KanduriEckhardt2002 }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.019 |title=Phylogeny of penaeoid shrimps (Decapoda: Penaeoidea) inferred from nuclear protein-coding genes |author1=K. Y. Ma |author2=T.-Y. Chan |author3=K. H. Chu |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=53 |issue=1 |year=2009 |pages=45–55 |pmid=19477284 |ref=Ma2009}}
*{{cite book |url=http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf |title=An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea |author1=J. W. Martin |author2=G. E. Davis |year=2001 |pages=1–132 |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |ref=MartinDavis2001 |access-date=2009-12-26 |archive-date=2013-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512091254/http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite journal |title=The first fossil stenopodidean |author1=Frederick R. Schram |author2=Shen Yanbin |author3=Ronald Vonk |author4=Rodney S. Taylor |journal=[[Crustaceana]] |volume=73 |issue=2 |year=2000 |pages=235–242 |doi=10.1163/156854000504183 |ref=Schram2000 |jstor=20106269 |url=http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/11778/11778.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.611.5275 }}
*{{cite book |author1=Carolina Tavares |author2=Joel W. Martin |year=2010 |chapter=Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888 |editor=F. R. Schram |editor2=J. C. von Vaupel Klein |editor3=J. Forest |editor4=M. Charmantier-Daures |series=Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea |isbn=978-90-04-16441-3 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |title=Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim) |volume=9A |pages=99–164 |chapter-url=http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf |ref=TavaresMartin2010 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Crustaceans|Arthropods}}
*{{cite web |author=Michael Türkay |year=2011 |title=Dendrobranchiata |publisher=[[World Register of Marine Species]] |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=106669}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/www/dendrobr.htm |title=Dendrobranchiata (Decapoda, Eucarida, Malacostraca) |work=Crustacea, the Higher Taxa |author=J. K. Lowry |publisher=[[Australian Museum]] |access-date=2011-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323014244/http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/www/dendrobr.htm |archive-date=2012-03-23 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |url=http://arthropodgenomes.org/wiki/Dendrobranchiata |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414060140/http://arthropodgenomes.org/wiki/Dendrobranchiata |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-14 |title=Dendrobranchiata |work=ArthropodBase wiki |author=Arthropod Genomic Consortium }}
*{{Commons category-inline|Dendrobranchiata}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Dendrobranchiata}}

{{Decapoda}}
{{commercial fish topics}}
{{Edible crustaceans}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6500145}}

[[Category:Dendrobranchiata| ]]
[[Category:Commercial crustaceans]]
[[Category:Seafood]]
[[Category:Extant Late Devonian first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Spence Bate]]
[[Category:Arthropod suborders]]