View source for Demographics of Montreal

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
The '''Demographics of Montreal''' concern population growth and structure for [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada. The information is analyzed by [[Statistics Canada]] and compiled every five years, with the most recent census having taken place in [[Canada 2021 Census|2021]].

==Population history==
{| cellpadding="1" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px #bbb solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;"
!colspan=4|Population of Montreal, and Metropolitan Area by year<ref name=PopulationTotale>{{cite web|title=Montréal en statistiques - Population totale|url=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=6897,67887840&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|publisher=Ville de Montréal|access-date=20 November 2013}}</ref> 
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;"
! Year
! City<ref name="EnBref">{{cite web
 |url=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/MTL_STATISTIQUES_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/MONTR%C9AL%20EN%20BREF_JUIN2007.PDF 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428174648/http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/MTL_STATISTIQUES_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/MONTR%C9AL%20EN%20BREF_JUIN2007.PDF
 |archive-date=2011-04-28
 |title=Montréal En Bref 
 |work=City of Montreal 
 |access-date=June 1, 2007 
 |url-status=dead
}}</ref>
! [[Island of Montreal|Island]]<ref name="MELS">{{cite web|url=http://www.mels.gouv.qc.ca/REFORME/religion/html-ang/ang/text/app6.htm|title=Statistical Tables&nbsp;— Religion|work=Statistics Canada Census|publisher=Gouvernement du Québec|access-date=2008-05-20|archive-date=May 24, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524090714/http://www.mels.gouv.qc.ca/REFORME/religion/html-ang/ang/text/app6.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="U of T">{{cite web|url=http://prod.library.utoronto.ca:8090/datalib/data/cc51/1951%20census%20-%20table%202_area%20and%20density%20of%20population.xls|title=Vol. 1 - Table 2|work=1951 Canadian Census|publisher=University of Toronto|access-date=2008-05-20|format=XLS|archive-date=May 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521050924/http://prod.library.utoronto.ca:8090/datalib/data/cc51/1951|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! [[Greater Montreal|Metropolitan]]<ref name="EnBref" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1660
|
|407
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1663
|
|596
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1666
|
|624
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1681
|
|1,389
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1700
|
|2,969
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1760
|
|8,300
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1771
|
|9,770
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1781
|
|17,945
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1791
|
|18,000
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1801
|9,000
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1811
|13,300
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1821
|18,767
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1831
|27,297
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1841
|40,356
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1851
|57,715
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1861
|90,323
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1871
|130,022
|144,044
|174,090
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1881
|176,263
|193,171
|223,512
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1891
|254,278
|277,525
|308,169
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1901
|325,653
|360,838
|393,665
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1911
|490,504
|554,761
|594,812
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1921
|618,506
|724,205
|774,330
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1931
|818,577
|1,003,868
|1,064,448
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1941
|903,007
|1,116,800
|1,192,235
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1951
|1,021,520
|1,320,232
|1,539,308
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1956
|1,109,439
|1,507,653
|1,745,001
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1961
|1,201,559
|1,747,696
|2,110,679
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1966
|1,293,992
|1,923,971
|2,570,985
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1971
|1,214,352
|1,958,595
|2,743,208
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1976
|1,080,545
|1,869,645
|2,802,485
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1981
|1,018,609
|1,760,120
|2,862,286
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1986
|1,015,420
|1,752,361
|2,921,357
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1991
|1,017,666
|1,775,871
|3,127,242
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1996
|1,016,376
|1,775,778
|3,326,447
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2001
|1,039,534
|1,812,723
|3,426,350
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2006
|1,620,693
|1,854,442
|3,635,571
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2011
|1,649,519
|1,886,481
|3,824,221
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2016
|1,704,694
|1,942,044
|4,098,927
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2021
|1,762,949	
|2,004,265
|4,291,732
|}
According to [[Statistics Canada]], at the time of the [[Canada 2011 Census|2011 Canadian census]] the city of Montreal proper had 1,649,519 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2466023&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=24&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929142420/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2466023&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=24&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |archive-date=2013-09-29 |title=Census Profile}}</ref> A total of 3,824,221 lived in the Montreal [[Census Metropolitan Area]] (CMA) at the same 2011 census, up from 3,635,556 at the 2006 census (within 2006 CMA boundaries), which means a population growth rate of +5.2% between 2006 and 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Population&Custom=&amp;TABID=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929142333/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Population&Custom=&amp;TABID=1 |archive-date=2013-09-29 |title=Census Profile}}</ref> Montreal's 2012-2013 population growth rate was 1.135%, compared with 1.533% for all Canadian CMAs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140226/longdesc-cg140226b001-eng.htm|title = Description of chart 1 – Population growth rates by census metropolitan area, 2012/2013, Canada|date = January 2001}}</ref>

In the 2006 census, children under 14 years of age (621,695) constituted 17.1%, while inhabitants over 65 years of age (495,685) numbered 13.6% of the total population.<ref name="area_and_pop_city_proper">{{cite web| url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=302&SR=1&S=3&O=D&RPP=25&PR=24| title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data| date=2007-03-13| work=[[Statistics Canada]], 2006 Census of Population| access-date=2007-03-13| archive-date=January 9, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109053531/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=302&SR=1&S=3&O=D&RPP=25&PR=24| url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Future projections===
The current estimate of the Montreal CMA population, as of July 1, 2013, according to [[Statistics Canada]] is 3,981,802.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual population estimates by census metropolitan area, Canada — Population at July 1|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-214-x/2012000/t001-eng.htm|work=Statistics Canada|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>
According to StatsCan, by 2030, the Greater Montreal Area is expected to number 5,275,000 with 1,722,000 being visible minorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-551-x/2010001/tbl/tbl016-eng.htm |title=Appendix: Table A1 Population by visible minority group and place of residence, scenario C (high growth), Canada, 2006 |publisher=Statcan.gc.ca |date=2010-03-09 |access-date=2010-04-13}}</ref>

