View source for Demographics of Russia

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox place demographics
| place                    = Russia
| image                    = Russia Population Pyramid.svg
| image_size               = 350px
| caption                  = [[Population pyramid]] of Russia as of 1 January 2024
|size_of_population        = {{Decrease}} 143,500,000 (January 2025)<ref name="gks.ru-popul25">{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2025_Site.xlsx |format=XLSX |script-title=ru:Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения  на 1 января 2025 года |trans-title=Preliminary estimate of the permanent population as of January 1, 2025 |language=ru |work=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=10 March 2025 |archive-date=4 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204155700/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2025_Site.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>
|fertility                 = {{decrease}} 1.41 (2024)<ref>{{cite web | title=Росстат: Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости продолжил тенденцию к снижению в РФ в 2024 году | url=https://www.vshouz.ru/news/analitika/wcs-19351/ }}</ref>
|growth                    = {{Decrease}} -0.38% (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-01 |title=Население России за год сократилось на 555 тыс. человек |url=https://www.rbc.ru/economics/01/02/2023/63da428b9a7947e741363c53 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=РБК |language=ru |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630134911/https://www.rbc.ru/economics/01/02/2023/63da428b9a7947e741363c53 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|birth                     = {{DecreaseNegative}} 8.4 births/1,000 population (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2025 |title=Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за декабрь 2024 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Rosstat |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226232433/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| death                    = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 12.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024)
|infant_mortality          = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)<ref name="rosstat">{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |title=Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]] (Rosstat) |access-date=2022-06-01 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia |archive-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821222854/https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|life                      = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 73 years (2023)<ref name="l1"/>
|life_male                 = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 68 years (2023)<ref name="l2"/>
|life_female               = {{increase}} 79 years (2023)<ref name="l3"/>
|under_18_years            = ~23.21%<ref name="worldm">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/russia-demographics/|title=Russia Demographics 2020 (Population, Age, Sex, Trends) – Worldometer|website=www.worldometers.info|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126070909/https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/russia-demographics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|age_18–44_years           = ~34.73%<ref name="worldm"/>
|age_45-64_years           = 26.55%<ref name="worldm"/>
|age_65_years              = 15.6%<ref name="worldm"/>
| total_mf_ratio           = 0.86 male(s)/female (2009)
| sr_at_birth              = 1.06 male(s)/female
| sr_under_15              = 1.06 male(s)/female (male 11,980,138/female 11,344,818)
| sr_15-64_years           = 0.925 male(s)/female (male 48,166,470/female 52,088,967)
| sr_65_years_over         = 0.44 male(s)/female (male 5,783,983/female 13,105,896)
|net_migration             = {{Decrease}} 0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020)<ref name="rosstat"/>
<!-- nationality -->
| nation                   = ''noun'': Russian(s) ''adjective'': Russian
|major_ethnic              = Russians (71.73%)<ref name="census2021">{{cite web|title=Национальный состав населения|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=30 December 2022|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=5 Million Fewer Than in 2010, Ethnic Russians Make Up Only 72 Percent of Russia's Population |url=https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225214004/https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/ |archive-date=25 February 2023 |work=Eurasia Daily Monitor |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |volume=20 |issue=6 |quote="And, in turn, this decline means that the share of that country’s population identifying as ethnic Russian fell from 77.71 percent in the 2010 census to 71.73 percent in the current one.."}}</ref>
| minor_ethnic             = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* [[Tatars]] (3.20%)
* [[Chechens]] (1.14%)
* [[Bashkirs]] (1.07%)
* [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]] (0.73%)
* [[Avars (Caucasus)|Avars]] (0.69%)
* [[Armenians]] (0.64%)
* [[Ukrainians]] (0.60%)
* [[Dargins]] (0.43%)
* [[Kazakhs]] (0.40%)
* [[Kumyks]] (0.38%)
* [[Kabardians]] (0.36%)
* [[Ingush people|Ingush]] (0.35%)
* [[Lezgins]] (0.33%)
* Others (17.92%)
{{tree list/end}}
}}
<!-- language -->
| official                 = Russian
| spoken                   = [[Languages of Russia]]
}}
[[File:Russia Population Density Map 2021.png|thumb|355px|Map of Russia's population density at municipality level, based on the results of the 2021 census.]]

[[Russia]] has an estimated population of 146.0 million as of 1 January 2025,<ref name="gks.ru-popul25"/> down from 147.2 million recorded in the [[2021 Russian census|2021 census]].<ref name="2021census">{{ru-pop-ref|2021Census}}</ref> It is the [[List of European countries by population|most populous country]] in Europe, and the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|ninth-most populous country]] in the world. Russia has a [[list of countries by population density|population density]] of {{convert|8.5|/km2|/mi2|disp=preunit|inhabitants |inhabitants|}},<ref>146,028,325 inhabitants / 17,098,246 km² = 8.5 inhabitants per km²</ref> with its overall [[List of countries by life expectancy|life expectancy]] being 73 years (68 years for males and 79 years for females) {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref name="l1">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=RU |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606000827/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=RU |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="l2">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN?locations=RU |title=Life expectancy at birth, male (years) - Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-date=16 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316221604/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN?locations=RU |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="l3">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN?locations=RU |title=Life expectancy at birth, female (years) - Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105102136/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN?locations=RU |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[total fertility rate]] across Russia was estimated to be 1.41 children born per woman {{as of|2024|lc=y}},<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах {{!}} Москва |url=https://fedpress.ru/article/3365231 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=ФедералПресс |language=ru-RU |archive-date=27 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227092353/https://fedpress.ru/article/3365231 |url-status=live }}</ref> which is in line with the [[List of countries by total fertility rate|European average]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 2020 |title=Russia's Putin seeks to stimulate birth rate |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51120165 |access-date=5 January 2022 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407051659/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51120165 |url-status=live }}</ref> but below the [[replacement rate]] of 2.1.

By the end of 2024, the natural decline of the Russian population amounted to 596.2 thousand people, according to published data from Rosstat. Compared to the end of 2023, the indicator increased by 20.4% (from 495.3 thousand).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Естественная убыль пошла в рост |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/7533665 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Коммерсантъ |language=ru}}</ref>

From 1992 to 2012, and again since 2016, Russia's [[death rate]] has exceeded its [[birth rate]], which has been called a [[Demographic crisis of Russia|demographic crisis]] by analysts.<ref name="crisis">{{cite web |last=Koehn |first=Jodi |date=5 February 2001 |title=Russia's Demographic Crisis |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/russias-demographic-crisis |access-date=18 July 2021 |work=[[Kennan Institute]] |publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]] |archive-date=5 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705223345/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/russias-demographic-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref>{{update inline|reason=source was published in 2001|date=July 2025}} In 2009, Russia recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; during the mid-2010s, Russia had seen increased population growth due to declining [[death rates]], increased [[birth rates]] and increased immigration.<ref name="fertility1">{{cite web|last=Foltynova|first=Kristyna|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/migrants-welcome-is-russia-trying-to-solve-its-demographic-crisis-by-attracting-foreigners-/30677952.html|title=Migrants Welcome: Is Russia Trying To Solve Its Demographic Crisis By Attracting Foreigners?|work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|quote="Russia has been trying to boost fertility rates and reduce death rates for several years now. Special programs for families have been implemented, anti-tobacco campaigns have been organized,, and raising the legal age to buy alcohol was considered. However, perhaps the most successful strategy so far has been attracting migrants, whose arrival helps Russia to compensate population losses."|date=19 June 2020|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620034801/https://www.rferl.org/a/migrants-welcome-is-russia-trying-to-solve-its-demographic-crisis-by-attracting-foreigners-/30677952.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 2020 and 2021, Russia's population had undergone its largest peacetime decline in recorded history, due to excess deaths from the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Russia|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Saver |first=Pjotr |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/13/russias-population-undergoes-largest-ever-peacetime-decline |title=Russia's population undergoes largest ever peacetime decline, analysis shows |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 October 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |quote=Russia's natural population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in recorded history over the last 12 months... |archive-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013112949/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/13/russias-population-undergoes-largest-ever-peacetime-decline |url-status=live }}</ref>

Russia is a [[multinational state]],<ref name="multinational"/> home to over [[Ethnic groups in Russia|193 ethnic groups nationwide]]. In the 2021 Census, nearly 72% of the population were ethnic [[Russians]] and approximately 19% of the population were ethnic minorities such as the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]].{{refn|11.27% of the total Russian population did not declare an ethnic affiliation in the census, so these figures should be treated with caution.|group="fn"}}<ref>* {{Cite news |date=4 March 2023 |title=Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410004023/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |archive-date=10 April 2023 |newspaper=The Economist |quote=The decline was largest among ethnic Russians, whose number, the census of 2021 said, fell by 5.4m in 2010–21. Their share of the population fell from 78% to 72%. }}
* {{Cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=5 Million Fewer Than in 2010, Ethnic Russians Make Up Only 72 Percent of Russia's Population |url=https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225214004/https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/ |archive-date=25 February 2023 |work=Eurasia Daily Monitor |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |volume=20 |issue=6 |quote="And, in turn, this decline means that the share of that country’s population identifying as ethnic Russian fell from 77.71 percent in the 2010 census to 71.73 percent in the current one.." }}
* {{Cite news |last=Sidorov |first=Harun |date=7 January 2023 |title="Русский мир" Путина и "кот Шредингера" |trans-title=Putin's "Russian World" and "Schrödinger's cat" |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107213809/https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-date=7 January 2023 |work=idelreal.org |language=ru }}
* {{cite web |title=Национальный состав населения |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |accessdate=30 December 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |language=ru |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the United Nations, Russia's [[Immigration to Russia|immigrant population]] is the world's third largest, numbering over 11.6 million; most of whom are from other [[post-Soviet states]].<ref name="immigrants"/>

== Population ==
Demographic statistics according to the latest Rosstat vital statistics<ref name = "Rosstat latest vital movements">{{Cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/313|title=Росстат — Новости Росстата|website=rosstat.gov.ru|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923035831/https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/313|url-status=live}}</ref> and the World Population Review in 2019.<ref name="WPR 2018">{{citation |title=Russia Population 2018 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/russia-population/ |website=World Population Review |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407190607/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/russia-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* One birth every 22 seconds<ref name="Rosstat latest vital movements" />
* One death every 13 seconds<ref name="Rosstat latest vital movements" />
* Net loss of one person every 30 seconds<ref name="Rosstat latest vital movements" />

{{Chart|definition=Russia Total Population.chart|data=Russia Total Population.tab|Width=450}}

=== Demographic crisis  ===
{{See also|Aging of Russia}}
[[File:Deserted village at Sukhona River.jpg|thumb|Thousands of abandoned villages are scattered across Russia.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 May 2014 |title=Russia's decaying villages |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2014/5/2/russias-decaying-villages |work=Al Jazeera |archive-date=1 July 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701145913/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2014/5/2/russias-decaying-villages |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Population of Russia-rus.PNG|thumb|Total population of Russia 1950–2010]]
After having peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, the population then decreased, falling to 142,737,196 by 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbsd.gks.ru/|title=Интерактивная витрина|website=cbsd.gks.ru|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130012026/http://cbsd.gks.ru/|archive-date=30 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Russia has become increasingly reliant on immigration to maintain its population; 2021 had the highest net immigration since 1994,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2022/0937/barom01.php |title=Миграция в России, предварительные итоги 2021 года (Migration in Russia, preliminary results of 2021) |publisher=Институт демографии НИУ ВШЭ имени А.Г. Вишневского (Institute of Demography, National Research University A.G. Vishnevsky) |date=2022 |access-date=2022-03-26 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527114106/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2022/0937/barom01.php |url-status=live }}</ref> despite which there was a small overall decline from 146.1 million to 145.4 million in 2021, the largest decline in over a decade.<ref name="interfaxru2022">{{cite web |url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/75708/ |title=Natural population decrease in Russia down by 21% in Jan 2022 vs Jan 2021, but twice higher than in Jan 2020 – Rosstat |date=6 March 2022 |publisher=Interfax News Agency |access-date=2022-03-26 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212161240/https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/75708/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Rate of natural increase|natural population]] had declined by 997,000 between October 2020 and September 2021 (the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths over a period).<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/13/russias-population-undergoes-largest-ever-peacetime-decline |title=Russia's population undergoes largest ever peacetime decline |first=Pjotr |last=Sauer |date=13 October 2021 |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013112949/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/13/russias-population-undergoes-largest-ever-peacetime-decline |url-status=live }}</ref> The natural death rate in January 2020, 2021, and 2022 have each been nearly double the natural birth rate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/75708/ |title=Natural population decrease in Russia down by 21% in Jan 2022 vs Jan 2021, but twice higher than in Jan 2020 – Rosstat |date=6 March 2022 |publisher=Interfax News Agency |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212161240/https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/75708/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia stares into population abyss as Putin sends its young men to die |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/02/26/russia-stares-population-abyss-putin-sends-young-men-die/ |work=The Telegraph |date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230083717/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/02/26/russia-stares-population-abyss-putin-sends-young-men-die/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as the country has suffered high [[Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War|military fatalities]] while facing renewed [[human capital flight]] and [[brain drain]] caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8c576a9c-ba65-4fb1-967a-fc4fa5457c62 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8c576a9c-ba65-4fb1-967a-fc4fa5457c62 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title=Ukraine war threatens to deepen Russia's demographic crisis|date=4 April 2022|last1=Cocco|first1=Federica|last2=Ivanonva|first2=Polina|work=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=6 October 2022|location=London}}</ref> In 2022, tens of thousands of tech workers left Russia.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/13/technology/russia-tech-workers.html Russian Tech Industry Faces ‘Brain Drain’ as Workers Flee], ''[[New York Times]]'', April 13, 2022.</ref><ref>[https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-immigration-kazakhstan-technology-c041eb0b7472668087bb94207de2f71d As Russia sees tech brain drain, other nations hope to gain], ''[[Associated Press]]'', March 31, 2022</ref> In 2024, the website of the science journal [[Science (journal)|''Science'']] indicated that Russia has seen a multi-year brain drain in the science profession and that salaries are decreasing in the Russian scientific community.<ref>[https://www.science.org/content/article/news-glance-russian-brain-drain-trump-s-nominees-and-long-distance-traveler-goes News at a glance: Russian brain drain, Trump’s nominees, and a long-distance traveler goes extinct], website of the science journal [[Science (journal)|Science]]. 21 Nov 2024</ref> Many commentators predict that the situation will be worse than during the 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://jamestown.org/program/russias-demographic-collapse-is-accelerating/|title=Russia's Demographic Collapse Is Accelerating|last=Goble|first=Paul|volume=19|issue=127|date=18 August 2022|location=Washington, D.C.|journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor|publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]]|archive-date=21 October 2023|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021105942/https://jamestown.org/program/russias-demographic-collapse-is-accelerating/|url-status=live}}</ref> Although, a large part of the emigrants have returned home to Russia in a continuing process.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2024/07/russian-emigration-in-flux?lang=en |title=Should I Stay or Should I Go? Russian Emigration in Flux |work=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |location=Washington, D.C. |date=11 July 2024 |last1=Kamalov |first1=Emil |last2=Sergeeva |first2=Ivetta |access-date=8 March 2025 |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226202210/https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2024/07/russian-emigration-in-flux?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2023, ''The Economist'' reported that "Over the past three years the country has lost around 2 million more people than it would ordinarily have done, as a result of war [in Ukraine], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Russia|disease]] and [[Russian emigration following the Russian invasion of Ukraine|exodus]]."<ref name="economist-2023">{{cite news |title=Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311153739/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |url-status=live }}</ref>

