View source for Demutualization

{{Short description|Form of privatization}}
{{Economic systems sidebar |expanded=Transition}}
'''Demutualization''' is the process by which a customer-owned [[mutual organization]] (''mutual'') or [[co-operative]] changes legal form to a [[joint stock company]].<ref>{{cite web |title=demutualization, n. |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] (subscription) |date=March 2004 |access-date=2008-05-20 |url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00328152?query_type=word&queryword=demutualize&first=1&max_to_show=10&single=1&sort_type=alpha }}</ref> It is sometimes called '''stocking''' or [[privatization]]. As part of the demutualization process, members of a mutual usually receive a [[windfall gain|"windfall" payout]], in the form of shares in the successor company, a cash payment, or a mixture of both. [[Mutualization]] or mutualisation is the opposite process, wherein a shareholder-owned company is converted into a mutual organization, typically through takeover by an existing mutual organization. Furthermore, re-mutualization depicts the process of aligning or refreshing the interest and objectives of the members of the [[Mutual organization|mutual society]].

The mutual traditionally raises [[Capital (economics)|capital]] from its customer members in order to provide services to them (for example [[building society|building societies]], where members' savings enable the provision of [[Mortgage loan|mortgages]] to members). It redistributes some [[Profit (accounting)|profits]] to its members. By contrast, a joint stock company raises capital from its shareholders and other financial sources in order to provide services to its customers, with profits or assets distributed to equity or debt investors. In a mutual organization, therefore, the legal roles of customer and owner are united in one form ("members"), whereas in the joint stock company the roles are distinct. This allows a broader capital base if the customers cannot or will not provide sufficient financing to the organization. However, a joint stock company must also try to maximize the return for its owners instead of only maximizing the return and customer services to its customers. This can lead to a decline in customer service to the extent that customers', management's and shareholders' interests diverge.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|title=The Effect of UK Building Society Conversion on Pricing Behaviour (March 2003) |author=Shelagh Heffernan |publisher=Faculty of Finance, CASS Business School, City of London |url=http://www.cass.city.ac.uk/facfin/papers/WP2003/Mutuals-WP.pdf |access-date=2007-10-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129143345/http://www.cass.city.ac.uk/facfin/papers/WP2003/Mutuals-WP.pdf |archive-date=2007-11-29 }}</ref>

A very early example of demutualization were the changes to the structure of the [[Union Insurance Society of Canton]] initiated by its secretary N.J. Ede between 1873 and 1882 leading to its re-registration as a limited company having originated as a mutual assurance society for traders in Canton in 1835.

== Types of demutualizations ==
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
There are three general methods in which an organization might demutualize, '''full demutualization''', '''sponsored demutualization''', and into a '''mutual holding company (MHC)'''. In any type of demutualization, insurance policies, outstanding loans, etc., are not directly affected by the organization's change of legal form.

* In a '''full demutualization''', the mutual completely converts to a stock company, and passes on its own (newly issued) stock, cash, and/or policy credits to the members or policyholders. No attempt is made to preserve mutuality in any form. However, in a full demutualization of a [[mutual savings bank]], stock is issued to investors in an [[initial public offering]], while the depositors, who theoretically owned the bank before demutualization, do not automatically receive stock and must separately invest. Under United States federal and state regulations, depositors receive first priority to purchase the stock before any other investors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/reportspubs/investor-publications/investorpubsmutualconversionhtm.html|title=SEC.gov {{!}} Mutual-to-Stock Conversions: Tips for Investor|last=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]|website=www.sec.gov|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref>
* A '''sponsored demutualization''' is similar; the mutual is fully demutualized and its policyholders or members are compensated. The difference is that the mutuality is essentially ''bought'' by a stock corporation. Instead of receiving stock in the formerly mutual company, stock in the new parent company is granted instead.
* A '''mutual holding company''' is a hybrid concept, part stock company and part mutual company. Technically, the members still own over 50% of the company as a whole. Because of this, they are generally not significantly compensated for what would otherwise be viewed as loss of property. (This is also why many jurisdictions, including [[Canada]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Demutualization Regime for Canadian Life insurance Companies, page 16 (August 1998) |publisher=Department of Finance, Canada |url=http://www.fin.gc.ca/toce/1998/demutual_e.html |access-date=2007-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208235606/http://www.fin.gc.ca/toce/1998/demutual_e.html |archive-date=2006-12-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> disallow the formation of MHCs.) The core participants are isolated into a special segment of the company, still viewed as "mutual". The rest is a stock company. This part of the business might be publicly traded, or held as a wholly owned subsidiary until such time that the organization should choose to go public.

