View source for Demographics of Germany

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox place demographics
| place             = [[Germany]]
|image              = [[File:Germany Population Pyramid 2024.png|350px]]
|caption            = [[Population pyramid]] in 2024
|size_of_population = {{decrease}} 83,577,140 (31 December 2024)<ref name="Bevölkerungsstand">{{cite web |access-date=7 February 2022 |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/liste-zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit.html |title=Bevölkerungsstand |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823083410/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit-2019.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|density            = {{decrease}} {{cvt|241|/km2}} (2024)
|growth             = {{decrease}} −0.12% (2024)
|birth              = {{decrease}} 8.2 births/1,000 population (2023)<ref name="https">{{cite web|access-date=13 September 2019|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Geburten/Tabellen/lebendgeborene-gestorbene.html |title= Lebendgeborene und Gestorbene}}</ref>
|death              = {{decreasePositive}} 12.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023)<ref name="https"/>
|fertility          = {{decrease}} 1.38 children born/woman (2023)
|infant_mortality   = {{decreasePositive}} 3.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)
|life               = {{increase}} 81.2 years (2018–2020)<ref>{{cite web|access-date= 9 July 2021|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2021/07/PD21_331_12621.html|title=Lebenserwartung in Deutschland nahezu unverändert}}</ref>
|life_male         = {{increase}} 78.64 years
|life_female       = {{increase}} 83.40 years
|net_migration     = {{increase}} 1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Net migration rate Comparison - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/net-migration-rate/country-comparison/ |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref>
|total_mf_ratio    = 0.97 male(s)/female (2015)
|sr_at_birth       = 1.06 male(s)/female
|sr_under_15       = 1.05 male(s)/female
|sr_15-64_years    = 1.02 male(s)/female
|sr_65_years_over  = 0.76 male(s)/female
|nation            = ''noun'': German(s) ''adjective'': German
|major_ethnic      = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* [[Germans]] (72.65%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
|minor_ethnic     = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* [[Turkish people|Turks]] (3.62%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Polish people|Poles]] (2.65%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Russians]] (1.60%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] (1.58%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Syrians]] (1.46%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Ukrainians]] (1.44%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Romanians]] (1.33%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Italians]] (1.02%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Kosovars]] (0.70%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Bosnians]] (0.66%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Afghans]] (0.56%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Greeks]] (0.51%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Iraqis]] (0.45%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Bulgarians]] (0.44%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Croats]] (0.44%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Serbians]] (0.43%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Austrians]] (0.41%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] (0.38%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Indian people|Indians]] (0.36%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Moroccans]] (0.34%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Egyptians|Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia]] (0.34%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Hungarians]] (0.32%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Chinese people|Chinese]] (0.28%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] (0.28%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Spaniards]] (0.28%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Americans]] (0.27%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] (0.27%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[French people|French]] (0.26%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Czechs]] (0.25%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Dutch people|Dutch]] (0.25%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Moldovans]] (0.23%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] (0.22%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[British people|British]] (0.21%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] (0.20%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Pakistanis]] (0.19%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Brazilians]] (0.15%)<ref name="Destatis2024"/>
* [[Thai people|Thais]] (0.13%)<ref name="Destatis2024">{{cite web |url=https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Migration-Integration/Tables/migrant-status-selected-countries.html |title=Population with a migrant background by selected countries of birth |publisher=Destatis |date=1 May 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
<!-- language -->
|official       = [[German language|German]] (81.42%)
|spoken         = *[[Turkish language|Turkish]] (2.53%)
*[[Russian language|Russian]] (2.26%)
*[[Arabic language|Arabic]] (1.74%)
*[[Polish language|Polish]] (1.22%)
*[[English language|English]] (1.20%)
*[[Serbo-Croatian]] (1.13%)
*[[Romanian language|Romanian]] (0.91%)
*[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (0.72%)
*[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] (0.71%)
*[[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] (0.68%)
*[[Italian language|Italian]] (0.64%)
*Others (5.94%)
}}
[[File:Population of German territories 1800 - 2000.JPG|thumb|right|400px|Population between 1800 and 2000]]
[[File:Population density in Germany.png|thumb|[[Population density]] in Germany, by [[Districts of Germany|kreis/district]]]]
[[File:Population density in Germany by district, 1925.svg|thumb|Population density in 1925]]
{{Historical populations
|type =
| percentages = pagr
|footnote = Source: [[Statistisches Bundesamt|DESTATIS]] (after 1950), [[Histat]] (1850−1940 Reich Boundaries),<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://histat.gesis.org/histat/de/table/details/8D780AE005B7104179C15F5A29B59F56
|title=Histat:Population statistics
|access-date=31 August 2021
}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Max Planck Society]] (1500−1840 Reich Boundaries (incl .Als.-Lor.))<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2010-035.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223094909/http://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2010-035.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2010 |url-status=live|title=The Population History of Germany: Research Strategy and Preliminary Results}}</ref>
|1500 | 9200000
|1550 | 12900000
|1600 | 16200000
|1650 | 10000000
|1700 | 14100000
|1750 | 18300000
|1800 | 22700000
|1850 | 35303000
|1870 | 40804000
|1900 | 56046000
|1910 | 64568000
|1920 | 61974000
|1930 | 64294000
|1940 | 69838000
|1950 | 69346000
|1960 | 73147000
|1970 | 78069000
|1980 | 78397000
|1990 | 79753227
|2000 | 82259540
|2010 | 81751602
|2020 | 83155031
|2024 | 83577140
}}

The '''demography of Germany''' is monitored by the ''Statistisches Bundesamt'' ([[Federal Statistical Office of Germany]]). According to the most recent data, [[Germany]]'s population is 83,577,140 (31 December 2024)<ref name="Bevölkerungsstand"/> making it the most populous country in the [[European Union]] and the nineteenth-most populous country in the world. The [[total fertility rate]] was rated at 1.38 in 2023,<ref name="GZ">{{cite web|access-date=13 September 2019|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Geburten/Tabellen/GeburtenZiffer.html |title=Zusammengefasste Geburtenziffer nach Kalenderjahren}}</ref> significantly below the [[replacement rate]] of 2.1. For a long time Germany had one of the world's lowest fertility rates of around 1.3 to 1.4.<ref name=FertilityStat>{{cite web|access-date=1 July 2021 |title=Die Datenbank des Statistischen Bundesamtes |url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online?operation=abruftabelleBearbeiten&levelindex=1&levelid=1625165381650&auswahloperation=abruftabelleAuspraegungAuswaehlen&auswahlverzeichnis=ordnungsstruktur&auswahlziel=werteabruf&code=12612-0009&auswahltext=&werteabruf=Werteabruf#abreadcrumb}}</ref> Due to the low birth rate Germany has recorded  more deaths than births every year since 1972,<ref name=Gebster>{{cite web |access-date=1 July 2021 |title=Births and Deaths |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Sterbefaelle-Lebenserwartung/Tabellen/lrbev04.html}}</ref> which means 2024 was the 53rd consecutive year the German population would have decreased without immigration. However, due to immigration the population has actually increased during the last half-century. In 2023 the number of people with a foreign background was 29.7%;<ref name=Migrationshintergrund >{{cite web|access-date=3 May 2024 |title=Migrant background |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/liste-migrationshintergrund-geschlecht.html#116670}}</ref> this category includes foreigners, naturalized citizens, ethnic [[Spätaussiedler|German repatriates]] from [[Eastern Europe]] and the children of all of the above.

Until the early 20th century Germany was also a large emigrant nation; in the 19th century more than 5 million citizens of the [[German Empire]] emigrated [[German Americans|to the US alone]], and in the early 20th century Germany lost another two million to the US as well as significant numbers to Latin America, Canada and Eastern Europe. However, after [[World War II]] immigration began to outweigh emigration, as around 14 million ethnic [[Germans]] [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|were expelled]] from the former eastern provinces of the Reich and other areas in Eastern Europe. Of these, roughly 12 million made their way to present-day Germany and several hundred thousand settled in Austria and other countries, while several hundred thousand died. Some additional 4.5 million ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe repatriated after 1950, especially around the end of the [[Eastern Bloc]] and mostly from the former Soviet Union, Poland and Romania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bund der Vertriebenen: Aktuelle Aussiedlerstatistik |url=https://www.bund-der-vertriebenen.de/fakten/spaetaussiedler/aktuelle-aussiedlerstatistik |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=www.bund-der-vertriebenen.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia Hopes to Lure Back Ethnic Germans |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russia-hopes-to-lure-back-ethnic-germans/a-2772792 |website=DW}}</ref>

Large-scale immigration to [[West Germany]] began during the time of the [[Wirtschaftswunder]] from the 1950s to early 1970s when Germany had a shortage of workers and let in Southern Europeans from countries like Turkey, Italy and Spain on a temporary basis as [[guest workers]]. The liberalisation of guest worker legislation allowed many to stay and build a life in [[West Germany]]. Germany saw another large wave of immigration towards the end of the 20th century, driven by [[German reunification]], refugee inflows from the [[Yugoslav Wars]] and large numbers of Turkish nationals [[asylum in Germany|seeking asylum]]. The next large immigration wave began after eastern expansion of the European Union in 2011 as Eastern Europeans were now allowed to live and work in Germany without a visa. During the [[2015 European migrant crisis|European migrant crisis]] of 2015 Germany took in a large number of refugees, both in absolute terms and relative to other EU member states; the country recorded 476,649 asylum seekers in 2015, 745,545 in 2016 and declining numbers thereafter.<ref name="Flücht">{{cite web |access-date=2 July 2021 |title=Asylum statistics |url=https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Statistik/AsylinZahlen/aktuelle-zahlen-mai-2021.html |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183349/https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Statistik/AsylinZahlen/aktuelle-zahlen-mai-2021.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Germany has one of the world's highest levels of education, technological development, and economic productivity. Since the end of [[World War II]], the number of students entering university has more than tripled, and the trade and technical schools are among the world's best. With a per capita income of about €40,883 in 2018,<ref name="National Accounts">{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/NationalEconomyEnvironment/NationalAccounts/DomesticProduct/Tables/ImportantEconomicIndicators.html|title=Important Economic Indicators |date=15 January 2019 }}</ref> Germany is a broadly middle-class society. However, there has been a strong increase in the number of children living in [[poverty in Germany|poverty]]. In 1965, one in 75 children was on the welfare rolls; but by 2007 this had increased to one child in six. These children live in relative poverty, but not necessarily in absolute poverty.<ref>"Sozialhilfe: Kinderarmut nimmt zu". Focus. 15 November 2007</ref> Millions of Germans travel overseas each year. The social welfare system provides for [[universal health care]], [[unemployment compensation]], [[child benefits]] and other social programmes. Germany's aging population and struggling economy strained the welfare system in the 1990s, resulting in the government adopting a wide-ranging programme of controversial{{citation needed|date=December 2025}} belt-tightening reforms, [[Agenda 2010]], including the labour-market reforms known as [[Hartz concept]].

== History ==

===1945–1990===
[[File:Population evolution Germany.svg|thumb|Population evolution of Germany, since 1950]]

After the [[World War II]] [[Territorial changes of Germany|border shifts]] and [[Expulsions of Germans after World War II|expulsions]], the [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|Germans from Central and Eastern Europe]] and the [[former eastern territories of Germany|former eastern territories]] moved westward to [[History of Germany since 1945|post-war Germany]]. During the partition of Germany, many Germans from [[East Germany]] fled to [[West Germany]] for political and economic reasons. Since Germany's reunification, there are ongoing migrations from the eastern ''[[New states of Germany|New Länder]]'' to the western ''Old Länder'' for economic reasons.

The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic followed different paths when it came to demographics. The politics of the German Democratic Republic was pronatalistic<ref>Holger Wunderlich. Springer VS. Familienpolitik vor Ort – Strukturen, Akteure und Interaktionen auf kommunaler Ebene. p. 52</ref> while that of the Federal Republic was compensatory.