The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population will be 120 million in 50 years, a decline of about 17%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Population, as of 1 January column |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |website=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="economist-2023"/> In January 2024, the Russian statistics agency [[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Rosstat]] predicted that Russia's population could drop to 130 million by 2046.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's Population Could Fall to 130Mln by 2046 – Rosstat |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/10/russias-population-could-fall-to-130mln-by-2046-rosstat-a83687 |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114183040/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/10/russias-population-could-fall-to-130mln-by-2046-rosstat-a83687 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Fertility ===
[[File:Russia animated population pyramid.gif|thumb|Population age pyramid of Russia from 1946 to 2023]]
[[File:Natural Population Growth of Russia.PNG|thumb|Birth and death rates and natural growth, 1950–2014]]
[[File:Total fertility rate in Russia.png|thumb|Total fertility rate in Russia, 1990—2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/31517 |title=Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости |website=Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System of Russia |access-date=27 May 2025 |language=ru |trans-title=Total Fertility Rate}}</ref>]]

Between 1993 and 2008 there was a great [[Population decline|decrease in the country's population]] from 148 to 143 million.<ref name="intellinews">{{cite web|url=https://intellinews.com/russian-fertility-rates-fall-to-record-lows-on-the-back-of-a-deteriorating-economy-and-sanctions-pressure-243191/|title=Russian fertility rates fall to record lows on the back of a deteriorating economy and sanctions pressure|website=BNE Intellinews|date=4 May 2022|author=Ben Aris|location=Berlin}}</ref> There was a huge 50% decrease in the number of births per year from 2.5 million in 1987 to 1.2 million since 1997, but the current 1.42 fertility rate is still higher than that of the 1990s.<ref name="intellinews"/>

At the beginning of 2022, 320,400 babies were born between January and March, 16,600 fewer than January–March 2021. There were nearly twice as many deaths (584,700) as births.<ref name="intellinews"/> The crude birth rate – 8.9 per 100,000 inhabitants – was the lowest since the year 2000.<ref name="intellinews"/>

Russia has a low fertility rate with 1.42 children per woman in 2022, below 2.1 children per woman, which must be the number reached to maintain its population.<ref name="intellinews"/> As a result of their low fertility for decades, the Russian population is one of the oldest in the world with an average of 40.3 years.<ref name="intellinews"/>

{{Chart|definition=Russia TFR.chart|data=Russia TFR.tab|Width=450}}

=== Historical fertility rates ===
[[File:Fertility rate of Russia from 1843 to 2016.svg|thumb|TFR of Russia from 1843 to 2016]]

The [[total fertility rate]] is the number of children born to each woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: [[Our World In Data]] and [[Gapminder Foundation]].<ref name="ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=RUS|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]}}</ref>

In many of the years from 1843 to 1917, Russia had the highest total fertility rate in the world.<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/> These elevated fertility rates did not lead to population growth due to high mortality rate, the casualties of the Russian Revolution, the two world wars and to a lesser extent the political killings.{{citation needed| date = June 2025}}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:right"
! rowspan="19" |TFR
! colspan="10" |Years
|-
! 1840!!1841!!1842!!1843!!1844!!1845!!1846!!1847!!1848!!1849<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.01|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.02|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.03|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.05|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.06|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.08|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.08

|-
! 1850!!1851!!1852!!1853!!1854!!1855!!1856!!1857!!1858!!1859<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.07|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.07 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.07|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.06|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.05|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.03|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.01|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.98|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.97

|-
! 1860!!1861!!1862!!1863!!1864!!1865!!1866!!1867!!1868!!1869<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.95|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.93 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.95|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.96|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.98|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.99|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.01|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.02|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.51|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.87

|-
! 1870!!1871!!1872!!1873!!1874!!1875!!1876!!1877!!1878!!1879<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.74|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.03 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.85|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.24|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.17|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.15|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.02|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.87|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.58|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.98

|-
! 1880!!1881!!1882!!1883!!1884!!1885!!1886!!1887!!1888!!1889<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.8|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.66 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.03|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.89|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.83|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.74|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.47|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.61|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.96|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.8

|-
! 1890!!1891!!1892!!1893!!1894!!1895!!1896!!1897!!1898!!1899<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.71|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.44 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.57|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.17|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.18|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.34|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.43|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.52|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.28|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.36

|-
! 1900!!1901!!1902!!1903!!1904!!1905!!1906!!1907!!1908!!1909<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.36|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.2 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.36|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.2|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.24|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.72|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.04|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.08|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.44|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.12

|-
! 1910!!1911!!1912!!1913!!1914!!1915!!1916!!1917!!1918!!1919<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.2|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.2 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |7.2|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.96|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.88|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.36|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.2|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.04|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.72|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.44

|-
! 1920!!1921!!1922!!1923!!1924!!1925!!1926<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.72|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.72 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.48|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.72|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.8|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.72
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1941!!1942!!1943!!1944!!1945<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.60|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.96||1.68||1.72||1.92
|}

==== Historical crude birth rates ====
[[File:RUS_births_deaths_195601-202202.png|thumb|Births and deaths in Russia: a) moving 12-month sum, b) daily average, Jan 1956 – Feb 2022]]

{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! scope="col" |Years
! scope="col" |1801–1810
! scope="col" |1811–1820
! scope="col" |1821–1830
! scope="col" |1831–1840
! scope="col" |1841–1850
! scope="col" |1851–1860<ref name="demreview.hse.ru">{{cite web| url = http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/rashyn/rashyn.pdf| title = А. Г. Рашин. Население России за 100 лет (1811—1913 гг.). Статистические очерки. Раздел первый. Масштабы и темпы динамики численности населения России за 1811—1913 гг. Глава первая. Динамика общей численности населения России за 1811—1913 гг. страница 38| access-date = 6 May 2019| archive-date = 27 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191127143809/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/rashyn/rashyn.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>

|-
|[[Crude birth rate]]s of Russia
|43.7
|40.0
|42.7
|45.6
|49.7
|52.4
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! scope="col" |Years
! scope="col" |1861–1870
! scope="col" |1871–1880
! scope="col" |1881–1890
! scope="col" |1891–1900
! scope="col" |1901–1910
! scope="col" |1911–1914
! scope="col" |18th century<br />(only Orthodox)
! scope="col" |1801–1860<br />(only Orthodox)<ref name="demreview.hse.ru"/>

|-
|Crude birth rates of Russia
|50.3
|50.4
|50.4
|49.2
|46.8
|43.9
|51.0
|50.0
||-
|}

=== Age structure ===
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="280" heights="212">
File:Russian population by age and sex (demographic pyramid) on 01 January, 1927.png|alt=|Population pyramid in 1927
File:Russia Sex by Age 19410101.png|alt=|Population pyramid in 1941
File:Russia Sex by Age 19460101.png|alt=|Population pyramid in 1946
File:Russia Sex by Age 20150101.png|alt=|Population pyramid in 2015
File:RUS_SbA1y20210101.png|alt=|Population pyramid in 2021
File:Russia animated population pyramid.gif|alt=|Russia animated population pyramid 1946-2023
</gallery>

=== Structure of the population ===

{{Hidden begin
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2012):<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724234458/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}</ref>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 66,264,910
| align="right" | 76,936,820 
| align="right" | 143,201,730
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 4,377,526
| align="right" | 4,155,682
| align="right" | 8,533,208
| align="right" | 5.97
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 3,762,806 
| align="right" | 3,588,032
| align="right" | 7,350,838 
| align="right" | 5.13
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 3,396,364
| align="right" | 3,231,761
| align="right" | 6,628,125
| align="right" | 4.63
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 3,776,026
| align="right" | 3,615,840 
| align="right" | 7,391,866
| align="right" | 5.16
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 5,708,187
| align="right" | 5,515,543
| align="right" | 11,223,730
| align="right" | 7.84
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 6,262,379
| align="right" | 6,179,628
| align="right" | 12,442,007
| align="right" | 8.69
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 5,583,513
| align="right" | 5,647,636
| align="right" | 11,231,149
| align="right" | 7.84
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 5,087,565
| align="right" | 5,331,818
| align="right" | 10,419,383
| align="right" | 7.28
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 4,589,504
| align="right" | 4,861,983
| align="right" | 9,451,487
| align="right" | 6.60
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 4,632,279
| align="right" | 5,151,813 
| align="right" | 9,784,092
| align="right" | 6.83
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 5,279,364
| align="right" | 6,219,077
| align="right" | 11,498,441
| align="right" | 8.03
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 4,480,855
| align="right" | 5,817,559 
| align="right" | 10,298,414
| align="right" | 7.19
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 3,523,990
| align="right" | 5,010,867
| align="right" | 8,534,857
| align="right" | 5.96
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 1,602,839
| align="right" | 2,571,671
| align="right" | 4,174,510
| align="right" | 2.92
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 1,989,724
| align="right" | 3,975,348
| align="right" | 5,965,072
| align="right" | 4.17
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 1,179,476
| align="right" | 2,709,384
| align="right" | 3,888,860
| align="right" | 2.72
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 722 151
| align="right" | 2,073,803
| align="right" | 2,795,954
| align="right" | 1.95
|-
| align="right" | 85–89
| align="right" | 253 028
| align="right" | 1,008,627
| align="right" | 1,261,655
| align="right" | 0.88
|-
| align="right" | 90–94
| align="right" | 46 736
| align="right" | 219 427
| align="right" | 266 163
| align="right" | 0.19
|-
| align="right" | 95–99
| align="right" | 8 634
| align="right" | 43 988
| align="right" | 52 622
| align="right" | 0.04
|-
| align="right" | 100+
| align="right" | 1 964
| align="right" | 7 333
| align="right" | 9 297
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 11,536,696
| align="right" | 10,975,475
| align="right" | 22,512,171
| align="right" | 15.72 
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 48,923,662
| align="right" | 53,351,764
| align="right" | 102,275,426
| align="right" | 71.42
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 5,804,552
| align="right" | 12,609,581
| align="right" | 18,414,133
| align="right" | 12.86
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

{{Historical populations
|type =
|align = left
|footnote = Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia Population 0 to 1800 – Our World in Data |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-past-future?tab=chart&time=0..1800&country=~RUS |website=www.ourworldindata.org |language=en |access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127024604/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-past-future?tab=chart&time=0..1800&country=~RUS |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russia: historical demographical data of the whole country|url=http://www.populstat.info/Europe/russiac.htm|website=Populstat.info|access-date=6 July 2017|url-access=subscription|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707234550/http://www.populstat.info/Europe/russiac.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="gks.ru-popul">{{cite web|url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/population-by-country.htm|format=XLS|script-title=ru:Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2020 года и в среднем за 2019 год|trans-title=Preliminary estimated population as of 1 January 2020 and on the average for 2019|language=ru|work=[[Russian Federal State Statistics Service|Rosstat]]|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113215738/http://nationsonline.org/oneworld/population-by-country.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2020|reason=Two references are offered; one is inaccessible, and the other doesn't contain any of this historical data.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.findeasy.in/population-of-russia/ |title=Population of Russia 2022 {{!}} Religion in Russia |publisher=Findeasy.in |date=3 May 2021 |accessdate=2022-02-28 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208170941/https://www.findeasy.in/population-of-russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| percentages = pagr
|0    | 9000000
|1000 | 9000000
|1200 | 14500000
|1500 | 14700000
|1600 | 18000000
|1700 | 18000000
|1800 | 25000000
|1900 | 73000000
|1926 | 93000000
|1930 | 100000000
|1960 | 119000000
|1970 | 130079000
|1979 | 137552000
|1989 | 147386000
|2000 | 146597000
|2010 | 142849000
|2021 | 144700000
}}

{{clear|left}}

==== Median age ====
[[File:Life expectancy in Russia.svg|thumb|[[Life expectancy]] in Russia since 1896]]

:total: 40.7 years. Country comparison to the world: 51st
:male: 37.6 years
:female: 43.5 years (2021 est.)

=== Life expectancy ===
[[File:Life expectancy in RSFSR and RF (by Human Mortality Database and Rosstat) -diff.png|thumb|Life expectancy in Russia since 1959 by gender]]

:total population: 70.06 years for a child born in 2021, decreasing from 73.34 in 2019<ref name="rosstat"/>
:male: 65.51 years (2021)
:female: 74.51 years (2021)

'''Infant mortality rate'''

:total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)<ref name="rosstat"/>
:male: 5.0 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)
:female: 3.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)

== Vital statistics ==
=== Before WW2 ===
Notable events in Russian demographics:

* [[Soviet famine of 1930–1933]]

