View source for Demonym

{{Short description|Name for a resident of a particular geographical area}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Linguistics}}

A '''demonym''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|m|ə|n|ɪ|m}}; {{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|δῆμος}}'' ({{grc-transl|δῆμος}})|[[people]], [[tribe]]||''{{wikt-lang|grc|ὄνυμα}}'' ({{grc-transl|ὄνυμα}})|[[name]]}}) or ''''gentilic'''<nowiki/>' ({{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|gentilis}}|of a [[clan]], or [[gens]]}})<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|gentilic |access-date=25 July 2015}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentilic |title=Definition of GENTILIC |access-date=25 July 2015 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725063643/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentilic }}.</ref> is a [[word]] that identifies a [[Cultural group|group]] of [[people]] ([[inhabitants]], [[residents]], [[natives]]) in relation to a particular place.{{sfn|Roberts|2017|p=205}} Demonyms are usually derived from the [[name]] of the [[Place (United States Census Bureau)|place]] ([[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]], [[village]], [[town]], [[city]], [[region]], [[province]], [[State (polity)|state]], [[country]], and [[continent]]).<ref name="Scheetz">{{Cite book |title=Names' Names: A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon |first=George H. |last=Scheetz |publisher=Schütz Verlag |year=1988}}</ref> Demonyms are used to designate all people (the general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place. Examples of demonyms include ''Cochabambino'', for someone from the city of [[Cochabamba]]; [[Tunisians|Tunisian]] for a person from Tunisia; and ''[[Swahili people|Swahili]]'', for a person of the [[Swahili coast]].

Many demonyms function both [[endonym and exonym|endonymically and exonymically]] (used by the referents themselves or by outsiders); others function only in one of those ways.

As a sub-field of [[anthroponymy]], the study of demonyms is called ''demonymy'' or ''demonymics''.

Since they are referring to territorially defined groups of people, demonyms are [[Semantics|semantically]] different from [[ethnonym]]s (names of [[Ethnicity|ethnic groups]]). In the [[English language]], there are many [[Polysemy|polysemic]] words that have several meanings (including demonymic and ethnonymic uses), and therefore a particular use of any such word depends on the context. For example, the word ''Thai'' may be used as a demonym, designating any inhabitant of [[Thailand]], while the same word may also be used as an ethnonym, designating members of the [[Thai people]]. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example, a native of the [[United Kingdom]] may be called a ''[[British people|British person]]'', a ''Briton'' or, informally, a ''Brit''.

Some demonyms may have several meanings. For example, the demonym ''Macedonians'' may refer to the population of [[North Macedonia]], or more generally to the entire population of the [[Macedonia (region)|region of Macedonia]], or to the [[Macedonians (Greeks)|Greek]] people of the [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek region of Macedonia]]. In some languages, a demonym may be borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people: for example, ''Québécois'', ''Québécoise (female)'' is commonly used in English for a native of the province or city of [[Quebec]] (though ''Quebecer'', ''Quebecker'' are also available).

In English, demonyms are always [[capitalization|capitalized]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mansioningles.com/gram19.htm|title=Gramática Inglesa. Adjetivos Gentilicios|work=mansioningles.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330020141/http://www.mansioningles.com/Gram19.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Often, demonyms are the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. ''[[Egyptians|Egyptian]]'', ''[[Japanese people|Japanese]]'', or ''[[Greeks|Greek]]''. However, they are not necessarily the same, as exemplified by Spanish instead of Spaniard or British instead of Briton.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Costa |first=Daniel |title=demonym |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/demonym |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>

English commonly uses national demonyms such as ''Brazilian'' or ''Algerian'', while the usage of local demonyms such as ''[[Chicago]]an'', ''[[Okie]]'' or ''[[Paris]]ian'' is less common. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Russia%2CRussian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Russia%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CRussian%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907084731/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Russia%2CRussian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Russia%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CRussian%3B%2Cc0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Kentucky%2CKentuckian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Kentucky%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKentuckian%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910061912/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Kentucky%2CKentuckian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Kentucky%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKentuckian%3B%2Cc0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Perth%2CPerthite&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Perth%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CPerthite%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910050932/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Perth%2CPerthite&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Perth%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CPerthite%3B%2Cc0|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''[[National Geographic]]'' attributes the term ''demonym'' to [[Merriam-Webster]] editor [[Paul Dickson (writer)|Paul Dickson]] in a work from 1990.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=National Geographic Society (U.S.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krIOAAAAIAAJ&q=demonym |title=Gentilés, Demonyms: What's in a Name? |journal=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |volume=177 |date=February 1990 |page=170 |access-date=2020-06-18 |archive-date=2021-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816233025/https://books.google.com/books?id=krIOAAAAIAAJ&q=demonym |url-status=live }}</ref> The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago Manual of Style]]''. It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book ''Labels for Locals''.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EEDB143CF937A25751C1A961958260&scp=1 |date=1997-12-14 |author=William Safire |author-link=William Safire |title=On Language; Gifts of Gab for 1998 |access-date=2017-02-15 |archive-date=2019-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214231614/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EEDB143CF937A25751C1A961958260&scp=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in ''What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names'' (the first edition of ''Labels for Locals'')<ref>''What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names'' by Paul Dickson (Facts on File, February 1990). {{ISBN|978-0-8160-1983-0}}.</ref> Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his ''Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon'' (1988),<ref name="Scheetz"/> which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after ''demonymic'', which the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' defines, as the name of an [[Athenian]] [[citizen]] according to the [[deme]] to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893.<ref name="OED">{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/ |title=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2008-06-16 |archive-date=2008-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/http://www.oed.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionofat00arisuoft |title=Aristotle's ''Constitution of Athens'', edited by J.E. Sandy, at the Internet Archive |year=1912 |page=116}}</ref>

==Suffixation==
Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the [[English language]]. The most common is to add a [[Affix|suffix]] to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble [[Late Latin]], [[Semitic languages|Semitic]], [[Celtic languages|Celtic]], or [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] suffixes, such as ''-(a)n'', ''-ian'', ''-anian'', ''-nian'', ''-in(e)'', ''-a(ñ/n)o/a'', ''-e(ñ/n)o/a'', ''-i(ñ/n)o/a'', ''-ite'', ''-(e)r'', ''-(i)sh'', ''-ene'', ''-ensian'', ''-ard'', ''-ese'', ''-nese'', ''-lese'', ''-i(e)'', ''-i(ya)'', ''-iot'', ''-iote'', ''-k'', ''-asque'', ''-(we)gian'', ''-onian'', ''-vian'', ''-ois(e)'', or ''-ais(e)''.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ {{nowrap|Examples of various suffixes}}
|-
|
'''''-(a)n'''''

'''Continents and regions'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Africa]] → Africans
*[[Antarctica]] → Antarcticans
*[[Asia]] → Asians
*[[Australia (continent)|Australia]] → Australians
*[[Europe]] → Europeans
*[[North America]] → North Americans
*[[South America]] → South Americans
*[[Central America]] → Central Americans
*[[Americas]] → Americans
*[[Oceania]] → Oceanians
}}

'''Countries'''