Fertility in the GDR was higher than that in the FRG. Demographic politics was only one of the reasons. Women in the GDR had fewer "biographic options". Young motherhood was expected of them. State funded cost-free childcare was available to all mothers.<ref name="berlin-institut.org">{{cite web |title=Berlin-Institut für Bevölkerung und Entwicklung: Ostdeutschland |url=http://www.berlin-institut.org/online-handbuchdemografie/bevoelkerungsdynamik/regionale-dynamik/ostdeutschland.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813190526/http://www.berlin-institut.org/online-handbuchdemografie/bevoelkerungsdynamik/regionale-dynamik/ostdeutschland.html |archive-date=13 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |website=Berlin-institut.org}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|+ Mother's mean age at first birth in East and West Germany
|-
!scope="row"| Year
!scope="col"| 1960
!scope="col"| 1970
!scope="col"| 1980
!scope="col"| 1985
!scope="col"| 2002
!scope="col"| 2008
|-
!scope="row"|West Germany
| 24.9 ||23.8||25.0||26.2||27.6||28.7
|-
!scope="row"|East Germany
| 23.0 ||22.5||22.3||22.3||26.4||27.5
|}
Note: Berlin is included into East Germany for the year 2002 and 2008. Source: Kreyenfeld (2002); Kreyenfeld et al. (2010); HFD Germany (2010)<ref>{{citation |author1=Michaela Kreyenfeld |title=Fertility data for German-speaking countries What is the potential? Where are the pitfalls? |url=https://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2011-003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202144245/http://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2011-003.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2011 |url-status=live |work=Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research |author2=Kryštof Zeman |author3=Marion Burkimsher |author4=Ina Jaschinski}}</ref>

===1990–today===
{{Main|New states of Germany}}

About 1.7 million people have left the new federal states (the East) since the fall of the Berlin Wall, or 12% of the population;<ref name="nyt0609">{{cite news |last=Kulish |first=Nicholas |date=19 June 2009 |title=In East Germany, a Decline as Stark as a Wall |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/19/world/europe/19germany.html |access-date=11 October 2009}}</ref> a disproportionately high number of them were women under 35.<ref name="sp07">{{Cite news |date=31 May 2007 |title=Lack of Women in Eastern Germany Feeds Neo-Nazis |newspaper=Spiegel Online |publisher=Spiegel International |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,485942,00.html |access-date=11 October 2009}}</ref>

After 1990, the total fertility rate (TFR) in the East dropped to 0.772 in 1994. This has been attributed to a "demographic shock": people not only had fewer children, they were also less likely to marry or divorce after the end of the GDR; the biographic options of the citizens of the former GDR had increased. Young motherhood seemed to be less attractive and the age of the first birth rose sharply.<ref name="berlin-institut.org" />

In the following years, the TFR in the East started to rise again, surpassing 1.0 in 1997 and 1.3 in 2004, and reaching the West's TFR (1.37) in 2007. In 2010, the East's fertility rate (1.459) clearly exceeded that of the West (1.385), while Germany's overall TFR had risen to 1.393, the highest value since 1990,<ref name="destatis.de">{{cite web |title=Zusammengefasste Geburtenziffer nach Kalenderjahren |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Geburten/Tabellen/GeburtenZiffer.html |access-date=13 April 2018 |website=Destatis.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East Germany overtakes West Germany: recent trends in order-specific fertility dynamics |url=http://www.demogr.mpg.de/en/projects_publications/publications_1904/mpidr_working_papers/east_germany_overtakes_west_germany_recent_trends_in_order_specific_fertility_dynamics__4016.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213632/http://www.demogr.mpg.de/en/projects_publications/publications_1904/mpidr_working_papers/east_germany_overtakes_west_germany_recent_trends_in_order_specific_fertility_dynamics__4016.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=24 August 2017 |website=Demogr.mpg.de}}</ref> which was still far below the natural replacement rate of 2.1 and the birth rates seen under communism. In 2016, the TFR was 1.64 in the East and 1.60 in the West.<ref>{{cite web |title=State & society – Births – Average number of children per woman – Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) |url=https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/SocietyState/Population/Births/Tables/BirthRate.html |access-date=13 April 2018 |website=Destatis.de}}</ref>

Between 1989 and 2009, about 2,000 schools closed because there were fewer children.<ref name="nyt0609" />

In some regions the number of women between the ages of 20 and 30 has dropped by more than 30%.<ref name="nyt0609" /> In 2004, in the age group 18–29 (statistically important for starting families) there were only 90 women for every 100 men in the new federal states (the East, including Berlin).

Until 2007 family politics in the federal republic was compensatory, which means that poor families received more family benefits (such as the ''Erziehungsgeld'') than rich ones. In 2007 the so-called ''Elterngeld'' was introduced. According to [[Christoph Butterwegge]] the Elterngeld was meant to "motivate highly educated women to have more children"; the poor on the other hand were disadvantaged by the ''Elterngeld'', and now received lower child benefits than the middle classes.<ref>Christoph Butterwegge, Michael Klundt, Matthias Zeng: Kinderarmut in Ost- und Westdeutschland. 2., erweiterte und aktualisierte Auflage. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-531-15915-7}}, p. 99–100</ref> The very well-off (who earn more than 250.000 Euro per annum) and those on welfare receive no Elterngeld payments.<ref>§ 10 Abs. 5 BEEG, BGBl. I, S. 1885, 1896</ref>

In 2013 the following most recent developments were noticed:<ref>Bujard, Martin (Hrsg.) (2013): Elterngeld und Elternzeit in Deutschland: Ziele, Diskurse und Wirkungen. Schwerpunktheft der Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 25. Jg., Band 2,  Leverkusen: Verlag Barbara Budrich</ref>

* The income of families with young children has risen. Persons holding a college degree, persons older than 30 years and parents with only one child benefited the most. Single parents and young parents did not benefit.
* Fathers are becoming more involved in parenting, and 28% of them now take some time off work (3.3 months on average) when their children are born.
* Mothers are more likely to work and as a result less likely to be economically deprived than they used to be.
* The birth rate of college-educated women has risen.

In the new federal states the fertility rate of college-educated women is now higher than that of those without college degrees. Differences in value priorities and the better availability of childcare in the eastern states are discussed as possible reasons.<ref>Bundesintitut für Bevölkerungsforschung 2012. Talsohle bei Akademikerinnen durchschritten? Kinderzahl und Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland nach Bildungs- und Berufsgruppen. Expertise für das Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend. p. 15</ref>

In 2019, the non-profit [[Austrian Institute of Economic Research]] and the [[Bertelsmann Stiftung]] published a study about the economic impact of demographics. The researchers assume a reduction in the [[per capita income]] of [[Euro|€]]3,700 until 2040.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2019 |title=Prognose: Wohlstand in Deutschland wird sinken |language=de |newspaper=Handelsblatt |url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/dpa/wirtschaft-handel-und-finanzen-prognose-wohlstand-in-deutschland-wird-sinken/25326668.html |access-date=31 January 2020 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910162404/https://www.handelsblatt.com/dpa/wirtschaft-handel-und-finanzen-prognose-wohlstand-in-deutschland-wird-sinken/25326668.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Population==
{{Further|Census in Germany}}
[[File:Historical_population_of_Germany.svg|right|thumb|391x391px|Historical population of Germany]]
The contemporary demographics of Germany used to also be measured by a series of full [[Census in Germany|censuses]] mandated by the state, with the most recent held in 1987. Since reunification, German authorities rely on a ''micro census''.
Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review.<ref name="WPR2018">{{citation |title=Germany Population 2018 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/germany-population/ |website=World Population Review}}</ref> Due to the privacy concerns of the German population after reunification, Germany did not hold a regular census until the EU-mandated [[2011 German Census]]. The requirement was met with large disapproval. As required by the EU, Germany now continues to hold censuses every 10 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuhrmans |first=Vanessa |date=29 July 2011 |title=Germans Tally Their Concerns Over Census |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303982504576423814268469244 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>
*One birth every 43 seconds
*One death every 34 seconds
*Net gain of one person every 4 minutes
*One net migrant every 2 minutes

{{Chart|definition=Germany Total Population.chart|data=Germany Total Population.tab|Width=700}}

{{Chart|definition=Germany Population Change.chart|data=Germany Population Change.tab|Width=700}}<ref>Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.</ref>

{{Chart|definition=Germany TFR.chart|data=Germany TFR.tab|Width=700}}

===Fertility===
[[File:Karte_Fertalit%C3%A4tsrate_2017_-_2019.svg|thumb|Fertility rate in Germany by district, average of 2017–2019]]
The [[total fertility rate]] is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: [[Our World In Data]] and [[Gapminder Foundation]].<ref name="ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=DEU|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World In Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807155612/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=DEU|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|+ Total fertility rate in Germany for 19th century<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
!Year!!Fertility
|-
!scope="row"| 1800
| 5.4
|-
!scope="row"| 1801
| 5.40
|-
!scope="row"| 1802
| rowspan="2"|5.39
|-
!scope="row"| 1803
|-
!scope="row"| 1804
| rowspan="2"|5.38
|-
!scope="row"| 1805
|-
!scope="row"| 1806
| rowspan="2"|5.37
|-
!scope="row"| 1807
|-
!scope="row"| 1808
| rowspan="2"|5.36
|-
!scope="row"| 1809
|-
!scope="row"| 1810
| rowspan="2"|5.35
|-
!scope="row"| 1811
|-
!scope="row"| 1812
| rowspan="2"|5.34
|-
!scope="row"| 1813
|-
!scope="row"| 1814
| rowspan="2"|5.33
|-
!scope="row"| 1815
|-
!scope="row"| 1816
| rowspan="2"|5.32
|-
!scope="row"| 1817
|-
!scope="row"| 1818
| 5.33
|-
!scope="row"| 1819
| 5.35
|-
!scope="row"| 1820
| 5.37
|-
!scope="row"| 1821
| 5.35
|-
!scope="row"| 1822
| 5.33
|-
!scope="row"| 1823
| 5.31
|-
!scope="row"| 1824
| 5.28
|-
!scope="row"| 1825
| 5.26
|-
!scope="row"| 1826
| 5.17
|-
!scope="row"| 1827
| 5.07
|-
!scope="row"| 1828
| 4.97
|-
!scope="row"| 1829
| 4.88
|-
!scope="row"| 1830
| 4.78
|-
!scope="row"| 1831
| 4.80
|-
!scope="row"| 1832
| 4.83
|-
!scope="row"| 1833
| 4.85
|-
!scope="row"| 1834
| 4.88
|-
!scope="row"| 1835
| rowspan="7"|4.9
|-
!scope="row"| 1836
|-
!scope="row"| 1837
|-
!scope="row"| 1838
|-
!scope="row"| 1839
|-
!scope="row"| 1840
|-
!scope="row"| 1841
|-
!scope="row"| 1842
| 4.95
|-
!scope="row"| 1843
| 4.97
|-
!scope="row"| 1844
| 5.00
|-
!scope="row"| 1845
| rowspan="3"|5.02
|-
!scope="row"| 1846
|-
!scope="row"| 1847
|-
!scope="row"| 1848
| rowspan="3"|5.01
|-
!scope="row"| 1849
|-
!scope="row"| 1850
|-
!scope="row"| 1851
| 4.87
|-
!scope="row"| 1852
| 4.74
|-
!scope="row"| 1853
| 4.60
|-
!scope="row"| 1854
| 4.47
|-
!scope="row"| 1855
| 4.33
|-
!scope="row"| 1856
| 4.45
|-
!scope="row"| 1857
| 4.56
|-
!scope="row"| 1858
| 4.67
|-
!scope="row"| 1859
| 4.79
|-
!scope="row"| 1860
| 4.90
|-
!scope="row"| 1861
| 4.93
|-
!scope="row"| 1862
| 4.96
|-
!scope="row"| 1863
| 5.00
|-
!scope="row"| 1864
| 5.03
|-
!scope="row"| 1865
| 5.06
|-
!scope="row"| 1866
| 5.09
|-
!scope="row"| 1867
| 5.11
|-
!scope="row"| 1868
| 5.13
|-
!scope="row"| 1869
| 5.16
|-
!scope="row"| 1870
| 5.18
|-
!scope="row"| 1871
| 5.24
|-
!scope="row"| 1872
| 5.30
|-
!scope="row"| 1873
| 5.35
|-
!scope="row"| 1874
| 5.41
|-
!scope="row"| 1875
| 5.46
|-
!scope="row"| 1876
| 5.38
|-
!scope="row"| 1877
| 5.30
|-
!scope="row"| 1878
| 5.22
|-
!scope="row"| 1879
| 5.14
|-
!scope="row"| 1880
| 5.06
|-
!scope="row"| 1881
| 5.14
|-
!scope="row"| 1882
| 5.21
|-
!scope="row"| 1883
| 5.29
|-
!scope="row"| 1884
| 5.28
|-
!scope="row"| 1885
| 5.26
|-
!scope="row"| 1886
| 5.25
|-
!scope="row"| 1887
| 5.23
|-
!scope="row"| 1888
| 5.22
|-
!scope="row"| 1889
| 5.21
|-
!scope="row"| 1890
| 5.20
|-
!scope="row"| 1891
| 5.18
|-
!scope="row"| 1892
| 5.17
|-
!scope="row"| 1893
| 5.16
|-
!scope="row"| 1894
| 5.14
|-
!scope="row"| 1895
| 5.11
|-
!scope="row"| 1896
| 5.09
|-
!scope="row"| 1897
| 5.06
|-
!scope="row"| 1898
| 5.04
|-
!scope="row"| 1899
| 4.99
|}

=== Life expectancy ===
{{Main|List of German states by life expectancy}}

Sources: [[Our World In Data]] and the [[United Nations]].