== Ethnic diversity ==
=== City of Montreal ===
[[File:Montreal census 2006 pie chart visible minorities population characteristics.png|thumb|right|300px|Pie chart showing Montreal's visible minority composition (data from Canada Census 2006).]]
According to the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]], some 38.8% of the population of Montreal<ref name="2021CensusCity"/> and 27.2% that of [[Greater Montreal|Metro Montreal]],<ref name="2021CensusMetroB"/> are members of a [[visible minority]] (non-white) group.<ref name="VisibleMinorities">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-562/p19-eng.cfm|title=Canada's Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census: Canada's major census metropolitan areas|date=2010-02-11|work=[[Canada 2006 Census]]|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=2011-07-21|archive-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805044209/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-562/p19-eng.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Black Canadians|Blacks]] (198,610 persons or 11.5%) contribute to the largest minority group, with Montreal having the 2nd highest number of black people in Canada after [[Toronto]], as well as having the highest concentrations of black people amongst major Canadian cities.<ref name="2021CensusCity"/> Other groups, such as [[Arab Canadians|Arab]]s (141,935 persons or 8.2%), [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]]s (79,670 persons or 4.6%), [[Latin American Canadian|Latin American]]s (78,150 persons or 4.5%), and [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]] (56,935 persons or 3.3%) are also large in number.<ref name="2021CensusCity"/><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?T=501&Lang=E&GV=4&GID=2466025&Prov=24&S=0&O=A | title= Selected Ethnic Origins, for Census Subdivisions | author= Statistics Canada | year= 2002 | access-date= 2007-02-22 | archive-date= March 12, 2007 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070312092433/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?T=501&Lang=E&GV=4&GID=2466025&Prov=24&S=0&O=A | url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="VisibleMinorities"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/reportsandguides/visible-minorities.cfm |title=Visible Minority Population and Population Group Reference Guide, 2006 Census |access-date=June 27, 2008 |archive-date=December 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211044318/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/reportsandguides/visible-minorities.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Visible minorities are defined by the [[Canadian Employment Equity Act]] as "persons, other than [[Aboriginal peoples of Canada|Aboriginals]], who are non-[[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] in race or non-[[white (people)|white]] in [[skin colour|colour]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/reportsandguides/visible-minorities.cfm |title=Visible Minority Population and Population Group Reference Guide, 2006 Census |publisher=2.statcan.ca |date=2009-08-11 |access-date=2009-09-01 |archive-date=December 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211044318/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/reportsandguides/visible-minorities.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ [[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] groups in the [[City of Montreal]] (2001−2021)
! rowspan="2" |[[Panethnicity|Panethnic]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="2021CensusCity">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Montreal&DGUIDlist=2021A00052466023&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2016<ref name="2016CensusCity">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27 |title= Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2466023&Geo2=CD&Code2=2466&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="2011CensusCity">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27 |title= NHS Profile |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2466023&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2006<ref name="2006CensusCity">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-08-20 |title= 2006 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2466023&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref name="2001CensusCity">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-07-02 |title= 2001 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2466025&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[European Canadians|European]]{{efn|Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.|name="EuroCity"}}
| 1,038,940
| {{Percentage | 1038940 | 1723230 | 2 }}
| 1,082,620
| {{Percentage | 1082620 | 1663225 | 2 }}
| 1,092,465
| {{Percentage | 1092465 | 1612640 | 2 }}
| 1,171,295
| {{Percentage | 1171295 | 1593725 | 2 }}
| 784,420
| {{Percentage | 784420 | 1019735 | 2 }}
|-
| [[African-Canadian|African]]
| 198,610
| {{Percentage | 198610 | 1723230 | 2 }}
| 171,385
| {{Percentage | 171385 | 1663225 | 2 }}
| 147,100
| {{Percentage | 147100 | 1612640 | 2 }}
| 122,880
| {{Percentage | 122880 | 1593725 | 2 }}
| 68,245
| {{Percentage | 68245 | 1019735 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Middle Eastern Canadians|Middle Eastern]]{{efn|name="MiddleEastern"}}
| 159,435
| {{Percentage | 159435 | 1723230 | 2 }}
| 137,525
| {{Percentage | 137525 | 1663225 | 2 }}
| 114,780
| {{Percentage | 114780 | 1612640 | 2 }}
| 76,910
| {{Percentage | 76910 | 1593725 | 2 }}
| 34,035
| {{Percentage | 34035 | 1019735 | 2 }}
|-
| [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]]
| 79,670
| {{Percentage | 79670 | 1723230 | 2 }}
| 55,595
| {{Percentage | 55595 | 1663225 | 2 }}
| 53,515
| {{Percentage | 53515 | 1612640 | 2 }}
| 51,255
| {{Percentage | 51255 | 1593725 | 2 }}
| 33,310
| {{Percentage | 33310 | 1019735 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]]
| 78,150
| {{Percentage | 78150 | 1723230 | 2 }}
| 67,525
| {{Percentage | 67525 | 1663225 | 2 }}
| 67,160
| {{Percentage | 67160 | 1612640 | 2 }}
| 53,970
| {{Percentage | 53970 | 1593725 | 2 }}
| 31,190
| {{Percentage | 31190 | 1019735 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Southeast Asia]]n{{efn|name="SoutheastAsian"}}
| 65,260
| {{Percentage | 65260 | 1723230 | 2 }}
| 58,315
| {{Percentage | 58315 | 1663225 | 2 }}
| 61,320
| {{Percentage | 61320 | 1612640 | 2 }}
| 47,950
| {{Percentage | 47950 | 1593725 | 2 }}
| 33,505
| {{Percentage | 33505 | 1019735 | 2 }}
|-
| [[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]]{{efn||name="EastAsian"}}
| 64,825
| {{Percentage | 64825 | 1723230 | 2 }}
| 61,400
| {{Percentage | 61400 | 1663225 | 2 }}
| 52,195
| {{Percentage | 52195 | 1612640 | 2 }}
| 52,650
| {{Percentage | 52650 | 1593725 | 2 }}
| 25,810
| {{Percentage | 25810 | 1019735 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]]
| 15,315
| {{Percentage | 15315 | 1723230 | 2 }}
| 12,035
| {{Percentage | 12035 | 1663225 | 2 }}
| 9,510
| {{Percentage | 9510 | 1612640 | 2 }}
| 7,600
| {{Percentage | 7600 | 1593725 | 2 }}
| 3,555
| {{Percentage | 3555 | 1019735 | 2 }}
|-
| Other{{efn|name="Other"}}
| 23,010
| {{Percentage | 23010 | 1723230 | 2 }}
| 16,835
| {{Percentage | 16835 | 1663225 | 2 }}
| 14,585
| {{Percentage | 14585 | 1612640 | 2 }}
| 9,205
| {{Percentage | 9205 | 1593725 | 2 }}
| 5,675
| {{Percentage | 5675 | 1019735 | 2 }}
|-
! Total responses
! 1,723,230
! {{Percentage | 1723230 | 1762949 | 2 }}
! 1,663,225
! {{Percentage | 1663225 | 1704694 | 2 }}
! 1,612,640
! {{Percentage | 1612640 | 1649519 | 2 }}
! 1,593,725
! {{Percentage | 1593725 | 1620693 | 2 }}
! 1,019,735
! {{Percentage | 1019735 | 1039534 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 1,762,949
! {{Percentage | 1762949 | 1762949 | 2 }}
! 1,704,694
! {{Percentage | 1704694 | 1704694 | 2 }}
! 1,649,519
! {{Percentage | 1649519 | 1649519 | 2 }}
! 1,620,693
! {{Percentage | 1620693 | 1620693 | 2 }}
! 1,039,534
! {{Percentage | 1039534 | 1039534 | 2 }}
|}
*Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Visible minority and Indigenous population in the City of Montreal
! rowspan="2" |Group
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="2021CensusCity"/>
! colspan="2" |2016<ref name="2016CensusCity"/>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="2011CensusCity"/>
! colspan="2" |2006<ref name="2006CensusCity"/>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref name="2001CensusCity"/>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|[[Visible minority]]
|668,975
|{{Percentage | 668975 | 1723230 | 1 }}
|568,570
|{{Percentage | 568570 | 1663225 | 1 }}
|510,665
|{{Percentage | 510665 | 1612640 | 1 }}
|414,830
|{{Percentage | 414830 | 1593725 | 1 }}
|231,760
|{{Percentage | 231760 | 1019735 | 1 }}
|-
|[[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]]
|15,315
|{{Percentage | 15315 | 1723230 | 1 }}
|12,035
|{{Percentage | 12035 | 1663225 | 1 }}
|9,510
|{{Percentage | 9510 | 1612640 | 1 }}
|7,600
|{{Percentage | 7600 | 1593725 | 1 }}
|3,555
|{{Percentage | 3555 | 1019735 | 1 }}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples in the City of Montreal<br>(2021 Census)
|-	
! colspan="2" | Population group!! Population !! % of total population	
|-	
| rowspan="12" | [[Visible minority|Visible<br>minority]]<ref name="2021CensusCity"/>
| [[Black Canadians|Black]] || 198,610 || {{Percentage | 198610 | 1723230 | 1 }}
|-
| [[Arab Canadians|Arab]] || 141,935 || {{Percentage | 141935 | 1723230 | 1 }}	
|-	
| [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]] || 79,670 || {{Percentage | 79670 | 1723230 | 1 }}	
|-
| [[Latin American Canadian|Latin American]] || 78,150 || {{Percentage | 78150 | 1723230 | 1 }}	
|-
| [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]] || 56,935 || {{Percentage | 56935 | 1723230 | 1 }}	
|-	
| [[Southeast Asia]]n || 37,905 || {{Percentage | 37905 | 1723230 | 1 }}	
|-
| [[Filipino Canadian|Filipino]] || 27,355 || {{Percentage | 27355 | 1723230 | 1 }}	
|-	
| [[Western Asia|West Asian]] || 17,500 || {{Percentage | 17500 | 1723230  | 1 }}	
|-	
| [[Korean Canadian|Korean]] || 5,245 || {{Percentage | 5245 | 1723230 | 1 }}	
|-			
| [[Japanese Canadians|Japanese]] || 2,645 || {{Percentage | 2645 | 1723230 | 1 }}	
|-	
| [[Multiracial|Mixed]] visible minority || 17,540 || {{Percentage | 17540 | 1723230 | 1 }}	
|-
| Visible minority, {{abbr|n.i.e.|not included elsewhere}} || 5,470 || {{Percentage | 5470 | 1723230 | 1 }}
|-		
| colspan="2" | ''Total visible minority population'' || ''668,975'' || ''{{Percentage | 668975 | 1723230 | 1 }}''
|-	
| rowspan="4" | [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]]<ref name="2021CensusCity"/> 	
| [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] || 8,065 || {{Percentage | 8065 | 1723230 | 1 }}	
|-	
| [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] || 5,705 || {{Percentage | 5705 | 1723230 | 1 }}
|-	
| [[Inuit]] || 545 || {{Percentage | 545 | 1723230 | 1 }}
|-	
| Other || 1,000 || {{Percentage | 1000 | 1723230 | 1 }}
|-	
| colspan="2" | ''Total Indigenous population'' || ''15,315'' || ''{{Percentage | 15315 | 1723230 | 1 }}''	
|-	
| colspan="2" | [[European Canadian|European]]{{efn|name="EuroCity"}} || 1,038,940 || {{Percentage | 1038940 | 1723230 | 1 }}	
|-	
! colspan="2" | ''Total responses'' !! ''1,723,230'' !! ''{{Percentage | 1723230 | 1762949 | 1 }}''
|-
! colspan="2" | ''Total population'' !! ''1,762,949'' !! ''100%''
|}