<!--Before adding an entry here, please check whether it already appears in the correct section elsewhere in the article.
For example, Portugal might seem to be missing here, but it can be found in the correct section for "Portuguese" in the '''-ese''' section.
Please take the time to check first, as almost all countries are already correctly listed.-->
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Afghanistan]] → Afghans
*[[Albania]] → Albanians
*[[Algeria]] → Algerians
*[[Andorra]] → Andorrans
*[[Angola]] → Angolans
*[[Antigua]] → Antiguans
*[[Armenia]] → Armenians
*[[Australia]] → Australians
*[[Austria]] → Austrians
*[[Barbuda]] → Barbudans
*[[Belize]] → Belizeans
*[[Bolivia]] → Bolivians
*[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] → Bosnians and Herzegovinians (mostly referred to as Bosnians)
*[[Brunei]] → Bruneians
*[[Bulgaria]] → Bulgarians
*[[Burundi]] → Burundians
*[[Cambodia]] → Cambodians
*[[Chile]] → Chileans
*[[Colombia]] → Colombians
*[[Costa Rica]] → Costa Ricans
*[[Croatia]] → Croatians (also "''Croats''")
*[[Cuba]] → Cubans
*[[Czech Republic]] → Czechs
*[[Dominican Republic]] → Dominicans
*[[El Salvador]] → Salvadorans
*[[Eritrea]] → Eritreans
*[[Estonia]] → Estonians
*[[Ethiopia]] → Ethiopians
*[[Fiji]] → Fijian, Fijindians
*[[Galatia]] → Galatians
*[[Gambia]] → Gambians
*[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] → Georgians
*[[Germany]] → Germans
*[[Guatemala]] → Guatemalans
*[[Guinea]] → Guineans
*[[Haiti]] → Haitians
*[[Honduras]] → Hondurans
*[[Hungary]] → Hungarians
*[[India]] → Indians
*[[Indonesia]] → Indonesians
*[[Jamaica]] → Jamaicans
*[[Kenya]] → Kenyans
*[[Kiribati]] → Kiribatians (also "''I-Kiribati''")
*[[Kosovo]] → Kosovars (also "''Kosovans''")
*[[Latvia]] → Latvians
*[[Liberia]] → Liberians
*[[Libya]] → Libyans
*[[Lithuania]] → Lithuanians
*[[Malawi]] → Malawians
*[[Malaysia]] → Malaysians
*[[Mali]] → Malians
*[[Mauritania]] → Mauritanians
*[[Mexico]] → Mexicans
*[[Micronesia]] → Micronesians
*[[Moldova]] → Moldovans
*[[Mongolia]] → Mongolians (also "''Mongols''")
*[[Monaco]] → Monacans (also "''Monegasque''")
*[[Morocco]] → Moroccans
*[[Mozambique]] → Mozambicans
*[[Namibia]] → Namibians
*[[Nauru]] → Nauruans
*[[Nepal]] → Nepalese
*[[Nicaragua]] → Nicaraguans
*[[Nigeria]] → Nigerians
*[[Niue]] → Niueans
*[[North Korea]] → North Koreans
*[[North Macedonia]] → Macedonians
*[[Palau]] → Palauans
*[[Papua New Guinea]] → Papua New Guineans
*[[Paraguay]] → Paraguayans
*[[Persia]] → Persians
*[[Romania]] → Romanians
*[[Russia]] → Russians
*[[Rwanda]] → Rwandans (also "''Rwandese''")
*[[Saint Lucia]] → Saint Lucians
*[[Samoa]] → Samoans
*[[Saudi Arabia]] → Saudis (also Saudi Arabians)
*[[Serbia]] → Serbians (also Serbs)
*[[Sierra Leone]] → Sierra Leoneans
*[[Singapore]] → Singaporeans
*[[Slovakia]] → Slovaks (also Slovakians)
*[[Slovenia]] → Slovenes (also Slovenians)
*[[South Africa]] → South Africans
*[[South Korea]] → South Koreans
*[[Sri Lanka]] → Sri Lankans
*[[St. Kitts and Nevis]] → Kittitians, Nevisians
*[[Syria]] → Syrians
*[[Tanzania]] → Tanzanians
*[[Tonga]] → Tongans
*[[Tunisia]] → Tunisians
*[[Tuvalu]] → Tuvaluans
*[[Uganda]] → Ugandans
*[[Uruguay]] → Uruguayans
*[[United States]] → Americans
*[[Vanuatu]] → Vanuatuans (also "''Ni-Vanuatu''")
*[[Venezuela]] → Venezuelans
*[[Zambia]] → Zambians
*[[Zimbabwe]] → Zimbabweans
}}

'''Constituent states, provinces and regions'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Abkhazia]] → Abkhazians (also "''Abkhaz''")
*[[Emirate of Abu Dhabi]] → Abu Dhabians (also "''Dhabyani''")
*[[Alaska]] → Alaskans
*[[Alberta]] → Albertans
*[[Algarve]] → Algarvians
*[[Andalusia]] → Andalusians
*[[Arizona]] → Arizonans
*[[Arkansas]] → Arkansans
*[[Asturias]] → Asturians
*[[Bago Region]] → Bagoans
*[[Bangka Island]] → Bangkans
*[[Bavaria]] → Bavarians
*[[Bay of Plenty]] → Bayer, Plentonians
*[[Bohemia]] → Bohemians
*[[Borneo]] → Borneans
*[[British Columbia]] → British Columbians
*[[Brittany]] → Bretons
*[[California]] → Californians
*[[Carinthia]] → Carinthians
*[[Colorado]] → Coloradans
*[[Connecticut]] → Connecticuter<br>{{Fix|text=Doesn't belong in this section.}}
*[[Corsica]] → Corsicans
*[[Crete]] → Cretans
*[[Crimea]] → Crimeans
*[[Cumbria]] → Cumbrians
*[[Dalmatia]] → Dalmatians
*[[Delaware]] → Delawareans
*[[Washington, D.C.]] → Washingtonians
*[[Extremadura]] → Extremadurans
*[[Florida]] → Floridans (more commonly "''Floridians''" below)
*[[Galicia, Spain|Galicia]] → Galicians
*[[Galilee]] → Galileans
*[[Gaza Strip]] → Gazans
*[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] → Georgians
*[[Hawaiʻi]] → Hawaiians{{efn|Local usage generally reserves ''Hawaiian'' as an [[ethnonym]] referring to [[Native Hawaiians]]. ''Hawaii resident'' is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Associated Press Stylebook: and Briefing on Media Law|date=2007|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-00489-8|page=112|edition=42nd}}</ref>}}
*[[Hebrides]] → Hebrideans
*[[Idaho]] → Idahoans
*[[Illinois]] → Illinoisans
*[[Indiana]] → Hoosiers
*[[Iowa]] → Iowans
*[[Jakarta]] → Jakartans
*[[Java]] → Javans (also "''Javanese''")
*[[Johor]] → Johoreans
*[[Judea]] → Judeans
*[[Kansas]] → Kansans
*[[Karelia]] → Karelians
*[[Karnataka]] → Kannadigas
*[[Kayah State]] → Kayahans
*[[Kedah]] → Kedahans
*[[Kentucky]] → Kentuckians
*[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] → Pathans
*[[Lagos]] → Lagosians
*[[Liguria]] → Ligurians
*[[Louisiana]] → Louisianans (also "''Louisianians''")
*[[Madeira]] → Madeirans
*[[Malacca]] → Malaccans
*[[Majorca]] → Majorcans
*[[Mandalay Region]] → Mandalayans
*[[Manitoba]] → Manitobans
*[[Masuria]] → Masurians
*[[Menorca]] → Menorcans
*[[Minnesota]] → Minnesotans
*[[Mississippi]] → Mississippians
*[[Missouri]] → Missourians
*[[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]] → Moluccans
*[[Montana]] → Montanans
*[[Moravia]] → Moravians
*[[Nebraska]] → Nebraskans
*[[Nevada]] → Nevadans
*[[New Jersey]] → New Jerseyans
*[[New Mexico]] → New Mexicans (also "''Neomexicanos''", "''Neomejicanos''")
*[[Normandy]] → Normans
*[[North Dakota]] → North Dakotans
*[[Northwest Territories]] → Northwest Territorians
*[[Nova Scotia]] → Nova Scotians
*[[Ohio]] → Ohioans
*[[Oklahoma]] → Oklahomans
*[[Ontario]] → Ontarians
*[[Oregon]] → Oregonians
*[[Otago]] → Otagans
*[[Papua (province)|Papua]] → Papuans
*[[Patagonia]] → Patagonians
*[[Pennsylvania]] → Pennsylvanians
*[[Pomerania]] → Pomeranians
*[[Puerto Rico]] → Puerto Ricans
*[[Samogitia]] → Samogitians
*[[Sabah]] → Sabahans
*[[Sarawak]] → Sarawakians
*[[Sardinia]] → Sardinians (also "''Sards''")
*[[Saskatchewan]] → Saskatchewanians (also "''Saskatchewanite''")
*[[Silesia]] → Silesians
*[[Slavonia]] → Slavonians
*[[South Australia]] → South Australians
*[[South Dakota]] → South Dakotans
*[[Styria]] → Styrians
*[[Sumatra]] → Sumatrans
*[[Sumba]] → Sumbans
*[[Sumbawa]] → Sumbawans
*[[Syrmia]] → Syrmians
*[[Tahiti]] → Tahitians
*[[Tamil Nadu]] → Tamilian
*[[Taranaki]] → Taranakians
*[[Tasmania]] → Tasmanians (informally "''Taswegians''")
*[[Tennessee]] → Tennesseans
*[[Texas]] → Texans
*[[Thuringia]] → Thuringians
*[[Transnistria]] → Transnistrians
*[[Transylvania]] → Transylvanians
*[[Umbria]] → Umbrians
*[[Utah]] → Utahns (also "''Utahans''")
*[[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] → Victorians
*[[Virginia]] → Virginians
*[[Waikato]] → Waikatorians
*[[Wake Island]] → Wakeans
*[[Wallachia]] → Wallachians
*[[Western Australia]] → Western Australians, West Australians (informally, "''Westralians''")
*[[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] → West Papuans
*[[West Virginia]] → West Virginians
*[[North Rhine-Westphalia|Westphalia]] → Westphalians
}}