[[File:Average lifespan over time – Germany, Austria, Switzerland, USA, China, Spain, Japan compared.png|thumb|Average lifespan at birth since 1875 with other countries of the [[D-A-CH]] countries and USA, China, Spain and Japan for comparison<ref>{{cite web |title=Life expectancy |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?time=earliest..2023&country=DEU~ESP~CHN~USA~AUT~CHE~JPN |publisher=[[Our World in Data]] |access-date=23 December 2025}}</ref>]]
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Germany -diff.png|thumb|Life expectancy in Germany since 1960 by gender]]
[[File:Life expectancy map of Germany 2022-2024 for males -names.png|thumb|Average life expectancy in 2022–2024 period for male<ref name="Destatis_en">{{cite web |url=https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Deaths-Life-Expectancy/Tables/liste-life-expectancy.html |title=Deaths, life expectancy: Life expectancy by sex and state |language=en |work=[[Federal Statistical Office of Germany]] |access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref>]]
[[File:Life expectancy map of Germany 2022-2024 for females -names.png|thumb|Average life expectancy in 2022-2024 period for female<ref name="Destatis_en" />]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Life expectancy in years for Germany, 1875–1950, for selected years
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="row"| Life expectancy
|-
!scope="row"| 1875
| 38.5
|-
!scope="row"| 1885
| 39.5
|-
!scope="row"| 1895
| 42.8
|-
!scope="row"| 1905
| 45.5
|-
!scope="row"| 1911
| 49.0
|-
!scope="row"| 1915
| 40.5
|-
!scope="row"| 1925
| 57.4
|-
!scope="row"| 1935
| 61.5
|-
!scope="row"| 1946<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?year=1810|title=Life expectancy|website=Our World in Data|access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref>
| 60.5
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Life expectancy in years for Germany, 1950–2015, by five-year period
!scope="col"| Period
!scope="col"| Life expectancy
|-
!scope="row"| 1950–1955
|67.5
|-
!scope="row"| 1955–1960
|68.9
|-
!scope="row"| 1960–1965
|70.0
|-
!scope="row"| 1965–1970
|70.7
|-
!scope="row"| 1970–1975
|71.2
|-
!scope="row"| 1975–1980
|72.3
|-
!scope="row"| 2010–2015
|80.4
|-
!scope="row"| 1980–1985
|73.7
|-
!scope="row"| 1985–1990
|75.0
|-
!scope="row"| 1990–1995
|76.0
|-
!scope="row"| 2000–2005
|78.6
|-
!scope="row"| 2005–2010
|79.7
|-
!scope="row"| 2010–2015
|80.4
|-
!scope="row"| 2015–2020
|81.1
|-
!scope="row"| 2015–2020
|81.1
|}
Source: ''UN World Population Prospects''<ref>{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Life expectancy at birth'''
;Total population: 80.8 years
;Male: 78.5 years
;Female: 83.3 years (2017 est.)
;Country comparison to the world: 34th

=== Age structure ===

;0–14 years: 12.83% (male 5,299,798 /female 5,024,184)
;15–24 years: 9.98% (male 4,092,901 /female 3,933,997)
;25–54 years: 39.87% (male 16,181,931 /female 15,896,528)
;55–64 years: 14.96% (male 5,989,111 /female 6,047,449)
;65 years and over: 22.36% (male 7,930,590 /female 10,061,248) (2018 est.)

'''Median age''':
;Total: 47.4 years
;Male: 46.2 years
;Female: 48.5 years (2018 est.)
;Country comparison to the world: 3rd
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="280" heights="215">
File:Germany Sex By Age 1933.png|Population pyramid in 1933
File:Germany sex by age 1946 10 29.png|Population pyramid in 1946
File:Germany sex by age 1950 12 31.png|Population pyramid in 1950
File:Population Pyramid Germany Year 2000.png|Population pyramid in 2000
</gallery>[[File:Gemany population pyramid.gif|thumb|Animated population pyramid|381x381px]] [[File:DBP 1989 1426 Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Three [[population pyramid]]s of Germany: in 1889, 1989, and 2000]]

== Vital statistics ==

=== Statistics since 1817 ===
Population statistics since 1817.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Startseite – Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Navigation/Statistiken/Bevoelkerung/GeburtenSterbefaelle/GeburtenSterbefaelle.psml |access-date=23 October 2015|work=destatis.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population Statistics – Histat|url=https://histat.gesis.org/histat/de/table/details/8D780AE005B7104179C15F5A29B59F56|access-date=31 August 2021}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Territorial changes of Germany occurred in 1866 (establishment of [[North German Confederation]]), 1871 (German unification and annexation of Alsace-Lorraine), 1918/1919, 1921/1922, 1945/1946 and in 1990. Death data is incomplete for both world wars, especially WWII.

Notable events in German demographics:
* 1848 – [[Revolutions of 1848]]
* 1870–1871 – [[Franco-Prussian War]]
* 1914–1918 – [[First World War]]
* 1918–1919 – [[Spanish flu|Spanish Flu]]
* 1939–1945 – [[Second World War]]
* 1944–1949 – [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|Flight and expulsion of Germans]]
* 1955–1973 – [[Gastarbeiter|Gastarbeiter program]]
* 1989 – [[Revolutions of 1989]]
* 2015 – [[2015 European migrant crisis|European migrant crisis]]
* 2022 – [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]]