{{sticky-header}}{{sort under}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:right;"
! rowspan=2|
! rowspan=2| Average population<ref name="autogenerated1927">E.Andreev, L.Darski, T. Kharkova "Histoire démographique de la Russie. 1927–1959"</ref>
! rowspan=2| Live births
! rowspan=2| Deaths
! rowspan=2| Natural change
! rowspan=2| Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
! rowspan=2| Crude death rate (per 1,000)
! rowspan=2| Natural change (per 1,000)
! rowspan=2| Crude migration change (per 1,000)
! rowspan=2| [[Total fertility rate]]
! colspan=3| Life expectancy
|-
! male
! female
|-
| 1927
| 94,596,000
| 4,688,000
| 2,705,000
| 1,983,000
| 49.6
| 28.6
| 21.0
| 0.8
| style="color:blue;" | 6.73
| 33.7
| 37.9
|-
| 1928
| 96,654,000
| 4,723,000
| 2,589,000
| 2,134,000
| 48.9
| 26.8
| 22.1
| -1.5
| style="color:blue;" | 6.56
| 35.9
| 40.4
|-
| 1929
| 98,644,000
| 4,633,000
| 2,819,000
| 1,814,000
| 47.0
| 28.6
| 18.4
| -0.4
| style="color:blue;" | 6.23
| 33.7
| 38.2
|-
| 1930
| 100,419,000
| 4,413,000
| 2,738,000
| 1,675,000
| 43.9
| 27.3
| 16.7
| -1.5
| style="color:blue;" | 5.83
| 34.6
| 38.7
|-
| 1931
| 101,948,000
| 4,412,000
| 3,090,000
| 1,322,000
| 43.3
| 30.3
| 13.0
| -1.3
| style="color:blue;" | 5.63
| 30.7
| 35.5
|-
| 1932
| 103,136,000
| 4,058,000
| 3,077,000
| 981,000
| 39.3
| 29.8
| 9.5
| -5.1
| style="color:blue;" | 5.09
| 30.5
| 35.7
|-
| 1933
| 102,706,000
| 3,313,000
| 5,239,000
| style="color:red;"|−1,926,000
| 32.3
| 51.0
| style="color:red;"|−18.8
| style="color:blue;" |20.9
| style="color:blue;" | 4.15
| 15.2
| 19.5
|-
| 1934
| 102,922,000
| 2,923,000
| 2,659,000
| 264,000
| 28.7
| 26.1
| 2.6
| -2.6
| style="color:blue;" | 3.57
| 30.5
| 35.7
|-
| 1935
| 102,684,000
| 3,577,000
| 2,421,000
| 1,156,000
| 34.8
| 23.6
| 11.3
| 0.6
| style="color:blue;" | 4.31
| 33.1
| 38.4
|-
| 1936
| 103,904,000
| 3,899,000
| 2,719,000
| 1,180,000
| 37.5
| 26.2
| 11.4
| 2.6
| style="color:blue;" | 4.54
| 30.4
| 35.7
|-
| 1937
| 105,358,000
| 4,377,000
| 2,760,000
| 1,617,000
| 41.5
| 26.2
| 15.3
| 0.7
| style="color:blue;" | 5.08
| 30.5
| 40.0
|-
| 1938
| 107,044,000
| 4,379,000
| 2,739,000
| 1,640,000
| 40.9
| 25.6
| 15.3
| 0.9
| style="color:blue;" | 4.99
| 31.7
| 42.5
|-
| 1939
| 108,785,000
| 4,329,000
| 2,600,000
| 1,729,000
| 39.8
| 23.9
| 15.9
| -1.7
| style="color:blue;" | 4.91
| 34.9
| 42.6
|-
| 1940
| 110,333,000
| 3,814,000
| 2,561,000
| 1,253,000
| 34.6
| 23.2
| 11.4
| 
| style="color:blue;" | 4.26
| 35.7
| 41.9
|}

===After WW2===
Notable events in Russian demographics:

* 1949-1956 – [[Mid-20th-century baby boom|Post–World War II baby boom]]
* 1991 – [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]] ([[Russian cross (demography)|Russian cross]])

{{sticky-header}}{{sort under}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:right;"
|+Vital Statistics of Russia as of 1946<ref name="autogenerated1927"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/Cbsd/DBInet.cgi#1 |title=Goskomstat |publisher=[[Goskomstat]] |access-date=14 May 2011 |archive-date=12 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412011659/http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/Cbsd/DBInet.cgi#1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Gks.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/population/demography/#|title=Демография|website=Gks.ru|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204212420/http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/population/demography/|archive-date=4 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312 |title=Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики |website=Gks.ru |date=8 May 2010 |access-date=4 June 2013 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221131734/http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/rosstat/pok-monitor/chisl-2014.xls|format=XLS|title=Численность населения|website=Gks.ru|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223074040/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/rosstat/pok-monitor/chisl-2014.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=41696&referrerType=0&referrerId=946921|title=ЕМИСС – Число прерываний беременности|website=Fedstat.ru|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924011838/http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=41696&referrerType=0&referrerId=946921|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Dem_ejegod-2019.pdf |title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia 2019 |date= |accessdate=2022-02-28 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403223730/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Dem_ejegod-2019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.gks.ru/storage/mediabank/Popul2020.xls Population 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326081249/https://www.gks.ru/storage/mediabank/Popul2020.xls |date=26 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gks.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN(1).xlsx |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523225517/https://gks.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN(1).xlsx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fedstat.ru/organizations/?|title=fedstat.ru|accessdate=22 September 2023|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401123506/https://www.fedstat.ru/organizations/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=showdata.gks.ru|url=https://showdata.gks.ru/}}</ref>
! rowspan=2|
! rowspan=2| Total average population 
(1 January 1993 onwards)
! rowspan=2| Live births
! rowspan=2| Deaths
! rowspan=2| Natural change
! rowspan=2| Crude birth rate 
(per 1,000)
! rowspan=2| Crude death rate 
(per 1,000)
! rowspan=2| Natural change 
(per 1,000)
! rowspan=2| Crude migration change 
(per 1,000)
! rowspan=2| [[Total fertility rate]]{{refn|group=fn|In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases. }}
! colspan=2| Fertility
! colspan=3| Life Expectancy
! rowspan=2| Abortions  reported
(including miscarriages)
|-
! urban !! rural
! male !! female !! total
|-
| 1946
| 98,028,000
| 2,546,000
| 1,210,000
| 1,336,000
| 26.0
| 12.3
| 13.6
| style="color:red;" |-5.4
| style="color:blue;" | 2.81
|
|
| 46.6
| 55.3
|
|
|-
| 1947
| 98,834,000
| 2,715,000
| 1,680,000
| 1,035,000
| 27.5
| style="color:red;" |17.0
| 10.5
| style="color:red;" |-1.7
| style="color:blue;" | 2.94
|
|
| 39.9
| 49.8
|
|
|-
| 1948
| 99,706,000
| 2,516,000
| 1,310,000
| 1,206,000
| 25.2
| 13.1
| 12.1
| 2.5
| style="color:blue;" | 2.60
|
|
| 47.0
| 56.0
|
|
|-
| 1949
| 101,160,000
| style="color:blue;" |3,089,000
| 1,187,000
| 1,902,000
| style="color:blue;" |30.5
| 11.7
| style="color:blue;" |18.8
| style="color:red;" |-2.3
| style="color:blue;" |3.21
|
|
| 51.0
| 59.8
|
|
|-
| 1950
| 102,833,000
| 2,859,000
| 1,180,000
| 1,679,000
| 27.8
| 11.5
| 16.3
|style="color:red;" | -0.7
| style="color:blue;" | 2.89
|
|
| 52.3
| 61.0
|
|
|-
| 1951
| 104,439,000
| 2,938,000
| 1,210,000
| 1,728,000
| 28.1
| 11.6
| 16.5
| 0
| style="color:blue;" | 2.92
|
|
| 52.3
| 60.6
|
|
|-
| 1952
| 106,164,000
| 2,928,000
| 1,138,000
| 1,790,000
| 27.6
| 10.7
| 16.9
| style="color:red;" |-1.2
| style="color:blue;" | 2.87
|
|
| 54.6
| 62.9
|
|
|-
| 1953
| 107,828,000
| 2,822,000
| 1,118,000
| 1,704,000
| 26.2
| 10.4
| 15.8
| 1.0
| style="color:blue;" | 2.73
|
|
| 55.5
| 63.9
|
|
|-
| 1954
| 109,643,000
| 3,048,000
| 1,133,000
| 1,915,000
| 27.8
| 10.3
| 17.5
| 0.1
| style="color:blue;" | 2.97
|
|
| 55.9
| 64.1
|
|
|-
| 1955
| 111,572,000
| 2,942,000
| 1,037,000
| 1,905,000
| 26.4
| 9.3
| 17.1
| style="color:red;" |-1.4
| style="color:blue;" | 2.82
|
|
| 58.3
| 66.6
|
|
|-
| 1956
| 113,327,000
| 2,827,000
| 956,000
| 1,871,000
| 24.9
| 8.4
| 16.5
| style="color:red;" |-1.4
| style="color:blue;" | 2.73
|
|
| 60.1
| 68.8
|
|
|-
| 1957
| 115,035,000
| 2,880,000
| 1,017,000
| 1,863,000
| 25.0
| 8.8
| 16.2
|style="color:red;" | -1.3
| style="color:blue;" | 2.75
|
|
| 59.7
| 68.4
|
| 3,407,398
|-
| 1958
| 116,749,000
| 2,861,000
| 931,000
| style="color:blue;" |1,930,000
| 24.5
| 8.0
| 16.5
| style="color:red;" |-3.2
| style="color:blue;" | 2.69
|
|
| 61.8
| 70.4
|
| 3,939,362
|-
| 1959
| 118,307,000
| 2,796,228
| 920,225
| 1,876,003
| 23.6
| 7.8
| 15.9
| style="color:red;" |-2.4
| style="color:blue;" | 2.58
| 2.03
| 3.34
| 62.84
| 71.14
| 67.65
| 4,174,111
|-
| 1960
| 119,906,000
| 2,782,353
| style="color:blue;" |886,090
| 1,896,263
| 23.2
| 7.4
| 15.8
| style="color:red;" |-1.8
| style="color:blue;" | 2.56
| 2.06
| 3.26
| 63.67
| 72.31
| 68.67
| 4,373,042
|-
| 1961
| 121,586,000
| 2,662,135
| 901,637
| 1,760,498
| 21.9
| 7.4
| 14.5
|style="color:red;" | -1.8
| style="color:blue;" | 2.47
| 2.04
| 3.08
| 63.91
| 72.63
| 68.92
| 4,759,040
|-
| 1962
| 123,128,000
| 2,482,539
| 949,648
| 1,532,891
| 20.2
| 7.7
| 12.4
|style="color:red;" | -1.1
| style="color:blue;" | 2.36
| 1.98
| 2.92
| 63.67
| 72.27
| 68.58
| 4,925,124
|-
| 1963
| 124,514,000
| 2,331,505
| 932,055
| 1,399,450
| 18.7
| 7.5
| 11.2
| style="color:red;" |-1.3
| style="color:blue;" | 2.31
| 1.93
| 2.87
| 64.12
| 72.78
| 69.05
| 5,134,100
|-
| 1964
| 125,744,000
| 2,121,994
| 901,751
| 1,220,243
| 16.9
| style="color:blue;" |7.2
| 9.7
| style="color:red;" |-1.7
| style="color:blue;" | 2.19
| 1.88
| 2.66
| 64.89
| 73.58
| 69.85
| 5,376,200
|-
| 1965
| 126,749,000
| 1,990,520
| 958,789
| 1,031,731
| 15.7
| 7.6
| 8.1
|style="color:red;" | -1.3
| style="color:blue;" | 2.14
| 1.82
| 2.58
| 64.37
| 73.33
| 69.44
| style="color:red;" |5,463,300
|-
| 1966
| 127,608,000
| 1,957,763
| 974,299
| 983,464
| 15.3
| 7.6
| 7.7
| style="color:red;" |-1.8
| style="color:blue;" | 2.13
| 1.85
| 2.58
| 64.29
| 73.55
| 69.51
| 5,322,500
|-
| 1967
| 128,361,000
| 1,851,041
| 1,017,034
| 834,007
| 14.4
| 7.9
| 6.5
| style="color:red;" |-1.2
| 2.03
| 1.79
| 2.46
| 64.02
| 73.43
| 69.30
| 5,005,000
|-
| 1968
| 129,037,000
| 1,816,509
| 1,040,096
| 776,413
| 14.1
| 8.1
| 6.0
| style="color:red;" |-1.2
| 1.98
| 1.75
| 2.44
| 63.73
| 73.56
| 69.26
| 4,872,900
|-
| 1969
| 129,660,000
| 1,847,592
| 1,106,640
| 740,952
| 14.2
| 8.5
| 5.7
| style="color:red;" |-1.1