'''Cities'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Aberdeen]] → Aberdonians
*[[Abu Dhabi]] → Abu Dhabians (also "''Dhabyani''")
*[[Adelaide]] → Adelaideans
*[[Alexandria]] → Alexandrians
*[[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] → Albuquerqueans (also "''Burqueños''" or the feminine "''Burqueñas''")
*[[Annapolis]] → Annapolitans
*[[Atlanta]] → Atlantans
*[[Baltimore]] → Baltimoreans
*[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] → Bathonians
*[[Bristol]] → Bristolians
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] → Brocktonians
*[[Bogotá]] → Bogotans
*[[Canberra]] → Canberrans
*[[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]] → Charlotteans
*[[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]] → Chattanoogans
*[[Chicago]] → Chicagoans
*[[Cincinnati]] → Cincinnatians
*[[Clitheroe]] → Clitheronians
*[[Coimbatore]] → Coimbatoreians
*[[Coventry]] → Coventrians<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gilbert |first1=Simon |title=What makes a Coventrian ? New online tool will tell you |url=https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/what-makes-coventrian--new-8126358 |website=Coventry Telegraph |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=5 July 2019 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705155344/https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/what-makes-coventrian--new-8126358 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Danu Self-Administered Zone|Danu]] → Danuans
*[[Derby]] → Derbeians
*[[Dubai]] → Dubaians
*[[Dundee]] → Dundonians
*[[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] → El Pasoans, El Paseños
*[[Galway]] → Galwegians
*[[Glasgow]] → Glaswegians
*[[Hanoi]] → Hanoians
*[[Hatta, Dubai|Hatta]] → Hattans (also "''Hattawi''")
*[[Hobart]] → Hobartians
*[[Indianapolis]] → Indianapolitans
*[[İzmir]] → İzmirians
*[[Jakarta]] → Jakartans
*[[Kalamazoo]] → Kalamazooans
*[[Kandy]] → Kandyans
*[[Kuching]] → Kuchingites
*[[Kyiv]] → Kyivans
*[[Kolkata]] → Calcuttans
*[[Lagos]] → Lagosians
*[[Las Vegas]] → Las Vegans
*[[Liverpool]] → Liverpudlians
*[[Madera, California|Madera]] → Maderans
*[[Malang]] → Malangans
*[[Manchester]] → Mancunians
*[[City of Manila|Manila]] → Manilans (also "''Manileños''" or the feminine "''Manileñas''")
*[[Mecca]] → Meccans
*[[Medina]] → Medinans
*[[Melbourne]] → Melburnians
*[[Miami]] → Miamians
*[[Milwaukee]] → Milwaukeeans
*[[Minneapolis]] → Minneapolitans
*[[Mira Mesa, San Diego]] → Mira Mesans
*[[Miri]] → Mirians
*[[Naypyidaw Union Territory|Naypyidaw]] → Naypyidawans
*[[Ngawi city]] → Ngawians
*[[Oklahoma City]] → Oklahoma Cityans
*[[Omaha]] → Omahans
*[[Ottawa]] → Ottawans
*[[Philadelphia]] → Philadelphians
*[[Pisa]] → Pisans
*[[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]] → Puebloans
*[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]] → Reginans
*[[Riga]] → Rigans
*[[Rome]] → Romans
*[[Sacramento]] → Sacramentans
*[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] → Salemians
*[[San Antonio]] → San Antonians
*[[San Diego]] → San Diegans
*[[San Francisco]] → San Franciscans
*[[San Jose, California|San Jose]] → San Joseans
*[[Sarasota]] → Sarasotans
*[[Sioux City]] → Sioux Cityans
*[[Springville, Alabama|Springville]] → Springvillians
*[[Sofia]] → Sofians
*[[St. Louis]] → St. Louisans
*[[Surabaya]] → Surabayans
*[[Tauranga]] → Taurangians
*[[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] → Thebans
*[[Toledo, Ohio]] → Toledoans
*[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] → Tucsonians, Tucsonans
*[[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] → Tulsans
*[[Utica, New York|Utica]] → Uticans
*[[Valencia]] → Valencians
*[[Vilnius]] → Vilnians
*[[Waco, Texas|Waco]] → Wacoans
*[[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]] → Yumians
}}

'''''-ian'''''

'''Countries'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] → Artsakhians
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanians (also "''Azerbaijanis''" and "''Azeris''")
*[[Bahamas]] → Bahamians
*[[Barbados]] → Barbadians (also "''Bajans''")
*[[Belarus]] → Belarusians
*[[Belgium]] → Belgians
*[[Brazil]] → Brazilians
*[[Cameroon]] → Cameroonians
*[[Canada]] → Canadians
*[[Cayman Islands]] → Caymanians
*[[Chad]] → Chadians
*[[Comoros]] → Comorians
*[[Ecuador]] → Ecuadorians
*[[Egypt]] → Egyptians
*[[Ghana]] → Ghanaians
*[[Gibraltar]] → Gibraltarians
*[[Grenada]] → Grenadians
*[[Iran]] → Iranians
*[[Italy]] → Italians
*[[Jordan]] → Jordanians
*[[Laos]] → Laotians
*[[Maldives]] → Maldivians
*[[Palestine]] → Palestinians
*[[Peru]] → Peruvians
*[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent]] → Vincentians
*[[Trinidad and Tobago]] → Trinidadians, Tobagonians (also "''Trinbagonians''")
*[[Ukraine]] → Ukrainians
}}

'''Constituent states, provinces, regions and cities'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Aarhus]] → Aarhusians
*[[Adelaide]] → Adelaidians
*[[Alabama]] → Alabamians
*[[Athens]] → Athenians
*[[Ayeyarwady Region]] → Ayeyarwadians
*[[Banat]] → Banatians
*[[Ballarat]] → Ballaratians
*[[Bareilly]] → Bareillian
*[[Bengaluru]] → Bangloreans, Bengalurigaru
*[[Banten]] → Bantenians (also "''Banteneses''", "''Banteners''")
*[[Belgrade]] → Belgradians (also "''Belgraders''")
*[[Bermuda]] → Bermudians (also "''Bermudans''")
*[[Birmingham, Alabama]] → Birminghamians
*[[Blackburn]] → Blackburnians
*[[Blackpool]] → Blackpudlians
*[[Bangkok]] → Bangkokians
*[[Bogor]] → Bogorians
*[[Boston]] → Bostonians
*[[Bracknell]] → Bracknellians
*[[Bradford]] → Bradfordians
*[[Brighton]] → Brightonians
*[[Brisbane]] → Brisbanians (also "''Brisbanites''")
*[[Bristol]] → Bristolians
*[[Bukovina]] → Bukovinian
*[[Burgundy]] → Burgundians
*[[Calgary]] → Calgarians
*[[Canary Islands]] → Canarians
*[[Canterbury, New Zealand]] → Cantabrians
*[[Cape Town]] - Capetonians
*[[Castile (historical region)|Castile]] → Castilians
*[[Catalonia]] → Catalonians (also ""Catalan"")
*[[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]] → Cedar Rapidians
*[[Chelmsford]] → Chelmsfordians
*[[Chester]] → Cestrians
*[[Chin State]] → Chinians
*[[Chittagong]] → Chittagonians
*[[Christchurch]] → Christchurchians (also "''Christchurchers''")
*[[Cirebon]] → Cirebonians
*[[Corinth]] → Corinthians
*[[Coventry]] → Coventrians
*[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] → Darwinians
*[[Dayton]] → Daytonians
*[[Devon]] → Devonians
*[[Duluth]] → Duluthians
*[[Edmonton]] → Edmontonians
*[[Florida]] → Floridians
*[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]] → Fort Worthians
*[[Fredericton]] → Frederictonians
*[[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville]] → Greenvillians
*[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] → Hamiltonians
*[[Harrow, London|Harrow]] → Harrovians
*[[Hartlepool]] → Hartlepudlians
*[[Hereford]] → Herefordians
*[[Herzegovina]] → Herzegovinians
*[[Hesse]] → Hessians
*[[Hobart]] → Hobartians
*[[Houston]] → Houstonians
*[[Isles of Scilly]] → Scillonians
*[[Iowa City]] → Iowa Citians
*[[Jessup, Pennsylvania|Jessup]] → Jessupians
*[[Kachin State]] → Kachinians
*[[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]] → Kansas Citians
*[[Kentucky]] → Kentuckians
*[[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] → Kingstonians
*[[Labrador]] → Labradorians
*[[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] → Lagunians (also "''Laguneño''", "''Lagunense''")
*[[Lancashire]] → Lancastrians
*[[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] → Lancastrians
*[[Lesbos]] → Lesbians
*[[Lethbridge]] → Lethbridgians
*[[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]] → Lexingtonians
*[[Liverpool]] → Liverpudlians (also, informally, "''Scousers''")
*[[Louisiana]] → Louisianians (also "''Louisianans''")
*[[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]] → Louisvillians
*[[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]] → Madisonians
*[[Madrid]] → Madrilenians
*[[Maharashtra]] → Maharashtrians (also "''Marathis''")
*[[McKinney, Texas|McKinney]] → McKinnians
*[[Melbourne]] → Melburnians
*[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] → Memphians
*[[Michigan]] → Michiganians (also Michiganders)
*[[Mobile, Alabama]] → Mobilian
*[[Nelson Region|Nelson]] → Nelsonians
*[[New Guinea]] → New Guinians
*[[New Orleans]] → New Orleanians
*[[North Carolina]] → North Carolinians
*[[Northern Territory]] → Territorians
*[[Oregon]] → Oregonians
*[[Paris]] → Parisians
*[[Perlis]] → Perlisians
*[[Perak]] → Perakians
*[[Peterborough]] → Peterborians
*[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] → Phoenicians
*[[Plymouth]] → Plymothians
*[[Port Harcourt]] → Harcourtians
*[[Podgorica]] → Podgoricians
*[[Preston, Lancashire]] →Prestonians
*[[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's County]] → Prince Georgians
*[[Quezon|Quezon (Tayabas)]] → Quezonians (also "''Quezonin''", "''Tayabasin''", with the [[:wikt:Tayabas Tagalog|Tayabas Tagalog]] suffix ''[[:wikt:-in#Tagalog|-(h)in]]'')
*[[Rivers State]] → Riverians
*[[Rochdale]] → Rochdalians
*[[Rochester, New York]] → Rochesterians
*[[Rockwall, Texas]] → Rockwallians
*[[Rockwall County, Texas]] → Rockwallians
*[[Saint Petersburg]] → Saint Petersburgians (also "''Saint Petersburgers''")
*[[Sarawak]] → Sarawakians
*[[Saskatchewan]] → Saskatchewanians
*[[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan|Saskatoon]] → Saskatonians
*[[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] → Savannahians<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Savannahian|access-date=2017-10-12}}</ref>
*[[Shropshire]] & [[Shrewsbury]] → Salopians
*[[Sicily]] → Sicilians
*[[Solihull]] → Silhillians
*[[South Carolina]] → South Carolinians
*[[Stockport]] → Stopfordians
*[[Swindon]] → Swindonians
*[[Tanintharyi Region]] → Tanintharians
*[[Tel Aviv, Israel]] → Tel Avivians
*[[Telford]] → Telfordians
*[[Thrace]] → Thracians
*[[Towcester]] → Towcestrians
*[[Truro]] → Truronians
*[[Tuban]], [[East Java]] → Tubanians
*[[Tucson]] → Tucsonians
*[[Vilnius]] → Vilnians
*[[Washington (state)|Washington]] → Washingtonians
*[[Wellington]] → Wellingtonians
*[[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]] → Wilmingtonians
*[[Yukon]] → Yukonians
}}