=== Metro Montreal ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ [[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] groups in [[Greater Montreal|Metro Montreal]] (2001−2021)
! rowspan="2" |[[Panethnicity|Panethnic]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="2021CensusMetroA">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-09-21 |title=Indigenous identity by Registered or Treaty Indian status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810026501 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="2021CensusMetroB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810032401 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2016<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27 |title= Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27 
|title= NHS Profile |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2006<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-08-20 |title= 2006 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-07-02 |title= 2001 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462__&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1996<ref name="Minority1981to2001CMA">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/English/census01/products/analytic/companion/etoimm/tables/canada/vismin.cfm|title=Proportion of visible minorities, Canada, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, 1981 to 2001|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=January 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121105601/http://www12.statcan.ca/English/census01/products/analytic/companion/etoimm/tables/canada/vismin.cfm|archive-date=January 21, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Visible Minority Neighbourhood Enclaves and Labour Market Outcomes of Immigrants - ARCHIVED |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11F0019M2003204 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref name="1996censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-06-04 |title= Electronic Area Profiles Profile of Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 1996 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census96/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=35682&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1996&THEME=34&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1981<ref name="Minority1981to2001CMA"/><ref name=":0" />
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[European Canadians|European]]{{efn|2001-2016: Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.<br><br>2021: Statistic includes all persons belonging to the non-indigenous and non-visible minority “White” population group.|name="EuroMetro"}}
| 3,059,895
| {{Percentage | 3059895 | 4206455 | 2 }}
| 3,070,210
| {{Percentage | 3070210 | 4009795 | 2 }}
| 2,963,860
| {{Percentage | 2963860 | 3752470 | 2 }}
| 2,980,280
| {{Percentage | 2980280 | 3588520 | 2 }}
| 2,911,230
| {{Percentage | 2911230 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 2,876,260
| {{Percentage | 2876260 | 3287645 | 2 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[African-Canadian|African]]
| 340,140
| {{Percentage | 340140 | 4206455 | 2 }}
| 270,940
| {{Percentage | 270940 | 4009795 | 2 }}
| 216,310
| {{Percentage | 216310 | 3752470 | 2 }}
| 169,065
| {{Percentage | 169065 | 3588520 | 2 }}
| 139,305
| {{Percentage | 139305 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 122,320
| {{Percentage | 122320 | 3287645 | 2 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Middle Eastern Canadians|Middle Eastern]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.|name="MiddleEastern"}}
| 285,615
| {{Percentage | 285615 | 4206455 | 2 }}
| 220,055
| {{Percentage | 220055 | 4009795 | 2 }}
| 172,345
| {{Percentage | 172345 | 3752470 | 2 }}
| 113,405
| {{Percentage | 113405 | 3588520 | 2 }}
| 79,410
| {{Percentage | 79410 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 73,950
| {{Percentage | 73950 | 3287645 | 2 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]]
| 137,850
| {{Percentage | 137850 | 4206455 | 2 }}
| 110,195
| {{Percentage | 110195 | 4009795 | 2 }}
| 98,010
| {{Percentage | 98010 | 3752470 | 2 }}
| 75,400
| {{Percentage | 75400 | 3588520 | 2 }}
| 53,155
| {{Percentage | 53155 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 46,700
| {{Percentage | 46700 | 3287645 | 2 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]]
| 121,260
| {{Percentage | 121260 | 4206455 | 2 }}
| 85,925
| {{Percentage | 85925 | 4009795 | 2 }}
| 79,540
| {{Percentage | 79540 | 3752470 | 2 }}
| 70,615
| {{Percentage | 70615 | 3588520 | 2 }}
| 57,935
| {{Percentage | 57935 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 46,165
| {{Percentage | 46165 | 3287645 | 2 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.|name="EastAsian"}}
| 116,820
| {{Percentage | 116820 | 4206455 | 2 }}
| 100,265
| {{Percentage | 100265 | 4009795 | 2 }}
| 83,420
| {{Percentage | 83420 | 3752470 | 2 }}
| 79,665
| {{Percentage | 79665 | 3588520 | 2 }}
| 58,165
| {{Percentage | 58165 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 51,930
| {{Percentage | 51930 | 3287645 | 2 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Southeast Asia]]n{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.|name="SoutheastAsian"}}
| 101,560
| {{Percentage | 101560 | 4206455 | 2 }}
| 88,755
| {{Percentage | 88755 | 4009795 | 2 }}
| 89,645
| {{Percentage | 89645 | 3752470 | 2 }}
| 68,475
| {{Percentage | 68475 | 3588520 | 2 }}
| 57,460
| {{Percentage | 57460 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 51,985
| {{Percentage | 51985 | 3287645 | 2 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]]
| 46,085
| {{Percentage | 46085 | 4206455 | 2 }}
| 34,745
| {{Percentage | 34745 | 4009795 | 2 }}
| 26,285
| {{Percentage | 26285 | 3752470 | 2 }}
| 17,865
| {{Percentage | 17865 | 3588520 | 2 }}
| 11,085
| {{Percentage | 11085 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 9,960
| {{Percentage | 9960 | 3287645 | 2 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| Other/[[Multiracial people|Multiracial]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, {{abbr|n.i.e.|not included elsewhere}}" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.|name="Other"}}
| 40,565
| {{Percentage | 40565 | 4206455 | 2 }}
| 28,710
| {{Percentage | 28710 | 4009795 | 2 }}
| 23,060
| {{Percentage | 23060 | 3752470 | 2 }}
| 13,755
| {{Percentage | 13755 | 3588520 | 2 }}
| 12,900
| {{Percentage | 12900 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 8,365
| {{Percentage | 8365 | 3287645 | 2 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
! Total: Visible minority
! 1,143,810
! {{Percentage | 1143810 | 4206455 | 2 }}
! 904,845
! {{Percentage | 904845 | 4009795 | 2 }}
! 762,330
! {{Percentage | 762330 | 3752470 | 2 }}
! 590,380
! {{Percentage | 590380 | 3588520 | 2 }}
! 458,330
! {{Percentage | 458330 | 3380645 | 2 }}
! 401,425
! {{Percentage | 401425 | 3287645 | 2 }}
! 146,365
! {{Percentage | 146365 | 2798040 | 2 }}
|-
! Total responses
! 4,206,455
! {{Percentage | 4206455 | 4291732 | 2 }}
! 4,009,795
! {{Percentage | 4009795 | 4098927 | 2 }}
! 3,752,470
! {{Percentage | 3752470 | 3824221 | 2 }}
! 3,588,520
! {{Percentage | 3588520 | 3635571 | 2 }}
! 3,380,645
! {{Percentage | 3380645 | 3426350 | 2 }}
! 3,287,645
! {{Percentage | 3287645 | 3326447 | 2 }}
! 2,798,040
! {{Percentage | 2798040 | 2862286 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 4,291,732
! {{Percentage | 4291732 | 4291732 | 2 }}
! 4,098,927
! {{Percentage | 4098927 | 4098927 | 2 }}
! 3,824,221
! {{Percentage | 3824221 | 3824221 | 2 }}
! 3,635,571
! {{Percentage | 3635571 | 3635571 | 2 }}
! 3,426,350
! {{Percentage | 3426350 | 3426350 | 2 }}
! 3,326,447
! {{Percentage | 3326447 | 3326447 | 2 }}
! 2,862,286
! {{Percentage | 2862286 | 2862286 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="20" | {{small|Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses}}
|}
{{clear}}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Top 25 Ethnic Origins in Montreal CMA ([[Canada 2016 Census|2016]])<br>''Includes Multiple Responses''<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&TABID=1&B1=All |title=2016 Census Data: Montreal (CMA)|date=February 8, 2017 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
!Ethnic origin
!Population
!Percentage 
|-
![[Canadian ethnicity|Canadian]]
|1,670,655
|43.8%
|-
![[French people|French]]
|870,245
|21.7%
|-
![[Italian people|Italian]]
|279,800
|7.0%
|-
![[Irish people|Irish]]
|239,460
|6.0%
|-
![[English people|English]]
|138,320
|3.4%
|-
![[Haitian people|Haitian]]
|132,255
|3.3%
|-
![[Scottish people|Scottish]]
|124,130
|3.1%
|-
![[Chinese people|Chinese]]
|108,775
|2.7%
|-
![[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]]
|101,915
|2.5%
|-
![[French-speaking Quebecer|Québécois]]
|92,115
|2.3%
|-
![[Germans|German]]
|86,025
|2.1%
|-
![[Algerian people|Algerian]]
|84,585
|2.1%
|-
![[Moroccans|Moroccan]]
|77,450
|1.9%
|-
![[Spanish people|Spanish]]
|68,600
|1.7%
|-
![[Greeks|Greek]]
|66,395
|1.7%
|-
![[Demographics of Lebanon|Lebanese]]
|68,765
|1.7%
|-
![[Polish people|Polish]]
|64,895
|1.6%
|-
![[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]
|56,405
|1.4%
|-
![[Russians|Russian]]
|49,275
|1.2%
|-
![[Indian people|East Indian]]
|48,485
|1.2%
|-
![[Romanians|Romanian]]
|47,980
|1.2%
|-
![[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]
|38,660
|1.0%
|-
![[Filipino people|Filipino]]
|35,685
|0.9%
|-
![[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]
|35,050
|0.8%
|-
![[Belgian people|Belgian]]
|31,840
|0.8%
|}

==== Future projections ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] origin projections (2041)
|-
| rowspan="2" |
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|2041<ref name="MinorityProjectionsA">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=8 September 2022
|title=Canada in 2041: A larger, more diverse population with greater differences between regions |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220908/dq220908a-eng.htm |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="MinorityProjectionsB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=8 September 2022 |title=Projected population by racialized group, generation status and other selected characteristics (x 1,000) |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710014601 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="IndigenousProjectionsA">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=6 October 2021 |title=Projections of the Indigenous populations and households in Canada, 2016 to 2041 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/211006/dq211006a-eng.htm |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="IndigenousProjectionsB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=6 October 2021 |title=Projected population by Indigenous identity, age group, sex, area of residence, provinces and territories, and projection scenario, Canada (x 1,000) |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710014401 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|-
!Population
!%
|-
| [[European Canadians|European]]{{refn|Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an aboriginal identity.|name="euro"|group="nb"}}
| 3,249,000
| {{Percentage | 3249000 | 5510000 | 2 }}
|-
| [[African-Canadian|African]]
| 673,000
| {{Percentage | 673000 | 5510000 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Middle Eastern Canadians|Middle Eastern]]{{efn|name=MiddleEastern}}
| 597,000
| {{Percentage | 597000 | 5510000 | 2 }}
|-
| [[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]]{{efn|name=EastAsian}}
| 252,000
| {{Percentage | 252000 | 5510000 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]]
| 213,000
| {{Percentage | 213000 | 5510000 | 2 }}
|-
| [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]]
| 195,000
| {{Percentage | 195000 | 5510000 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Southeast Asia]]n{{efn|name=SoutheastAsian}}
| 167,000
| {{Percentage | 167000 | 5510000 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Indigenous Canadian|Indigenous]]
| 87,000
| {{Percentage | 87000 | 5510000 | 2 }}
|-
| Other/[[Multiracial people|multiracial]]
| 76,000
| {{Percentage | 76000 | 5510000 | 2 }}
|-
! Projected Metro Montreal Population
! 5,510,000
! {{Percentage | 5510000 | 5510000 | 2 }}
|}

=== Ethnic groups ===
==== Aboriginals====
34,745 Aboriginals live in Montreal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-cma-eng.cfm?LANG=Eng&GK=CMA&GC=462&TOPIC=9|title=Focus on Geography Series, 2016 Census - Statistique Canada|date=February 8, 2017 }}</ref>
==== European ====
===== French =====
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2017}}
{{Main|French-speaking Quebecer|French Canadian}}
Montreal is the cultural centre of Quebec, French-speaking [[Canada]] and French-speaking North America as a whole, and an important city in the [[Francophonie]]. The majority of the population is [[francophone]]. Montreal is the largest French-speaking city in [[North America]], and second in the world after [[Paris]] when counting the number of native-language Francophones (third after Paris and [[Kinshasa]] when counting second-language speakers).  The city is a hub for French language television productions, radio, theatre, circuses, performing arts, film, multimedia and print publishing.

Montreal plays a prominent role in the development of French-Canadian and Québécois culture. Its contribution to culture is therefore more of a society-building endeavour rather than limited to civic influence. The best talents from French Canada and even the French-speaking areas of the [[United States]] converge in Montreal and often perceive the city as their cultural capital. Montreal is also the most important stop in the Americas for Francophone artists from Europe, Africa and Asia.

The cultural divide between Canada's [[Francophone]] and [[English Canadian|Anglophone]] culture is strong and was famously referred to as the "[[Two Solitudes (Canadian society)|Two Solitudes]]" by Canadian writer [[Hugh MacLennan]]. Reflecting their deep-seated colonial roots, the Solitudes were historically strongly entrenched in Montreal, splitting the city geographically at [[Saint Laurent Boulevard]].