| 1.99
| 1.78
| 2.44
| 63.07
| 73.29
| 68.74
| 4,751,100
|-
| 1970
| 130,252,000
| 1,903,713
| 1,131,183
| 772,530
| 14.6
| 8.7
| 5.9
| style="color:red;" |-0.7
| 2.00
| 1.77
| 2.52
| 63.07
| 73.44
| 68.86
| 4,837,700
|-
| 1971
| 130,934,000
| 1,974,637
| 1,143,359
| 831,278
| 15.1
| 8.7
| 6.3
|style="color:red;" | -0.5
| 2.02
| 1.80
| 2.60
| 63.24
| 73.77
| 69.12
| 4,838,749
|-
| 1972
| 131,687,000
| 2,014,638
| 1,181,802
| 832,836
| 15.3
| 9.0
| 6.3
| style="color:red;" |-0.6
| 2.03
| 1.81
| 2.59
| 63.24
| 73.62
| 69.02
| 4,765,900
|-
| 1973
| 132,434,000
| 1,994,621
| 1,214,204
| 780,417
| 15.1
| 9.2
| 5.9
| 0
| 1.96
| 1.75
| 2.55
| 63.28
| 73.56
| 69.00
| 4,747,037
|-
| 1974
| 133,217,000
| 2,079,812
| 1,222,495
| 857,317
| 15.6
| 9.2
| 6.4
| 0.2
| 2.00
| 1.78
| 2.63
| 63.12
| 73.77
| 68.99
| 4,674,050
|-
| 1975
| 134,092,000
| 2,106,147
| 1,309,710
| 796,437
| 15.7
| 9.8
| 5.9
| 1.1
| 1.97
| 1.76
| 2.64
| 62.48
| 73.23
| 68.35
| 4,670,700
|-
| 1976
| 135,026,000
| 2,146,711
| 1,352,950
| 793,761
| 15.9
| 10.0
| 5.9
| 1.2
| 1.96
| 1.74
| 2.62
| 62.19
| 73.04
| 68.10
| 4,757,055
|-
| 1977
| 135,979,000
| 2,156,724
| 1,387,986
| 768,738
| 15.9
| 10.2
| 5.7
| 1.2
| 1.92
| 1.72
| 2.58
| 61.82
| 73.19
| 67.97
| 4,686,063
|-
| 1978
| 136,922,000
| 2,179,030
| 1,417,377
| 761,653
| 15.9
| 10.4
| 5.6
| 0.5
| 1.90
| 1.70
| 2.55
| 61.83
| 73.23
| 68.01
| 4,656,057
|-
| 1979
| 137,758,000
| 2,178,542
| 1,490,057
| 688,485
| 15.8
| 10.8
| 5.0
| 0.3
| 1.87
| 1.67
| 2.54
| 61.49
| 73.02
| 67.73
| 4,544,040
|-
| 1980
| 138,483,000
| 2,202,779
| 1,525,755
| 677,024
| 15.9
| 11.0
| 4.9
| 0.4
| 1.87
| 1.68
| 2.51
| 61.38
| 72.96
| 67.70
| 4,506,249
|-
| 1981
| 139,221,000
| 2,236,608
| 1,524,286
| 712,322
| 16.1
| 10.9
| 5.1
| 1.0
| 1.88
| 1.69
| 2.55
| 61.61
| 73.18
| 67.92
| 4,400,676
|-
| 1982
| 140,067,420
| 2,328,044
| 1,504,200
| 823,844
| 16.6
| 10.7
| 5.9
| 1.2
| 1.96
| 1.76
| 2.63
| 62.24
| 73.64
| 68.38
| 4,462,825
|-
| 1983
| 141,056,000
| 2,478,322
| 1,563,995
| 914,327
| 17.6
| 11.1
| 6.5
| 0.6
| style="color:blue;" | 2.11
| 1.89
| 2.76
| 62.15
| 73.41
| 68.15
| 4,317,729
|-
| 1984
| 142,061,000
| 2,409,614
| 1,650,866
| 758,748
| 17.0
| 11.6
| 5.3
| 1.5
| 2.06
| 1.86
| 2.69
| 61.71
| 72.96
| 67.67
| 4,361,959
|-
| 1985
| 143,033,000
| 2,375,147
| 1,625,266
| 749,881
| 16.6
| 11.4
| 5.2
| 2.7
| 2.05
| 1.87
| 2.68
| 62.72
| 73.23
| 68.33
| 4,552,443
|-
| 1986
| 144,156,000
| 2,485,915
| 1,497,975
| 987,940
| 17.2
| 10.4
| 6.9
| 1.0
| style="color:blue;" | 2.18
| 1.98
| 2.83
| 64.77
| 74.22
| 69.95
| 4,579,400
|-
| 1987
| 145,386,000
| 2,499,974
| 1,531,585
| 968,389
| 17.2
| 10.5
| 6.7
| 1.0
| style="color:blue;" | 2.22
| 1.974
| 3.187
| 64.83
| 74.26
| 69.96
| 4,385,627
|-
| 1988
| 146,505,000
| 2,348,494
| 1,569,112
| 779,382
| 16.0
| 10.7
| 5.3
| 0.4
| style="color:blue;" | 2.13
| 1.90
| 3.06
| 64.61
| 74.25
| 69.81
| 4,608,953
|-
| 1989
| 147,342,000
| 2,160,559
| 1,583,743
| 576,816
| 14.7
| 10.7
| 3.9
| 0.4
| 2.01
| 1.83
| 2.63
| 64.20
| 74.50
| 69.73
| 4,427,713
|-
| 1990
| 147,969,000
| 1,988,858
| 1,655,993
| 332,865
| 13.4
| 11.2
| 2.2
| 0.7
| 1.892
| 1.698
| 2.600
| 63.76
| 74.32
| 69.36
| 4,103,425
|-
| 1991
| 148,394,000
| 1,794,626
| 1,690,657
| 103,969
| 12.1
| 11.4
| 0.7
| 0.3
| 1.732
| 1.531
| 2.447
| 63.41
| 74.23
| 69.11
| 3,608,421
|-
| 1992
| 148,538,000
| 1,587,644
| 1,807,441
|style="color:red;" | -219,797
| 10.7
| 12.2
|style="color:red;" | -1.5
| 1.7
| 1.547
| 1.351
| 2.219
| 61.96
| 73.71
| 67.98
| 3,436,695
|-
| 1993
|style="color:blue;" | 148,561,694
| 1,378,983
| 2,129,339
|style="color:red;" | -750,356
| 9.3
| 14.3
|style="color:red;" | -5.1
| 3.7
| 1.369
| 1.200
| 1.946
| 58.80
| 71.85
| 65.24
| 3,243,957
|-
| 1994
|148,355,867
| 1,408,159
| 2,301,366
|style="color:red;" | -893,207
| 9.5
| 15.5
|style="color:red;" | -6.0
| 6.7
| 1.394
| 1.238
| 1.917
| 57.38
| 71.07
| 63.93
| 3,060,237
|-
| 1995
|148,459,937
| 1,363,806
| 2,203,811
|style="color:red;" | -840,005
| 9.2
| 14.9
|style="color:red;" | -5.7
| 4.6
| 1.337
| 1.193
| 1.813
| 58.11
| 71.60
| 64.62
| 2,766,362
|-
| 1996
|148,291,638
| 1,304,638
| 2,082,249
|style="color:red;" | -777,611
| 8.8
| 14.1
|style="color:red;" | -5.2
| 3.4
| 1.270
| 1.140
| 1.705
| 59.61
| 72.41
| 65.89
| 2,652,038
|-
| 1997
|148,028,613
| 1,259,943
| 2,015,779
|style="color:red;" | -755,836
| 8.5
| 13.6
|style="color:red;" | -5.1
| 3.6
| 1.218
| 1.097
| 1.624
| 60.84
| 72.85
| 66.79
| 2,498,716
|-
| 1998
|147,802,133
| 1,283,292
| 1,988,744
|style="color:red;" | -705,452
| 8.7
| 13.5
|style="color:red;" | -4.8
| 3.0
| 1.232
| 1.109
| 1.643
| 61.19
| 73.12
| 67.14
| 2,346,138
|-
| 1999
|147,539,426
| style="color:red;" |1,214,689
| 2,144,316
|style="color:red;" | -929,627
| style="color:red;" |8.3
| 14.6
|style="color:red;" | -6.3
| 1.9
| style="color:red;" |1.157
| style="color:red;" |1.045
| style="color:red;" |1.534
| 59.86
| 72.42
| 65.99
| 2,181,153
|-
| 2000
|146,890,128
| 1,266,800
| 2,225,332
|style="color:red;" | -958,532
| 8.6
| 15.2
|style="color:red;" | -6.5
| 2.5
| 1.195
| 1.089
| 1.554
| 58.99
| 72.25
| 65.38
| 2,138,800
|-
| 2001
|146,303,611
| 1,311,604
| 2,254,856
|style="color:red;" | -943,252
| 9.0
| 15.4
|style="color:red;" | -6.5
| 2.0
| 1.223
| 1.124
| 1.564
| 58.88
| 72.16
| 65.30
| 2,114,700
|-
| 2002
|145,649,334
| 1,396,967
| 2,332,272
|style="color:red;" | -935,305
| 9.6
| 16.1
|style="color:red;" | -6.4
| 1.7
| 1.286
| 1.189
| 1.633
| 58.68
| 71.90
| 64.95
| 1,944,481
|-
| 2003
|144,963,650
| 1,477,301
| 2,365,826
|style="color:red;" | -888,525
| 10.2
| 16.4
|style="color:red;" | -6.1
| 1.8
| 1.319
| 1.223
| 1.666
| 58.53
| 71.85
| 64.84
| 1,864,647
|-
| 2004
|144,333,586
| 1,502,477
| 2,295,402
|style="color:red;" | -792,925
| 10.4
| 15.9
|style="color:red;" | -5.5
| 1.8
| 1.344
| 1.253
| 1.654
| 58.91
| 72.36
| 65.31
| 1,797,567
|-
| 2005
|143,801,046
| 1,457,376
| 2,303,935
|style="color:red;" | -846,559
| 10.2
| 16.1
|style="color:red;" | -5.9
| 2.0
| 1.294
| 1.207
| 1.576
| 58.92
| 72.47
| 65.37
| 1,675,693
|-
| 2006
|143,236,582
| 1,479,637
| 2,166,703
|style="color:red;" | -687,066
| 10.3
| 15.1
|style="color:red;" | -4.8
| 2.2
| 1.305
| 1.210
| 1.601
| 60.43
| 73.34
| 66.69
| 1,582,398
|-
| 2007
|142,862,692
| 1,610,122
| 2,080,445
|style="color:red;" | -470,323
| 11.3
| 14.6
|style="color:red;" | -3.3
| 2.5
| 1.416
| 1.294
| 1.798
| 61.46
| 74.02
| 67.61
| 1,479,010
|-
| 2008
|142,747,535
| 1,713,947
| 2,075,954
|style="color:red;" | -362,007
| 12.0
| 14.5
|style="color:red;" | -2.6
| 2.5
| 1.502
| 1.372
| 1.912
| 61.92
| 74.28
| 67.99
| 1,385,600
|-
| 2009
| 142,737,196
| 1,761,687
| 2,010,543
|style="color:red;" | -248,856
| 12.3
| 14.1
|style="color:red;" | -1.7
| 2.4
| 1.542
| 1.415
| 1.941
| 62.87
| 74.79
| 68.78
| 1,292,389
|-
| 2010
| 142,833,502
| 1,788,948
| 2,028,516
|style="color:red;" | -239,568
| 12.5
| 14.2
|style="color:red;" | -1.7
| 1.9
| 1.567
| 1.439
| 1.983
| 63.09
| 74.88
| 68.94
| 1,186,108
|-
| 2011
| 142,865,433
| 1,796,629
| 1,925,720
|style="color:red;" | -129,091
| 12.6
| 13.5
|style="color:red;" | -0.9
| 2.2
| 1.582
| 1.442
| 2.056
| 64.04
| 75.61
| 69.83
| 1,124,880
|-
| 2012
| 143,170,950
| 1,902,084
| 1,906,335
|style="color:red;" | -4,251
| 13.3
| 13.3
|style="color:red;" | 0.0
| 2.0
| 1.691
| 1.541
| 2.215
| 64.56
| 75.86
| 70.24
| 1,063,982
|-
| 2013
| 143,585,935
| 1,895,822
| 1,871,809
| 24,013
| 13.3
| 13.0
| 0.2
| 2.0
| 1.707
| 1.551
| 2.264
| 65.14
| 76.31
| 70.77
| 1,012,399
|-
| 2014{{efn|Russian data after 2014 includes the populations of areas annexed by Russia during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] that are internationally recognized as parts of [[Ukraine]] (e.g., Crimea starting in 2014). The annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol is [[International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|internationally recognized]] only by a handful of countries like [[Belarus]] and [[Nicaragua]]. The [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts]] is internationally only recognized by [[Syria]] and [[North Korea]].}}
| 144,025,334
| 1,942,683
| 1,912,347
| 30,336
| 13.3
| 13.0
| 0.3
| style="color: blue"|17.8
| 1.750
| 1.588
| 2.318
| 65.29
| 76.49
| 70.93
| 929,963
|-
|2015
| 146,743,989
| 1,940,579
| 1,908,541
| 32,038
| 13.3
| 13.1
| 0.2
| 1.7
| 1.777
| 1.678
| 2.111
| 65.92
| 76.71
| 71.39
| 848,180
|-
|2016
| 147,182,316
| 1,888,729
| 1,891,015
|style="color:red;" | -2,286
| 12.9
| 12.9
|style="color:red;" | 0.0
| 1.8
| 1.762
| 1.672
| 2.056
| 66.50
| 77.06
| 71.87
| 836,611
|-
|2017
| 147,580,009
| 1,690,307
| 1,826,125
|style="color:red;" | -135,818
| 11.5
| 12.4
|style="color:red;" | -0.9
| 1.4
| 1.621
| 1.527
| 1.923
| 67.51
| 77.64
| 72.70
| 779,848
|-
|2018
| 147,797,071
| 1,604,344
| 1,828,910
|style="color:red;" | -224,566
| 10.9
| 12.5
|style="color:red;" | -1.6
| 0.9
| 1.579
| 1.489
| 1.870
| 67.75
| 77.81
| 72.91
| 661,045
|-
|2019
|147,840,696  
| 1,481,074
| 1,798,307
|style="color:red;" | -317,233
| 10.1
| 12.3
|style="color:red;" | -2.2
| 2.0
| 1.504
| 1.427
| 1.754
| style="color:blue;" | 68.24
| 78.17
| 73.34
| 621,652
|-
|2020
|147,959,284
| 1,436,514
| 2,138,586
|style="color:red;" | -702,072
| 9.8
| 14.6
|style="color:red;" | -4.8
| 0.6
| 1.505
| 1.433
| 1.739
| 66.49
| 76.43
| 71.54
| 553,500
|-
|2021
|147,455,745
| 1,398,253
|style="color:red;" | 2,441,594
| style="color:red;" |-1,043,341
| 9.6
| 16.8
| style="color:red;" |-7.2
| 3.0
| 1.505
| 1.436
| 1.734
| 65.51
| 74.51
| 70.06
| style="color:blue;" |490,419
|-
|2022
|146,980,061
| 1,304,087
| 1,898,644
|style="color:red;" | -594,557
| 8.9
| 13.0
|style="color:red;" | -4.1
| 10.0
| 1.416
| 1.36
| 1.59
| 67.60
| 77.79
| 72.76
|395,201
|-
|2023
|146,447,424
| 1,264,354
| 1,764,618
|style="color:red;" | -500,264
| 8.6
| 12.1
|style="color:red;" | -3.5
| 2.8
| 1.410
| 
| 
|  | 68.04
| style="color:blue;" | 78.74
| style="color:blue;" | 73.41
|
|-
|2024
|146,150,789
| 1,222,408
| 1,818,635
|style="color:red;" | -596,227
| 8.4
| 12.5
|style="color:red;" | -4.1
|2.9
|1.400
|
|
|
|
|72.84
|
|-
|2025
|146,028,325
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