'''''-anian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Guam]] → Guamanians
*[[Mawlamyine]] → Mawlamanians
}}

'''''-nian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Bendigo]] → Bendigonians
*[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] → Buffalonians
*[[Cork (city)|Cork]] → Corkonians
*[[Manchester]] → Mancunians
*[[Naga Self-Administered Zone|Naga]] → Naganians
*[[Panama]] → Panamanians
*[[Sligo]] → Sligonians
*[[Tampa, FL|Tampa]] → Tampanians
*[[Tobago]] → Tobagonians
*[[Toronto]] → Torontonians
*[[Torquay]] → Torquinians
*[[Trinidad and Tobago]] → Trinbagonians
*[[Truro]] → Truronians
*[[Wa Self-Administered Division|Wa]] → Wanians
}}

'''''-in(e)'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Argentina]] → Argentines (also "''Argentinians''")
*[[Byzantium]] → Byzantines
*[[Florence]] → Florentines (also Latin "''Florentia''")
*[[Gilbert Islands]] → Gilbertines (as by [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], but Gilbertese was more usual)
*The [[Levant]] → Levantines
*[[Montenegro]] → Montenegrins
*[[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] → Palatines
*[[Philippines]] → Philippine, Filipino (feminine: "''Filipina''", see below)
*[[Philistia]] → Philistines
}}

'''''-(h)in'''''

The [[:wikt:Tayabas Tagalog|Tayabas Tagalog]] suffix ''[[:wikt:-in#Tagalog|-(h)in]]'', which is mostly used by the natives in the province of [[Quezon]], is also used for their local or native demonyms in [[Philippine English|English]].

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Quezon|Quezon (Tayabas)]] → Quezonins, Tayabasins (also "''Quezonians''")
*[[Lucena]] → Lucenahins
*[[Tayabas]] → Tayabasins (also "''Tayabense''")
*[[Lucban]] → Lucbanins
*[[Infanta, Quezon|Infanta]] → Infantahins
*[[Sariaya]] → Sariayahins
*[[Lucena|Brgy. Ilayang/Ibabang Talim]] → Talimin
*[[Tayabas|Brgy. Isabang]] → Isabangin (both in [[Lucena]] and [[Tayabas]])
*[[Sariaya|Brgy. Morong]] → Morongin
}}

'''''-a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, or -i(ñ/n)o/a'''''

Adaptations from the standard [[Spanish language|Spanish]] suffix ''-e(ñ/n)o'' (sometimes using a final ''-a'' instead of ''-o'' for a female, following the standard Spanish suffix ''-e(ñ/n)a'')

'''Countries and regions'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Bicol Region|Bicol]] → Bicolanos
*[[Cebu]] → Cebuanos
*[[El Salvador]] → Salvadoreños (also "''Salvadorans''")
*[[New Mexico]] → Neomexicanos, Neomejicanos (also "''New Mexicans''")
*[[Philippines]] → Filipinos
}}

'''Cities'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Albuquerque]] → Burqueños or the feminine Burqueñas (also "''Albuquerqueans''")
*[[Belo Horizonte]] → Belo-horizontinos
*[[Buenos Aires]] → Porteños (when referring to the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires) or "Bonaerense" (if referring to the Province of Buenos Aires)
*[[Caguas]] - Caguenos
*[[Cainta]] → Cainteños
*[[Cavite]] → Caviteños
*[[Daraga]] → Daragueños
*[[Davao City]] → Davaoeños
*[[Iriga]] → Irigueños
*[[Legazpi, Albay|Legazpi]] → Legazpeños
*[[Ligao]] → Ligaoeños
*[[Los Angeles]] → Angelenos
*[[Madrid]] → Madrileños
*[[City of Manila|Manila]] → Manileños (also "''Manilans''")
*[[Masbate]] → Masbateños
*[[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga]] → Nagueños
*[[San Pablo, Laguna|San Pablo]] → San Pableños
*[[São Paulo]] → Paulistanos
*[[Tabaco]] → Tabaqueños
*[[Tauranga]] → Taurangans
*[[Zamboanga City]] → Zamboangueños
}}