Mutual holding companies are not allowed in New York where attempts by mutual insurance to pass permissible legislation failed. Opponents of mutual insurance holding companies referred to the establishment of mutual holding companies in New York as "Legalized Theft".{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Some MHC demutualizations have been planned as the first of a two-stage process. The second stage would be full demutualization once the transition pains into MHC status are complete. In other cases, the MHC is the final stage.

Note that some mutual companies, such as [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company]] and the [[Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company|MassMutual]], have owned stock companies listed on a stock exchange. Nationwide bought back its subsidiary stock company in full, on December 31, 2008.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.nationwide.com/newsroom/nf-merger-news-release.jsp |title=Nationwide Mutual Completes Nationwide Financial Services Transaction |date=January 2, 2009 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> These are not MHCs, however; they are simply mutual companies which have majority control over one or more stock companies. Other mutual companies may own some of another company's stock, but as simply an asset, not something they actually control. Finally, many mutual companies, including Nationwide and MassMutual, have wholly owned subsidiaries. The subsidiaries may technically be stock companies, but the mutual owns all the stock. For example, the ''New York Life Insurance and Annuity Corporation'' (NYLIAC) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the [[New York Life Insurance Company]] (NYLIC). A person may purchase an insurance policy from either company, but only those who own participating policies from NYLIC are mutual members. Other policyholders are customers.

==Examples==

===Security exchanges===
The Stockholm Stock Exchange was the first exchange to demutualize in 1993, followed by Helsinki (1995), Copenhagen (1996), Amsterdam (1997), the Australian Exchange (1998) and Toronto, Hong Kong and London Stock Exchanges in 2000.<ref>Reena Aggarwal of Georgetown University, [http://www.egx.com.eg/pdf/demutalization_and_corporate_governance_of_exchanges.pdf Demutualization and Corporate Governance of Stock Exchanges], ''Journal of Applied Corporate Finance'', Vol 15, No 1, Spring 2002, p. 105ff, accessed 16 July 2012</ref> The [[Chicago Mercantile Exchange]] became a shareholder-owned public corporation in 2000 through a [[initial public offering|public offering]]. "The road to this initial public offering began in June 2000, when Exchange members voted overwhelmingly to transform the then not-for-profit, membership-owned organization into a for-profit, shareholder-owned corporation. On November 13, 2000, CME became the first U.S. [[Exchange (organized market)|exchange]] or [[commodities exchange]] to demutualize into a joint stock corporation."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cme.com/about/ins/caag/profitcomp2799.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031073508/http://www.cme.com/about/ins/caag/profitcomp2799.html |archive-date=2004-10-31 |title=CME at a Glance: For-Profit Company}}</ref> The Chicago Mercantile Exchange had its [[Initial public offering|IPO]] on December 6, 2002.

The [[Chicago Board of Trade]] similarly carried out an [[Initial public offering|IPO]] in 2005, having previously been "a self-governing, self-regulated Delaware not-for-profit, non-stock corporation that serves individuals and member firms".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbot.com/cbot/pub/page/0,3181,1215,00.html|title=CBOT - Organizational Profile<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> [[The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong]] underwent a similar process of demutualization and was publicly traded.<ref>[http://www.hksfc.org.hk/sfc/misc/rep01/eng/ch_stat/frame.htm SFC Annual Report 2000-2001<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611075550/http://www.hksfc.org.hk/sfc/misc/rep01/eng/ch_stat/frame.htm |date=2010-06-11 }}</ref>

[[SIX Group]], a global financial service provider based in Switzerland, represents an extra ordinary form of a mutualised organisation. The owners are limited to an exclusive group of service consumers, in particular Swiss and foreign banks. This entails a closer relationship with the customer, since a customer might influence the customer-oriented behavior by the magnitude of its own equity holding of SIX Group – in this category the subsidiary [[SIX Swiss Exchange|SIX Swiss Exchange AG]].