{{sticky-header}}{{sort under}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Average population
! rowspan="2"| Live births
! rowspan="2"| Deaths
! rowspan="2"| Natural change
! rowspan="2"| Crude [[birth rate]] (per 1000)
! rowspan="2"| Crude [[death rate]] (per 1000)
! rowspan="2"| Natural change (per 1000)
! rowspan="2"| Crude migration change (per 1000)
! colspan="3"| [[Total fertility rate]]s{{refn|group=fn|In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and have been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and a reducing population.}}<ref name="ourworldindata.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bib.bund.de/DE/Fakten/Fakt/F08-Zusammengefasste-Geburtenziffer-ab-1871.html|title=Zusammengefasste Geburtenziffer in Deutschland (1871–2021)|website=Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung}}</ref><ref name="fed_stat">{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/SocietyState/Population/Births/DevelopmentBirths.html|title=Development of births|publisher=Federal Statistical Office of Germany}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&type=metadata&series=SP.DYN.TFRT.IN|title=Germany|publisher=World Bank}}</ref><ref name="cia.gov">{{citation |title=World Factbook Europe: Germany |date=12 July 2018 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/ |work=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fertility rate: children per woman, 1817 to 2016 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?tab=chart&country=~DEU |access-date=16 May 2025 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211183757/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?tab=chart&country=~DEU |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>
|-
!style="width:4em;"| All of<br />Germany
!style="width:4em;"| [[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]
!style="width:4em;"| (Former)<br />[[East Germany|GDR]]
|-
!scope="row"| 1817
| style="color:red;"| 25,009,000
| 987,856
| 675,243
| 312,613
| 39.5
| 27.0
| 12.5
|
| style="color:blue;" |5.32
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1818
| 25,369,000
| 1,002,076
| 687,500
| 314,576
| 39.5
| 27.1
| 12.4
| 2.0
| style="color:blue;" |5.33
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1819
| 25,733,000
| 1,067,920
| 717,951
| 349,969
| style="color:blue;"| 41.5
| 27.9
| 13.6
| 0.7
| style="color:blue;" |5.35
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1820
| 26,101,000
| 1,041,430
| 636,864
| 404,566
| 39.9
| 24.4
| 15.5
| −1.2
| style="color:blue;" |5.37
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1821
| 26,473,000
| 1,080,098
| style="color:blue;"| 606,232
| 473,867
| 40.8
| 22.9
| style="color:blue;"| 17.9
| −3.6
| style="color:blue;" |5.35
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1822
| 26,851,000
| 1,065,985
| 660,535
| 405,450
| 39.7
| 24.6
| 15.1
| −0.8
| style="color:blue;" |5.33
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1823
| 27,217,000
| 1,056,020
| 666,817
| 389,203
| 38.8
| 24.5
| 14.3
| −0.7
| style="color:blue;" |5.31
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1824
| 27,571,000
| 1,064,241
| 667,218
| 397,022
| 38.6
| 24.2
| 14.4
| −1.4
| style="color:blue;" |5.28
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1825
| 27,930,000
| 1,092,063
| 684,285
| 407,778
| 39.1
| 24.5
| 14.6
| −1.6
| style="color:blue;" |5.26
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1826
| 28,259,000
| 1,099,275
| 737,560
| 361,715
| 38.9
| 26.1
| 12.8
| −1.0
| style="color:blue;" |5.17
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1827
| 28,558,000
| 1,030,944
| 753,931
| 277,013
| 36.1
| 26.4
| 9.7
| 0.9
| style="color:blue;" |5.07
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1828
| 28,863,000
| 1,041,954
| 767,756
| 274,199
| 36.1
| 26.6
| 9.5
| 1.2
| style="color:blue;" |4.97
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1829
| 29,143,000
| 1,028,748
| 810,175
| 218,573
| 35.3
| 27.8
| 7.5
| 2.2
| style="color:blue;" |4.88
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1830
| 29,392,000
| 1,043,416
| 805,341
| 238,075
| 35.5
| 27.4
| 8.1
| 0.4
| style="color:blue;" |4.78
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1831
| 29,642,000
| 1,037,047
| 901,117
| 136,353
| 35.0
| 30.4
| 4.6
| 3.9
| style="color:blue;" |4.80
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1832
| 29,906,000
| 1,019,795
| 864,283
| 155,511
| 34.1
| 28.9
| 5.2
| 3.7
| style="color:blue;" |4.83
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1833
| 30,185,000
| 1,107,790
| 860,273
| 247,517
| 36.7
| 28.2
| 8.2
| 1.1
| style="color:blue;" |4.85
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1834
| 30,467,000
| 1,145,559
| 895,730
| 249,829
| 37.6
| 29.4
| 8.2
| 1.1
| style="color:blue;" |4.88
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1835
| 30,802,000
| 1,121,193
| 807,012
| 314,180
| 36.4
| 26.2
| 10.2
| 0.8
| style="color:blue;" |4.90
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1836
| 31,129,000
| 1,142,434
| 806,241
| 336,193
| 36.7
| 25.9
| 10.8
| −0.2
| style="color:blue;" |4.90
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1837
| 31,455,000
| 1,141,817
| 915,341
| 226,476
| 36.3
| 29.1
| 7.2
| 3.3
| style="color:blue;" |4.90
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1838
| 31,824,000
| 1,155,211
| 827,424
| 327,787
| 36.3
| 26.0
| 10.3
| 1.4
| style="color:blue;" |4.90
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1839
| 32,223,000
| 1,172,917
| 876,466
| 296,452
| 36.4
| 27.2
| 9.2
| 3.3
| style="color:blue;" |4.90
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1840
| 32,621,000
| 1,187,404
| 864,457
| 322,948
| 36.4
| 26.5
| 9.9
| 2.5
| style="color:blue;" |4.90
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1841
| 32,979,000
| 1,201,587
| 864,075
| 337,512
| 36.4
| 26.2
| 10.2
| 0.8
| style="color:blue;" |4.92
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1842
| 33,298,000
| 1,251,102
| 902,529
| 348,573
| 37.6
| 27.1
| 10.5
| −0.8
| style="color:blue;" |4.95
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1843
| 33,605,000
| 1,209,762
| 905,608
| 304,154
| 36.0
| 26.9
| 9.1
| 0.1
| style="color:blue;" |4.97
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1844
| 33,922,000
| 1,216,429
| 830,345
| 386,084
| 35.9
| 24.5
| 11.4
| −2.0
| style="color:blue;" |5.00
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1845
| 34,284,000
| 1,278,286
| 867,729
| 410,557
| 37.3
| 25.3
| 12.0
| −1.3
| style="color:blue;" |5.02
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1846
| 34,610,000
| 1,244,369
| 939,436
| 304,933
| 36.0
| 27.1
| 8.8
| 0.7
| style="color:blue;" |5.02
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1847
| 34,784,000
| 1,156,820
| 983,981
| 172,839
| 33.3
| 28.3
| 5.0
| 0
| style="color:blue;" |5.02
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1848
| 34,839,000
| 1,160,533
| 1,011,954
| 148,579
| 33.3
| 29.0
| 4.3
| −2.7
| style="color:blue;" |5.01
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1849
| 35,004,000
| 1,333,379
| 947,476
| 385,903
| 38.1
| 27.1
| 11.0
| −6.3
| style="color:blue;" |5.01
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1850
| 35,303,000
| 1,311,726
| 903,521
| 408,203
| 37.2
| 25.6
| 11.6
| −3.1
| style="color:blue;" |5.01
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1851
| 35,620,000
| 1,306,877
| 889,601
| 417,276
| 36.7
| 25.0
| 11.7
| −2.7
| style="color:blue;" |4.87
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1852
| 35,858,000
| 1,271,446
| 1,018,135
| 253,311
| 35.5
| 28.4
| 7.1
| −0.4
| style="color:blue;" |4.74
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1853
| 35,989,000
| 1,244,192
| 978,650
| 265,542
| 34.6
| 27.2
| 7.4
| −3.7
| style="color:blue;" |4.60
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1854
| 35,923,000
| 1,226,769
| 972,726
| 254,043
| 34.0
| 27.0
| 6.9
| −8.7
| style="color:blue;" |4.47
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1855
| 36,136,000
| 1,162,945
| 1,016,284
| 146,661
| 32.2
| 28.1
| 4.1
| 1.8
| style="color:blue;" |4.33
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1856
| 36,257,000
| 1,215,390
| 913,913
| 301,477
| 33.5
| 25.2
| 8.3
| −5.0
| style="color:blue;" |4.45
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1857
| 36,524,000
| 1,315,034
| 991,753
| 323,281
| 36.0
| 27.2
| 8.9
| −1.5
| style="color:blue;" |4.56
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1858
| 36,828,000
| 1,354,817
| 985,176
| 368,641
| 36.8
| 26.8
| 10.0
| −1.7
| style="color:blue;" |4.67
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1859
| 37,188,000
| 1,393,339
| 956,924
| 436,415
| 37.5
| 25.7
| 11.7
| −1.9
| style="color:blue;" |4.79
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1860
| 37,609,000
| 1,367,012
| 873,364
| 493,648
| 36.3
| 23.2
| 13.1
| −1.8
| style="color:blue;" |4.90
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1861
| 38,001,000
| 1,357,355
| 972,989
| 384,366
| 35.7
| 25.6
| 10.1
| 0.3
| style="color:blue;" |4.93
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1862
| 38,360,000
| 1,358,896
| 945,530
| 413,366
| 35.4
| 24.6
| 10.8
| −1.4
| style="color:blue;" |4.96
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1863
| 38,763,000
| 1,454,340
| 996,193
| 458,147
| 37.5
| 25.7
| 11.8
| −1.3
| style="color:blue;" |5.00
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1864
| 39,187,000
| 1,481,778
| 1,027,756
| 454,022
| 37.8
| 26.2
| 11.6
| −0.7
| style="color:blue;" |5.03
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1865
| 39,545,000
| 1,488,620
| 1,091,419
| 397,201
| 37.6
| 27.6
| 10.0
| −0.9
| style="color:blue;" |5.06
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1866
| 39,765,000
| 1,505,287
| 1,217,591
| 287,696
| 37.8
| style="color: red"| 30.6
| 7.2
| −1.6
| style="color:blue;" |5.09
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1867
| 40,031,000
| 1,471,747
| 1,045,534
| 426,213
| 36.8
| 26.1
| 10.6
| −3.9
| style="color:blue;" |5.11
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1868
| 40,223,000
| 1,481,727
| 1,110,620
| 371,107
| 36.8
| 27.6
| 9.2
| −4.4
| style="color:blue;" |5.13
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1869
| 40,493,000
| 1,529,387
| 1,089,503
| 439,884
| 37.8
| 26.9
| 10.9
| −4.2
| style="color:blue;" |5.16
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1870
| 40,804,000
| 1,569,206
| 1,117,875
| 451,331
| 38.5
| 27.4
| 11.1
| −3.4
| style="color:blue;" |5.18
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1871
| 40,997,000
| 1,414,248
| 1,212,869
| 201,379
| 34.5
| 29.6
| 4.9
| −0.2
| style="color:blue;"| 4.47
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1872
| 41,230,000
| 1,626,037
| 1,194,732
| 431,305
| 39.5
| 29.0
| 10.5
| −4.8
| style="color:blue;"| 5.11
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1873
| 41,564,000
| 1,648,117
| 1,174,293
| 473,824
| 39.7
| 28.3
| 11.4
| −3.3
| style="color:blue;"| 5.17
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1874
| 42,004,000
| 1,683,440
| 1,122,396
| 561,044
| 40.1
| 26.7
| 13.4
| −2.8
| style="color:blue;"| 5.24
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1875
| 42,518,000
| 1,724,412
| 1,172,393
| 552,019
| 40.6
| 27.6
| 13.0
| −0.8
| style="color:blue;"| 5.34
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1876
| 43,059,000
| 1,761,046
| 1,134,452
| 626,594
| 40.9
| 26.3
| 14.6
| −1.9
| style="color:blue;"| 5.42
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1877
| 43,610,000
| 1,744,659
| 1,152,023
| 592,636
| 40.0
| 26.4
| 13.6
| −0.8
| style="color:blue;"| 5.34
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1878
| 44,135,000
| 1,716,852
| 1,156,337
| 560,515
| 35.5
| 28.4
| 12.7
| −0.7
| style="color:blue;"| 5.20
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1879
| 44,655,000
| 1,737,080
| 1,143,168
| 593,912
| 38.9
| 26.2
| 12.5
| −0.7
| style="color:blue;"| 5.22
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1880
| 45,095,000
| 1,696,175
| 1,173,205
| 522,970
| 37.6
| 26.0
| 11.6
| −1.7
| style="color:blue;"| 5.05
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1881
| 45,426,000
| 1,682,649
| 1,156,391
| 525,758
| 37.0
| 25.5
| 11.5
| −4.2
| style="color:blue;"| 4.98
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1882
| 45,717,000
| 1,702,348
| 1,176,853
| 525,495
| 37.2
| 25.7
| 11.5
| −5.1
| style="color:blue;"| 5.01
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1883
| 46,014,000
| 1,683,699
| 1,190,002
| 493,697
| 36.6
| 25.9
| 10.7
| −4.2
| style="color:blue;"| 4.92
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1884
| 46,335,000
| 1,725,583
| 1,203,500
| 522,083
| 37.2
| 26.0
| 11.3
| −4.3
| style="color:blue;"| 5.02
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1885
| 46,705,000
| 1,729,927
| 1,199,742
| 530,185
| 37.0
| 25.7
| 11.4
| −3.4
| style="color:blue;"| 4.99
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1886
| 47,103,000
| 1,746,133
| 1,233,737
| 512,396
| 37.1
| 26.2
| 10.9
| −2.4
| style="color:blue;"| 4.99
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1887
| 47,540,000
| 1,757,079
| 1,151,924
| 605,155
| 36.9
| 24.2
| 12.7
| −3.4
| style="color:blue;"| 4.96
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1888
| 48,020,000
| 1,761,407
| 1,142,826
| 618,581
| 36.6
| 23.7
| 12.9
| −2.8
| style="color:blue;"| 4.92