===== British Isles =====
{{Main|English-speaking Quebecer|English Canadian}}
Montreal is the focal point of [[English-speaking Quebecers|Quebec's English-speaking community]]. Arriving in waves from the United Kingdom and eventually the entire [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]], the historical English-speaking community in Montreal includes Quebecers of English, Scottish, and Irish origin (as reflected in the city's [[Flag of Montreal|flag]]) as well as [[Loyalists]], [[Underground Railroad|escaped slaves]], and immigrants from the [[Commonwealth Caribbean|Caribbean]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Originally intended to be the sole beneficiaries of Bill 101's allowance for English schooling, as per [[Saint-Leonard, Quebec#Saint-Leonard Conflict]]</ref>

With the advent of [[Immigration to Canada|mass migration]] from beyond the confines of the [[British Empire]], the English-speaking community in Montreal expanded to include a huge array of different cultures and ethnic groups. Since [[Chinese Canadians|Chinese]], [[History of the Jews in Canada|Jewish]], [[Greek Canadians|Greek]], and other non-Catholic immigrants were barred from attending French-language [[Catholic Church in Canada|Catholic schools]] under the [[Education in Quebec#Religion in schools|Confessional school system]], they attended English-language [[Protestantism in Canada|Protestant schools]] instead and became acculturated into the English-speaking community. This trend was boosted by the Catholic Church's policy, called ''[[la Revanche des berceaux]]'' or the "Revenge of the Cradle", of encouraging French-Canadians to maintain a very high birth-rate in order to bolster the community's demographic weight in Canada. This policy, along with the Church's traditional mistrust of entrepreneurship and the business world, caused French-Canadians in Quebec to remain largely poor and rural while shunning immigration in an attempt to resist assimilation. Immigrants who arrived prior to the [[Quiet Revolution]] therefore largely assimilated into the increasingly diverse English-speaking community in Montreal, while the city's French-speaking community remained largely white, French, and Catholic, growing through high birth rates and migration from the countryside rather than immigration.<ref>[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-since-confederation Québec since confederation] at The Canadian Encyclopedia, accessed September 1, 2019</ref><ref>[[Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Canada#Quebec]]{{Circular reference|date=December 2017}}</ref>

During the [[Quiet Revolution]], French Quebecers left the Church ''en masse'' and birth rates fell drastically as they began to question the [[Maurice Duplessis|Duplessis-era establishment's]] legitimacy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/neither-practising-nor-believing-but-catholic-even-so/article4329828/|title = Opinion: Neither practising nor believing, but Catholic even so|newspaper = The Globe and Mail|date = 14 August 2009|last1 = Yakabuski|first1 = Konrad}}</ref> This awakening coincided with the arrival of a massive wave of [[Italian Canadians|Italian immigrants]] who, despite being Catholic, demanded English-language training and bilingual schools for their children. This community's desire to see its children, like those of fellow immigrant groups and the English community, educated in the majority language of Canada rather than the language of an insular minority clashed directly with Quebec francophones' emergent self-image as a majority community within Quebec rather than a national minority within Canada. With birth-rates declining dramatically, French Quebecers wished to tap into immigration to maintain their share of the population and the government set its sights on the Italian community, leading to the [[Saint-Leonard, Quebec#Saint-Leonard Conflict|Saint-Leonard Conflict]] in which the Italian community sought to maintain freedom of choice in education in the face of the government's demands that they send their children to French-language schools. The Government of Quebec intended to allow English-language schooling only for Quebec's "historical English minority", a move which the Italian community viewed as discriminatory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panoramitalia.com/en/arts-culture/history/saint-leonard-conflict-language-legislation-quebec/2325/ |title = Home Page Fall - Panoram Italia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/explore.php?Lang=1&elementid=103__true&tableid=11&contentlong|title=Language conflict in Québec &#124; Thematic Tours &#124; Musée McCord Museum|access-date=November 8, 2017|archive-date=November 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023150/http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/explore.php?Lang=1&elementid=103__true&tableid=11&contentlong|url-status=dead}}</ref> The matter was eventually settled with the advent of [[Bill 101]], which allowed anyone who arrived before 1976 to continue school in the language of their choice while requiring all new immigrants from outside Quebec (including English-speaking Canadians) to attend school in French; this last requirement, the so-called [[Legal dispute over Quebec's language policy|Quebec clause]] was eventually struck down by the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]] and expanded to allow anyone who received the better part of their schooling in English in Canada to send their children to English school in Quebec (in practice, this complex formula was designed so as not to bestow a right to English education on anyone who was educated in an English-speaking country and later became a Canadian citizen).

Because of these developments, Montreal's English-speaking community today includes people of English and Commonwealth ancestry, as well as specific groups who arrived in waves before the advent of Bill 101. It is a highly diverse community, with many members having a complex and multi-layered sense of identity that does not easily conform to the Government's definitions of "anglophone", "allophone", and "francophone".<ref name=ce>[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/english-speaking-quebecer English-speaking Quebecer] at [[The Canadian Encyclopedia]], accessed September 1, 2019</ref>

The community is served by one daily newspaper, ''[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]]'', as well as a number of weeklies including ''[[The Suburban]]''. Another major daily, the ''[[Montreal Star]]'', was Canada's foremost English-language daily until it ceased publication in 1979 due to a labour dispute. The most-watched television news channel is ''[[CFCF-DT|CTV Montreal]]'', formerly ''CFCF 12'', and the community is also served by local desks at the [[CBC Television|CBC]], [[Global Television Network|Global]], [[Citytv]], and [[MATV (Quebec)|MaTV]].

The English-speaking community in Montreal has traditionally been very pro-active in building up institutions in the areas of education and healthcare, most notably [[McGill University|McGill]] and [[Concordia University|Concordia Universities]] and the [[McGill University Health Centre]]. With the advent of [[Bill 101]], which made French the sole language of work, these institutions came to play a key role in maintaining the vitality and viability of the English-speaking community. [[Alliance Quebec]], an advocacy group created to give voice to the concerns of the English-speaking community in the turbulent times following the election of the [[Parti Québécois]] in 1976, fought to give English-speakers the right to work as well. In a compromise, the government made provisions in Bill 101 for so-called "bilingual institutions", namely [[List of school districts in Quebec|school boards]], [[Higher education in Quebec|colleges and universities]], and [[Healthcare in Canada|hospitals]] serving primarily the English-speaking community, which would be required only to ensure the provision of services in French without having to operate entirely in French as otherwise required by Bill 101. In effect, this allowed English speakers to maintain access to the workforce by giving them non-client-facing jobs, so long as the organization could still provide services in French. Because of this historical development, English-speaking Montrealers' identity is deeply entwined with the community's historical institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://qcgn.ca/community-priorities/|title=QCGN Community Priorities - Vitality for our English-speaking community|date=April 2021 }}</ref> Along similar lines, the [[Jewish General Hospital]] was founded by the largely-English speaking Jewish Community to provide jobs and ensure quality healthcare for the Jewish community (notably whilst serving any and all, regardless of race, religion, or creed) at a time when Jews were routinely excluded from the medical profession and discriminated against as patients within a denominational healthcare system,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jgh.ca/en/1910?mid=ctl00_LeftMenu_ctl00_TheMenu-menuItem010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216125708/http://jgh.ca/en/1910?mid=ctl00_LeftMenu_ctl00_TheMenu-menuItem010 |archive-date=2010-12-16 |title=Jewish General Hospital - 1910}}</ref> which actually occurred before the [[Quiet Revolution]] during English rule in Montreal (and indeed all of Quebec at the time).

Prominent venues in Montreal's English-speaking community include the [[Centaur Theatre]] and the [[Segal Centre for Performing Arts]]. Notable English-speaking Montrealers include [[Oliver Jones (pianist)|Oliver Jones]], [[Leonard Cohen]], [[Oscar Peterson]], [[William Shatner]], [[Nick Auf der Maur]], Melissa Auf der Maur, [[Mike Bossy]], and [[Mordecai Richler]].

The English-speaking community in Montreal is geographically fragmented along its diverse ethnic lines, with much of the English-speaking population concentrated in the suburban communities of the [[West Island]]. Traditionally, the city of [[Westmount, Quebec|Westmount]] and Montreal's [[Golden Square Mile]] were the home of the wealthy English merchant class. Other wealthy, largely English-speaking suburbs include the towns of [[Hampstead, Quebec|Hampstead]] and [[Mount Royal, Quebec|Mount Royal]], as well as the more middle class city of [[Côte-Saint-Luc]], which is traditionally associated with the city's Jewish community. The working-class Irish community was associated with the rough neighborhoods of [[Pointe-Saint-Charles]], [[Verdun]] and [[Saint-Henri]], which continue to host successive waves of immigrant groups as they arrive and eventually spread throughout the city. [[Saint Laurent Boulevard]] is the traditional dividing line between the so-called [[Two Solitudes (Canadian society)|Two Solitudes]], with the English-speaking community to the West and the French-speaking community to the East, although these lines continue to blur. Along its length, St. Laurent (also known as "The Main") has hosted a wide variety of groups that eventually came to form the city's English-speaking community, from [[Chinatown, Montreal|Chinatown]] in the South, through [[Little Portugal, Montreal|Little Portugal]], where [[Leonard Cohen]] had his house, and into the [[Mile End, Montreal|Mile End]], which housed the Jewish community upon its first arrival and also contained numerous factories in the [[Clothing industry|Schmata Industry]], as described by [[Mordecai Richler]] in his work, ''[[St. Urbain's Horseman]]''. The Greek community settled further up The Main near [[Outremont, Quebec|Outremont]] and the [[Park Extension]] neighbourhood near [[Jean Talon Street]] (an area which today boasts a large South Asian community), while the Italian community settled first into the neighbourhood of [[Ahuntsic-Cartierville|Ahuntsic]] and later, [[Saint Leonard, Quebec|St. Leonard]], [[Montréal-Nord|Montreal North]], and [[Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles|Riviere des Prairies]].