{{notelist}}

{{sticky-header}}{{sort under}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:right;" 
!
! style="width:50pt;"|Urban live births
! style="width:50pt;"|Urban deaths
! style="width:50pt;"|Urban natural change
! style="width:40pt;"|Urban crude birth rate (per 1,000)
! style="width:40pt;"|Urban crude death rate (per 1,000)
! style="width:40pt;"|Urban natural change (per 1,000)
! style="width:50pt;"|Rural live births
! style="width:50pt;"|Rural deaths
! style="width:50pt;"|Rural natural change
! style="width:40pt;"|Rural crude birth rate (per 1,000)
! style="width:40pt;"|Rural crude death rate (per 1,000)
! style="width:40pt;"|Rural natural change (per 1,000)
|-
| 1950
| 1,171,250
| 436,792
| 734,458
| 26.1
| 9.7
| 16.4
| 1,574,747
| 594,218
| 980,529
| 27.5
| 10.4
| 17.1
|-
| 1960
| 1,332,812
| 436,709
| 896,103
| 20.4
| 6.7
| 13.7
| 1,449,541
| 449,831
| 1,000,160
| 26.5
| 8.2
| 18.3
|-
| 1970
| 1,205,207
| 646,129
| 559,078
| 14.8
| 7.9
| 6.9
| 698,506
| 485,054
| 213,452
| 14.3
| 10.0
| 4.3
|-
| 1980
| 1,535,723
| 970,256
| 565,467
| 15.8
| 10.0
| 5.8
| 667,056
| 555,499
| 111,557
| 16.1
| 13.4
| 2.7
|-
| 1990
| 1,386,247
| 1,140,613
| 245,634
| 12.7
| 10.5
| 2.2
| 602,611
| 515,380
| 87,231
| 15.5
| 13.2
| 2.3
|-
| 1995
| 933,460
| 1,554,182
| −620,722
| 8.7
| 14.4
| −5.7
| 430,346
| 649,269
| −219,283
| 10.9
| 16.5
| −5.6
|-
| 2000
| 886,908
| 1,564,034
| −677,126
| 8.3
| 14.6
| −6.3
| 379,892
| 661,298
| −281,406
| 9.8
| 17.1
| −7.3
|-
| 2001
| 928,642
| 1,592,254
| −663,612
| 8.7
| 14.9
| −6.2
| 382,962
| 662,602
| −279,640
| 10.0
| 17.3
| −7.3
|-
| 2002
| 998,056
| 1,638,822
| −640,766
| 9.4
| 15.4
| −6.0
| 398,911
| 693,450
| −294,539
| 10.5
| 18.2
| −7.7
|-
| 2003
| 1,050,565
| 1,657,569
| −607,004
| 9.9
| 15.6
| −5.7
| 426,736
| 708,257
| −281,521
| 11.1
| 18.4
| −7.3
|-
| 2004
| 1,074,247
| 1,606,894
| −532,647
| 10.1
| 15.2
| −5.1
| 428,230
| 688,508
| −260,278
| 11.2
| 18.1
| −6.9
|-
| 2005
| 1,036,870
| 1,595,762
| −558,892
| 9.8
| 15.1
| −5.3
| 420,506
| 708,173
| −287,667
| 11.0
| 18.6
| −7.6
|-
| 2006
| 1,044,540
| 1,501,245
| −456,705
| 10.0
| 14.3
| −4.3
| 435,097
| 665,458
| −230,361
| 11.4
| 17.4
| −6.0
|-
| 2007
| 1,120,741
| 1,445,411
| −324,670
| 10.7
| 13.8
| −3.1
| 489,381
| 635,034
| −145,653
| 12.9
| 16.7
| −3.8
|-
| 2008
| 1,194,820
| 1,443,529
| −248,709
| 11.4
| 13.8
| −2.4
| 519,127
| 632,425
| −113,298
| 13.7
| 16.7
| −3.0
|-
| 2009
| 1,237,615
| 1,397,591
| −159,976
| 11.8
| 13.3
| −1.5
| 524,072
| 612,952
| −88,880
| 13.9
| 16.3
| −2.4
|-
| 2010
| 1,263,893
| 1,421,734
| −157,841
| 12.0
| 13.5
| −1.5
| 520,055
| 606,782
| −81,727
| 14.0
| 16.1
| −2.1
|-
| 2011
| 1,270,047
| 1,356,696
| −88,649
| 12.0
| 12.8
| −0.8
| 526,582
| 569,024
| −42,442
| 14.1
| 15.2
| −1.1
|-
| 2012
| 1,355,674
| 1,353,635
| 2,039
| 12.8
| 12.8
| 0.0
| 546,410
| 552,700
| −6,290
| 14.7
| 14.8
| −0.1
|-
| 2013
| 1,357,310
| 1,332,505
| 24,805
| 12.8
| 12.5
| 0.3
| 538,512
| 539,304
| −792
| 14.5
| 14.5
| −0.0
|-
| 2014
| 1,394,860
| 1,362,810
| 32,050
| 12.9
| 12.6
| 0.3
| 547,823
| 549,537
| −1,714
| 14.4
| 14.5
| −0.1
|-
| 2015
| 1,455,283
| 1,361,891
| 93,392
| 13.4
| 12.6
| 0.8
| 485,296
| 546,650
| −61,354
| 12.8
| 14.4
| −1.6
|-
| 2016
| 1,426,591
| 1,354,944
| 71,597
| 13.1
| 12.4
| 0.7
| 462,138
| 536,071
| −73,933
| 12.2
| 14.2
| −2.0
|-
| 2017
| 1,269,527
| 1,310,235
| −40,708
| 11.6
| 12.0
| −0.4
| 420,780
| 515,890
| −95,110
| 11.2
| 13.7
| −2.5
|-
| 2018
| 1,205,231
| 1,317,703
| −112,472
| 11.0
| 12.0
| −1.0
| 399,113
| 511,207
| −112,094
| 10.6
| 13.6
| −3.0
|-
| 2019
| 1,115,337
| 1,301,650
| −186,313
| 10.2
| 11.9
| −1.7
| 365,737
| 496,657
| −130,920
| 9.8
| 13.3
| −3.5
|-
| 2020
| 1,079,887
| 1,568,773
| −488,886
| 9.9
| 14.4
| −4.5
| 356,627
| 569,813
| −213,186
| 9.6
| 15.3
| −5.7
|-
| 2021
| 1,047,736
| 1,799,381
| −751,645
| 9.6
| 16.5
| −6.9
| 350,522
| 642,218
| −291,696
| 9.5
| 17.5
| −7.9
|}

===Current vital statistics===

{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Period
! Live births
! Deaths
! Natural increase
|-
| '''January—June 2024'''
| 599,600
| 921,100
| -321,500
|-
| '''January—June 2025'''
| 574,500
| 929,400
| -354,900
|-
| '''Difference'''
| {{decrease}} -25,100 (-4.19%)
| {{increasenegative}} +8,300 (+0.90%)
| {{increasenegative}} –33,400
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | '''Source:<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за январь 2025 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_01-2025.htm |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Rosstat |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318125854/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_01-2025.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>'''
|}

{{Chart|definition=Russia Population Change.chart|data=Russia Population Change.tab|Width=450}}
{{Chart|definition=Russia Population Growth Rate.chart|data=Russia Population Growth Rate.tab|Width=450}}

All numbers for the Russian Federation in this section do not include the Ukrainian regions of Kherson, Zaporizhzhia, Donetsk and Luhansk, [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|which Russia annexed]] in September 2022 and which are currently partly under Russian military control. The annexation is internationally recognized only by [[North Korea]].

===Total fertility rate of federal subjects===
{{see also|List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate}}

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
![[Federal subjects of Russia|Federal subject]]
!2024
|-
|'''{{flag|Russian Federation}}'''
|1.41
|-
|{{flag|Chechnya}}
|2.71
|-
|{{flag|Tuva}}
|2.31
|-
|{{flag|Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug|name=Yamalo Nenets A.O.}}
|1.92
|-
|{{flag|Altai Republic}}
|1.87
|-
|{{flag|Ingushetia}}
|1.84
|-
|{{flag|Dagestan}}
|1.82
|-
|{{flag|Tyumen Oblast}}
|1.76
|-
|{{flag|Sakhalin Oblast}}
|1.73
|-
|{{flag|Chukotka}}
|1.69
|-
|{{flag|Nenets Autonomous Okrug}}
|1.66
|-
|{{flag|Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug|name=Khanty–Mansi A.O. (Yugra)}}
|1.65
|-
|{{flag|Astrakhan Oblast}}
|1.62
|-
|{{flag|Irkutsk Oblast}}
|1.62
|-
|{{flag|Kabardino-Balkaria}}
|1.61
|-
|{{flag|North Ossetia–Alania}}
|1.61
|-
|{{flag|Zabaykalsky Krai}}
|1.58
|-
|{{flag|Kamchatka Krai}}
|1.58
|-
|{{flag|Kurgan Oblast}}
|1.55
|-
|{{flag|Sverdlovsk Oblast}}
|1.52
|-
|{{flag|Buryatia}}
|1.52
|-
|{{flag|Sakha|name=Sakha (Yakutia)}}
|1.52
|-
|{{flag|Komi Republic}}
|1.51
|-
|{{flag|Krasnodar Krai}}
|1.51
|-
|{{flag|Perm Krai}}
|1.51
|-
|{{flag|Karelia}}
|1.50
|-
|{{flag|Republic of Crimea}}{{Ref_label|a|a|none}}
|1.50
|-
|{{flag|Orenburg Oblast}}
|1.47
|-
|{{flag|Kostroma Oblast}}
|1.47
|-
|{{flag|Khakassia}}
|1.46
|-
|{{flag|Novosibirsk Oblast}}
|1.46
|-
|{{flag|Moscow}}
|1.46
|-
|{{flag|Chelyabinsk Oblast}}
|1.45
|-
|{{flag|Tatarstan}}
|1.44
|-
|{{flag|Khabarovsk Krai}}
|1.44
|-
|{{flag|Omsk Oblast}}
|1.43
|-
|{{flag|Kirov Oblast}}
|1.43
|-
|{{flag|Primorsky Krai}}
|1.43
|-
|{{flag|Amur Oblast}}
|1.42
|-
|{{flag|Arkhangelsk Oblast}}
|1.41
|-
|{{flag|Krasnoyarsk Krai}}
|1.41
|-
|{{flag|Murmansk Oblast}}
|1.38
|-
|{{flag|Adygea}}
|1.38
|-
|{{flag|Chuvashia}}
|1.36
|-
|{{flag|Bashkortostan}}
|1.36
|-
|{{flag|Jewish Autonomous Oblast}}
|1.35
|-
|{{flag|Karachay-Cherkessia}}
|1.35
|-
|{{flag|Udmurtia}}
|1.35
|-
|{{flag|Moscow Oblast}}
|1.34
|-
|{{flag|Vologda Oblast}}
|1.33
|-
|{{flag|Kaluga Oblast}}
|1.33
|-
|{{flag|Mari El}}
|1.33
|-
|{{flag|Samara Oblast}}
|1.31
|-
|{{flag|Ivanovo Oblast}}
|1.30
|-
|{{flag|Rostov Oblast}}
|1.29
|-
|{{flag|Pskov Oblast}}
|1.29
|-
|{{flag|Kalmykia}}
|1.28
|-
|{{flag|Nizhny Novgorod Oblast}}
|1.28
|-
|{{flag|Yaroslavl Oblast}}
|1.27
|-
|{{flag|Ulyanovsk Oblast}}
|1.27
|-
|{{flag|Stavropol Krai}}
|1.26
|-
|{{flag|Tver Oblast}}
|1.26
|-
|{{flag|Saint Petersburg}}
|1.26
|-
|{{flag|Kursk Oblast}}
|1.24
|-
|{{flag|Altai Krai}}
|1.24
|-
|{{flag|Magadan Oblast}}
|1.23
|-
|{{flag|Novgorod Oblast}}
|1.22
|-
|{{flag|Voronezh Oblast}}
|1.21
|-
|{{flag|Kaliningrad Oblast}}
|1.20
|-
|{{flag|Oryol Oblast}}
|1.18
|-
|{{flag|Lipetsk Oblast}}
|1.18
|-
|{{flag|Kemerovo Oblast}}
|1.17
|-
|{{flag|Tomsk Oblast}}
|1.16
|-
|{{flag|Tambov Oblast}}
|1.16
|-
|{{flag|Penza Oblast}}
|1.15
|-
|{{flag|Bryansk Oblast}}
|1.14
|-
|{{flag|Vladimir Oblast}}
|1.14
|-
|{{flag|Tula Oblast}}
|1.14
|-
|{{flag|Ryazan Oblast}}
|1.12
|-
|{{flag|Volgograd Oblast}}
|1.12
|-
|{{flag|Belgorod Oblast}}
|1.07
|-
|{{flag|Saratov Oblast}}
|1.06
|-
|{{flag|Smolensk Oblast}}
|1.05
|-
|{{flag|Sevastopol}}{{Ref_label|a|a|none}}
|1.00
|-
|{{flag|Mordovia}}
|0.99
|-
|{{flag|Leningrad Oblast}}
|0.89
|}

== Immigration ==
{{Main|Immigration to Russia}}

In 2006, in a bid to compensate for the country's demographic decline, the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} New citizenship rules introduced in April 2014 allowing eligible citizens from former Soviet republics to obtain Russian citizenship, have gained strong interest among Russian-speaking residents of those countries (i.e. [[Russians]], [[Germans]], [[Belarusians]] and [[Ukrainians]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68299|title=The Caucasus Concerned over Born-Again Russians|first=Giorgi|last=Lomsadze|date=23 April 2014|website=Eurasianet.org|access-date=1 September 2017|via=EurasiaNet|archive-date=26 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426213323/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68299|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68936|title=Uzbekistan: Minorities Taking Advantage of New Russian Citizenship Rules|work=EurasiaNet.org|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-date=25 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425121054/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68936|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are an estimated four million undocumented immigrants from the [[Republics of the Soviet Union|ex-Soviet]] states in Russia.<ref name="newsru1">{{cite web |url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/23nov2010/migranty.html |title=Новости NEWSru.com :: ФМС: в РФ нелегально работают 3 млн трудовых мигрантов, остальные 4 млн "халтурят" с налогами |website=Newsru.com |date=23 November 2010 |access-date=14 May 2011 |archive-date=3 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903012218/http://www.newsru.com/russia/23nov2010/migranty.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, the [[Russian Federal Security Service]]'s Border Service stated there had been an increase in undocumented migration from the Middle East and Southeast Asia (Note that these were Temporary Contract Migrants)<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia reports surge in undocumented migration from Asia|work=[[Indian Express]]|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/russia-reports-surge-in-illegal-migration-from-asia/623952/|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205183901/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/russia-reports-surge-in-illegal-migration-from-asia/623952/|url-status=live}}</ref> Under legal changes made in 2012, undocumented immigrants who are caught will be banned from reentering the country for 10 years.<ref>{{cite news |title= Illegal immigrants can be barred from Russia for 5–10 years |work= [[The Voice of Russia]] |url= http://english.ruvr.ru/2012/01/26/64674045.html |access-date= 6 April 2012 |archive-date= 10 July 2012 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120710180943/http://english.ruvr.ru/2012/01/26/64674045.html |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia closed for immigration?|work=Russia|url=http://rbth.ru/articles/2012/01/27/russia_closed_for_immigration_14261.html|access-date=6 April 2012|archive-date=12 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712061805/http://rbth.ru/articles/2012/01/27/russia_closed_for_immigration_14261.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since the collapse of the USSR, most immigrants have come from [[Ukraine]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Armenia]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Moldova]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Belarus]], from poor areas of China, and from [[Vietnam]] and [[Laos]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fms.gov.ru/about/statistics/data/details/54891/|title=ФМС России|website=fms.gov.ru|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316142557/http://www.fms.gov.ru/about/statistics/data/details/54891/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Worker migration===
{{main|Migrant workers in Russia}}

Temporary [[migrant workers in Russia|migrant worker]]s in Russia consists of about 7 million people. Most of the temporary workers come from Central Asia (mostly from [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]), the [[South Caucasus]] (mostly from [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]]), and East Asia (mostly from poor areas of China, from [[Vietnam]] and [[Laos]]). Most of them work in the construction, cleaning and in the household industries. They primarily live in cities such as Moscow and [[Moscow Oblast]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Yekaterinburg]], [[Novosibirsk]], [[Kazan]], [[Nijniy Novgorod]], [[Vladivostok]], [[Samara]], [[Krasnodar]], [[Ufa]], [[Sochi]], [[Khabarovsk]], [[Krasnoyarsk]], [[Chelyabinsk]], [[Rostov on Don]], [[Volgograd]], [[Omsk]], [[Tyumen]], [[Voronezh]], [[Perm, Russia|Perm]] and others. The mayor of Moscow said that Moscow cannot do without worker migrants. New laws are in place that require worker migrants to be fluent in Russian, know Russian history and laws.