'''''-ite'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] → Akronites
*[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] - Andhrites
*[[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] → Ann Arborites
*[[Austin, Texas|Austin]] → Austinites
*[[Bagansiapiapi]] → Bagansiapiapites
*[[Baku]] → Bakuvites
*[[Bandung]] → Bandungites
*[[Bergen County, New Jersey]] → Bergenites
*[[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] → Boulderites
*[[Brisbane]] → Brisbanites (also "''Brisbanian''")
*[[Bronx]] → Bronxites
*[[Brooklyn]] → Brooklynites<ref>{{cite news |last1=Finn |first1=Robin |title=Investing in Future Quiet, Quiet Manhattan Apartments Next to Construction Sites |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/realestate/manhattan-apartments-next-to-construction-sites.html |website=The New York Times |date=10 October 2014 |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083217/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/realestate/manhattan-apartments-next-to-construction-sites.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Carson City, Nevada]] → Carsonites
*[[Chennai]] → Chennaiites
*[[Columbus,Ohio|Columbus]] → Columbusite
*[[Dallas]] → Dallasites
*[[Decatur, Georgia|Decatur]] → Decaturites
*[[Delhi]] → Delhites
*[[Denton, Texas]] → Dentonites
*[[Denver]] → Denverites
*[[Dhaka]] → Dhakaites (more commonly "''Dhakaiya''")
*[[Dunedin]] → Dunedinites
*[[Durban]] → Durbanites
*[[Erie, Pennsylvania]] → Erieites
*[[Gaya, India|Gaya]] → Gayaites
*[[Guelph]] → Guelphites
*[[Irmo, South Carolina]] → Irmites
*[[Israel]] → Israelis (also "''Israelites''")
*[[Istanbul]] → Istanbulites
*[[Jerusalem]] → Jerusalemites
*[[Karachi]] → Karachiites
*[[Kerala]] → Keralites
*[[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] → Kimberlites
*[[Dominica|Kweyol]] → Kweyolites
*[[Labuan Bajo]] → Labuan Bajoites
*[[Leicester]] → Leicesterite
*[[Manhattan]] → Manhattanites
*[[Mon State]] → Monites
*[[Moscow]] → Muscovites (also Latin "''Muscovia''")
*[[Montpelier, Vermont]] → Montpelierites
*[[Mumbai]] → Mumbaiites, Mumbaikars
*[[New Hampshire]] → New Hampshirites
*[[Norman, Oklahoma]] → Normanites
*[[Oban]] → Obanites
*[[Odesa]] → Odesites
*[[Pahang]] → Pahangite (also "''Pahangese''")
*[[Patna]] → Patnaites
*[[Penang]] → Penangite
*[[Perth]] → Perthites (also "''Perthian''" and "''Perthling''")
*[[Pullman, Chicago|Pullman]] → Pullmanites
*[[Putney]] → Putneyites
*[[Queens]] → Queensites<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.yupnet.org/2008/03/24/copquin-explain/|title=Copquin explains "Queensites" for New York Times - Yale Press Log|work=Yale Press Log|date=24 March 2008|access-date=5 May 2015|archive-date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201165443/http://blog.yupnet.org/2008/03/24/copquin-explain/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] → Readingites
*[[Reno, Nevada]] → Renoites
*[[Ruskin, Florida]] → Ruskinites
*[[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] → Saint Paulites
*[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] → Salemites
*[[Seattle]] → Seattleites
*[[Seoul]] → Seoulites
*[[Shiloh (disambiguation)#Places|Shiloh]] → Shilonites (as in: "''[[Ahijah the Shilonite]]''")
*[[Shillong]] → Shillongite (also "''Nong Shillong''" and "''Nong Sor''")
*[[Smyrna, Georgia]] → Smynite
*[[Spokane]] → Spokanites
*[[Sydney]] → Sydneyites (also "''Sydneysider''")
*[[Telangana]]→ Telanganites
*[[Tokyo]] → Tokyoites
*[[Vancouver]] → Vancouverites
*[[Vizag]] → Vizagites
*[[Warangal]] → Warangalites
*[[Wenham, Massachusetts]] → Wenhamites
*[[Westchester County, New York]] → Westchesterites
*[[Whittier, California]] → Whittierites
*[[Winston-Salem]] → Winston-Salemites
*[[Wisconsin]] → Wisconsinites
*[[Wrexham]] → Wrexhamites
*[[Wyoming]] → Wyomingites
*[[Yangon]] → Yangonites
}}

'''''-(e)r'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Amsterdam]] → Amsterdammers
*[[Auckland]] → Aucklanders
*[[Bakersfield, CA]] → Bakersfielder
*[[Beijing]] → Beijingers
*[[Belgrade]] → Belgraders
*[[Bergen]] → Bergeners
*[[Berlin]] → Berliners
*[[Bucharest]] → Bucharesters
*[[Budapest]] → Budapesters
*[[Brussels]] → Brusselers
*[[Cleveland]] → Clevelanders
*[[Cook Islands]] → Cook Islanders
*[[Copenhagen]] → Copenhageners
*[[Detroit]] → Detroiters
*[[Dublin]] → Dubliners
*[[Dresden]] → Dresdeners
*[[Fife]] → Fifers
*[[Frankfurt]] → Frankfurters
*[[Greenland]] → Greenlanders (also "''Greenlandic''")
*[[Hamburg]] → Hamburgers
*[[Hannover]] → Hannoveraners
*[[Hong Kong]] → [[Hongkonger]], Hong Kongers (also "''Hong Kongese''", "''Hongkongese''")
*[[Iceland]] → Icelanders (also "''Icelandic''")
*[[Kosovo]]{{ref label|status|a|}} → Kosovars (also "''Kosovan''")
*[[Leeds]] → Loiners
*[[Leipzig]] → Leipzigers
*[[Liechtenstein]] → Liechtensteiners
*[[Little Rock, AR]] → Little Rockers
*[[London]] → Londoners
*[[Lorraine (region)|Lorraine]] → Lorrainers
*[[Luxembourg]] → Luxembourgers
*[[Maine]] → Mainers
*[[Maryland]] → Marylanders
*[[Michigan]] → Michiganders
*[[Montreal]] → Montrealers
*[[Netherlands]] → Netherlanders (also "''Dutchman''" and "''Hollanders''")
*[[New Brunswick]] → New Brunswickers
*[[New England]] → New Englanders
*[[New York (state)|New York]] → New Yorkers
*[[New York City]] → New Yorkers
*[[New Zealand]] → New Zealanders (see below; non-standard examples)
*[[Newfoundland]] → Newfoundlanders
*[[Oakland]] → Oaklanders
*[[Pangkal Pinang]] → Pangkalpinangers
*[[Pittsburgh]] → Pittsburghers
*[[Prague]] → Praguers
*[[Prince Edward Island]] → Prince Edward Islander
*[[Puntland]] → Puntlanders
*[[Quebec]] → Quebeckers, Quebecers (also "''Quebecois(e)''")
*[[Queensland]] → Queenslanders
*[[Rhineland]] → Rhinelanders
*[[Rhode Island]] → Rhode Islanders
*[[Rotterdam]] → Rotterdammers
*[[Solomon Islands]] → Solomon Islanders
*[[Stockholm]] → Stockholmers
*[[Stuttgart]] → Stuttgarters
*[[Tallinn]] → Tallinners
*[[Vermont]] → Vermonters
*[[Winnipeg]] → Winnipeggers
*[[Yellowknife]] → Yellowknifers
*[[York]] (UK) → Yorkers (also "''Yorkies''")
*[[Yukon]] → Yukoners
*[[Zürich]] → Zürchers
}}

Often used for [[Europe]]an locations and [[Canada|Canadian]] locations

'''''-(i)sh'''''

(Usually suffixed to a truncated form of the [[toponym]], or place-name.)

"-ish" is usually proper only as an adjective. See note below list.

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Åland]] → Ålandish people (demonym "''[[Ålandic]]''")
*[[Bangka Island (North Sulawesi)|Bangka Island]] → Bangkish
*[[Britain (disambiguation)|Britain]], [[Great Britain]] and [[United Kingdom]] → British people (demonym "''Britons''")
*[[Cornwall]] → Cornish people (demonym "''Cornishmen''", "''Cornishwomen''")
*[[Denmark]] → Danish people (demonym "''Danes''")
*[[England]] → English people (demonym "''Englishmen''", "''Englishwomen''")
*[[Finland]] → Finnish people (demonym "''Finns''", "''Finnic''")
*[[Flanders]] → Flemish people (demonym "''Flemings''")
*[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] → Irish people (demonym "''Irishmen''", "''Irishwomen''")
*[[Kent]] → Kentish people
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurdish people (demonym "''Kurds''")
*[[Lombok]] → Lombokish people
*[[Luxembourg]] → Luxembourgish people (demonym "''Luxembourgers''")
*[[New South Wales]] → New South Welshmen
*[[Niger]] → Nigerish (also "''Nigerien''")
*[[Northern Ireland]] → Northern Irish people
*[[Poland]] → Polish people (demonym "''Poles''")
*[[Scotland]] → Scottish people (demonym "''Scots''", "''Scotsmen''", "''Scotswomen''")
*[[Spain]] → Spanish people (demonym "''Spaniards''")
*[[Sweden]] → Swedish people (demonym "''Swedes''")
*[[Turkey]] → Turkish people (demonym "''Turks''")
*[[Wales]] → Welsh people (demonym "''Welshmen''", "''Welshwomen''", "''Walian''")
}}

'''''-ene'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Cairo]] → Cairenes
*[[Cyrenaica]] → Cyrenes
*[[Damascus]] → Damascenes
*[[Nazareth]] → Nazarenes
*[[Palmyra]] → Palmyrenes
*[[Slovenia]] → Slovenes (also "''Slovenians''")
}}

Often used for [[Middle East]]ern locations and [[Europe]]an locations.