All of these groups have English as their first language of use and may partake in the English-language or other minority school systems, but they also maintain separate cultural traditions and institutions and often operate in French at work, making it difficult to pinpoint exactly where the boundaries of Montreal's English-speaking community lie. Montréal's English-speaking population became more diverse in the 20th century. Jewish migrants from Eastern Europe arrived in large numbers in the late 19th century, followed by Italians, both groups largely aligning with the English-speaking community. Less numerous, but also important, were the many black, Chinese and South Asian migrants who increased the visible minority proportion of anglophones; today, 24.2 per cent of anglophones are visible minorities. Moreover, most anglophones in Québec are now of non-English origin.<ref name=ce/>

===== Italians =====
{{Main|Italians in Montreal}}
Montreal's [[Italian people|Italian]] community is one of the largest in Canada, second only to Toronto. With 250,000 residents of Italian ancestry, Montreal has many Italian districts, such as [[Little Italy, Montreal|Little Italy]], Saint-Leonard ([[Città Italiana]]), [[Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles|R.D.P.]], and [[LaSalle, Quebec|LaSalle]]. Italian is the 3rd most spoken language in Montreal and in the province of [[Quebec]].

===== Greeks =====
{{Main|Greek Canadians}}
[[Greek language|Greek]] is the eighth language in importance. The Greek community remains vibrant: several neighbourhoods contain a number of Greek-owned businesses and local festivals and churches add to the multicultural character of the city. The neighbouring city of Laval also has a sizable Greek community, predominantly residing in the borough of Chomedey.

===== Eastern Europeans =====
In 1931 the largest non-French, non-British ethnic group in St. Eusebe and St. Gabriel was the Poles.<ref name=RosenbergWeinfeldp33/>

In 1931 the largest non-French, non-British ethnic group in Cremazie was the Czecho-Slovaks.<ref name=RosenbergWeinfeldp33/>

In 1931 the largest non-French, non-British ethnic group in St. Marie was the Lithuanians.<ref name=RosenbergWeinfeldp33/>

In 1931 the largest non-French, non-British ethnic group in St. Georges was the Finns.<ref name=RosenbergWeinfeldp33/>

===== Jews =====
{{Main|Jews in Montreal}}
Montreal's Jewish community is one of the oldest and most populous in the country, formerly first but now second to [[Toronto]] and numbering about 100,000 according to the 2001 census. The community is quite diverse, and is composed of many different [[Jewish ethnic divisions]] that arrived in Canada at different periods of time and under differing circumstances.

Jews comprised 2.4% of the total Montreal population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.federationcja.org/en/jewish_montreal/demographics/ |publisher=Federation CJA |access-date=25 October 2020|title=Demographics - Jewish Montreal }}</ref>

==== Middle Eastern ====
{{see also|Arab Canadians}}
According to CH (Montreal's multicultural channel) there are now over 117,000 people of Arab origin in Montreal. Montreal has sizable communities of Lebanese, Syrian and Egyptian origin. The main Arab district is the borough of [[Saint-Laurent, Quebec|Saint-Laurent]], which contains an Arab population of about 32,000 (52 percent of the population).{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

In 1931 the Syro-Lebanese were the largest non-French and non-British ethnic group in Ville Marie.<ref name=RosenbergWeinfeldp33>Rosenberg, Louis and [[Morton Weinfeld]]. ''Canada's Jews: A Social and Economic Study of Jews in Canada in the 1930s'' (Volume 16 of McGill-Queen's Studies in Ethnic History). [[McGill-Queen's Press]] (MQUP), Oct 12, 1993. {{ISBN|0773563946}}, 9780773563940. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=v3KZ0jnvESsC&pg=PA33 33].</ref>

===== Lebanese =====
According to the 2011 Census there were 190,275 Canadians who claimed Lebanese ancestry, with the largest concentration in Montreal, making them by far the largest group of people with Arabic-speaking roots.

===== Moroccans =====
As of the [[2001 Canadian Census]] there were over 16,000 Canadians of Moroccan descent in Montreal, about 75% of the total Moroccan population of Canada.<ref name=Powellp195>Powell, John. ''Encyclopedia of North American Immigration'' (Facts on File library of American history). [[Infobase Publishing]]. January 1, 2009. {{ISBN|143811012X}}, 9781438110127. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA195 195].</ref>

===== Armenian =====
[[Image:SourpHagop.jpg|thumb|[[L'École Arménienne Sourp Hagop]]]]
As of 2005 there were almost 30,000 ethnic Armenians in Montreal.<ref name=Maguireetalp151>Maguire, et al,  p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_SCRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 151].</ref> The Armenians first settled Canada in 1880. The first Armenian community in Montreal originally had 225 people.<ref name="Maguireetalp151" />

There are Armenian community institutions such as schools, youth organizations, and churches. The authors of "The Chameleon Character of Multilingual Literacy Portraits: Researching in "Heritage" Language Places and Spaces" wrote that in Montreal "there is no recognizable materially bounded Armenian neighborhood";<ref name=Maguireetalp154>Maguire, et al,  p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_SCRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 154].</ref> however, there are three Armenian schools in Montreal, as well as an [[Armenian General Benevolent Union|AGBU]] Centre located in Ville Saint-Laurent and the Armenian Community Centre of Montréal, located in Ahuntsic-Cartierville.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Incomparable Armenian Community in Montreal, Canada – Asbarez.com |url=https://asbarez.com/the-incomparable-armenian-community-in-montreal-canada/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Manjikian, Lalai. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/ks65hc719&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb&ct=res&cd=0&d=15679850366173704952&ei=ZGegZZKaOrSx6rQP-4Of0A4&scisig=AFWwaea4WcJG7UwuD0_pl6lNHN0n "Collective memory and diasporic articulations of imagined homes: Armenian community centres in Montreal."] (2005).</ref>

===== Berbers =====
Especially from [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]], this immigration is recent and almost 90,000 [[Berber people|Berbers]] live in Montreal.

==== Caribbean ====
{{Main|Black Canadians in Montreal}}
Additional West Indian women, from both the Francophone and Anglophone Caribbean, came to Montreal after the [[Domestic Immigration Program of 1955]] was established.<ref>Dubinsky, Karen. ""We Adopted a Negro": Interractial Adoption and the Hybrid Baby in 1960s Canada" (Chapter 11). In: Rutherdale, Robert and Magda Fahrni. ''Creating Postwar Canada: Community, Diversity, and Dissent, 1945-75''. [[UBC Press]], July 1, 2008. {{ISBN|077485815X}}, 9780774858151. Start: p. 268. CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uKz-8jB4WsC&pg=PA279 279]. Retrieved on October 7, 2014.</ref> Most settled in [[Little Burgundy]].

===== Haitian =====
{{see also|Canadians of Haitian ancestry}}
Montreal's [[Haitian community in Montreal|Haitian community]] of 100,000 people is the largest in Canada. Large percentages of Haitians live in [[Montréal-Nord]],
[[Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension|Saint-Michel]] and [[Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles|R.D.P.]] Today, [[Haitian Creole]] is the sixth most spoken language in Montreal and the seventh most spoken language in the province of [[Quebec]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}

==== Latin American ====
{{Main|Latin American Canadian}}
Montreal is host to the second largest Latin American community in Canada at 75,400 ([[Toronto]] ranks first, with 99,290), but amongst major Canadian cities, has the highest Latin American concentration at 4.1% in comparison to Toronto's Latin American concentration of 2.9% as well as the highest concentration amongst major Canadian metro areas at 2.7% to Toronto GMA's 2.3% as of 2016. The majority of Latin American Canadians are recent immigrants arriving in the late 20th century who have come from [[El Salvador]], [[Colombia]], [[Mexico]], [[Chile]] and [[Guatemala]] with relatively smaller communities from the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Cuba]], [[Venezuela]], [[Nicaragua]] and [[Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=24&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All |title=Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada&nbsp;— Data table |publisher=2.statcan.ca |date=2010-10-06 |access-date=2012-01-02 |archive-date=August 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819073642/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=24&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is currently the fifth most spoken language in Montreal.

On the other hand, the city is also home to 4,425 [[Brazilians]] who are part of the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]-speaking community of Montreal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |author=[[Statistics Canada]] |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables (Montréal) |access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref>

==== South Asian ====
{{expand section|date=October 2014}}
The term [[Indo-Canadians|Indo-Canadian]] is typically used in Canada to refer to people from the many ethnic groups of the Republic of India, and other South Asian countries including Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Sometimes you will also hear the term 'East Indian.'<ref>"https://www.myconsultant.ca/EN/Everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-Indian-community-in-Canada</ref>
As of 1985 there were 9,000 Sikhs in the Montreal area. Around 35 of [[Air India Flight 182]]'s passengers were Sikhs from [[Greater Montreal]].<ref>"[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19850626&id=_jwyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=26UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4994,1887584 Sikhs mourn Air-India victims]." ''[[The Montreal Gazette]]''. Wednesday June 26, 1985. p. A1. Retrieved on [[Google News]] (p. 1/111) on October 22, 2014.</ref> A memorial to AI182, located in [[Lachine, Montreal]], opened in 2010.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20141209215101/http://montreal.ctvnews.ca/memorial-to-victims-of-air-india-bombing-inaugurated-in-lachine-1.582413 Memorial to victims of Air India bombing inaugurated in Lachine]." ''[[CTV (Canada)|CTV]] Montreal''. Sunday December 5, 2010. Retrieved on December 7, 2014.</ref>

==== East & Southeast Asian ====
===== Chinese =====
{{see also|Chinese Canadian}}
As of 2006 Montreal has Canada's third largest ethnic Chinese population at 72,000 members.<ref name="Canada-VisibleMinorities">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CMA&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=9&Display=Page&CSDFilter=5000|title=Visible minority groups, 2006 counts, for Canada and census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations - 20% sample data|date=April 2, 2008|work=[[Canada 2006 Census]]|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=2008-08-13|archive-date=December 4, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204074511/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CMA&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=9&Display=Page&CSDFilter=5000|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2005 there is an estimate of 42,765 ethnic Chinese in Montreal. Of the ethnic minorities, the Chinese are the fourth largest. National origins include Hong Kong, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and Singapore.<ref name=Maguireetalp155>Maguire, et al,  p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_SCRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 155].</ref>

The [[South Shore (Montreal)|South Shore]] suburb of [[Brossard]] in particular has a high ethnic Chinese population, at 12% of its population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CSD&Code=2458007&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |title=2006 Canadian Census: Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlights Tables: Brossard, Quebec |access-date=August 13, 2008 |archive-date=December 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205060431/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CSD&Code=2458007&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Montreal also has a small [[Chinatown, Montreal|Chinatown]] sandwiched in between [[Old Montreal]], the [[Quartier international de Montréal|Quartier international]] and [[Downtown Montreal|downtown]].