==Emigration==
{{main|Russian diaspora}}

{{see also|Russian emigration following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine}}
{{see also|Fourth-wave Russian emigration}}

The [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] has led to considerable [[Russian emigration following the invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)|emigration]], with over 300,000 [[Russian citizen]]s and residents estimated to have left Russia by mid-March 2022, at least 500,000 by the end of August 2022,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ebel |first1=Francesca |last2=Ilyushina |first2=Mary |title=Russians abandon wartime Russia in historic exodus |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/02/13/russia-diaspora-war-ukraine/ |access-date=13 February 2023 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=13 February 2023}}</ref> and an additional 400,000 by early October. The total number of [[Right of asylum|political refugees]], [[economic migrant]]s, and [[conscientious objector]]s<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/fleeing-putin-thousands-of-educated-russians-are-moving-abroad-11649583003|title=Fleeing Putin, Thousands of Educated Russians Are Moving Abroad|first1=Georgi|last1=Kantchev|first2=Evan|last2=Gershkovich|first3=Yuliya|last3=Chernova|date=10 April 2022|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2022-04-12 |archive-date=2022-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412193407/https://www.wsj.com/articles/fleeing-putin-thousands-of-educated-russians-are-moving-abroad-11649583003|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Demytrie |first=Rayhan |date=13 March 2022 |title=Russia faces brain drain as thousands flee abroad |no-pp=y |work=BBC News |location=Tbilisi, Georgia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60697763 |access-date=2022-04-06 |archive-date=2022-03-14  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314123323/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60697763 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bershidsky |first=Leonid |date=15 March 2022 |title=Russia's Brain Drain Becomes a Stampede for the Exits |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-16/russia-emigration-up-after-putin-s-ukraine-invasion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220316060940/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-16/russia-emigration-up-after-putin-s-ukraine-invasion |archive-date=2022-03-16  |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's war migrants find mixed reception in Georgia |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/04/04/world/russia-war-migrants-mixed-reception-georgia/ |work=Japan Times |date=4 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-10  |archive-date=2022-04-10  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410172458/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/04/04/world/russia-war-migrants-mixed-reception-georgia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="dw-exodus">{{cite news |title=Who are the Russians leaving their country? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-the-russians-leaving-their-country/a-61364390 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=5 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-10  |archive-date=2022-04-07  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407005734/https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-the-russians-leaving-their-country/a-61364390 |url-status=live }}</ref> is thought to be more than 900,000. In addition to evading criminal prosecution for opposing the invasion, and fear of being conscripted after President [[Vladimir Putin]]'s 21 September 2022 announcement of [[2022 Russian mobilization|partial mobilization]], those fleeing voiced reasons such as disagreement with the war, the uselessness and cruelty of the war, sympathy for Ukraine, disagreement with the political roots of the war with Ukraine, the rejection of killing, and an assessment that Russia is no longer the place for their family.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Watson |first1=Ivan |last2=Lomashvili |first2=Masho |last3=McCarthy |first3=Simone |last4=Lister |first4=Tim |last5=Pavlova |first5=Uliana |date=23 September 2022 |title=Traffic jams and desperation at the border as Russians flee Putin's 'partial mobilization' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/23/europe/russians-flee-putin-partial-mobilization-draft-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-24  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924031223/https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/23/europe/russians-flee-putin-partial-mobilization-draft-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Occupied and annexed regions ==

Russia has encouraged or even forced people in occupied or annexed regions to become Russian citizens, a procedure known as [[passportization]]. This includes the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea of Ukraine,<ref>[https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-citizenship-war-russia-weaponize-passport-passportization-mobilization-draft/ "Forced to fight your own people: How Russia is weaponizing passports"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803102238/https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-citizenship-war-russia-weaponize-passport-passportization-mobilization-draft/ |date=3 August 2023 }}, Politico, 1 January 2023</ref> as well as South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia.<ref>[https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/7/d/73289.pdf "Human Rights in the Occupied Territories of Georgia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117155701/https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/7/d/73289.pdf |date=17 January 2023 }}, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 18 October 2010</ref>

== Employment and income ==

;Unemployment, youth ages 15–24
:
:total: 12%. Country comparison to the world: 72nd
:male: 15.3%
:female: 16.9% (2015 est.)

==Health==
{{Main|Healthcare in Russia}}

[[File:Metallurg Sochi.jpg|thumb|Metallurg, a Soviet-era [[sanatorium]] in [[Sochi]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Morton |first=Elise |url=https://www.calvertjournal.com/features/show/9981/beyond-the-game-sochi-seaside-walking-guide-soviet-sanatoriums-gardens |work=[[Calvert 22 Foundation]] |title=Russian rivieia: from Soviet sanatoriums to lush gardens, your walking guide to seaside Sochi |date=25 May 2018 |access-date=7 January 2022 |quote=First intended for the treatment of metalworkers, Metallurg combines elements of baroque and neoclassical architecture, and is surrounded by lavish gardens. |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://www.calvertjournal.com/features/show/9981/beyond-the-game-sochi-seaside-walking-guide-soviet-sanatoriums-gardens |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Russia's constitution guarantees free, [[universal health care]] for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cook |first=Linda |url=https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/3C45C5A972BF063BC1257DF1004C5420/$file/Cook.pdf |date=February 2015 |work=[[United Nations Research Institute for Social Development]] |publisher=United Nations |title=Constraints on Universal Health Care in the Russian Federation |location=[[Geneva]] |access-date=3 January 2022 |quote=Russian citizens have a constitutional right to free health care... |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930172133/https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/3C45C5A972BF063BC1257DF1004C5420/$file/Cook.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Ministry of Health (Russia)|Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation]] oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.expatica.com/ru/healthcare/healthcare-basics/healthcare-in-russia-104030/ |title=Healthcare in Russia: the Russian healthcare system explained |work=[[Expatica]] |date=8 January 2021 |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411092025/https://www.expatica.com/ru/healthcare/healthcare-basics/healthcare-in-russia-104030/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Russia spent 5.32% of its GDP on healthcare in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=RU |title=Current health expenditure (% of GDP) – Russian Federation |work=[[World Bank]] |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923225003/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=RU |url-status=live }}</ref> Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reshetnikov |first1=Vladimir |last2=Arsentyev |first2=Evgeny |last3=Bolevich |first3=Sergey |last4=Timofeyev |first4=Yuriy |last5=Jakovljević |first5=Mihajlo |date=24 May 2019 |journal=[[International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health]] |page=1848 |volume=16 |issue=10 |title=Analysis of the Financing of Russian Health Care over the Past 100 Years |doi=10.3390/ijerph16101848 |pmc=6571548 |pmid=31137705|doi-access=free }}</ref> Russia has one of the world's most female-biased [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]]s, with 0.859 males to every female with more older females than males prevailing,<ref name="cia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/|title=Russia|work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=7 February 2020|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/|url-status=live}}</ref> due to its high male [[mortality rate]] in later age.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nuwer |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Nuwer |date=17 February 2014 |access-date=7 January 2022 |title=Why Russian Men Don't Live as Long |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/18/science/why-russian-men-dont-live-as-long.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |quote=Russia's life expectancy is exceptionally low compared with that in other developed countries. While American men have a 1-in-11 chance of dying before their 55th birthday, in Russia the odds are 1 in 4. |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/18/science/why-russian-men-dont-live-as-long.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, the overall [[List of countries by life expectancy|life expectancy in Russia]] at birth was 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688 |title=Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |date=2020 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305150130/https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688 |url-status=live }}</ref> and it had a very low [[Infant mortality|infant mortality rate]] (5 per 1,000 [[live birth (human)|live birth]]s).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?Locations=RU&locations=RU |title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Russian Federation |work=[[World Bank]] |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419225532/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?Locations=RU&locations=RU |url-status=live }}</ref>

The principal causes of death in Russia are cardiovascular diseases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lakunchykova |first1=Olena |last2=Averina |first2=Maria |last3=Wilsgaard |first3=Tom |last4=Watkins |first4=Hugh |last5=Malyutina |first5=Sofia |last6=Ragino |first6=Yulia |last7=Keogh |first7=Ruth H |last8=Kudryavtsev |first8=Alexander V |last9=Govorun |first9=Vadim|last10=Cook|first10=Sarah |last11=Schirmer |first11=Henrik |last12=Eggen |first12=Anne Elise |last13=Hopstock |first13=Laila Arnesdatter |last14=Leon |first14=David A |doi=10.1136/jech-2020-213885 |doi-access=free |title=Why does Russia have such high cardiovascular mortality rates? Comparisons of blood-based biomarkers with Norway implicate non-ischaemic cardiac damage |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |year=2020 |volume=74 |issue=9 |pages=698–704 |pmid=32414935 |pmc=7577103}}</ref> [[Obesity]] is a prevalent health issue in Russia; 61.1% of Russian adults were overweight or obese in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://ourworldindata.org/obesity |title=Obesity |journal=[[Our World in Data]] |first1=Hannah |last1=Ritchie |author1-link=Hannah Ritchie |first2=Max |last2=Roser |date=11 August 2017 |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222357/https://ourworldindata.org/obesity |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Russia's historically high [[Alcohol consumption in Russia|alcohol consumption rate]] is the biggest health issue in the country,<ref>{{cite journal |last=McKee |first=Martin |title=Alcohol in Russia |date=1 November 1999 |pages=824–829 |volume=34 |issue=6 |journal=Alcohol and Alcoholism |doi=10.1093/alcalc/34.6.824 |pmid=10659717|doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Fedun |first=Stan |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/09/how-alcohol-conquered-russia/279965/ |title=How Alcohol Conquered Russia |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=25 September 2013 |access-date=30 December 2021 |quote=Today, according to the World Health Organization, one-in-five men in the Russian Federation die due to alcohol-related causes, compared with 6.2 percent of all men globally. In her 2000 article “First Steps: AA and Alcoholism in Russia,” Patricia Critchlow estimated that some 20 million Russians are alcoholics in a nation of just 144 million. |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230200353/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/09/how-alcohol-conquered-russia/279965/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as it remains [[List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita|one of the world's highest]], despite a stark decrease in the last decade.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Russia's alcohol policy: a continuing success story |journal=[[The Lancet]] |quote="Russians are officially drinking less and, as a consequence, are living longer than ever before...Russians are still far from being teetotal: a pure ethanol per capita consumption of 11·7 L, reported in 2016, means consumption is still one of the highest worldwide, and efforts to reduce it further are required." |date=5 October 2019 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32265-2 |last1=The Lancet |volume=394 |issue=10205 |page=1205 |pmid=31591968|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Tobacco consumption by country|Smoking]] is another health issue in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shkolnikov |first1=Vladimir M. |last2=Churilova |first2=Elena |last3=Jdanov |first3=Dmitry A. |last4=Shalnova |first4=Svetlana A. |last5=Nilssen |first5=Odd |last6=Kudryavtsev |first6=Alexander |last7=Cook |first7=Sarah |last8=Malyutina |first8=Sofia |last9=McKee |first9=Martin |last10=Leon |first10=David A. |title=Time trends in smoking in Russia in the light of recent tobacco control measures: synthesis of evidence from multiple sources |date=23 March 2020 |journal=BMC Public Health |doi=10.1186/s12889-020-08464-4 |doi-access=free |volume=20 |number=378 |page=378 |pmc=7092419 |pmid=32293365 |quote=The prevalence of smoking among Russian men has been very high for many years. The WHO Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) found that, in the 2000s, it was among the highest in the world with Russia having the world’s second-largest tobacco market by volume of sales in 2014...}}</ref> The country's [[List of countries by suicide rate|high suicide rate]], although [[Suicide in Russia|on the decline]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.SUIC.P5?locations=RU |title=Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.SUIC.P5?locations=RU |url-status=live }}</ref> remains a significant social issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health/news/news/2020/9/preventing-suicide-russian-federation-adapts-who-self-harm-monitoring-tool |title=Preventing suicide: Russian Federation adapts WHO self-harm monitoring tool |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |date=9 October 2020 |access-date=3 January 2022 |quote=The Russian Federation is one of the European Region countries where suicide remains a significant cause of death and disease burden. |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health/news/news/2020/9/preventing-suicide-russian-federation-adapts-who-self-harm-monitoring-tool |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===COVID-19 pandemic===
{{main|COVID-19 pandemic in Russia}}

Russia had one of the [[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|highest number of confirmed cases in the world]]. Analysis of excess deaths from official government demographic statistics, based on births and deaths and excluding migration, showed that Russia had its biggest ever annual population drop in peacetime, with the population declining by 997,000 between October 2020 and September 2021, which demographer [[Alexei Raksha]] interpreted as being primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="auto"/>

==Ethnic groups==
{{Main|Ethnic groups in Russia}}

{{multiple image
| perrow            = 2
| total_width       = 360
| caption_align     = center
| align             = right
| title             = Ethnic groups in Russia
| image1            = Ethnic groups in Russia of more than 1 million people 2010 Census English.png
| caption1          = {{font|size=100%|text=Ethnic groups in Russia of more than 1 million people in 2010}}
| image2            = Percentage of Russians by Federal Subjects (2021 Census).png
| caption2          = {{font|size=100%|text=Percentage of ethnic Russians by region in 2021 (excluding non-stated ethnicity people)}}
}}
Russia is a [[multinational state]], with many subnational entities associated with different minorities.<ref name="multinational">{{cite web |last=Curtis |first=Glenn E. |url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/32.htm |title=Russia – Ethnic Composition |year=1998 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]] |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927170852/http://countrystudies.us/russia/32.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> There are over [[Ethnic groups in Russia|193 ethnic groups nationwide]]. In the 2021 census, nearly 71.73% of the population identified as ethnic [[Russians]] (among those stating their ethnicity), and while approximately 19% of the total population identified with various ethnic minority groups.<ref>{{cite web |title=Национальный состав населения |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |accessdate=30 December 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |language=ru |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>* {{Cite news |date=4 March 2023 |title=Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410004023/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |archive-date=10 April 2023 |newspaper=The Economist |quote=The decline was largest among ethnic Russians, whose number, the census of 2021 said, fell by 5.4m in 2010–21. Their share of the population fell from 78% to 72%. }}
* {{Cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=5 Million Fewer Than in 2010, Ethnic Russians Make Up Only 72 Percent of Russia's Population |url=https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225214004/https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/ |archive-date=25 February 2023 |work=Eurasia Daily Monitor |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |volume=20 |issue=6 |quote=And, in turn, this decline means that the share of that country’s population identifying as ethnic Russian fell from 77.71 percent in the 2010 census to 71.73 percent in the current one.. }}
* {{Cite news |last=Sidorov |first=Harun |date=7 January 2023 |title="Русский мир" Путина и "кот Шредингера" |trans-title=Putin's "Russian World" and "Schrödinger's cat" |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107213809/https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-date=7 January 2023 |work=idelreal.org |language=ru }}
* {{cite web |title=Национальный состав населения |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |accessdate=30 December 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |language=ru |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> The percentage of total Russian population that did not publicly indicate any ethnic identity in the census increased from 3.94% in 2010 to 11.27% in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sidorov |first=Harun |date=7 January 2023 |title="Русский мир" Путина и "кот Шредингера" |trans-title=Putin's "Russian World" and "Schrödinger's cat" |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107213809/https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-date=7 January 2023 |work=idelreal.org |language=ru |quote="...одним из главных победителей прошедшей переписи стала группа, увеличившая свою численность с 5 629 429 человек в 2010 году до 10 965 330 человек в 2021 году и соответственно долю в населении с 3,94% до 11,27%. Эта группа — лица, не указавшие свою национальность." |trans-quote='...one of the main winners of the last census was a group that increased its number from 5,629,429 people in 2010 to 10,965,330 people in 2021 and, accordingly, its share in the population from 3.94% to 11.27%. This group consists of people who have not indicated their nationality.'}}</ref>