'''''-ensian'''''
(These are largely obsolete.)
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*Kingston-upon-Hull (UK) → Hullensians
*Leeds (UK) → Leodensians
*Reading (UK) → Readingensians
}}

'''''-ard'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Spain]] → Spaniards (also "''Spanish''")
*[[Savoy]] → Savoyards
*Montagne → [[Montagnard (people)|Montagnard]]s
}}

'''''-ese, -nese or -lese'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Abruzzo]] → Abruzzese
*[[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]] → Ajmanese
*[[Aragon]] → Aragonese
*[[Aceh]] → Acehnese
*[[Assam]] → Assamese
*[[Bali]] → Balinese
*[[Bengal]] → Bengalese
*[[Benin]] → Beninese (also "''Beninois''")
*[[Bergen]] → Bergenese
*[[Bern]] → Bernese
*[[Bearn]] → Bearnese
*[[Bhutan]] → Bhutanese
*[[Bologna]] → Bolognese
*[[Burkina Faso]] → Burkinabe
*[[Calabria]] → Calabrese
*[[Cirebon]], [[West Java]] → Cirebonese
*[[China]] → Chinese
*[[Congo Basin|Congo]] → Congolese
*[[Da Lat]] → Dalatese
*[[East Timor]] → East Timorese
*[[Faroe Islands]] → Faroese
*[[Emirate of Fujairah]] → Fujairahnese
*[[Gabon]] → Gabonese (also "''Gabonais''", "''Gabonaise''")
*[[Genoa]] → Genovese, Genoese
*[[Gilbert Islands]] → Gilbertese (also "''Gilbertine''")
*[[Grenadines]] → Grenadinese
*[[Guangdong]] (Canton) → [[Cantonese people]]
*[[Guyana]] → Guyanese
*[[Hainan]] → [[Hainanese]]
*[[Hong Kong]] → Hongkongese
*[[Hunan]] → Hunanese
*[[Japan]] → Japanese (also "''Nipponese''")
*[[Java]] → Javanese (also "''Javans''")
*[[Kawthaung]] → Kawthaunggese
*[[Kelantan]] → Kelantanese
*[[Kokang Self-Administered Zone|Kokang]] → Kokanggese
*[[Lebanon]] → Lebanese
*[[León (historical region)|Leon]] → Leonese
*[[London]] → Londonese{{dubious|date=March 2025}}{{Fix|text=Londoner}}
*[[Macao]] → Macanese
*[[Malta]] → Maltese
*[[Manila]] → Manilese
*[[Marshall Islands]] → Marshallese
*[[Milan]] → Milanese
*[[Myanmar/Burma]] → Burmese
*[[Nanking|Nanjing]] (Nanking/Nankin)→ Nankinese
*[[Navarre]] → Navarrese
*[[Negeri Sembilan]] → Negeri Sembilanese
*[[Pahang]] → Pahangese (also "''Pahangite''")
*[[Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone|Pa Laung]] → Palaunggese
*[[Pa'O Self-Administered Zone|Pa'O]] → Paonese
*[[Piedmont]] → Piedmontese
*[[Pittsburgh]] → Pittsburghese (as used routinely by residents of Pittsburgh referring only to the accent/dialect)
*[[Portugal]] → Portuguese
*[[Rakhine State]] → Arakanese
*[[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] → Khaimahnese
*[[Rwanda]] → Rwandese (also "''Rwandans''")
*[[Saba (island)|Saba]] → Sabanese
*[[Sagaing Region]] → Sagainggese
*[[Saigon]] → Saigonese
*[[San Marino]] → Sammarinese
*[[Sark]] → Sarkese
*[[Sassari]] → Sassarese
*[[Senegal]] → Senegalese
*[[Shan State]] → Shanese
*[[Shanghai]] → Shanghainese
*[[Emirate of Sharjah]] → Sharjahnese (also "''Sharjawi''")
*[[Siam]] → Siamese
*[[Sikkim]] → Sikkimese
*([[South Sudan|South]]) [[Sudan]] → (South) Sudanese
*[[Suriname]] → Surinamese
*[[Swindon]] → Swindonese
*[[Taiwan]] → Taiwanese
*[[Taunggyi]] → Taunggese
*[[Tegal Regency|Tegal]], [[Central Java]] → Tegalese
*[[Togo]] → Togolese
*[[Turin]] → Torinese
*[[Umm Al Quwain]] → Quwainese (also "''Qewani''")
*[[Vienna]] → Viennese
*[[Vietnam]] → Vietnamese
}}

"-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese".{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} Often used for Italian and East Asian, from the Italian suffix ''-ese'', which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending ''-ensis'', designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc. The use in demonyms for [[Francophone]] locations is motivated by the similar-sounding French suffix ''-ais(e)'', which is at least in part a relative (< lat. ''-ensis'' or ''-iscus'', or rather both).

'''''-i(e) or -i(ya)'''''

'''Countries'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Afghanistan]] → Afghanistanis (also "''Afghans''")
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanis (less commonly "''Azeris''", also "''Azerbaijanians''")
*[[Bahrain]] → Bahrainis
*[[Bangladesh]] → [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]]s
*[[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]] → Swazis, Swatis
*[[Iraq]] → Iraqis
*[[Israel]] → Israelis
*[[Kazakhstan]] → Kazakhstanis (also "''Kazakhs''")
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurdistanis (also "''Kurdish''", "''Kurds''")
*[[Kuwait]] → Kuwaitis
*[[Kyrgyzstan]] → Kyrgyzstanis (also "''Kyrgyz''")
*[[Nepal]] → Nepalis (also "''Nepalese''")
*[[Oman]] → Omanis
*[[Pakistan]] → Pakistanis
*[[Qatar]] → Qataris
*[[Somalia]] → Somalis
*[[Tajikistan]] → Tajikistanis (also "''Tajiks''")
*[[Thailand]] → Thais
*[[Trinidad and Tobago]] → Trini
*[[Turkmenistan]] → Turkmenistanis (also "''Turkmen''")
*[[United Arab Emirates]] → Emiratis
*[[Uzbekistan]] → Uzbekistanis (also "''Uzbeks''")
*[[Yemen]] → Yemenis
}}

'''States, provinces, counties, and cities'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|*[[Al Ain]] → Ainawi
*[[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] → Allahabadis
*[[Azawad]] → Azawadis
*[[Azra District|Azra]] → Azragis
*[[Balochistan]] → Balochistanis (also "''Baloch''", "''Baluch''", "''Baluchi''")
*[[Barisal]] → Barisalis (also "''Borishali''")
*[[Beirut]] → Beirutis
*[[Bengal region|Bangladesh, West Bengal]] → Bengalis
*[[Bhārat Gaṇarājya|Bharat]] → Bharatiya
*[[Bihar]] → Biharis
*[[Birmingham]] (UK) → Brummies
*[[Dagestan]] → Dagestanis
*[[Dhaka]] → Dhakaiya (less commonly "''Dhakaites''")
*[[Faridabad]] → Faridabadis
*[[Glasgow]] → Weegie<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/baffie-weegie-18-scottish-words-are-now-dictionary-and-their-meaning-1407401 |title=Baffie to Weegie: 18 Scottish words that are now in the dictionary - and their meaning |first=Rosalind |last=Erskine |date=18 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Scotsman]]}}</ref> (predominantly used by those not from Glasgow, slightly pejorative), Glaswegian (better)
*[[Gujarat]] → Gujaratis
*[[Hatta, United Arab Emirates|Hatta]] → Hattawi
*[[Hazara people|Hazara]] → Hazaragis (also "''Azragi''")
*[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] → Hyderabadis
*[[Kerala]] → [[Malayali]]s (also "''Malayalee''", "''Keralite''")
*[[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] → Kumaonis (also "''Kumaiye''")
*[[Lahore]] → Lahoris
*[[Punjab region|Punjab]] → Punjabis
*[[Rajasthan]] → Rajasthanis
*[[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] → Rangpuris
*[[Sindh]] → Sindhis
*[[Sylhet]] → Sylhetis (also "''Siloti''")
*[[Tel Aviv]] → Tel Avivi (also "''Tel Avivim''" (plural))
*[[Yorkshire]] → Yorkies (also "''Yorkshireman''", "''Tyke''")
}}

Mostly for [[Middle East]]ern and [[South Asia]]n locales. ''-i'' is encountered also in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. [[Allemanni]], [[Helvetia|Helvetii]]). ''-i.e.'' is rather used for English places.

'''''-iot'' or ''-iote'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Chios]] → Chiots
*[[Corfu]] → Corfiots
*[[Cyprus]] → Cypriots ("''Cyprian''" before 1960 independence of Cyprus)
*[[Phanar]] → Phanariotes
}}

Used especially for [[Greece|Greek]] locations. Backformation from ''Cypriot'', itself based in Greek ''-ώτης''.

'''''-k'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Greece]] → Greeks
*[[Slovakia]] → Slovaks
*[[Tajikistan]] → Tajiks (also "''Tajikistani''")
}}

'''''-asque'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Bergamo]] → Bergamasque
*[[Menton]] → Mentonasque
*[[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] → Basque
*[[Sanremo]] → Sanremasque
}}

Often used for [[Italy|Italian]] and [[France|French]] locations.