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1889
| 48,512,000
| 1,772,570
| 1,153,087
| 619,483
| 36.4
| 23.7
| 12.8
| −2.6
| style="color:blue;"| 4.88
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1890
| 49,239,000
| 1,759,253
| 1,199,006
| 560,247
| 35.7
| 24.4
| 11.4
| 3.6
| style="color:blue;"| 4.78
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1891
| 49,767,000
| 1,840,172
| 1,164,421
| 675,751
| 37.0
| 23.4
| 13.6
| −2.9
| style="color:blue;"| 4.92
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1892
| 50,279,000
| 1,795,971
| 1,211,402
| 584,569
| 35.7
| 24.1
| 11.6
| −1.3
| style="color:blue;"| 4.73
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1893
| 50,778,000
| 1,865,715
| 1,248,201
| 617,514
| 36.8
| 24.6
| 12.2
| −2.3
| style="color:blue;"| 4.83
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1894
| 51,339,000
| 1,841,205
| 1,144,331
| 696,874
| 35.9
| 22.3
| 13.6
| −2.6
| style="color:blue;"| 4.70
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1895
| 52,001,000
| 1,877,278
| 1,151,488
| 725,790
| 36.1
| 22.1
| 14.0
| −1.1
| style="color:blue;"| 4.71
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1896
| 52,753,000
| 1,914,749
| 1,098,966
| 815,783
| 36.3
| 20.8
| 15.5
| −1.0
| style="color:blue;"| 4.72
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1897
| 53,549,000
| 1,926,690
| 1,142,056
| 784,634
| 36.1
| 21.3
| 14.7
| 0.4
| style="color:blue;"| 4.67
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1898
| 54,406,000
| 1,964,731
| 1,117,860
| 846,871
| 36.1
| 20.5
| 15.6
| 0.4
| style="color:blue;"| 4.69
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1899
| 55,248,000
| 1,980,304
| 1,185,197
| 795,107
| 35.9
| 21.5
| 14.4
| 1.1
| style="color:blue;"| 4.66
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1900
| 56,046,000
| 1,996,139
| 1,236,382
| 759,757
| 35.6
| 22.1
| 13.6
| 0.8
| style="color:blue;"| 4.63
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1901
| 56,874,000
| style="color:blue;"| 2,032,313
| 1,174,489
| 857,824
| 35.7
| 20.7
| 15.0
| −0.2
| style="color:blue;"| 4.65
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1902
| 57,767,000
| 2,024,735
| 1,122,492
| 902,243
| 35.1
| 19.4
| 15.7
| 0
| style="color:blue;"| 4.56
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1903
| 58,629,000
| 1,983,078
| 1,170,905
| 812,173
| 33.8
| 20.0
| 13.8
| 1.1
| style="color:blue;"| 4.40
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1904
| 59,475,000
| 2,025,847
| 1,163,183
| 862,664
| 34.0
| 19.6
| 14.5
| −0.1
| style="color:blue;"| 4.42
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1905
| 60,314,000
| 1,987,153
| 1,194,314
| 792,839
| 33.0
| 19.8
| 13.1
| 1.0
| style="color:blue;"| 4.27
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1906
| 61,153,000
| 2,022,477
| 1,112,202
| style="color:blue;"| 910,275
| 33.1
| 18.2
| 14.9
| −1.0
| style="color:blue;"| 4.28
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1907
| 62,013,000
| 1,999,933
| 1,117,309
| 882,624
| 32.3
| 18.0
| 14.2
| −0.1
| style="color:blue;"| 4.18
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1908
| 62,863,000
| 2,015,052
| 1,135,490
| 879,562
| 32.1
| 18.1
| 14.0
| −0.3
| style="color:blue;"| 4.15
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1909
| 63,857,000
| 1,978,278
| 1,094,217
| 884,061
| 31.0
| 17.2
| 13.9
| 1.9
| style="color:blue;"| 4.01
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1910
| 64,568,000
| 1,924,778
| 1,045,665
| 879,113
| 29.8
| 16.2
| 13.6
| −2.5
| style="color:blue;"| 3.85
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1911
| 65,359,000
| 1,870,729
| 1,130,784
| 739,945
| 28.6
| 17.3
| 11.3
| 1.0
| style="color:blue;"| 3.69
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1912
| 66,146,000
| 1,869,636
| 1,029,749
| 839,887
| 28.3
| 15.6
| 12.7
| −0.7
| style="color:blue;"| 3.64
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1913
| 66,978,000
| 1,838,750
| 1,004,950
| 833,800
| 27.5
| 15.0
| 12.4
| 0.2
| style="color:blue;"| 3.53
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1914
| 67,790,000
| 1,818,596
| 1,291,310
| 527,286
| 26.8
| 19.0
| 7.8
| 4.3
| style="color:blue;"| 3.44
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1915
| 67,883,000
| 1,382,546
| 1,450,420
| style="color:red;"| −67,874
| 20.4
| 21.4
| style="color:red;"| −1.0
| 2.4
| style="color:blue;"| 2.58
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1916
| 67,715,000
| 1,029,484
| 1,298,054
| style="color:red;"| −268,570
| 15.2
| 19.2
| style="color:red;"| −4.1
| 1.6
| 1.90
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1917
| 67,368,000
| 912,109
| 1,345,424
| style="color:red;"| −433,315
| 13.9
| 20.6
| style="color:red;"| −6.4
| 1.3
| 1.66
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1918
| 66,811,000
| 926,813
| style="color:red;"| 1,606,475
| style="color:red;"| −679,662
| 14.3
| 24.8
| style="color:red;"| −10.2
| 1.9
| 1.67
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1919
| 62,897,000
| 1,260,500
| 978,380
| 282,120
| 20.0
| 15.6
| 4.5
| style="color:red;"|?63.1
| style="color:blue;"| 2.37
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1920
| 61,794,000
| 1,599,287
| 932,929
| 666,358
| 25.9
| 15.1
| 10.8
| −28.3
| style="color:blue;"| 3.06
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1921
| 62,473,000
| 1,581,130
| 869,555
| 711,575
| 25.3
| 13.9
| 11.4
| −0.4
| style="color:blue;"| 2.98
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1922
| 61,890,000
| 1,424,804
| 890,181
| 534,623
| 23.0
| 14.4
| 8.6
| −17.9
| style="color:blue;"| 2.69
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1923
| 62,250,000
| 1,318,489
| 866,754
| 451,735
| 21.2
| 13.9
| 7.2
| −1.4
| style="color:blue;"| 2.45
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1924
| 62,740,000
| 1,290,763
| 766,957
| 523,806
| 20.6
| 12.2
| 8.3
| −0.4
| style="color:blue;"| 2.37
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1925
| 63,110,000
| 1,311,259
| 753,017
| 558,242
| 20.8
| 11.9
| 8.8
| −2.9
| style="color:blue;"| 2.38
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1926
| 63,510,000
| 1,245,471
| 742,955
| 502,516
| 19.6
| 11.7
| 7.9
| −1.6
| style="color:blue;"| 2.23
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1927
| 63,940,000
| 1,178,892
| 765,331
| 413,561
| 18.4
| 12.0
| 6.5
| 0.3
| 2.09
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1928
| 64,470,000
| 1,199,998
| 747,444
| 452,554
| 18.6
| 11.6
| 7.0
| 1.3
| style="color:blue;"| 2.11
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1929
| 64,670,000
| 1,164,062
| 814,545
| 349,517
| 18.0
| 12.6
| 5.4
| −2.3
| 2.02
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1930
| 65,130,000
| 1,144,151
| 718,807
| 425,344
| 17.6
| 11.0
| 6.5
| 0.6
| 1.98
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1931
| 65,510,000
| 1,047,775
| 734,165
| 313,610
| 16.0
| 11.2
| 4.8
| 1.0
| 1.80
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1932
| 65,716,000
| 993,126
| style="color:blue;"| 707,642
| 285,484
| 15.1
| 10.8
| 4.3
| −1.2
| 1.70
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1933
| 66,027,000
| 971,174
| 737,877
| 233,297
| 14.7
| 11.2
| 3.5
| 1.2
| 1.67
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1934
| 66,409,000
| 1,198,350
| 725,000
| 473,000
| 18.0
| 10.9
| 7.1
| −1.3
| 2.07
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1935
| 66,871,000
| 1,263,976
| 792,018
| 471,958
| 18.9
| 11.8
| 7.1
| −0.1
| style="color:blue;"| 2.20
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1936
| 67,349,000
| 1,278,583
| 795,793
| 482,790
| 19.0
| 11.8
| 7.2
| −0.1
| style="color:blue;"| 2.25
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1937
| 67,831,000
| 1,277,046
| 794,367
| 482,679
| 18.8
| 11.7
| 7.1
| 0.1
| style="color:blue;"| 2.28
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1938
| 68,424,000
| 1,348,534
| 799,220
| 549,314
| 19.7
| 11.7
| 8.0
| 0.7
| style="color:blue;"| 2.45
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1939
| 69,314,000
| 1,413,230
| 854,348
| 558,882
| 20.4
| 12.3
| 8.1
| 4.9
| style="color:blue;"| 2.59
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1940
| 69,838,000
| 1,402,258
| 885,591
| 516,667
| 20.1
| 12.7
| 7.4
| 0.2
| style="color:blue;"| 2.59
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1941
| 70,244,000
| 1,308,232
| 844,435
| 463,797
| 18.6
| 12.0
| 6.6
| −0.8
| style="color:blue;"| 2.43
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1942
| 70,834,000
| 1,055,915
| 847,861
| 208,054
| 14.9
| 12.0
| 2.9
| 5.5
| 1.97
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1943
| 70,411,000
| 1,124,718
| 853,246
| 271,472
| 16.0
| 12.1
| 3.9
| −9.9
| style="color:blue;"| 2.10
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1944
| 69,000,000
| 1,090,000(e)
| 915,000
| 175,000
| 15.8
| 13.3
| 2.5
| −22.5
| 2.05
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1945
| 66,000,000
| 820,000(e)
| 1,210,000
| style="color:red;"| −390,000
| 12.4
| 18.3
| style="color:red;"| −5.9
| −37.6
| 1.56
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 1946
| 64,260,000
| 921,998
| 1,001,331
| style="color:red;"| −79,333
| 14.3
| 15.6
| style="color:red;"| −1.2
| −25.2
| 1.80
| 1.91
| 1.47
|-
!scope="row"| 1947
| 65,842,000
| 1,028,421
| 932,628
| 95,793
| 15.6
| 14.2
| 1.5
| style="color: blue"|23.1
| 1.99
| 2.02
| 1.92
|-
!scope="row"| 1948
| 67,365,000
| 1,049,074
| 804,839
| 244,235
| 15.6
| 11.9
| 3.6
| 19.5
| 2.03
| 2.08
| 1.89
|-
!scope="row"| 1949
| 68,080,000
| 1,106,803
| 770,852
| 335,951
| 16.3
| 11.3
| 4.9
| 5.7
| style="color:blue;"| 2.14
| style="color:blue;"| 2.15
| style="color:blue;"| 2.13
|-
!scope="row"| 1950
| 68,374,000
| 1,116,701
| 748,329
| 368,372
| 16.3
| 10.9
| 5.4
| −1.1
| style="color:blue;"| 2.17
| style="color:blue;"| 2.10
| style="color:blue;"| 2.37
|-
!scope="row"| 1951
| 68,882,000
| 1,106,380
| 752,697
| 353,683
| 16.1
| 10.9
| 5.1
| 2.3
| style="color:blue;"| 2.16
| 2.07
| style="color:blue;"| 2.43
|-
!scope="row"| 1952
| 69,171,000
| 1,105,084
| 767,639
| 337,445
| 16.0
| 11.1
| 4.9
| −0.7
| style="color:blue;"| 2.16
| 2.08
| style="color:blue;"| 2.40
|-
!scope="row"| 1953
| 69,564,000
| 1,095,029
| 790,654
| 304,375
| 15.7
| 11.4
| 4.4
| 1.3
| style="color:blue;"| 2.13
| 2.05
| style="color:blue;"| 2.37
|-
!scope="row"| 1954
| 69,934,000
| 1,109,743
| 775,291
| 334,452
| 15.9
| 11.1
| 4.8
| 0.5
| style="color:blue;"| 2.16
| style="color:blue;"| 2.10
| style="color:blue;"| 2.35
|-
!scope="row"| 1955
| 70,307,000
| 1,113,408
| 795,938
| 317,470
| 15.8
| 11.3
| 4.5
| 0.8
| style="color:blue;"| 2.17
| style="color:blue;"| 2.11
| style="color:blue;"| 2.35
|-
!scope="row"| 1956
| 70,711,000
| 1,137,169
| 812,111
| 325,058
| 16.1
| 11.5
| 4.6
| 1.1
| style="color:blue;"| 2.22
| style="color:blue;"| 2.20
| style="color:blue;"| 2.26
|-
!scope="row"| 1957
| 71,166,000
| 1,165,555
| 840,195
| 325,360
| 16.4
| 11.8
| 4.6
| 1.8
| style="color:blue;"| 2.28
| style="color:blue;"| 2.30
| style="color:blue;"| 2.21
|-
!scope="row"| 1958
| 71,637,000
| 1,175,870
| 818,418
| 357,452
| 16.4
| 11.4
| 5.0
| 1.6
| style="color:blue;"| 2.29
| style="color:blue;"| 2.29
| style="color:blue;"| 2.22
|-
!scope="row"| 1959
| 72,180,000
| 1,243,922
| 835,402
| 408,520
| 17.2
| 11.6
| 5.7
| 1.9
| style="color:blue;"| 2.36
| style="color:blue;"| 2.37
| style="color:blue;"| 2.35
|-
!scope="row"| 1960
| 72,664,000
| 1,261,614
| 876,721
| 384,893
| 17.4
| 12.1
| 5.3
| 1.4
| style="color:blue;"| 2.36
| style="color:blue;"| 2.37
| style="color:blue;"| 2.33
|-
!scope="row"| 1961
| 73,352,000
| 1,313,505
| 850,300
| 463,205
| 17.9
| 11.6
| 6.3
| 3.2
| style="color:blue;"| 2.44
| style="color:blue;"| 2.46
| style="color:blue;"| 2.40
|-
!scope="row"| 1962
| 74,049,000
| 1,316,534
| 878,814
| 437,720
| 17.8
| 11.9
| 5.9
| 3.6
| style="color:blue;"| 2.44
| style="color:blue;"| 2.44
| style="color:blue;"| 2.42
|-
!scope="row"| 1963
| 75,019,000
| 1,355,595
| 895,070
| 460,525
| 18.1
| 11.9
| 6.1
| 7.0
| style="color:blue;"| 2.51
| style="color:blue;"| 2.52
| style="color:blue;"| 2.47
|-
!scope="row"| 1964
| 75,273,000
| 1,357,304
| 870,319
| 486,985
| 18.0
| 11.6
| 6.5
| −3.1
| style="color:blue;"| 2.54
| style="color:blue;"| 2.54
| style="color:blue;"| 2.48
|-
!scope="row"| 1965
| 76,061,000
| 1,325,386
| 907,882
| 417,504
| 17.4
| 11.9
| 5.5
| 5.0
| style="color:blue;"| 2.50
| style="color:blue;"| 2.51
| style="color:blue;"| 2.48
|-
!scope="row"| 1966
| 76,734,000
| 1,318,303
| 911,984
| 406,319
| 17.2
| 11.9
| 5.3
| 3.5
| style="color:blue;"| 2.51
| style="color:blue;"| 2.54
| style="color:blue;"| 2.42
|-
!scope="row"| 1967
| 76,954,000
| 1,272,276
| 914,417
| 357,859
| 16.5
| 11.9
| 4.7
| −1.8
| style="color:blue;"| 2.46
| style="color:blue;"| 2.49
| style="color:blue;"| 2.34
|-
!scope="row"| 1968
| 77,249,000
| 1,214,968
| 976,521
| 238,447
| 15.7
| 12.6
| 3.1
| 0.7
| style="color:blue;"| 2.36
| style="color:blue;"| 2.38
| style="color:blue;"| 2.30
|-
!scope="row"| 1969
| 77,918,000
| 1,142,366
| 988,092
| 154,274
| 14.7
| 12.7
| 2.0
| 6.7
| style="color:blue;"| 2.22
| style="color:blue;"| 2.21
| style="color:blue;"| 2.24
|-
!scope="row"| 1970
| 77,772,000
| 1,047,737
| 975,664
| 72,073
| 13.5
| 12.5
| 0.9
| −2.8
| 2.05
| 2.02
| style="color:blue;"| 2.19
|-
!scope="row"| 1971
| 78,355,000
| 1,013,396
| 965,623
| 47,773
| 12.9
| 12.3
| 0.6
| 6.9
| 1.97
| 1.92