According to the [[2021 Russian census]], the number of ethnic Russians decreased by nearly 5.43 million, from roughly 111 million people in 2010 to approximately 105.5 million in 2021.<ref>
* {{Cite news |last=Sidorov |first=Harun |date=7 January 2023 |title="Русский мир" Путина и "кот Шредингера" |trans-title=Putin's "Russian World" and "Schrödinger's cat" |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107213809/https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-date=7 January 2023 |work=idelreal.org |language=ru}}
* {{Cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=5 Million Fewer Than in 2010, Ethnic Russians Make Up Only 72 Percent of Russia's Population |url=https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225214004/https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/ |archive-date=25 February 2023 |work=Eurasia Daily Monitor |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |volume=20 |issue=6}}
* {{Cite news |date=4 March 2023 |title=Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410004023/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |archive-date=10 April 2023 |newspaper=The Economist |quote=The decline was largest among ethnic Russians, whose number, the census of 2021 said, fell by 5.4m in 2010–21. Their share of the population fell from 78% to 72%.}}
</ref> In 2010, four-fifths of Russia's population originated from West of the [[Ural Mountains]] — of which the vast majority were [[Slavs]],<ref name="Slavs">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Mixed-and-deciduous-forest#ref38597 |title=Russia – The Indo-European Group |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |quote="East Slavs—mainly Russians but including some Ukrainians and Belarusians—constitute more than four-fifths of the total population and are prevalent throughout the country." |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023228/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Mixed-and-deciduous-forest#ref38597 |url-status=live }}</ref> with a substantial minority of [[Finno-Ugric peoples|Finno-Ugric]] and [[Germanic peoples]].<ref name="Finnic">{{cite journal |last1=Kowalev |first1=Viktor |last2=Neznaika |first2=Pavel |title=Power and Ethnicity in the Finno-Ugric Republics of the Russian Federation: The Examples of Komi, Mordovia, and Udmurtia |jstor=41103741 |volume=30 |number=3 |pages=81–100 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2000 |journal=[[International Journal of Political Economy]]|doi=10.1080/08911916.2000.11644017 |s2cid=152467776 }}</ref><ref name="Germanic">{{cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=Roger |title=The Russian Germans and Their Neighbours |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=73 |number=3 |pages=499–504 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |date=July 1995 |jstor=4211864}}</ref> [[Turkic peoples]] form a large minority, and are spread around pockets across the vast nation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hostler|first=Charles W.|title=The Turks and Soviet Central Asia|volume=12|number=3|journal=[[The Middle East Journal]]|year=1958|pages=261–269|publisher=[[Middle East Institute]]|jstor=4323021}}</ref> Various distinct ethnic groups [[Peoples of the Caucasus|also inhabit the North Caucasus]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sagramoso|first=Domitilla|title=Violence and Conflict in the Russian North Caucasus|volume=83|number=4|pages=681–705|journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]]|year=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00647.x |jstor=4541805|s2cid=153552543 }}</ref> Other minorities include [[Mongols|Mongolian peoples]] ([[Buryats]] and [[Kalmyks]]),<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zhukovskaya|first=Natalya L.|title=Religion and ethnicity in eastern Russia, republic of Buryatia: A panorama of the 1990s|date=13 September 2007|volume=14|number=1|journal=[[Central Asian Survey]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|pages=25–42|doi=10.1080/02634939508400890}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-only-buddhist-region-in-europe/a-57572543|title=The only Buddhist region in Europe|work=[[DW News]]|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|last=Szilagyi|first=Patricia|date=26 May 2021|access-date=11 August 2022|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811230733/https://www.dw.com/en/the-only-buddhist-region-in-europe/a-57572543|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vinokurova|first=Uliana|title=Indigenous Peoples of Siberia and the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century|volume=17|number=3|journal=Sibirica|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|date=December 2018|doi=10.3167/sib.2018.170302|pages=3–15|s2cid=149567661 }}</ref> a [[History of the Jews in Russia|historical Jewish population]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/vladimir-putin-ukraine-war-forces-russia-jews-adapt-new-life-home-abroad/|title=Russia's Jews fear resurgent anti-Semitism amid Ukraine war|work=[[Politico]]|date=4 July 2022|last=Jack|first=Victor|access-date=11 August 2022|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811174305/https://www.politico.eu/article/vladimir-putin-ukraine-war-forces-russia-jews-adapt-new-life-home-abroad/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Koryo-saram]] (including [[Sakhalin Koreans]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Park|first=Hyun-gwi|title=The Migration Regime among Koreans in the Russian Far East|volume=15|number=1|pages=77–99|year=2013|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|journal=Inner Asia|doi=10.1163/22105018-90000056 |jstor=23615082}}</ref>

According to the United Nations, Russia's [[Immigration to Russia|immigrant population]] was the [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population|third-largest in the world]] as recently as 2016, numbering over 11.6 million;<ref name="immigrants">{{cite news |last=Kirk |first=Ashley |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/12111108/Mapped-Which-country-has-the-most-immigrants.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/12111108/Mapped-Which-country-has-the-most-immigrants.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Mapped: Which country has the most immigrants? |date=21 January 2016 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=30 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> most of which are from [[post-Soviet states]], mainly from Central Asia.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-03-14/russia-s-alternative-universe-immigrants-welcome |title=Russia Wants Immigrants the World Doesn't |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |first=Leonid |last=Ragozin |date=14 March 2017 |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729193704/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-03-14/russia-s-alternative-universe-immigrants-welcome |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to a decline in immigrant population and increases in other countries, Russia has the tenth largest immigrant population with 7.6 million as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Migrant Stock {{!}} Population Division |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=www.un.org}}</ref> There are [[Republics of Russia|22 republics]] in Russia, who have their own ethnicities, cultures, and languages. In 12 of them in 2021, ethnic Russians [[Republics of Russia#Demographics trend|constitute a minority]]:
{| style="border:3px solid #6bd; float:center; margin:5px auto 0 auto;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#f5f5f5; padding:5px;" |Ethnic Russian-minority regions in Russia in 2021
|-
! Republic !! ethnic Russians (%)
|-
| {{flag|Bashkortostan}} || {{percentage bar|37.5}}
|-
| {{flag|Chechnya}} || {{percentage bar|1.2}}
|-
| {{flag|Chuvashia}} || {{percentage bar|30.7}}
|-
| {{flag|Dagestan}} || {{percentage bar|3.3}}
|-
| {{flag|Ingushetia}} || {{percentage bar|0.7}}
|-
| {{flag|Kabardino-Balkaria}} || {{percentage bar|19.8}}
|-
| {{flag|Kalmykia}} || {{percentage bar|25.7}}
|-
| {{flag|Karachay-Cherkessia}} || {{percentage bar|27.5}}
|-
| {{flag|North Ossetia–Alania}} || {{percentage bar|18.9}}
|-
| {{flag|Sakha Republic|name=Sakha (Yakutia)}} || {{percentage bar|32.6}}
|-
| {{flag|Tatarstan}} || {{percentage bar|40.3}}
|-
| {{flag|Tuva}} || {{percentage bar|10.1}}
|}

==Languages==
{{Main|Russian language|Languages of Russia}}
 
{{see also|List of endangered languages in Russia}}
{{multiple image
| perrow            = 2
| total_width       = 350
| caption_align     = center
| align             = right
| title             = Minority languages across Russia
| image1            = Linguistic map of the Altaic, Turkic and Uralic languages (en).png
| caption1          = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Altaic languages|Altaic]] and [[Uralic languages]] spoken across Russia}}
| image2            = Caucasus-ethnic en.svg
| caption2          = {{font|size=100%|text=The [[North Caucasus]] is [[Peoples of the Caucasus|ethno]]-[[North Caucasian languages|linguistically]] diverse.<ref>{{cite web |last=Laub |first=Zachary |title=Background Briefing: Why is Russia's North Caucasus region unstable? |work=[[PBS NewsHour]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/russias-north-caucasus-region |date=7 February 2014 |access-date=5 January 2022 |quote=With 10 million inhabitants, the [[North Caucasus Federal District]] is the smallest of Russia's eight federal districts, and the only one in which ethnic Russians do not constitute a majority. Some forty ethnic groups reside in the region, making it one of Russia's most diverse. |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105160126/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/russias-north-caucasus-region |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lazarev |first1=Vladimir |last2=Pravikova |first2=Ludmila |title=The North Caucasus Bilingualism and Language Identity |publisher=Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University |quote=The North Caucasus, inhabited by more than 100 of autochthonous and allochthonous peoples, including Russians, is a unique locus for conducting a large-scale research in the area of bilingualism and multilingualism. |page=1325 |url=http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/103ISB4.PDF |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120213143/http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/103ISB4.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
}}

Russian is the [[official language|official]] and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. It is the most spoken [[first language|native language]] in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the world's most widely spoken [[Slavic languages|Slavic language]].<ref name="language"/> Russian is the fifth-most used language on the Internet,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language |title=Usage statistics of content languages for websites |website=W3Techs |access-date=17 July 2021 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817192928/https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language/all/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and is one of two official languages aboard the [[International Space Station]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Wakata |first=Koichi |author-link=Koichi Wakata |url=https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html |title=My Long Mission in Space |publisher=[[JAXA]] |quote="The official languages on the ISS are English and Russian, and when I was speaking with the Flight Control Room at JAXA's Tsukuba Space Center during ISS systems and payload operations, I was required to speak in either English or Russian." |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232353/https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as one of the six [[official languages of the United Nations]].<ref name="language">{{cite web |url=https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian |title=Russian |publisher=[[University of Toronto]] |quote="Russian is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the largest native language in Europe. Of great political importance, it is one of the official languages of the United Nations – making it a natural area of study for those interested in geopolitics." |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628022427/https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian |url-status=live }}</ref>

Russia is a [[Multilingualism#Europe|multilingual]] nation; approximately 100–150 minority languages are spoken across the country.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2011 |last=Iryna |first=Ulasiuk |title=Legal protection of linguistic diversity in Russia: past and present |journal=[[Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development]] |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |volume=32 |number=1 |pages=71–83 |doi=10.1080/01434632.2010.536237 |s2cid=145612470 |issn=0143-4632 |quote=Russia is unique in its size and ethnic composition. There is a further linguistic complexity of more than 150 co-existing languages.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Mixed-and-deciduous-forest#ref38595 |title=Russia – Ethnic groups and languages |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |quote="Although ethnic Russians comprise more than four-fifths of the country's total population, Russia is a diverse, multiethnic society. More than 120 ethnic groups, many with their own national territories, speaking some 100 languages live within Russia's borders." |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023228/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Mixed-and-deciduous-forest#ref38595 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[Russian Census (2002)|Russian Census of 2002]], 142.6 million across the country spoke Russian, 5.3 million spoke [[Tatar language|Tatar]], and 1.8 million spoke [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 |title=Russian Census of 2002 |website=4.3. Population by nationalities and knowledge of Russian; 4.4. Spreading of knowledge of languages (except Russian) |publisher=[[Rosstat]] |access-date=16 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719233704/http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> The constitution allows the country's individual republics the right to [[List of official languages in Russia|establish their own state languages]] in addition to Russian, as well as guarantee its citizens the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm |title=Chapter 3. The Federal Structure |publisher=[[Constitution of Russia]] |quote="2. The Republics shall have the right to establish their own state languages. In the bodies of state authority and local self-government, state institutions of the Republics they shall be used together with the state language of the Russian Federation. 3. The Russian Federation shall guarantee to all of its peoples the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development." |access-date=27 December 2007 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225132251/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jankiewicz |first1=Szymon |last2=Knyaginina |first2=Nadezhda |last3=Prina |first3=Federic |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/208165/1/208165.pdf |title=Linguistic rights and education in the republics of the Russian Federation: towards unity through uniformity |date=13 March 2020 |volume=45 |number=1 |pages=59–91 |journal=[[Review of Central and East European Law]] |doi=10.1163/15730352-bja10003 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |s2cid=216273023 |issn=0925-9880 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111021735/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/208165/1/208165.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bondarenko |first1=Dmitry V. |last2=Nasonkin |first2=Vladimir V. |last3=Shagieva |first3=Rozalina V. |last4=Kiyanova |first4=Olga N. |last5=Barabanova |first5=Svetlana V. |date=2018 |title=Linguistic Diversity In Russia Is A Threat To Sovereignty Or A Condition Of Cohesion? |url=https://mjltm.org/article-1-146-en.pdf |journal=Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods |pages=166–182 |volume=8 |number=5 |issn=2251-6204 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174607/https://mjltm.org/article-1-146-en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Religion==
{{Main|Religion in Russia}}