'''''-(we)gian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Dawei]] → Dawegians
*[[Galloway]] → Galwegians
*[[Galway]] → Galwegians
*[[Glasgow]] → Glaswegians
*[[Magway Region]] → Magwegians
*[[Norway]] → Norwegians
*[[Poway, California]]→ Powegians
*[[Tasmania]]→ Taswegians
}}

'''''-onian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Aberdeen]] → Aberdonians
*[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] → Bathonians
*[[Connacht]] → Connachtonians
*[[Cork (city)|Cork]] → Corkonians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corkonian|title=Corkonian|work=Merriam-Webster|access-date=2015-02-17|archive-date=2015-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217180643/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corkonian|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Dundee]] → Dundonians
*[[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] → Haligonians
*[[Lesotho]] → Lesothonians
*[[Newport, Wales|Newport]] → Newportonians
*[[Oxford]] → Oxonians
}}

Often used for [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] locations.

'''''-vian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Barrow-in-Furness]] → Barrovians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwemail.co.uk/home/2.4887/what-it-means-to-be-barrovian-1.280102 |title=North West Evening Mail |work=nwemail.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105817/http://www.nwemail.co.uk/home/2.4887/what-it-means-to-be-barrovian-1.280102 |archive-date=2014-05-31 }}</ref>
*[[Harrow School|Harrow]] → Harrovians
*[[Moose Jaw]] → Moose Javians
*[[Oamaru]] → Oamaruvians
*[[Oslo]] → Oslovians
*[[Peru]] → Peruvians
*[[Warsaw]] → Warsovians
*[[Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]] → Waterluvians<ref>{{cite tweet|user=citywaterloo|number=395633428395081728|title=Waterluvians! Don't forget about our trail renaming contest|author=City of Waterloo|date=October 30, 2013|access-date=August 4, 2015|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042544/https://twitter.com/citywaterloo/status/395633428395081728|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Wythenshawe]] → Wythenshavians
}}

'''''-ois(e), -ais(e)'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Benin]] → Beninois(e) (also "''Beninese''")
*[[Gabon]] → Gabonais(e) (also "''Gabonese''")
*[[Niger]] → Nigerois(e) (also "''Nigerien''")
*[[Seychelles]] → Seychellois(e)
*[[Quebec]] → Quebecois(e) (also "''Quebecker''"; most common within [[Canada]])
}}

While derived from French, these are also official demonyms in English.

'''''From Latin or Latinization'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Alsace]] → Alsatians (''Alsatia'')
*[[Annapolis]] → Annapolitans
*[[Argyll]] → Argathelians
*[[Ashbourne (disambiguation)|Ashbourne]] → Ashburnians (''Essiburns'')
*[[Cambridge]] → [[Cantabrigian]]s
*[[Canterbury]] → Cantabrians
*[[Chester]] → Cestrians
*[[Colchester]] → Colcestrians
*[[Constantinople]] → Constantinopolitans (''Constantinopolis'')
*[[Courland]] → Couronians (''Curonia'')
*[[England]] → Anglican (''Anglia'')
*[[Exeter]] → Exonians
*[[Guernsey]] → Sarnians (''Sarnia'')
*[[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] → [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Haligonian]]
*[[Leeds]] → [[Leodensian]]s (''Ledesia'')
*[[Lviv]] → Leopolitans (''Leopolis'')
*[[Manchester]] → [[List of people from Manchester|Mancunian]]s (''Mancunia'')
*[[Melbourne]] → [[Melburnian]]s (''Melburnia'')
*[[Minneapolis]] → Minneapolitans
*[[Naples]] → Neapolitans (''Neapolis'')
*[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] → Novocastrians (''Novum Castrum'')
*[[Orkney Islands]] → [[Orcadians|Orcadian]]s (''Orcadia'')
*[[Oswestry]] → Oswestrians (''Oswestria'')
*[[Shropshire]] → Salopians (''Salopia'')
*[[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] → Tripolitans (''Tripolis'')
*[[Venice]] → Venetians
*[[Wolverhampton]] → Wulfrunians
'''Other'''
*[[Botswana]] → Motswana (singular) Batswana (plural)
}}
|}

==Prefixation==
It is much rarer to find demonyms created with a prefix. Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the [[Luba people]] would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, and the language, [[Kiluba]] or [[Tshiluba]]. Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti (Viti being the Fijian name for [[Fiji]]). On a country level:
*[[Botswana]] → Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
*[[Burundi]] → Umurundi (singular), Abarundi (plural)
*[[Eswatini]] → Liswati (singular), Emaswati (plural)
*[[Lesotho]] → Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)

==Non-standard examples==
Demonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place, but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens. In the United States such demonyms frequently become associated with regional pride such as "''Burqueño''" and the feminine "''Burqueña''" of [[Albuquerque]],<ref name="White 2020">{{cite web | last=White | first=Juliet | title=18 Words You'll Only Understand If You're From New Mexico | website=OnlyInYourState | date=July 16, 2020 | url=https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/new-mexico/words-nm/ | access-date=April 26, 2021 | archive-date=April 26, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426113712/https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/new-mexico/words-nm/ | url-status=live }}</ref> or with the mascots of intercollegiate sports teams of the [[state university system]], take for example the [[sooners|sooner]] of [[Oklahoma]] and the [[Oklahoma Sooners]].<ref name="Oklahoma 2013">{{cite web | last=Oklahoma | first=University of | title=What is a Sooner? | website=University of Oklahoma | date=May 20, 2013 | url=https://soonersports.com/news/2013/5/20/208806115.aspx | access-date=April 26, 2021 | archive-date=June 18, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618065703/http://www.soonersports.com/trads/what-is-a-sooner.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Examples
|-
|
'''Formal'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Aberdeenshire]] → [[Northeast Scots|Doric]]
*[[Albuquerque]] → Burqueños or the feminine Burqueñas (also "''Albuquerqueans''")
*[[Buenos Aires]] → [[Porteños]]
*[[Concepción, Chile]] → [[Penquistas]]
*[[Connecticut]] → [[Nutmegger]]s
*[[Cyprus]] → [[Cypriot people|Cypriots]]
*[[Guinea Bissau]] → Bissau-Guinean
*[[Edinburgh]] → Lothian
*[[Lisbon]] → Alfacinha
*[[Indiana]] → [[Hoosier]]s<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mettler|first=Katie|date=January 13, 2017|title='Hoosier' is now the official name for Indiana folk. But what does it even mean?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/13/hoosier-is-now-the-official-name-for-indiana-folk-but-what-does-it-even-mean/|access-date=July 31, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035051/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/13/hoosier-is-now-the-official-name-for-indiana-folk-but-what-does-it-even-mean/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles]] → Angelenos<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Angeleno|access-date=2017-08-10}}</ref>
*[[Madagascar]] → [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]]
*[[Massachusetts]] → [[Bay Staters]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleI/Chapter2/Section35|title=Massachusetts: General Laws, Section 35|work=malegislature.gov|access-date=2016-11-14|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226000411/https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleI/Chapter2/Section35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Prior to the Massachusetts State Legislature designating "Bay Stater" as the state's official demonym, other terms used included ''Massachusett'', borrowed from the native [[Massachusett]] tribe, ''Massachusite'', championed by the early English [[Boston Brahmin|Brahmins]], ''Massachusettsian'', by analogy with other state demonyms, and ''Masshole'', originally derogatory.</ref>
*[[North Macedonia]] → Macedonians
*[[Nunavut]] → Nunavummiut, Nunavummiuq (sing.)
*[[Minas Gerais]] → Mineiros
*[[Rio Grande do Sul]] → [[Gaúcho]]s
*[[Rio de Janeiro (city)]] → [[Carioca]]s
*[[Rio de Janeiro (state)]] → Fluminense
*[[São Paulo (city)]] → Paulistanos
*[[São Paulo (state)]] → Paulistas
*[[Shropshire]] → Salopian
*[[Tierra Caliente (Mexico)|Tierra Caliente]] → Calentano, Calentana, Guache, Guacha, Huache, Huacha
*[[Uruguay]] → Orientales
*[[Valparaíso]] → [[Porteños]]
}}