As of 2005 ''[[Sinoquebec]]'' is the newest Chinese-language newspaper in Montreal.<ref name=Maguireetalp156>Maguire, et al, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_SCRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 156].</ref> Others are ''[[Les Presses Chinoises]]'' and ''[[Sept Days]]''.

Several Chinese-language special schools are in Montreal.<ref name=Maguireetalp156/> The [[Montreal Chinese Hospital]] is located in the city.

===== Japanese =====
{{main|Japanese in Montreal}}
As of 2005 there were an estimated 2,360 ethnic Japanese in Montreal.<ref name=Maguireetalp161>Maguire, et al,  p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_SCRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 161].</ref> As of 2003 there was no particular place where ethnic Japanese were concentrated,<ref>Maguire, Mary H. ([[McGill University]]). "[http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/113ISB4.PDF Identity and Agency in Primary Trilingual Children's Multiple Cultural Worlds: Third Space and Heritage Languages]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130631/http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/113ISB4.PDF Archive]). In: Cohen, James, Kara T. McAlister, Kellie Rolstad, and Jeff MacSwan (editors). ''[http://www.lingref.com/isb/ ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism]''. Conference held from April 30 to May 3, 2003. Published May 2005. p. 1423-1445. CITED: p. 1439 (PDF p. 17/24). "The other two schools, the Chinese Shonguo and Japanese Hoshuko are privately funded, rent space for their Saturday schools from mainstream educational institutions, and thus have no visible identifiable logo or physical presence as a particular 'heritage language school'."</ref> E. Bourgault wrote in ''Perspectives on the Japanese Canadian Experience in Quebec'' (''Repartir à zéro: Perspectives sur l'expérience des Canadiens d'origine japonaise au Québec'') that Japanese in Montreal historically "lived relatively anonymously" and that they "have avoided visible concentration as a collective, hoping to blend in, unnoticed into the larger population."<ref name=Maguirep1438>Maguire, Mary H. ([[McGill University]]). "[http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/113ISB4.PDF Identity and Agency in Primary Trilingual Children's Multiple Cultural Worlds: Third Space and Heritage Languages]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130631/http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/113ISB4.PDF Archive]). In: Cohen, James, Kara T. McAlister, Kellie Rolstad, and Jeff MacSwan (editors). ''[http://www.lingref.com/isb/ ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism]''. Conference held from April 30 to May 3, 2003. Published May 2005. p. 1423-1445. CITED: p. 1438 (PDF p. 16/24). "The other two schools, the Chinese Shonguo and Japanese Hoshuko are privately funded, rent space for their Saturday schools from mainstream educational institutions, and thus have no visible identifiable logo or physical presence as a particular 'heritage language school'."</ref>

===== Cambodians =====
As of 1999 the Communauté Khmere du Canada (Khmer Community Association) and the Pagode Khmer du Canada (Khmer Buddhist Temple) cooperate with one another.<ref name=McLellanp141>McLellan, Janet ([[University of Toronto]]). "Cambodian Buddhists in Toronto" (Chapter 5). In: McLellan, Janet. ''Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 1999. {{ISBN|0802082254}}, 9780802082251. Start p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NMm024458s4C&pg=PA133 133]. - CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NMm024458s4C&pg=PA141 141].</ref>

Some Muslim [[Cham people]] also moved to Montreal.<ref>McLellan, Janet. "CAMBODIANS/KHMER." In: Magosci, Paul R. (editor). ''Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples'' (G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series). [[University of Toronto Press]], 1999. {{ISBN|0802029388}}, 9780802029386. CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA296 296].</ref>

As of 1999 in Montreal ''duan chee'' give active help in resolving emotional issues with Khmer women, while this is not the case with ''duan chee'' in Toronto.<ref name=McLellanp148>McLellan, Janet ([[University of Toronto]]). "Cambodian Buddhists in Toronto" (Chapter 5). In: McLellan, Janet. ''Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 1999. {{ISBN|0802082254}}, 9780802082251. Start p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NMm024458s4C&pg=PA133 133]. - CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NMm024458s4C&pg=PA148 148].</ref>

==Language==
{{update|section|date=January 2024}}
[[File:Montréal - Secteurs Statitiques 2006 - Langue Maternelle.svg|thumb|Census tracts in Montreal identified by mother tongue language.
{{Legend|#2A7FFF|Francophone (majority)}}{{Legend|#AACCFF|Francophone (minority)}}{{Legend|#FF2A2A|Anglophone (majority)}}{{Legend|#FFAAAA|Anglophone (minority)}}{{Legend|#40CA40|Allophone (majority)}}{{Legend|#87DE87|Allophone (minority)}}

]]
In terms of mother language (first language learned), the 2006 census reported that in the [[Greater Montreal Area]], 66.5% spoke French as a first language, followed by English at 13.2%, while 0.8% spoke both as a first language.<ref name="language">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=97-555-XCB2006007&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=97-555-XCB2006007&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89186&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=701&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=837977|title=Montreal (CMA) - Detailed Mother Tongue|date=April 1, 2008|work=[[Canada 2006 Census]]|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=2010-01-08|archive-date=May 23, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523184547/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=97-555-XCB2006007&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=97-555-XCB2006007&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89186&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=701&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=837977|url-status=dead}}</ref> The remaining 22.5% of Montreal-area residents are [[Allophone (Quebec)|allophones]], speaking languages including [[Italian language|Italian]] (3.5%), [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (3.1%), [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (2.6%), [[Haitian Creole language|Haitian Creole]] (1.3%), [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (1.2%), [[Greek language|Greek]] (1.2%), [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (0.8%), [[Romanian language|Romanian]] (0.7%), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (0.7%), and [[Russian Language|Russian]] (0.5%).<ref name="language"/> In terms of additional languages spoken, a unique feature of Montreal among Canadian cities, noted by Statistics Canada, is the working knowledge of both French and English possessed by most of its residents.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:0; margin-left:1em;"
|+ Language most spoken at home<br />in the Montreal metropolitan area (CMA)
|-
! !! 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/publications/regional/pdf3/regRMR_3-4.pdf|title=Tableau 2 - Langue maternelle et langues parlées à la maison, connaissance des langues officielles, 1996, 1991 et 1986 - Régions métropolitaines de recensement|last=Institut de la statistique du Québec|access-date=2007-03-16|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302041829/http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/publications/regional/pdf3/regRMR_3-4.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>!! 2001<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55535&APATH=3&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=41&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0&GID=431565| title=Language Spoken Most Often at Home (8), Language Spoken at Home on a Regular Basis (9), Sex (3) and Age Groups (15) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas 1 and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data| work=[[Statistics Canada]], 2001 Census of Population| access-date=2007-03-16| archive-date=March 3, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303103554/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55535&APATH=3&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=41&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0&GID=431565| url-status=dead}}</ref>!! 2006<ref name=language_2006>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/language/Table402.cfm?Lang=E&T=402&GH=8&SC=1&S=0&O=A|title=Population by language spoken most often at home and age groups, 2006 counts, for Canada and census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations&nbsp;– 20% sample data|access-date=2007-12-05|archive-date=March 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310062949/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-555/Index-eng.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref>!! 2011<ref name=language_2011>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=462&TABID=1|title=Montréal, Quebec (Code 462) and Quebec (Code 24) (table). Census Profile.|access-date=January 11, 2013|archive-date=May 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528064614/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=462&TABID=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! French
| 71.2% || 72.1% || 70.5% || 70.4% ||
|-
! English
| 15.4% || 14.8% || 14.9% || 14.0% ||
|-
! Other&nbsp;language
| 13.4% || 13.1% || 14.6% || 16.6% ||
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" class="small"| Note that percentages add up to more than 100% because<br />some people speak two or more languages at home.
|}