===Life insurers===
Over 200 US mutual [[life insurance]] companies have demutualized since 1930. At the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century numerous large mutuals such as [[Prudential Financial|Prudential]], [[MetLife]], [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock]], [[Mutual of New York]], [[Manulife]], [[Sun Life]], [[Principal Financial Group|Principal]], and [[Phoenix Mutual]] decided to demutualize and return to policyowners all the profits they had accumulated as mutual life insurers. Policyowners were awarded cash, stock and policy credits exceeding $100 billion in a wave of demutualizations, which have been regarded by some as [http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2005/05/16/focus5.html very rewarding to the new owners] although the effect on customers is not discussed. Others show that the demutualization process is detrimental to customers.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

The boards of directors of other mutual companies, which include [[Northwestern Mutual]], [[Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company|Massachusetts Mutual]], [[New York Life]], [[Pacific Life]], [[Penn Mutual]], [[Guardian Life]], [[Minnesota Life]], [[Ohio National Life Insurance Company|Ohio National Life]], [[National Life Group]], [[Union Central Life]], [[Acacia life]], and [[Ameritas Life]] decided to either remain mutual or they decided to form mutual insurance holding companies. At the end of 2006 there were fewer than 80 mutual life insurers in the United States. Some of these mutual companies award dividends to their policyowners. For example, Northwestern Mutual expects to pay more than $5 billion in dividends to participating policyowners in 2008. Northwestern Mutual has paid its policyowners more than $65 billion in dividends, since the company was founded 151 years ago.<ref>{{cite web | title = 2007 Annual Report (2007) | publisher = Northwestern Mutual | url = http://www.nmfn.com/tn/aboutus--fi_annual_report | access-date = 2008-06-12 }}</ref> Mass Mutual Financial Group's Web site defines life insurance policy dividends.<ref>{{cite web|title=What Are Life Insurance Policy Dividends |publisher=Mass Mutual |url=http://www.massmutual.com/mmfg/products/insure/life/article_policydividends.html |access-date=2008-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327001530/http://www.massmutual.com/mmfg/products/insure/life/article_policydividends.html |archive-date=2008-03-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Agricultural cooperatives===
Numerous [[Agricultural cooperative|agricultural supply and marketing cooperatives]] have demutualized.
One of the largest, [[CF Industries]], a manufacturer and distributor of fertilizers in the United States, was for 56 years a [[cooperative federation]]. CF then demutualized and made an [[initial public offering]] of equity stock in 2005.<ref name="hist">{{cite web|url=http://ir.cfindustries.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=190537&p=irol-homeProfile&t=&id=& |title=Corporate Profile – CF Industries' History |publisher=CF Industries |access-date=2008-09-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009225713/http://ir.cfindustries.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=190537&p=irol-homeProfile&t=&id=& |archive-date=October 9, 2007 }}</ref>

Another large example is [[Kerry Co-operative Creameries]] of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], a milk and meat processor that partially demutualized in 1986 under the so-called Irish model, with the primary business of the co-operative transferred to a publicly traded company [[Kerry Group]] and the shareholding split between the co-operative and its farmer members. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerrygroup.com/page.asp?pid=89 |title=The Birth of a plc |publisher=[[Kerry Group]] |access-date=2008-03-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117034009/http://www.kerrygroup.com/page.asp?pid=89 |archive-date=2007-11-17 }}</ref> Since this partial demutualisation, the co-operative has gradually reduced its holding in the Kerry Group in order to fund an extensive redemption scheme of its own co-operative shares held by farmer members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kerryco-op.com/share-redemption/|title=Share Redemption &#124; Kerry Co-Operative Creameries Limited|access-date=2022-01-30|archive-date=2022-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130180300/https://kerryco-op.com/share-redemption/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Murray Goulburn Co-operative]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/4corners/milked-dry-promo/7721632|title=Milked Dry|date=15 August 2016|via=www.abc.net.au}}</ref> and Australia's 2016 dairy crisis<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/rural-news/2016-08-16/murray-goulburn-chair-philip-tracey-on-four-corners-milk/7747676|title=MG chairman stands by decisions leading up to price cuts|first=Nikolai|last=Beilharz|date=16 August 2016|website=ABC Rural}}</ref> is another large example.