| style="color:blue;"| 2.13
|-
!scope="row"| 1972
| 78,717,000
| 901,657
| 965,689
| style="color:red;"| −64,032
| 11.5
| 12.3
| style="color:red;"| −0.8
| 5.4
| 1.73
| 1.71
| 1.79
|-
!scope="row"| 1973
| 78,951,000
| 815,969
| 962,988
| style="color:red;"| −147,019
| 10.3
| 12.2
| style="color:red;"| −1.9
| 4.9
| 1.56
| 1.54
| 1.58
|-
!scope="row"| 1974
| 78,966,000
| 805,500
| 956,573
| style="color:red;"| −151,073
| 10.2
| 12.1
| style="color:red;"| −1.9
| 2.1
| 1.53
| 1.51
| 1.54
|-
!scope="row"| 1975
| 78,862,000
| 782,310
| 989,649
| style="color:red;"| −207,339
| 9.9
| 12.5
| style="color:red;"| −2.6
| 1.3
| 1.48
| 1.45
| 1.54
|-
!scope="row"| 1976
| 78,299,000
| 798,334
| 966,873
| style="color:red;"| −168,539
| 10.2
| 12.3
| style="color:red;"| −2.2
| −4.9
| 1.50
| 1.46
| 1.64
|-
!scope="row"| 1977
| 78,161,000
| 805,496
| 931,155
| style="color:red;"| −125,659
| 10.3
| 11.9
| style="color:red;"| −1.6
| −0.2
| 1.51
| 1.41
| 1.85
|-
!scope="row"| 1978
| 78,066,000
| 808,619
| 955,550
| style="color:red;"| −146,931
| 10.4
| 12.2
| style="color:red;"| −1.9
| 0.7
| 1.50
| 1.38
| 1.90
|-
!scope="row"| 1979
| 78,082,000
| 817,217
| 944,474
| style="color:red;"| −127,257
| 10.5
| 12.1
| style="color:red;"| −1.6
| 1.8
| 1.50
| 1.38
| 1.90
|-
!scope="row"| 1980
| 78,295,000
| 865,789
| 952,371
| style="color:red;"| −86,582
| 11.1
| 12.2
| style="color:red;"| −1.1
| 3.8
| 1.56
| 1.45
| 1.94
|-
!scope="row"| 1981
| 78,399,000
| 862,100
| 954,436
| style="color:red;"| −92,336
| 11.0
| 12.2
| style="color:red;"| −1.2
| 2.5
| 1.53
| 1.44
| 1.85
|-
!scope="row"| 1982
| 78,293,000
| 861,275
| 943,832
| style="color:red;"| −82,557
| 11.0
| 12.1
| style="color:red;"| −1.1
| −0.3
| 1.51
| 1.41
| 1.86
|-
!scope="row"| 1983
| 78,082,000
| 827,933
| 941,032
| style="color:red;"| −113,099
| 10.6
| 12.1
| style="color:red;"| −1.4
| −1.3
| 1.43
| 1.33
| 1.79
|-
!scope="row"| 1984
| 77,797,000
| 812,292
| 917,299
| style="color:red;"| −105,007
| 10.4
| 11.8
| style="color:red;"| −1.3
| −2.4
| 1.38
| 1.29
| 1.74
|-
!scope="row"| 1985
| 77,619,000
| 813,803
| 929,649
| style="color:red;"| −115,846
| 10.5
| 12.0
| style="color:red;"| −1.5
| −0.8
| 1.37
| style="color:red;"| 1.28
| 1.73
|-
!scope="row"| 1986
| 77,635,000
| 848,232
| 925,426
| style="color:red;"| −77,194
| 10.9
| 11.9
| style="color:red;"| −1.0
| 1.2
| 1.41
| 1.35
| 1.70
|-
!scope="row"| 1987
| 77,718,000
| 867,969
| 901,291
| style="color:red;"| −33,322
| 11.2
| 11.6
| style="color:red;"| −0.4
| 1.5
| 1.44
| 1.37
| 1.74
|-
!scope="row"| 1988
| 78,116,000
| 892,993
| 900,627
| style="color:red;"| −7,634
| 11.4
| 11.5
| style="color:red;"| −0.1
| 5.2
| 1.46
| 1.41
| 1.67
|-
!scope="row"| 1989
| 78,677,000
| 880,459
| 903,441
| style="color:red;"| −22,982
| 11.2
| 11.5
| style="color:red;"| −0.3
| 7.5
| 1.42
| 1.40
| 1.57
|-
!scope="row"| 1990
| 79,753,227<ref>https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online?operation=abruftabelleBearbeiten&levelindex=2&levelid=1692088815921&auswahloperation=abruftabelleAuspraegungAuswaehlen&auswahlverzeichnis=ordnungsstruktur&auswahlziel=werteabruf&code=12411-0001&auswahltext=&werteabruf=Value+retrieval#abreadcrumb Deutsches Statistisches Bundesambt Genesis online, visited on 15 August 2023[p</ref>
| 905,675
| 921,445
| style="color:red;"| −15,770
| 11.4
| 11.6
| style="color:red;"| −0.2
| 13.9
| 1.45
| 1.45
| 1.52
|-
!scope="row"| 1991
| 80,274,564
| 830,019
| 911,245
| style="color:red;"| −81,226
| 10.4
| 11.4
| style="color:red;"| −1.0
| 7.5
| 1.33
| 1.42
| 0.98
|-
!scope="row"| 1992
| 80,974,632
| 809,114
| 885,443
| style="color:red;"| −76,329
| 10.1
| 11.0
| style="color:red;"| −1.0
| 9.7
| 1.29
| 1.40
| 0.83
|-
!scope="row"| 1993
| 81,338,093
| 798,447
| 897,270
| style="color:red;"| −98,823
| 9.9
| 11.1
| style="color:red;"| −1.2
| 5.7
| 1.28
| 1.39
| 0.78
|-
!scope="row"| 1994
| 81,538,603
| 769,603
| 884,661
| style="color:red;"| −115,058
| 9.5
| 10.9
| style="color:red;"| −1.4
| 3.9
| style="color:red;"| 1.24
| 1.35
| style="color:red;"| 0.77
|-
!scope="row"| 1995
| 81,817,499
| 765,221
| 884,588
| style="color:red;"| −119,367
| 9.4
| 10.8
| style="color:red;"| −1.5
| 4.9
| 1.25
| 1.34
| 0.84
|-
!scope="row"| 1996
| 82,012,162
| 796,013
| 882,843
| style="color:red;"| −86,830
| 9.7
| 10.8
| style="color:red;"| −1.1
| 3.5
| 1.32
| 1.40
| 0.95
|-
!scope="row"| 1997
| 82,057,379
| 812,173
| 860,389
| style="color:red;"| −48,216
| 9.9
| 10.5
| style="color:red;"| −0.6
| 1.2
| 1.37
| 1.44
| 1.04
|-
!scope="row"| 1998
|82,037,011
| 785,034
| 852,382
| style="color:red;"| −67,348
| 9.6
| 10.4
| style="color:red;"| −0.8
| 0.6
| 1.36
| 1.41
| 1.09
|-
!scope="row"| 1999
| 82,163,475
| 770,744
| 846,330
| style="color:red;"| −75,586
| 9.4
| 10.3
| style="color:red;"| −0.9
| 2.4
| 1.36
| 1.41
| 1.15
|-
!scope="row"| 2000
| 82,259,540
| 766,999
| 838,797
| style="color:red;"| −71,798
| 9.3
| 10.2
| style="color:red;"| −0.9
| 2.1
| 1.38
| 1.41
| 1.21
|-
!scope="row"| 2001
| 82,440,309
| 734,475
| 828,541
| style="color:red;"| −94,066
| 8.9
| 10.1
| style="color:red;"| −1.1
| 3.3
| 1.35
| 1.38
| 1.23
|-
!scope="row"| 2002
| 82,536,680
| 719,250
| 841,686
| style="color:red;"| −122,436
| 8.7
| 10.2
| style="color:red;"| −1.5
| 2.7
| 1.34
| 1.37
| 1.24
|-
!scope="row"| 2003
| 82,531,671
| 706,721
| 853,946
| style="color:red;"| −147,225
| 8.6
| 10.3
| style="color:red;"| −1.8
| 1.7
| 1.34
| 1.36
| 1.26
|-
!scope="row"| 2004
| 82,500,849
| 705,622
| 818,271
| style="color:red;"| −112,649
| 8.5
| style="color:blue;"| 9.9
| style="color:red;"| −1.4
| 1.0
| 1.36
| 1.37
| 1.31
|-
!scope="row"| 2005
| 82,437,995
| 685,795
| 830,227
| style="color:red;"| −144,432
| 8.3
| 10.1
| style="color:red;"| −1.8
| 1.0
| 1.34
| 1.36
| 1.30
|-
!scope="row"| 2006
| 82,314,906
| 672,724
| 821,627
| style="color:red;"| −148,903
| 8.2
| 10.0
| style="color:red;"| −1.8
| 0.3
| 1.33
| 1.34
| 1.30
|-
!scope="row"| 2007
| 82,217,837
| 684,862
| 827,155
| style="color:red;"| −142,293
| 8.3
| 10.0
| style="color:red;"| −1.7
| 0.5
| 1.37
| 1.38
| 1.37
|-
!scope="row"| 2008
| 81,802,257
| 682,514
| 844,439
| style="color:red;"| −161,925
| 8.3
| 10.3
| style="color:red;"| −2.0
| −3.1
| 1.38
| 1.37
| 1.40
|-
!scope="row"| 2009
| 81,802,257
| 665,126
| 854,544
| style="color:red;"| −189,418
| 8.1
| 10.4
| style="color:red;"| −2.3
| 2.3
| 1.36
| 1.35
| 1.40
|-
!scope="row"| 2010
| 81,751,602
| 677,947
| 858,768
| style="color:red;"| −180,821
| 8.3
| 10.5
| style="color:red;"| −2.2
| 1.6
| 1.39
| 1.39
| 1.46
|-
!scope="row"| 2011
| 80,233,100<ref>https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Current-Population/Tables/liste-current-population.html# Deutsche Statisisches Bundesambt, Current Population, visited 15 August 2023</ref>
| style="color:red;"| 662,685
| 852,328
| style="color:red;"| −189,643
| 8.3
| 10.4
| style="color:red;"| −2.3
| −16.3
| 1.39
| 1.38
| 1.46
|-
!scope="row"| 2012
| 80,399,300
| 673,544
| 869,582
| style="color:red;"| −196,038
| 8.4
| 10.8
| style="color:red;"| −2.4
| 4.5
| 1.41
| 1.40
| 1.48
|-
!scope="row"| 2013
| 80,585,700
| 682,069
| 893,825
| style="color:red;"| −211,756
| 8.5
| 11.1
| style="color:red;"| −2.6
| 5.0
| 1.42
| 1.41
| 1.49
|-
!scope="row"| 2014
| 80,925,000
| 714,927
| 868,356
| style="color:red;"| −153,429
| 8.9
| 10.8
| style="color:red;"| −1.9
| 6.1
| 1.47
| 1.47
| 1.54
|-
!scope="row"| 2015
| 81,459,000
| 737,575
| 925,200
| style="color:red;"| −187,625
| 9.1
| 11.4
| style="color:red;"| −2.3
| 8.9
| 1.50
| 1.50
| 1.56
|-
!scope="row"| 2016
| 82,349,400
| 792,141
| 910,902
| style="color:red;"| −118,761
| 9.6
| 11.1
| style="color:red;"| −1.4
| 12.4
|1.59
|1.60
|1.64
|-
!scope="row"| 2017
| 82,665,600
| 784,901
| 932,272
| style="color:red;"| −147,371
| 9.5
| 11.3
| style="color:red;"| −1.8
| 5.6
| 1.57
| 1.58
| 1.61
|-
!scope="row"| 2018
| 82,887,000
| 787,523
| 954,874
| style="color:red;"| −167,351
| 9.5
| 11.5
| style="color:red;"| −2.0
| 4.7
| 1.57
| 1.58
| 1.60
|-
!scope="row"| 2019
| 83,019,200
| 778,090
| 939,520
| style="color:red;"| −161,430
| 9.4
| 11.3
| style="color:red;"| −1.9
| 4.2
| 1.54
| 1.56
| 1.56
|-
!scope="row"| 2020
| 83,155,031
| 773,144
| 985,572
| style="color:red;"| −212,428
| 9.3
| 11.8
| style="color:red;"| −2.6
| 3.2
|1.53
| 1.55
| 1.54
|-
!scope="row"| 2021
| 83,237,124
| 795,492
| 1,023,687
| style="color:red;"| −228,195
| 9.6
| 12.3
| style="color:red;"| −2.7
| 2.8
| 1.58
| 1.60
| 1.54
|-
!scope="row"| 2022
| 83,118,501
| 738,819
| 1,066,341
| style="color:red;"| −327,522
| 8.9
| 12.8
| style="color:red;"| −3.9
| 15.4
| 1.49
| 1.51
| 1.46
|-
!scope="row"| 2023
| 83,456,045
| 692,989
| 1,028,206
| style="color:red;"| −335,217
| 8.3
| 12.3
|style="color:red;"| −4.0
| 8.8
| 1.38
| 1.41
| 1.33
|-
!scope="row"| 2024
| {{Blue|83,577,140}}
| 677,117
| 1,007,758
| style="color:red;"| −330,641
| style="color:red;"| 8.1
| 12.1
|style="color:red;"| −4.0
| 5.6
| 1.35
| 1.38
| 1.27
|-
!scope="row"| 2025
|83,497,147(e)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
– (e) = estimation. To be revised.