{{Further|Russian Orthodox Church|Christianity in Russia|Islam in Russia|Buddhism in Russia}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Russia (2024 estimate)<ref name="FOM 2024">{{cite web|title=Русская православная церковь|url=https://fom.ru/TSennosti/15011|publisher=Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation)|language=ru|date=2 May 2024|access-date=10 June 2024|archive-date=16 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516060957/https://fom.ru/TSennosti/15011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FOM 2024 Tables">{{cite web|title=Русская православная церковь
|url=https://fom.ru/posts/download/15011|publisher=Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation)|language=ru|date=2 May 2024|access-date=10 June 2024|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192150/https://fom.ru/posts/download/15011|url-status=live}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]]
|value1 = 61.8
|color1 = Red
|label2 = Other [[Christian]]
|value2 = 2.6
|color2 = Maroon
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|value3 = 9.5
|color3 = Green
|label4 = Other religions
|value4 = 1.4
|color4 = Yellow
|label5 = [[Irreligion|No religion]]
|value5 = 21.2
|color5 = WhiteSmoke
|label6 = Undeclared
|value6 = 3.5
|color6 = Black
}}
[[File:Кафедральный собор Благовещения Пресвятой Богородицы.jpg|thumb|left|[[Annunciation Cathedral, Voronezh|Annunciation Cathedral]] in [[Voronezh]]]]
Russia is a [[secular state]] by constitution, and its largest religion is [[Christianity in Russia|Christianity]]. It has the world's [[Eastern Orthodoxy by country|largest Orthodox population]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=10 May 2017|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510190714/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=10 November 2017|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125010533/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of different sociological surveys on religious adherence, between 41% and over 80% of the total population of Russia adhere to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref name="ReligionCensus">There is no official census of religion in Russia, and estimates are based on surveys only. In August 2012, [http://sreda.org/arena ARENA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012064011/http://sreda.org/arena |date=12 October 2012 }} determined that about 46.8% of Russians are Christians (including Orthodox, [[Catholic Church in Russia|Catholic]], Protestant, and non-denominational), which is slightly less than an absolute 50%+ majority. However, later that year the [http://www.levada.ru/17-12-2012/v-rossii-74-pravoslavnykh-i-7-musulman Levada Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231020830/http://www.levada.ru/17-12-2012/v-rossii-74-pravoslavnykh-i-7-musulman |date=31 December 2012 }} determined that 76% of Russians are Christians, and in June 2013 the [http://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10953 Public Opinion Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415213226/https://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10953 |date=15 April 2020 }} determined that 65% of Russians are Christians. These findings are in line with [http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/ Pew] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510181111/https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/ |date=10 May 2020 }}'s 2010 survey, which determined that 73.3% of Russians are Christians, with [http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=268&uid=13365 VTSIOM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929201730/https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=268&uid=13365%2F |date=29 September 2020 }}'s 2010 survey (≈77% Christian), and with [http://www.fgi-tbff.org/sites/default/files/elfinder/FGIImages/Research/fromresearchtopolicy/ipsos_mori_briefing_pack.pdf#page=40 Ipsos MORI] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013643/http://www.fgi-tbff.org/sites/default/files/elfinder/FGIImages/Research/fromresearchtopolicy/ipsos_mori_briefing_pack.pdf |date=17 January 2013 }}'s 2011 survey (69%).</ref><ref name="Ogonek">''[http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1997068 Верю — не верю] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827114409/http://kommersant.ru/doc/1997068 |date=27 August 2012 }}''. "Ogonek", No. 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. ''Retrieved 24 September 2012''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religare.ru/2_42432.html|script-title=ru:Опубликована подробная сравнительная статистика религиозности в России и Польше|language=ru|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081009/http://www.religare.ru/2_42432.html|archive-date=2 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include [[Catholic Church in Russia|Catholicism]] (approx. 1%), [[Baptists]], [[Pentecostals]], [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]] and other Protestant churches (together totalling about 0.5% of the population) and [[Old Believers]].<ref name="ArenaAtlas">[http://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206100344/http://sreda.org/en/arena |date=6 December 2017 }}. Sreda, 2012.</ref><ref name="2012maps">[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps]. ''Ogonek'', No. 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived].</ref> There is some presence of Judaism, [[Buddhism]], and [[Hinduism]]; pagan beliefs are also present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes [[Syncretism|syncretized]] with one of the mainstream religions.

In 2017, a survey made by the [[Pew Research Center]] showed that 73% of Russians declared themselves as Christians—out of which 71% were [[Eastern Orthodox|Orthodox]], 1% were [[Catholic]], and 2% were Other Christians, while 15% were [[Irreligion|unaffiliated]], 10% were [[Muslims]], and 1% followed other religions.<ref name="Pew2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-affiliation/|title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe|date=10 May 2017|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224200050/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-affiliation/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to various reports, the proportion of [[Atheism|Atheists]] in Russia is between 16% and 48% of the population.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism|last=Zuckerman|first=P.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|editor-first=Michael|editor-last=Martin|chapter=Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns}}</ref>

[[Islam in Russia|Islam]] is the second-largest religion in Russia, and it is the traditional religion among most [[peoples of the Caucasus|peoples of the North Caucasus]], and among some [[Turkic peoples]] scattered along the [[Idel-Ural|Volga-Ural]] region.<ref name="re1">{{cite book|title=Europe: Belarus, Russian Federation and Ukraine|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wm3w1oGCaEoC&pg=PA1387|series=World and Its Peoples|year=2010|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|isbn=978-0-7614-7900-0|page=1387|chapter=Russian Federation}}</ref> [[Buddhism in Russia|Buddhists]] have a sizable population in three Siberian republics: [[Buryatia]], [[Tuva]], and [[Zabaykalsky Krai]], and in [[Kalmykia]], the only region in Europe where Buddhism is the most practised religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/russias-buddhist-republic/|title=Russia's Buddhist Republic|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|quote="Kalmykia is Europe's only Buddhist Republic. The region's people are descended from the nomads who wandered the vast Central Asian steppes under [[Genghis Khan]]'s [[Mongol Empire|empire]]. When the empire began to collapse, the [[Kalmyks|Kalmykians]] migrated toward the Caspian Sea settling what is today called Kalmykia – Kalmyk means "remnant" in the local language."|first=Bradley|last=Jardine|date=4 January 2017|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106155005/https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/russias-buddhist-republic/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Russia}}

[[File:МГУ, вид с воздуха.jpg|thumb|left|[[Moscow State University]], the most prestigious educational institution in Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/lomonosov-moscow-state-university |title=Lomonosov Moscow State University |work=[[QS World University Rankings]] |access-date=28 June 2021 |quote=...Considered one the most prestigious universities in Russia, It houses the tallest educational building in the world, and hosts more than 47,000 students, welcoming 4,000 international students every year. |archive-date=7 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207064014/https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/lomonosov-moscow-state-university |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Russia has an adult [[literacy|literacy rate]] of 100%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=RU |title=Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025746/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=RU |url-status=live }}</ref> It grants [[free education]] to its citizens under its constitution.<ref name="CEPES">{{cite book |date=1997 |last=Oleg |first=Kouptsov |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000129839 |title=Mutual recognition of qualifications: the Russian Federation and the other European countries |location=[[Bucharest]] |series=[[UNESCO-CEPES]] |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |page=25 |quote=The citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to free primary education, basic and secondary general education, and to vocational education; and on a competitive basis, to free non-university and university level higher educational and to postgraduate education |isbn=929-0-69146-8 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000129839 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Ministry of Education (Russia)|Ministry of Education of Russia]] is responsible for primary and secondary education, as well as vocational education; while the [[Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Russia)|Ministry of Education and Science of Russia]] is responsible for science and higher education.<ref name="Nuffic">{{cite web |url=https://www.nuffic.nl/sites/default/files/2020-08/education-system-russia.pdf |title=Education system Russia |publisher=[[Nuffic]] |version=3 |location=[[The Hague]] |date=October 2019 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726203317/https://www.nuffic.nl/sites/default/files/2020-08/education-system-russia.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has the [[List of countries by tertiary education attainment|third-highest proportion]] of [[tertiary education|tertiary-level graduates]] in terms of percentage of population, at 62%.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://data.oecd.org/eduatt/population-with-tertiary-education.htm |title=Population with tertiary education |publisher=[[OECD]] |doi=10.1787/0b8f90e9-en |year=2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925040912/https://data.oecd.org/eduatt/population-with-tertiary-education.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It spent roughly 4.7% of its GDP on education in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=RU |title=Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104184344/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=RU |url-status=live }}</ref>

Russia has [[compulsory education]] for a duration of 11 years, exclusively for children aged 7 to 17–18.<ref name="Nuffic"/> Its [[pre-school]] education system is highly developed and optional,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taratukhina |first1=Maria S. |last2=Polyakova |first2=Marina N. |last3=Berezina |first3=Tatyana A. |last4=Notkina |first4=Nina A. |last5=Sheraizina |first5=Roza M. |last6=Borovkov |first6=Mihail I. |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000149142_eng |title=Early childhood care and education in the Russian Federation |date=2006 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710134752/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000149142_eng |url-status=live }}</ref> some four-fifths of children aged 3 to 6 attend day nurseries or kindergartens. Primary school is compulsory for 11 years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate.<ref name="Nuffic"/> An additional two or three years of schooling are required for the secondary-level certificate, and some seven-eighths of Russians continue their education past this level. Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:<ref name="CEPES"/> first-degree courses usually take five years.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Housing#ref38625 |title=Russia – Education |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Housing#ref38625 |url-status=live }}</ref> The oldest and largest [[List of institutions of higher education in Russia|universities]] in Russia are [[Moscow State University]] and [[Saint Petersburg State University]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ridder-Symoens |first=Hilde de |title=History of the University in Europe: Volume 2, Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHMjzvAxHF0C |date=1996 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |series=[[A History of the University in Europe]] |pages=80–89 |isbn=978-0-521-36106-4}}</ref> There are ten highly prestigious [[Template:Federal universities of Russia|federal universities]] across the country. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for [[international student]]s in 2019, hosting roughly 300,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow |title=Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207195957/http://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Urbanized areas==
{{See also|List of cities and towns in Russia by population|List of cities and towns in Russia}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="130">
File:Business Centre of Moscow 2.jpg|Moscow, the capital and largest city of Russia
File:Spb 06-2017 img01 Spit of Vasilievsky Island.jpg|[[Saint Petersburg]], the cultural capital and the second-largest city
File:E-burg asv2019-05 img46 view from VysotSky.jpg|[[Yekaterinburg]], the fourth-largest city in the country.
</gallery>
Russia is one of the world's [[Urbanization by country|most urbanized countries]], with roughly 75% of its total population living in urban areas.<ref name="cia"/> Moscow, the capital and largest city, has a population estimated at 12.4 million residents within the city limits,<ref name=est.2020>{{cite web|title=RUSSIA: Central'nyj Federal'nyj Okrug – Central Federal District|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/central/|publisher=City Population.de|date=8 August 2020|access-date=1 September 2020|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025180530/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/central/|url-status=live}}</ref> while over 17 million residents in the urban area,<ref name="Urban">{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|publisher=Demographia|access-date=22 July 2020|archive-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and over 20 million residents in the [[Moscow metropolitan area|metropolitan area]].<ref name="Megapolis">{{cite web|url=https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration|title=A 3-Hour Commute: A Close Look At Moscow The Megapolis|work=Strelka Mag|author=Alexander Akishin|date=17 August 2017|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417121056/https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration|url-status=dead}}</ref> Moscow is among the [[List of largest cities|world's largest cities]], being the [[List of European cities by population within city limits|most populous city]] entirely within Europe, the [[List of urban areas in Europe|most populous urban area]] in Europe,<ref name="Urban"/> the [[List of metropolitan areas in Europe|most populous metropolitan area]] in Europe,<ref name="Megapolis"/> and also the largest city by land area on the European continent.<ref name="Planète Énergies">{{cite web|url=https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/moscow-city-undergoing-transformation|title=Moscow, a City Undergoing Transformation|work=Planète Énergies|date=11 September 2017|access-date=27 May 2020|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027055122/https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/moscow-city-undergoing-transformation|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saint Petersburg]], the cultural capital, is the second-largest city, with a population of roughly 5.4 million inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|title=RUSSIA: Severo-Zapadnyj Federal'nyj Okrug: Northwestern Federal District|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/northwestern/|publisher=City Population.de|date=8 August 2020|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025180530/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/northwestern/|url-status=live}}</ref> Other major urban areas are [[Yekaterinburg]], [[Novosibirsk]], [[Kazan]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]], and [[Chelyabinsk]].

{{Largest cities of Russia}}

==See also==
* [[Aging of Russia]]
* [[Demographic history of Russia]]
* [[Demographics of Siberia]]
* [[Demographics of Saint Petersburg]]
* [[List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate]]
* [[List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy]]
* [[Genetic studies on Russians]]
* [[Health in Russia]]
* [[Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East]]
* [[Russian cross]]
* [[Russian nationality law]]

'''Census information'''
* [[Soviet Census]]
* [[Russian Empire Census]] (1897)
* [[Russian Census (2002)]]
* [[Russian Census (2010)]]
* [[Russian Census (2021)]]
* [[List of cities and towns in Russia by population]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=fn|refs=
}}
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. Aging Populations: Russia/Eastern Europe. In: P. Uhlenberg (Editor), International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp. 113–131.
* Gavrilova N.S., Semyonova V.G., Dubrovina E., Evdokushkina G.N., Ivanova A.E., Gavrilov L.A. Russian Mortality Crisis and the Quality of Vital Statistics. Population Research and Policy Review, 2008, 27: 551–574.
* Gavrilova, N.S., Gavrilov, L.A., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina, G.N., Ivanova, A.E. 2005. Patterns of violent crime in Russia. In: Pridemore, W.A. (ed.). Ruling Russia: Law, Crime, and Justice in a Changing Society. Boulder, Colorado: Rowman & Littlefield Publ., Inc, 117–145
* Gavrilova, N.S., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina G.N., Gavrilov, L.A. The response of violent mortality to economic crisis in Russia. Population Research and Policy Review, 2000, 19: 397–419.
*{{cite journal|title=Do we know the composition of the 18th century Russian society?|last1=Kamenskii|first1=Aleksander|journal= Cahiers du Monde Russe|volume=55|issue=1–2|isbn=9782713224409|issn=1777-5388|pages=135–148|year=2014|doi=10.4000/monderusse.7989 }}

==External links==
* Igor Beloborodov, [http://demographia.ru/articles_N/index.html?idR=71&idArt=1928 Demographic situation in Russia in 1992–2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014205801/http://demographia.ru/articles_N/index.html?idR=71&idArt=1928 |date=14 October 2022 }} (report at the Moscow Demographic Summit – June 2011)
* Nicholas Eberstadt, [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=446 Russia's Peacetime Demographic Crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications] ([[National Bureau of Asian Research]] Project Report, May 2010)
* Edited by Julie DaVanzo, Gwen Farnsworth [https://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF124/index.html Russia's Demographic "Crisis"] 1996 [[RAND]] {{ISBN|0-8330-2446-9}}
* Jessica Griffith [http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/russianheartland/WP03_Demographics_July04.pdf The Regional Consequences of Russia's Demographic Crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412171515/http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/russianheartland/WP03_Demographics_July04.pdf |date=12 April 2012 }} [[University of Leicester]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227235653/http://eng.expert.ru/printissues/expert/2008/06/dalshe_sami/ Results of population policy and current demographic situation (2008)]
* [https://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/informationGateway.php Interactive statistics for all countries], site of [[United States Census Bureau]].
* [http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2009/2009wpds.aspx 2009 World Population Data Sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608091100/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2009/2009wpds.aspx |date=8 June 2017 }} by the [[Population Reference Bureau]]
* [http://www.sci.aha.ru/ATL/ra13a.htm Population density and distribution maps] (text is in Russian; the topmost map shows population density based on 1996 data)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051029152759/http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/etnisk.exe?total Ethnic groups of Russia]
* [http://longevity-science.org/Russia-Gavrilova-PAA-2005.pdf Problems with mortality data in Russia]
* V. Borisov [http://www.demographia.ru/articles_N/index.html?idR=53&idArt=1363 "Demographic situation in Russia and the role of mortality in reproduction of population"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014205755/http://www.demographia.ru/articles_N/index.html?idR=53&idArt=1363 |date=14 October 2022 }}, 2005 (in English)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070307104306/http://www.expert.ru/printissues/expert/2007/09/demograficheskaya_situaciya_v_rossii/ Choice between mass migration and birth rate increase as possible solutions of depopulation problem in Russia (in Russian)]

{{Ethnic groups in Russia}}
{{Russia topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Lists of Russians}}
{{Demographics of Europe}}
{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}
{{Europe topic|Ethnic groups in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Russia}}
[[Category:Demographics of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Social groups of Russia]]