===Building societies===
{{details|Building society#1980s and 1990s}}
A [[building society]] is a form of mutual mortgage provision organization that emerged in the UK in the 19th century, for personal savings and home mortgages. For much of the 20th century, building societies had a large share of the retail savings market, and they had their zenith after the deregulation under the Building Societies Act 1986.
Following that Act, many of the larger societies, beginning with [[Abbey National]], the second largest, in 1989, and including the [[Halifax Building Society]], the largest, soon converted into joint stock banking companies, some of which were subsequently acquired by other banks. Many societies soon became targets of speculative "[[Carpetbagger#United Kingdom|carpetbaggers]]", who opened savings accounts in order to obtain a windfall, in cash or shares, in the event of demutualisation.
Most of the remaining societies, such as the [[Nationwide Building Society]], the largest remaining mutual, adopted [[Shareholder rights plan|poison pill]] clauses in their rules as a defense against carpetbaggers. These took the form of a charitable assignment provision that requires new members to assign any compensation from demutualization to charity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbr.cam.ac.uk/fileadmin/user_upload/centre-for-business-research/downloads/working-papers/wp205.pdf|title=Mutuality and Corporate Governance: the Evolution of UK Building Societies Following Deregulation|publisher=ESRC Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge|date=June 2001|access-date=2015-11-12|archive-date=2017-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808072554/https://www.cbr.cam.ac.uk/fileadmin/user_upload/centre-for-business-research/downloads/working-papers/wp205.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Membership associations===
The UK motorists' organization, [[The Automobile Association]], demutualized and was purchased by [[Centrica|Centrica plc]] in 1999.
The sale was completed in July 2000 for £1.1 billion.

===Retail consumers' cooperatives===
As well as the many [[agricultural supply store|agricultural supply]] cooperatives that demutualized, a small number of general retail [[consumer's cooperative]]s have demutualized or considered demutualization. In 1997, [[Andrew Regan]] launched an unsuccessful hostile takeover bid to demutualize the UK's giant [[The Co-operative Group|Co-operative Wholesale Society]], which, despite its name, was a large retailer in its own right. In 2007, the tiny Scottish retailer, [[Musselburgh and Fisherrow Co-operative Society]], completed most or all of the steps necessary to demutualize. In 2008, a Swiss competition regulator recommended demutualization to Switzerland's leading supermarket chains, [[Coop (Switzerland)|Coop]] and [[Migros]].<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.ica.coop/al-ica/
 |quote       = The advice comes from the Chairman of the Competition Commission (COMCO), Walter Stoffel. Stoffel argues that the co-operative form is not the most appropriate for the two Swiss giants of retailing.
 |access-date  = 2008-05-14
 |title       = Home Page - Demutualisation Watch
 |publisher   = [[International Co-operative Alliance]]
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527083326/http://www.ica.coop/al-ica/
 |archive-date = 2008-05-27
}}</ref>

===Retailers' co-operatives===
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
Irish grocer-owned [[retailers' cooperative]], [[ADM Londis]], changed its capital structure in 2004 to an unlisted [[public limited company]], allowing its owners to trade its stock privately at market value.

== See also ==
* [[Carpetbagger#United Kingdom|Carpetbagger (United Kingdom)]]
* [[Corporatization]]
* [[Financial institution]]
* [[Mutual insurance]]
* [[Privatization]]
* [[Thatcherism]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
* John W. Carson, ''[https://ssrn.com/abstract=636602 Conflicts of Interest in Self-Regulation]''
* Andreas M. Fleckner, ''[https://ssrn.com/abstract=836464 Stock Exchanges at the Crossroads]''

== External links ==
* [http://assembly.state.ny.us/Reports/Ins/199803/insureport.html The Feeling's Not Mutual] An Analysis of Governor Pataki's Proposed Mutual Holding Company Legislation (New York State Assembly, 1998)
* [http://www.glenndaily.com/mhctable.htm Reorganization Status of Mutual Life Insurance Companies] (USA)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517005546/http://www.ica.coop/coop/mutuality2.html Co-operative Issues – Demutualisation] – International Co-operative Alliance
* {{cite news
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7641925.stm
|title=Not such a good idea after all?
|work=[[bbc.co.uk]]
|publisher=BBC News
|author=Pollock, Ian
|quote='With hindsight they raised more money than they would have done had they stayed as building societies and with the credit crunch that now looks like a mistake,' said Adrian Coles. But John Wriglesworth argues that losing their independence because of this was certainly not inevitable ...
|date=2008-09-29}} – Analysis after the last of the UK's demutualized building societies lost its independence
* [http://www.insuranceobserver.com/topics/thebigfix.php] How the nation's largest mutual life insurers - MetLife, New York Life, Principal Mutual and others - attempted to make off with $100 billion of policyholders' money by creating "Mutual Holding Companies". And how they were stopped.

[[Category:Cooperatives]]
[[Category:Corporate finance]]
[[Category:Mutual organizations|*]]
[[Category:Demutualized organizations| ]]