In 2023, 500,670 (72.25%) children were born to mothers with German citizenship, while 96,422 (13.91%) children were born to mothers with European citizenship (excluding Turkey) and 95,897 (13.84%) children were born to mothers with other citizenship.

''Sources for data from 2011: Population 2011 to 2021 (based on [[2011 European Union census]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht (Quartalszahlen) |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/liste-zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit.html#363324 |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=[[Statistisches Bundesamt]] |language=de}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Population from 2022 (based on 2022 German census),<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht (Quartalszahlen) |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/liste-zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit-basis-2022.html#1343596 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=DESTATIS - Statistisches Bundesamt |publisher=[[Statistisches Bundesamt]] |language=de}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> live births,<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Lebendgeborene nach Geschlecht |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Geburten/Tabellen/lebendgeborene-geschlecht.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=DESTATIS - Statistisches Bundesamt |publisher=[[Statistisches Bundesamt]] |language=de}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> live births, deaths and natural population change,<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Lebendgeborene, Gestorbene, Geburten-/Sterbeüberschuss (ab 1950) |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Sterbefaelle-Lebenserwartung/Tabellen/lrbev04.html#242408 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=DESTATIS - Statistisches Bundesamt |publisher=[[Statistisches Bundesamt]] |language=de}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> deaths,''<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2025 |title=Deaths, deaths per 1000 inhabitants: Germany, years |url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/datenbank/online/statistic/12613/table/12613-0001 |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=www-genesis.destatis.de}}</ref> ''total fertility rates,<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Zusammengefasste Geburtenziffer nach Kalenderjahren |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Geburten/Tabellen/geburtenziffer.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=DESTATIS - Statistisches Bundesam |publisher=[[Statistisches Bundesamt]] |language=de}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> current news on population<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht (Quartalszahlen) |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/_inhalt.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=DESTATIS - Statistisches Bundesamt |publisher=[[Statistisches Bundesamt]] |language=de}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>.''

=== Current vital statistics ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Period
! Live births
! Deaths
! Natural increase
|-
! January–September 2024*
| 509,431
| 740,530
| -231,099
|-
! January–September 2025*
| 493,252
| 757,217
| −263,965
|-
!scope="row"|Difference
| {{decrease}} -16,179 (−3.17%)
| {{increasenegative}} +16,687 (+2.25%)
| {{decrease}} −32,866
|-
! colspan="4" |Source: <ref>{{cite web |date=23 September 2021 |title=Live births: Germany, months, sex |url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis//online?operation=table&code=12612-0002&bypass=true&levelindex=1&levelid=1631155185901#abreadcrumb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 September 2021 |title=Deaths: Germany, months, sex |url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis//online?operation=table&code=12613-0006&bypass=true&levelindex=1&levelid=1631155186593#abreadcrumb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lebendgeborene nach Monaten – vorläufige Ergebnisse |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Geburten/Tabellen/lebendgeborene-vorl.html |website=Statistisches Bundesamt}}</ref>
|}

{{asterisk}} – estimation. To be revised.


{{Chart|definition=Germany Natural Population Change.chart|data=Germany Natural Population Change.tab|Width=700}}

===Total fertility rates by federal state and nationality===
{{See also|List of German states by fertility rate}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right;"
|+ 2024 fertility rates
!scope="col" style="width:13em;"| State
!scope="col"| TFR
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Lower Saxony}}
| 1.42
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Rhineland-Palatinate}}
| 1.40
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Baden-Württemberg}}
| 1.39
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Bavaria}}
| 1.39
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|North Rhine-Westphalia}}
| 1.38
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Hesse}}
| 1.37
|-
!scope="row"| '''{{flag|Germany}}'''
| '''1.35'''
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Bremen}}
| 1.34
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Brandenburg}}
| 1.34
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Saarland}}
| 1.32
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Saxony-Anhalt}}
| 1.31
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Schleswig-Holstein}}
| 1.31
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Mecklenburg-Vorpommern}}
| 1.30
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Thuringia}}
| 1.24
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Hamburg}}
| 1.23
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Saxony}}
| 1.22
|-
!scope="row"| {{flag|Berlin}}
| 1.21
|}

====Regierungsbezirk and cities====
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fertility indicators by NUTS 3 region |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_r_find3/default/table?lang=en |access-date=27 September 2025 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right;"
|+ 2023 fertility rates
!scope="col" style="width:13em;"| [[Regierungsbezirk]] or city
!scope="col"| TFR
|-
!scope="row"| [[Stuttgart (region)|Stuttgart]]
| 1.44
|-
!scope="row"| [[Karlsruhe (region)|Karlsruhe]]
| 1.34
|-
!scope="row"| [[Freiburg (region)|Freiburg]]
| 1.40
|-
!scope="row"| [[Tübingen (region)|Tübingen]]
| 1.47
|-
!scope="row"| {{flagicon image|Hissflagge Oberbayern.svg}} [[Upper Bavaria]]
| 1.38
|-
!scope="row"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Bavaria.svg}} [[Lower Bavaria]]
| 1.47
|-
!scope="row"| {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberpfalz.svg}} [[Upper Palatinate]]
| 1.46
|-
!scope="row"| {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberfranken.svg}} [[Upper Franconia]]
| 1.39
|-
!scope="row"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Middle Franconia.svg}} [[Middle Franconia]]
| 1.39
|-
!scope="row"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Franconia.svg}} [[Lower Franconia]]
| 1.44
|-
!scope="row"| {{flagicon image|Flagge Schwaben Bayern.svg}} [[Swabia (Bavaria)|Swabia]]
| 1.54
|-
!scope="row"| [[image:Coat of arms of Hesse.svg|19px]] [[Darmstadt (region)|Darmstadt]]
| 1.39
|-
!scope="row"| [[image:Hessische Landesregierung.svg|19px]] [[Giessen (region)|Giessen]]
| 1.35
|-
!scope="row"| [[Kassel (region)|Kassel]]
| 1.46
|-
!scope="row"| {{Flag|Braunschweig}}
| 1.38
|-
!scope="row"| {{flagicon image|Flagge Hannover.svg}} [[Hannover]]
| 1.42
|-
!scope="row"| [[image:DEU Lüneburg COA v2.svg|19px]] [[Lüneburg]]
| 1.53
|-
!scope="row"| [[Weser-Ems]]
| 1.50
|-
!scope="row"| [[Düsseldorf (region)|Düsseldorf]]
| 1.41
|-
!scope="row"| [[Cologne (region)|Cologne]]
| 1.34
|-
!scope="row"| [[Münster (region)|Münster]]
| 1.50
|-
!scope="row"| [[Detmold (administrative region)|Detmold]]
| 1.50
|-
!scope="row"| [[Arnsberg (region)|Arnsberg]]
| 1.45
|-
!scope="row"| {{Flag|Koblenz}}
| 1.47
|-
!scope="row"| {{Flag|Trier}}
| 1.38
|-
!scope="row"| [[Rheinhessen-Pfalz]]
| 1.45
|-
!scope="row"| {{Flag|Dresden}}
| 1.28
|-
!scope="row"| {{Flag|Leipzig}}
| 1.14
|-
!scope="row"| '''{{flag|Germany}}'''
| '''1.38'''
|}

====Nationality====
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right;"
|+ 2024 fertility rates
!scope="col" style="width:13em;"| Nationality/region
!scope="col"| TFR
|-
!scope="row"|  [[Germany]] total
| 1.35
|-
!scope="row"|  German [[nationality]]
| 1.23
|-
!scope="row"|  Foreign nationality
| 1.84
|-
!scope="row"|  Former [[West Germany]] + [[Berlin]]
| 1.38
|-
!scope="row"|  Former [[East Germany]]
| 1.27
|}
<ref>{{cite web|title=Presse: Rückgang der Geburtenziffer schwächte sich 2024 deutlich ab|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2025/07/PD25_259_12.html|website=Statistisches Bundesamt|date=17 July 2025}}</ref>

===Structure of the population by age groups===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"style="text-align:right;"
|+ class="nowrap"| Population by sex and age group (census 09.V.2011)<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref>
|-
!scope="col"| Age group
!scope="col"| Male
!scope="col"| Female
!scope="col"| Total
!scope="col"| Percent
|-
!scope="row"| Total
| 39,145,941
| 41,073,754
| 80,219,695
| 100
|-
!scope="row"| 0–4
| 1,714,872
| 1,624,023
| 3,338,895
| 4.16
|-
!scope="row"| 5–9
| 1,809,024
| 1,716,806
| 3,525,830
| 4.40
|-
!scope="row"| 10–14
| 2,021,305
| 1,919,261
| 3,940,566
| 4.91
|-
!scope="row"| 15–19
| 2,057,155
| 1,956,725
| 4,013,880
| 5.00
|-
!scope="row"| 20–24
| 2,463,932
| 2,371,707
| 4,835,639
| 6.03
|-
!scope="row"| 25–29
| 2,455,885
| 2,416,648
| 4,872,533
| 6.07
|-
!scope="row"| 30–34
| 2,385,305
| 2,366,606
| 4,751,911
| 5.92
|-
!scope="row"| 35–39
| 2,378,055
| 2,364,838
| 4,742,893
| 5.91
|-
!scope="row"| 40–44
| 3,209,481
| 3,141,708
| 6,351,189
| 7.92
|-
!scope="row"| 45–49
| 3,547,254
| 3,452,425
| 6,999,679
| 8.73
|-
!scope="row"| 50–54
| 3,113,463
| 3,092,831
| 6,206,294
| 7.74
|-
!scope="row"| 55–59
| 2,668,976
| 2,750,474
| 5,419,450
| 6.76
|-
!scope="row"| 60–64
| 2,298,903
| 2,403,912
| 4,702,815
| 5.86
|-
!scope="row"| 65–69
| 1,999,287
| 2,174,064
| 4,173,351
| 5.20
|-
!scope="row"| 70–74
| 2,247,196
| 2,614,043
| 4,861,239
| 6.06
|-
!scope="row"| 75–79
| 1,413,881
| 1,856,402
| 3,270,283
| 4.08
|-
!scope="row"| 80–84
| 878,797
| 1,449,286
| 2,328,083
| 2.90
|-
!scope="row"| 85–89
| 369,029
| 966,047
| 1,335,076
| 1.66
|-
!scope="row"| 90–94
| 95,074
| 335,526
| 430,600
| 0.54
|-
!scope="row"| 95–99
| 17,388
| 88,656
| 106,044
| 0.13
|-
!scope="row"| 100+
| 1,679
| 11,766
| 13,445
| 0.02
|-
!scope="col"| Age group
!scope="col"| Male
!scope="col"| Female
!scope="col"| Total
!scope="col"| Percent
|-
!scope="row"| 0–14
| 5,545,201
| 5,260,090
| 10,805,291
| 13.47
|-
!scope="row"| 15–64
| 26,578,409
| 26,317,874
| 52,896,283
| 65.94
|-
!scope="row"| 65+
| 7,022,331
| 9,495,790
| 16,518,121
| 20.59
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"style="text-align:right;"
|+ class="nowrap"| Population estimates by sex and age group (01.I.2021) (based on the results of the 2011 population census)<ref name="auto" />
|-
!scope="col"| Age group
!scope="col"| Male
!scope="col"| Female
!scope="col"| Total
!scope="col"| Percent
|-
!scope="row"| Total
| 41,026,519
| 42,128,512
| 83,155,031
| 100
|-
!scope="row"| 0–4
| 2,036,084
| 1,933,054
| 3,969,138
| 4.77
|-
!scope="row"| 5–9
| 1,944,171
| 1,839,397
| 3,783,568
| 4.55
|-
!scope="row"| 10–14
| 1,916,110
| 1,808,984
| 3,725,094
| 4.48
|-
!scope="row"| 15–19
| 1,991,487
| 1,865,287
| 3,856,774
| 4.64
|-
!scope="row"| 20–24
| 2,394,221
| 2,176,270
| 4,570,491
| 5.50
|-
!scope="row"| 25–29
| 2,552,806
| 2,360,133
| 4,912,939
| 5.91
|-
!scope="row"| 30–34
| 2,876,938
| 2,704,150
| 5,581,088
| 6.71
|-
!scope="row"| 35–39
| 2,688,873
| 2,602,003
| 5,290,876
| 6.36
|-
!scope="row"| 40–44
| 2,531,208
| 2,503,680
| 5,034,888
| 6.05
|-
!scope="row"| 45–49
| 2,526,278
| 2,509,582
| 5,035,860
| 6.06
|-
!scope="row"| 50–54
| 3,265,131
| 3,222,093
| 6,487,224
| 7.80
|-
!scope="row"| 55–59
| 3,414,124
| 3,403,194
| 6,817,318
| 8.20
|-
!scope="row"| 60–64
| 2,866,561
| 2,951,576
| 5,818,137
| 7.00
|-
!scope="row"| 65–69
| 2,333,788
| 2,565,316
| 4,899,104
| 5.89
|-
!scope="row"| 70–74
| 1,854,514
| 2,113,556
| 3,968,070
| 4.77
|-
!scope="row"| 75–79
| 1,551,030
| 1,916,998
| 3,468,028
| 4.17
|-
!scope="row"| 80–84
| 1,432,318
| 1,998,184
| 3,430,502
| 4.13
|-
!scope="row"| 85–89
| 615,608
| 1,046,633
| 1,662,241
| 2.00
|-
!scope="row"| 90–94
| 200,432
| 471,151
| 671,583
| 0.81
|-
!scope="row"| 95–99
| 30,826
| 120,817
| 151,643
| 0.18
|-
!scope="row"| 100–104
| 3,122
| 13,587
| 16,709
| 0.02
|-
!scope="row"| 105–109
| 703
| 2,417
| 3,120
| <0.01
|-
!scope="row"| 110+
| 186
| 450
| 636
| <0.01
|-
!scope="col"| Age group
!scope="col"| Male
!scope="col"| Female
!scope="col"| Total
!scope="col"| Percent
|-
!scope="row"| 0–14
| 5,896,365
| 5,581,435
| 11,477,800
| 13.80
|-
!scope="row"| 15–64
| 27,107,627
| 26,297,968
| 53,405,595
| 64.22
|-
!scope="row"| 65+
| 8,022,527
| 10,249,109
| 18,271,636
| 21.97
|}