{| class="wikitable"  style="margin:auto; line-height:0.9em; border:1px #000; margin-left:1em; text-align:right;"
|+ '''Mother tongue languages''' ([[Canada 2006 Census|2006]])<ref name="language2">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/tbt-tt/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=103252&PRID=0&PTYPE=101955&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2011&THEME=90&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Montreal (CMA) - Detailed Mother Tongue (192), Single and Multiple Language Responses (3), Age Groups (7) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census|date=October 24, 2012|work=[[Canada 2006 Census]]|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=2012-10-24}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br>''Includes Multiple Responses''
|-
! style="width:40px;"| Language
! style="width:40px;"| [[Greater Montreal Area|Greater Montreal]]
! style="width:40px;"| [[Quebec]]
! style="width:40px;"| [[Canada]]
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[French language|French]]
|65.8%
|'''79.7%'''
|22.0%
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[English language|English]]
|13.2%
|9.0%
|'''58.6%'''
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Arabic language|Arabic]]
|'''3.9%'''
|2.1%
|1.1%
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|'''3.1%'''
|1.8%
|1.3%
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Italian language|Italian]]
|'''3.1%'''
|1.6%
|1.3%
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Creole language|Creole]]
|'''1.5%'''
|0.8%
|0.2%
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Greek language|Greek]]
|'''1.1%'''
|0.5%
|0.4%
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|1.1%
|0.6%
|'''1.3%'''
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|'''0.8%'''
|0.5%
|0.7%
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Romanian language|Romanian]]
|'''0.7%'''
|0.4%
|0.3%
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
|'''0.7%'''
|0.4%
|0.5%
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Russian language|Russian]]
|'''0.6%'''
|0.3%
|0.5%
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Persian language|Persian]]
|0.5%
|0.3%
|'''0.5%'''
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
|0.4%
|0.2%
|'''1.2%'''
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Armenian language|Armenian]]
|'''0.4%'''
|0.2%
|0.1%
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Polish language|Polish]]
|0.4%
|0.2%
|'''0.6%'''
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|0.4%
|0.2%
|'''0.4%'''
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|0.3%
|0.2%
|'''1.4%'''
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[German language|German]]
|0.3%
|0.2%
|'''1.3%'''
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|'''0.3%'''
|0.1%
|0.2%
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Cantonese]]
|0.3%
|0.1%
|'''1.2%'''
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|0.3%
|0.1%
|'''0.6%'''
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
|align=left |[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
|0.3%
|0.1%
|'''0.8%'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="19"|Canada Census Mother Tongue - Greater Montreal, Quebec<ref name="scpast"/>
|-
! Census
|
! Total
|colspan="1"| 
!colspan="3"|{{center|French}}
|colspan="1"|
!colspan="3"|{{center|English}}
|colspan="1"|
!colspan="3"|{{center|French & English}}
|colspan="1"|
!colspan="3"|{{center|Other}}
|-
! Year
|
! Responses
| 
! Count
! Trend
! Pop %
|
! Count
! Trend
! Pop %
|
! Count
! Trend
! Pop %
|
! Count
! Trend
! Pop %
|-
| {{center|2021}}
|
| {{center|4,246,060}}
|
| 2,543,265	
| {{decrease}} 0.34%
| 59.89%
|
| 474,735
| {{increase}} 6.7%
| 11.18%
|
| 81,470		
| {{increase}} 72.78%
| 1.9%
|
| 990,820
| {{increase}} 8.8%
| 23.33%
|-
|-
| {{center|2016}}
|
| {{center|4,053,355}}
|
| 2,551,955	
| {{increase}} 6.1%
| 62.96%
|
| 444,955
| {{increase}} 1.1%
| 10.97%
|
| 47,150		
| {{increase}} 14.89%
| 1.16%
|
| 910,605
| {{increase}} 8.57%
| 22.47%
|-
| {{center|2011}}
|
| {{center|3,785,915}}
|
| 2,395,525	
| {{increase}} 2.8%
| 63.27%
|
| 439,845
| {{increase}} 3.1%
| 11.62%
|
| 40,400		
| {{increase}} 35%
| 1.07%
|
| 832,245
| {{increase}} 3%
| 21.98%
|-
| {{center|2006}}
|
| {{center|3,588,520}}
|
| 2,328,400		
| {{increase}} 2.27%
| 64.88%
|
| 425,635
| {{increase}} 4%
| 11.86%
|
| 26,855	
| {{decrease}} 11.35%
| 0.75%
|
| 807,630	
| {{increase}} 17.3%
| 22.5%
|-
| {{center|2001}}
|
| {{center|3,380,645}}
|
| 2,275,035			
| {{increase}} 3.12%
| 67.29%
|
| 408,185	
| {{decrease}} 4.4%
| 12.1%
|
| 29,935	
| {{decrease}} 2.05%
| 0.89%
|
| 667,485		
| {{increase}} 12.89%
| 19.74%
|-
| {{center|1996}}
|
| {{center|3,287,645}}
|
| 2,204,285
| {{increase}} 5.03%
| 67.04%
|
| 426,600
| {{decrease}} 4.4%
| 12.9%
|
| 30,550
| {{decrease}} 73.9%
| 0.9%
|
| 581,450
| {{increase}} 21.5%
| 17.68%
|-
| {{center|1991}}
|
| {{center|3,127,245}}
|
| 2,093,395
| {{increase}} 5.7%
| 66.94%
|
| 445,515
| {{increase}} 2.6%
| 14.2%
|
| 53,140
| {{decrease}} 66.7%
| 1.6%
|
| 456,670
| {{increase}} 24.5%
| 14.6%
|-
| {{center|1986}}
|
| {{center|2,921,357}}
|
| 1,974,115
| {{increase}} 1.9%
| 67.76%
|
| 433,095
| {{decrease}} 20.09%
| 14.82%
|
| 88,585
| n/a
| 3.03%
|
| 344,970
| n/a
| 11.8%
|-
| {{center|1981}}
|
| {{center|2,828,349}}
|
| 1,936,200
| n/a
| 68.24%
|
| 520,485
| n/a
| 18.3%
|
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
|
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
|}
{{clear}}

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="19"|Canada Census Mother Tongue – Montreal, Quebec<ref name="scpast">Statistics Canada: [[Canada 1981 Census|1981]][[Canada 1986 Census|1986]], [[Canada 1991 Census|1991]], [[Canada 1996 Census|1996]], [[Canada 2001 Census|2001]], [[Canada 2006 Census|2006]], [[Canada 2011 Census|2011]], [[Canada 2016 Census|2016]], [[Canada 2021 Census|2021]] census</ref>
|-
! Census
|
! Total
|colspan="1"| 
!colspan="3"|{{center|French}}
|colspan="1"|
!colspan="3"|{{center|English}}
|colspan="1"|
!colspan="3"|{{center|French and English}}
|colspan="1"|
!colspan="3"|{{center|Other}}
|-
! Year
|
! Responses
| 
! Count
! Trend
! Pop %
|
! Count
! Trend
! Pop %
|
! Count
! Trend
! Pop %
|
! Count
! Trend
! Pop %
|-
| {{center|2016}}
|
| {{center|1,680,910}}
|
| 833,280
| {{increase}} 1.75%
| 49.57%
|
| 208,140	
| {{increase}} 0.93%
| 12.38%
|
| 20,705	
| {{increase}} 18.79%
| 1.27%
|
| 559,035
| {{increase}} 4.19%
| 34.34%
|-
| {{center|2011}}
|
| {{center|1,627,945}}
|
| 818,970
| {{decrease}} 1.86%
| 50.3%
|
| 206,210	
| {{increase}} 3.1%
| 12.67%
|
| 17,430	
| {{increase}} 44.58%
| 1.07%
|
| 536,560
| {{decrease}} 1.93%
| 32.30%
|-
| {{center|2006}}
|
| {{center|1,593,725}}
|
| 834,520		
| {{decrease}} 4.45%
| 52.36%
|
| 200,000		
| {{decrease}} 2.92%
| 12.5%
|
| 12,055	
| {{decrease}} 28.27%
| 0.75%
|
| 547,150	
| {{increase}} 13.01%
| 34.33%
|-
| {{center|2001}}
|
| {{center|1,608,024}}
|
| 873,564		
| {{increase}} 2.07%
| 54.32%
|
| 206,025
| {{decrease}} 4.21%
| 12.81%
|
| 16,807
| {{increase}} 14.02%
| 1.04%
|
| 484,165
| {{increase}} 13.72%
| 30.1%
|-
| {{center|1996}}
|
| {{center|1,569,437}}
|
| 855,780
| n/a
| 54.53%
|
| 215,100
| n/a
| 13.7%
|
| 14,740
| n/a
| 0.94%
|
| 425,725
| n/a
| 27.12%
|}

===2016 population by Mother tongue===
====Ville de Montréal====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Top 30 languages Montréal, 2016<ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2466023&Geo2=CD&Code2=2466&Data=Count&SearchText=montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 Montréal Profile], Montréal 2016</ref>!! Population !! %
|-
|[[French language|French]]|| 833,280 || 52.1
|-
|[[English language|English]] || 208,140 || 13.0
|-
|[[Arabic]]|| 95,165 || 5.9
|-
|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]|| 72,760 || 4.5
|-
|[[Italian language|Italian]]|| 67,800 || 4.2
|-
|[[Creole languages|Creole]]|| 36,160 || 2.3
|-
|[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]|| 26,245 || 1.6
|-
|[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]|| 18,115 || 1.1
|-
|[[Kabyle language|Kabyle]]|| 17,895 || 1.1
|-
|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|| 17,130 || 1.1
|-
|[[Greek language|Greek]]|| 16,935 || 1.1
|-
|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]|| 15,230 || 1.0
|-
|[[Russian language|Russian]]|| 14,685 || 0.9
|-
|[[Cantonese]]|| 14,435 || 0.9
|-
|[[Persian language|Farsi]]|| 12,585 || 0.8
|-
|[[Tagalog language|Tagalog (Filipino)]]|| 10,770 || 0.7
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| 9,595 || 0.6
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|| 9,290 || 0.6
|-
|[[Punjabi language|Panjabi (Punjabi)]]|| 7,300 || 0.5
|-
|[[Polish language|Polish]]|| 7,000 || 0.4
|-
|[[Urdu]]|| 6,580 || 0.4
|-
|[[Armenian language|Armenian]]|| 6,330 || 0.4
|-
|[[Yiddish]]|| 6,030 || 0.4
|-
|[[Khmer language|Khmer (Cambodian)]]|| 4,875 || 0.3
|-
|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]|| 4,535 || 0.3
|-
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|| 4,075 || 0.3
|-
|[[German language|German]]|| 3,990 || 0.2
|-
|[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]|| 3,625 || 0.2
|-
|[[Korean language|Korean]]|| 3,120 || 0.2
|-
|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]|| 2,995 || 0.2
|}

==Religion==
=== City of Montreal ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in the City of Montreal (2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population-Montréal, Ville |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00052466023&SearchText=montreal |website=Statistics Canada| date=February 9, 2022 }}</ref>)
| label1 = [[Catholic Church in Canada|Catholic Christianity]]
| value1 = 35.0
| color1 = DarkBlue
| label2  = Christian N.O.S
| value2  = 6.1
| color2  = Blue
| label3  = [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christianity]]
| value3  = 3.2
| color3  = LightBlue
| label4  = [[Protestant Christianity]]
| value4  = 2.6
| color4  = Navy
| label5  = Other Christian
| value5  = 2.6
| color5  = cyan
| label6 = [[Irreligion in Canada|No religion]]
| value6  = 31.0
| color6  = white
| label7  = [[Islam]] 
| value7  = 12.7
| color7  = LightGreen
| label8  = [[Judaism]] 
| value8  = 2.1
| color8  = DarkGreen
| label9  = [[Hinduism]]
| value9  = 1.8
| color9  = Orange
| label10  = [[Buddhism]] 
| value10  = 1.5
| color10  = Gold
| label11  = [[Sikhism]]
| value11  = 0.9
| color11  = Red
| label12  = Other religions
| value12  = 0.6
| color12  = Pink
|
}}
The Greater Montreal Area is predominantly [[Roman Catholic]]; however, weekly church attendance in Quebec is among the lowest in Canada.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/church-attendance-declining-in-canada-1.224777 CBC Article] - [[Church attendance]] declining in Canada</ref> Historically Montreal has been a centre of Catholicism in North America with its numerous seminaries and churches, including the [[Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)|Notre-Dame Basilica]], the [[Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde]], and [[Saint Joseph's Oratory]]. Some 62.4% of the total population is Christian,<ref name=VM>{{cite web|url=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/MTL_STATS_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/PROFIL_SOCIOD%C9MO_VILLE_DE_MONTREAL.PDF=|title=Profil Sociodémographique Montréal 2011|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=January 1, 2011}}</ref> largely [[Roman Catholic]] (52.8%), primarily due to descendants of original French settlers, and others of Italian and Irish origins. [[Protestants]] which include [[Anglican]], [[United Church]], [[Lutheran]], owing to British and German immigration, and other denominations number 5.90%, with a further 3.7% consisting mostly of [[Eastern Orthodox|Orthodox Christians]], fuelled by a large Greek population. There is also a number of Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox parishes. [[Islam]] is the largest non-Christian religious group, with 154,540 members,<ref name="Community Highlights for Montréal">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462__&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|title=2001 Community Highlights for Montréal|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=2007-08-02|archive-date=2007-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312092502/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462__&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|url-status=dead}}</ref> the second-largest concentration of Muslims in Canada at 9.6%. The [[Jewish]] community in Montreal has a population of 90,780.	 In cities such as [[Côte Saint-Luc]] and [[Hampstead, Quebec|Hampstead]], Jewish people constitute the majority, or a substantial part of the population. As recently as 1971 the [[Jewish]] community in Greater Montreal was as high as 109,480.<ref name="MELS"/> Political and economic uncertainties led many to leave Montreal and the province of Quebec.<ref name="Am Yisrael">{{cite web|url=http://www.amyisrael.co.il/na/canada/|title=The Jewish Communities of Canada|publisher=Am Yisrael|access-date=2008-05-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521172717/http://www.amyisrael.co.il/na/canada/|archive-date=2008-05-21}}</ref>