'''Informal'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Australia]] → [[Aussie]]
*[[Birmingham, England]] → Brummie
*[[Canada]] → [[Canuck]]
*[[Cardiff]] → Taffs
*[[Devon]] → [[Janner]]
*[[Hartlepool, England]] → [[Monkey hanger]]
*[[Isle Of Wight]] → Caulkheads<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-9551,00.html |title=Why are natives of the Isle of Wight known as 'caulkheads'? |language=en |work=The Guardian |date= |access-date=2022-02-22 }}</ref>
*[[Plymouth]] → [[Janner]]
*[[Jersey]] → [[Jèrriais]] (adjectival), Jerseyman (demonym)
*[[Kansas]] → [[Jayhawker]]
*[[Liverpool, England]] → Scouser, Liverpudlian
*[[London, England]] → [[Cockney]] (specifically, someone from East London)
*[[Mexico]] → [[Aztec]]a<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sinonimosgratis.com/mexicanos |title=Mexicanos sinónimos, mexicanos antónimos |language=es |publisher=SinonimosGratis.com |date= |access-date=2022-02-22 |archive-date=2022-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104205222/https://www.sinonimosgratis.com/mexicanos |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Middlesbrough, England]] → [[Smoggie]]
*[[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]], [[Australia]] → Novocastrian
*[[Newcastle upon Tyne, England]] → [[Geordie]]
*[[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland, Canada]] → [[Newfie]]
*[[New Zealand]] → [[Kiwi (nickname)|Kiwi]]
*[[Nigeria]] → [[Naija]]
*[[North Carolina]] → [[Tar Heel]]
*[[Philippines]] → [[Pinoy]]
*[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], [[United States]] → [[Yinzer]]
*[[Peru]] → [[Inca]] (also Perulero)
*[[Puerto Rico]] → [[Boricua]] (from Taino Arawak ''Boriken'' ({{Translation|land of brave people}}))
*[[South Australia]] → Croweater<ref name="PovahMiddleton2013"/>
*[[City of Sunderland|Sunderland, England]] → [[Mackem]]
*[[Sydney, Australia]] → Sydneysider
*[[Ohio]] → Buckeye
*[[Oklahoma]] → [[Okie]], [[Sooner]]
*[[Oldham, England]] → Yonner
*[[Tasmania]] → Taswegian<ref name="PovahMiddleton2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2013/05/slang-what-aussies-call-other-aussies|title=Slang: What Aussies call other Aussies|work=[[Australian Geographic]]|access-date=2018-07-03|language=en|last1=Povah|first1=Frank|last2=Middleton|first2=Amy|date=2013-05-16|archive-date=2018-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133313/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2013/05/slang-what-aussies-call-other-aussies|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[United States]] → Yank or Yankee
*[[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]] → [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Yooper]]
*[[Wisconsin]] → [[Cheesehead]]
}}
|}

==Ethnonyms==
{{main|Ethnonyms}}
Since names of places, regions and countries ([[toponyms]]) are [[morphology (linguistics)|morphologically]] often related to names of ethnic groups ([[ethnonyms]]), various ethnonyms may have similar, but not always identical, forms as terms for general population of those places, regions or countries (demonyms).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Examples
|-
|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Abkhazia]] → Abkhazians, Abkhaz
*[[Afghanistan]] → Afghans
*[[Albania]] → Albanians
*[[Algeria]] → Algerians
*[[Arab League]] → Arabs
*[[Australia]] → Australians, Aussies
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanis, Azeris
*[[Bengal]] → Bengali (also "''Bengalese''")
*[[Bulgaria]] → Bulgarians
*[[Canada]] → Canadians
*[[Cambodia]] → Khmers
*[[Chechnya]] → Chechens
*[[China]] → Chinese
*[[Croatia]] → Croats
*[[Czech Republic]] → Czechs
*[[Denmark]] → Danes
*[[Egypt]] → Egyptians
*[[England]] → English
*[[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]] → Swazis, Swatis
*[[Finland]] → [[Finns|Finn]]
*[[Flanders]] → Flemings
*[[France]] → French
*[[United Kingdom]] → British
*[[Haiti]] → Haitian
*[[Hayastan]] → Hayastani (also "''Armenians''")
*[[Hungary]] → Hungarians, Magyars
*[[India]] → Indians
*[[Indonesia]] → Indonesians
*[[Ingushetia]] → Ingushians
*[[Iran]] → Iranians, Persians
*[[Ireland]] → Irish
*[[Israel]] → Israeli
*[[Jersey]] → Jerseymen, Jerseywomen
*[[Kalmykia]] → Kalmyks
*[[Karnataka]] → Kannadigas
*[[Kazakhstan]] → Kazakhs
*[[KwaZulu]] → Zulus
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurds
*[[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] → Kumaonis, Kumaiye
*[[Kyrgyzstan]] → Kyrgyzs
*[[Sápmi|Lapland]] → Laplanders
*[[Madagascar]] → Malagasys
*[[Mali]] → Malis
*[[Malta]] → Maltese
*[[Mongolia]] → Mongols
*[[Montenegro]] → Montenegrins
*[[Morocco]] → Moroccans
*[[The Americas]] → [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], Indians
*[[Netherlands]] → Dutch
*[[New Zealand]] → Kiwis
*[[Odisha]] → Odias
*[[Palestine]] → Palestinians
*[[Philippines]] → Filipinos (for Men), Filipinas (for Women)
*[[Poland]] → Poles
*[[Scotland]] → Scots
*[[Serbia]] → Serbs
*[[Sorbia (region)|Sorbia]] → Sorbs
*[[Slovakia]] → Slovaks
*[[Slovenia]] → Slovenes
*[[Somalia]] → Somalis
*[[Spain]] → Spanish
*[[Sweden]] → Swedes
*[[Tajikistan]] → Tajiks
*[[Tamil Nadu]] → Tamils
*[[Tatarstan]] →Tatars
*[[Thailand]] → Thais
*[[Turkey]] → Turks
*[[Turkmenistan]] → Turkmens
*[[Ulster]] → Ulstermen
*[[United States]] → Americans
**[[Hawaii]] → Hawaiians, [[Kanaka Maoli]]
**[[Louisiana]] → Louisianans, [[Cajuns]], [[Louisiana Creole people|Creoles]]
**[[New Mexico]] → New Mexicans, [[Hispanos of New Mexico|Hispanos]]
**[[Texas]] → Texans, [[Tejanos]]
*[[Uzbekistan]] → Uzbeks
*[[Wales]] → Welsh people
*[[Wallonia]] → Walloons

}}
|}

==Fiction==
Literature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group. These will typically be formed using the standard models above. Examples include ''[[Martian]]'' for hypothetical people of [[Mars]] (credited to scientist [[Percival Lowell]]), ''Gondorian'' for the people of [[Tolkien]]'s fictional land of [[Gondor]], and ''Atlantean'' for [[Plato]]'s island [[Atlantis]].

Other science fiction examples include ''[[Jovian (fiction)|Jovian]]'' for those of [[Jupiter]] or its moons and ''[[Venusians|Venusian]]'' for those of [[Venus]]. Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as ''[[Earthling (science fiction)|Earthling]]'' (from the [[diminutive]] ''-ling'', ultimately from [[Old English]] ''-ing'' meaning "descendant"), as well as ''[[wikt:Terran|Terran]]'', ''Terrene'', ''Tellurian'', ''Earther'', ''Earthican'', ''Terrestrial'', and ''Solarian'' (from ''Sol'', the sun).

Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics. Examples include ''Lilliputians'' and ''Brobdingnagians'', from the islands of [[Lilliput and Blefuscu|Lilliput]] and [[Brobdingnag]] in the satire ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]''.

In a few cases, where a linguistic background has been [[Constructed language|constructed]], non-standard gentilics are formed (or the eponyms back-formed). Examples include Tolkien's ''[[Rohirrim]]'' (from [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]), the ''[[Star Trek]]'' franchise's ''[[Klingon]]s'' (with various names for their homeworld), and the [[Sangheili]] from the ''[[Halo (franchise)|Halo]]'' franchise, (also known as Elites in the game by humans, as well as players) named after their homeworld of Sanghelios.

==See also==
{{Portal|Geography}}
* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions]]
** [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Australia]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Canada]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Cuba]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for India]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Malaysia]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Mexico]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for New Zealand]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for the Philippines]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for the United States]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Greco-Roman antiquity]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for fictional regions]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities]]
* [[List of regional nicknames]]
* [[Macedonia naming dispute]]
* [[Nationality]]
* [[-onym]], especially [[ethnonym]] and [[Exonym and endonym]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite journal|last=Coates|first=Richard|title=Some thoughts on the theoretical status of ethnonyms and demonyms|journal=Onomastica|year=2021|volume=65|number=2|pages=5–19|doi=10.17651/ONOMAST.65.2.1 |s2cid=245777535 |url=https://onomastica.ijp.pan.pl/index.php/ONOM/article/view/326|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Michael|chapter=The Semantics of Demonyms in English|title=The Semantics of Nouns|year=2017|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=205–220|isbn=978-0-19-873672-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0ypDgAAQBAJ}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|demonym|gentilic}}
* [http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/countries/demonyms.html www.geography-site.co.uk] Alphabetical list of world demonyms.
* [http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node=Demonyms%20of%20the%20World www.everything2.com] Demonyms of the World.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100327064430/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2110.html CIA World Factbook – Nationality]
* [http://www.peoplefrom.co.uk/index.php www.peoplefrom.co.uk] Demonyms of the United Kingdom.

{{Ethnicity}}

[[Category:Demonyms| ]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Types of words]]