The religious breakdown of the population of Montreal is:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+'''Religion''' (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population-Montreal |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00052466023&SearchText=montreal |website=Statistics Canada| date=February 9, 2022 }}</ref>
! Religion
! Population
! Percentage (%)
|-
| '''[[Christianity]]'''
| '''853,205'''
| '''49.5%'''
|-
| '''[[Irreligion|No religious affiliation]]'''
| '''534,180'''
| '''31.0%'''
|-
| '''[[Islam]]'''
| '''218,395'''
| '''12.7%'''
|-
| '''[[Judaism]]'''
| '''35,930'''
| '''2.1%'''
|-
| '''[[Hinduism]]'''
| '''30,430'''
| '''1.8%'''
|-
| '''[[Buddhism]]'''
| '''26,395'''
| '''1.5%'''
|-
| '''[[Sikhism]]'''
| '''15,630'''
| '''0.9%'''
|-
| '''Other religions'''
| '''9065'''
| '''0.5%'''
|}

=== Metro Montreal ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ [[Religion in Canada|Religious]] groups in [[Greater Montreal|Metro Montreal]] (1981−2021)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Canada|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]<ref name="2021censusC">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Montreal&DGUIDlist=2021S0503462&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]<ref name="2011censusC">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27 |title= NHS Profile |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2001 Canadian census|2001]]<ref name="2001censusC">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-07-02 |title= 2001 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462__&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[1991 Canadian census|1991]]<ref name="1991censusC">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-03-29 |title= Profile of Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations - Part A |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census91/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=1&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=224&PRID=0&PTYPE=56079&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1991&THEME=113&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="1991censusD">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-03-29 |title= Profile of Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations - Part B |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census91/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=1&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=225&PRID=0&PTYPE=56079&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1991&THEME=113&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1981<ref name="1981censusC">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=1981 Census of Canada : volume 2 - provincial series : population; language, ethnic origin, religion, place of birth, schooling |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.838030/publication.html |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="1981censusD">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2020-05-26 |title= Data tables, 1981 Census Profile for Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 1981 Census - Part B |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census81/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=113750&PRID=0&PTYPE=113743&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1986&THEME=134&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 2,431,435
| {{Percentage | 2431435 | 4206450 | 2 }}
| 2,790,920
| {{Percentage | 2790920 | 3752475 | 2 }}
| 2,859,010
| {{Percentage | 2859010 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 2,737,050
| {{Percentage | 2737050 | 3091115 | 2 }}
| 2,578,005
| {{Percentage | 2578005 | 2798040 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Irreligion in Canada|Irreligion]]
| 1,200,090
| {{Percentage | 1200090 | 4206450 | 2 }}
| 560,650
| {{Percentage | 560650 | 3752475 | 2 }}
| 258,295
| {{Percentage | 258295 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 167,060
| {{Percentage | 167060 | 3091115 | 2 }}
| 88,650
| {{Percentage | 88650 | 2798040 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Islam in Canada|Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 365,675
| {{Percentage | 365675 | 4206450 | 2 }}
| 221,040
| {{Percentage | 221040 | 3752475 | 2 }}
| 100,185
| {{Percentage | 100185 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 41,215
| {{Percentage | 41215 | 3091115 | 2 }}
| 10,935
| {{Percentage | 10935 | 2798040 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Judaism in Canada|Judaism]] [[File:Star of David.svg|15px]]
| 82,075
| {{Percentage | 82075 | 4206450 | 2 }}
| 83,200
| {{Percentage | 83200 | 3752475 | 2 }}
| 88,765
| {{Percentage | 88765 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 96,710
| {{Percentage | 96710 | 3091115 | 2 }}
| 101,365
| {{Percentage | 101365 | 2798040 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hinduism in Canada|Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 45,565
| {{Percentage | 45565 | 4206450 | 2 }}
| 32,280
| {{Percentage | 32280 | 3752475 | 2 }}
| 24,075
| {{Percentage | 24075 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 13,775
| {{Percentage | 13775 | 3091115 | 2 }}
| 6,415
| {{Percentage | 6415 | 2798040 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg|15px]]
| 42,540
| {{Percentage | 42540 | 4206450 | 2 }}
| 47,350
| {{Percentage | 47350 | 3752475 | 2 }}
| 37,840
| {{Percentage | 37840 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 27,905
| {{Percentage | 27905 | 3091115 | 2 }}
| 9,165
| {{Percentage | 9165 | 2798040 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 22,990
| {{Percentage | 22990 | 4206450 | 2 }}
| 9,205
| {{Percentage | 9205 | 3752475 | 2 }}
| 7,930
| {{Percentage | 7930 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 3,880
| {{Percentage | 3880 | 3091115 | 2 }}
| 1,555
| {{Percentage | 1555 | 2798040 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous spirituality]]
| 290
| {{Percentage | 290 | 4206450 | 2 }}
| 200
| {{Percentage | 200 | 3752475 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Religion in Canada|Other]]
| 15,785
| {{Percentage | 15785 | 4206450 | 2 }}
| 7,620
| {{Percentage | 7620 | 3752475 | 2 }}
| 4,550
| {{Percentage | 4550 | 3380645 | 2 }}
| 3,515
| {{Percentage | 3515 | 3091115 | 2 }}
| 1,950
| {{Percentage | 1950 | 2798040 | 2 }}
|-
! Total responses
! 4,206,450
! {{Percentage | 4206450 | 4291732 | 2 }}
! 3,752,475
! {{Percentage | 3752475 | 3934078 | 2 }}
! 3,380,645
! {{Percentage | 3380645 | 3426350 | 2 }}
! 3,091,115
! {{Percentage | 3091115 | 3127242 | 2 }}
! 2,798,040
! {{Percentage | 2798040 | 2828349 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total population
! 4,291,732
! {{Percentage | 4291732 | 4291732 | 2 }}
! 3,934,078
! {{Percentage | 3934078 | 3934078 | 2 }}
! 3,426,350
! {{Percentage | 3426350 | 3426350 | 2 }}
! 3,127,242
! {{Percentage | 3127242 | 3127242 | 2 }}
! 2,828,349
! {{Percentage | 2828349 | 2828349 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
|}

==See also==
*[[Demographics of Quebec]]

==References==
* Maguire, Mary H., Ann J. Beer, Hourig Attarian, Diane Baygin, Xiao Lan Curdt-Christiansen, and Reiko Yoshida ([[McGill University]]). "The Chameleon Character of Multilingual Literacy Portraits: Researching in "Heritage" Language Places and Spaces" (Chapter 7). In: Anderson, Jim, Maureen Kendrick, Theresa Rogers, and Suzanne Smythe (editors). ''Portraits of Literacy Across Families, Communities, and Schools: Intersections and Tensions''. [[Routledge]], May 6, 2005. Start page 141. {{ISBN|1135615535}}, 9781135615536.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==Further reading==
General:
* Lavoie, Nathalie and Pierre Serre. "From Bloc Voting to Social Voting: The case of Citizenship Issues of Immigration to Montreal, 1995-1996." ''[[Peace Research Abstracts]]'' 39, no. 6 (2002): 763–957.
* Linteau, Paul-André. ''Histoire de la ville de Montréal depuis la Confédération''. Montreal, [[Boreal (publisher)|Boreal]], 1992.
* Marois, Claude. "Cultural Transformations in Montreal since 1970." ''[[Journal of Cultural Geography]]'' 8, No. 2 (1988): 29–38.
* McNicoll, Claire. ''Montréal, une société multiculturelle''. Paris: [[Belin (publisher)|Belin]], 1993.
* Monette, Pierre. ''L'immigrant Montréal''. Montreal: Triptyque, 1994.

On specific ethnic groups:
* Berdugo-Cohen, Marie and [[Yolande Cohen]]. ''Juifs marocains à montreal: témoignages d'une immigration moderne''. Montreal: VLB, 1987.
* Lam, Lawrence. ''From Being Uprooted to Surviving: Resettlement of Vietnamese-Chinese "Boat People" in Montreal, 1980-1990''. [[Toronto]]: [[York Lanes Press]], 1996.
* Penisson, Bernard. "L'émigration française au Canada." In: ''L'émigration française: études de cas: Algérie-Canada-Etats-Unis''. Paris: [[Université de Paris I]], Centre de recherches d'histoire nord-américaine, 1985.
* Robinson, Ira, Pierre Anctil, and Mervin Butovsku (editors). ''An Everyday Miracle: Yiddish Culture in Montreal''. Montreal: [[Véhicule Press]], 1990.
* Robinson, Ira and Mervin Butovsky (editors). ''Renewing Our Days Montreal Jews in the Twentieth Century''. Montreal: [[Véhicule Press]], 1995.

{{Montreal}}
{{People of Canada}}
{{Demographics of Canada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Montreal}}
[[Category:Demographics by city in Canada|Montreal]]
[[Category:Montreal]]