== Social issues ==
Most childbirths in Germany happen within marriage. Out of 778,080 births in 2019, 258,835 were to unmarried parents,<ref name="Familienstand">{{cite web |access-date=1 July 2021 |title=Unmarried births |url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online?operation=abruftabelleBearbeiten&levelindex=2&levelid=1625173175965&auswahloperation=abruftabelleAuspraegungAuswaehlen&auswahlverzeichnis=ordnungsstruktur&auswahlziel=werteabruf&code=12612-0004&auswahltext=&werteabruf=Werteabruf#abreadcrumb}}</ref> which means that around 33% or one third of the children are born out of wedlock, while two thirds are within. This percentage of unmarried birth has long been growing and reached 33% in 2010, more than twice of what it was in 1990.<ref>''[[Handelsblatt]]'' (12 August 2011): "Familienplanung: Uneheliche Babys im Vormarsch" [https://archive.today/20130125162210/http://www.handelsblatt.com/lifestyle/gesellschaft/uneheliche-babys-im-vormarsch/4493378.html]</ref> However, in recent years it has started to stagnate or even decrease.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children born outside of marriage Germany 1950–2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1094231/children-born-outside-of-marriage-germany/ |access-date=26 June 2023 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref>

The Mikrozensus done in 2008 revealed that the number of children a German woman aged 40 to 75 had, was closely linked to her educational achievement.<ref name="Statistisches Bundesamt 2008">Statistisches Bundesamt. Mikrozensus 2008. Neue Daten zur Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland. p. 27ff</ref> In Western Germany, women with tertiary education had the highest rates of childlessness — 26% stated that they were childless. This rate dropped to 16% for those with intermediate education, and 11% for those with only compulsory education. In Eastern Germany however, 9% of the most educated women of that age group and 7% of those who had an intermediary education were childless, while 12% of those having only compulsory education were childless.

The reason for that east-western difference is that the GDR had an "educated mother scheme" and actively tried to encourage first births among the more educated. It did so by propagandizing the opinion that every educated woman should "present at least one child to socialism" and also by financially rewarding its more educated citizen to become parents. The government especially tried to persuade students to become parents while still in college and it was quite successful in doing so. In 1986, 38% of all women, who were about to graduate from college, were mothers of at least one child and an additional 14% were pregnant and 43% of all men, who were about to graduate from college, were fathers of at least one child. There was a sharp decline in the birth rate and especially in the birth rate of the educated after the fall of the Berlin wall. Nowadays,{{When|date=March 2015}} 5% of those about to graduate from college are parents.

The more educated a Western German mother aged 40 to 75 was in 2008, the less likely she was to have a big family.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+Percent of Western German mothers having 1, 2, and 3 or more children, by educational attainment
|-
!scope="col"| Number of children
!scope="col"| Compulsory education
!scope="col"| Intermediary education
!scope="col"| Highest education
|-
!scope="row"| One child
| 22 || 30 || 31
|-
!scope="row"| Two children
| 39 || 48 || 48
|-
!scope="row"| Three or more children
| 39 || 22 || 21
|}
Source: <ref name="Statistisches Bundesamt 2008. p.29">Statistisches Bundesamt. Mikrozensus 2008. Neue Daten zur Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland. p.29</ref>

The same was true for a mother living in Eastern Germany in 2008.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+Percent of Eastern German mothers having 1, 2, and 3 or more children, by educational attainment
|-
!scope="col"| Number of children
!scope="col"| Compulsory education
!scope="col"| Intermediary education
!scope="col"| Highest education
|-
!scope="row"| One child
| 23 || 33 || 33
|-
!scope="row"| Two children
| 37 || 46 || 51
|-
!scope="row"| Three or more children
| 40 || 21 || 16
|}
Source: <ref name="Statistisches Bundesamt 2008. p.29"/>

In 2011, this trend was reversed in Eastern Germany, where more highly educated women now had a somewhat higher fertility rate than the rest of the population.<ref>Bundesintitut für Bevölkerungsforschung 2012. Talsohle bei Akademikerinnen durchschritten? Kinderzahl und Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland nach Bildungs- und Berufsgruppen. Expertise für das Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend. p. 14</ref>

Persons who said they had no religion tend to have fewer children than those who identify as Christians, and studies also found that conservative-leaning Christians had more children compared to liberal-leaning Christians.<ref name="michael_blume">{{cite journal|author1=Michael Blume|author2=Carsten Ramsel|author3=Sven Graupner|title=Religiosität als demografischer Faktor – Ein unterschätzter Zusammenhang?|journal=Marburg Journal of Religion|volume=11|date=June 2006|url=http://www.blume-religionswissenschaft.de/pdf/blume_germ2006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425090600/http://www.blume-religionswissenschaft.de/pdf/blume_germ2006.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Michael Blume (2008) [http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/artikel/982875 ''Homo religiosus''], Gehirn und Geist 04/2009. S. 32–41.</ref>

A study done in 2005 in the western German state of [[Nordrhein-Westfalen]] by the HDZ revealed that childlessness was especially widespread among scientists. It showed that 78% of the women scientists and 71% of the male scientists working in that state were childless.<ref>Nicole Auferkorte-Michaelis, [[Sigrid Metz-Göckel]], Jutta Wergen, Annette Klein. 2005: "Junge Elternschaft und Wissenschaftskarriere - Wie kinderfreundlich sind Deutschlands Universitäten". Hochschuldidaktisches Zentrum HDZ</ref>

=== Homelessness ===
{{excerpt|Homelessness in Germany}}

==Ethnic minorities and migrant background (''Migrationshintergrund'')==
Germany does not collect data on the ethnic and racial identifications of its citizens, but does collect data on the background group by birth of an individual.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shendruk |first=Amanda |date=8 July 2021 |title=Are you even trying to stop racism if you don't collect data on race? |url=https://qz.com/2029525/the-20-countries-that-dont-collect-racial-and-ethnic-census-data/ |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> The [[Federal Statistical Office of Germany|Federal Statistical Office]] defines persons with a migrant background as all persons who migrated to the present area of the Federal Republic of Germany after 1949, plus all foreign nationals born in Germany and all persons born in Germany as German nationals with at least one parent who migrated to Germany or was born in Germany as a foreign national. The figures presented here are based on this definition only.

In 2010, 2.3 million families with children under 18 years were living in Germany, in which at least one parent had foreign roots. They represented 29% of the total of 8.1 million families with minor children. Compared with 2005&nbsp;– the year when the microcensus started to collect detailed information on the population with a migrant background&nbsp;– the proportion of migrant families has risen by 2 percentage points.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/EN/Publications/STATmagazin/Population/2012_03/2012_03MigrantBackground.html|title=Publikation – STATmagazin – Population – Families with a migrant background: traditional values count – Federal Statistical Office (Destatis)|date=27 August 2012|work=destatis.de|access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> In 2019, 40% children under 5 years old had migrant background.<ref name="Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund - Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2019">{{cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund – Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2019 – |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/migrationshintergrund-2010220197004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |page=68|website=destatis.de |language=de}}</ref>

Most of the families with a migrant background live in the western part of Germany. In 2010, the proportion of migrant families in all families was 32% in the former territory of the Federal Republic. This figure was more than double that in the new Länder (incl. Berlin) where it stood at 15%.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Eastern Germany has a much lower proportion of immigrants than the West, as the GDR did not let in that many guest workers and Eastern Germany's economy is not doing as well as West Germany's and had a higher percentage of jobless persons until recently. However, in recent years the number of people with an immigrant background in East Germany has been growing as refugees (as well as German Repatriates) are distributed with the Königssteiner Schlüssel, so every German state has to take the same number of them compared to its population and economy. In 2019 19.036 million people or 89,6% of people with an immigrant background live in Western Germany (excluding Berlin), being 28,7% of its population, while 1.016 million people with immigrant background 4,8% live in Eastern States, being 8,2% of population, and 1.194 million people with an immigrant background 5,6% live in Berlin, being 33,1% of its population.<ref name = "Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund - Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2019"/>

In 2019, 26% of Germans of any age group (up from 18,4% in 2008) and 39% of German children (up from 30% in 2008) had at least one parent born abroad. Average age for Germans with at least one parent born abroad was 35.6 years (up from 33.8 years in 2008), while that for Germans, who had two parents born in Germany was 47.3 years (up from 44.6 in 2008).<ref name="Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund - Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2019" /><ref>Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland: "Leichter Anstieg der Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund". Pressemitteilung Nr.105 vom 11 March 2008</ref>

In 2022, 41 percent of the under-15 age group had a migrant background, 36 percent of the 15 to 49-year-old age group had a migrant background and 19 percent of the age group above (50+).<ref>{{cite web|access-date=6 November 2023|date=20 April 2023|publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt|title=Statistischer Bericht – Mikrozensus – Bevölkerung nach Migrationshintergrund – Erstergebnisse 2022 (The statements are based on statistics listed in excel-Table 12211-03.)|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/statistischer-bericht-migrationshintergrund-erst-2010220227005.html|website=Destatis}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

The largest groups of people with an immigrant background in Germany are people that have Turkey, Poland and Russia as their ancestral homelands.

{{As of|2022}}, the population by background was as follows:

[[File:Major Nationalities in Germany by ancestry.png|thumb|454x454px|Major groups which reside in [[Germany]] by ancestry as of 2019]]
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = '''Population of Germany in 2022'''
| other =
| label1 = Germans<ref name="immigrant">This number represents the number of people without "immigrant background", meaning people with two parents of mostly or full German ancestry. It does not represent the number of people who view themselves as German. This number does not include people with a German forebear, who came to modern Germany after 1955 (including [[Aussiedler]] and [[Spätaussiedler]]) and descendants of that person.</ref>
| value1 = 71.3
| color1 = #526e9c
| label2 = Turkish
| value2 = 3.4
| color2 = #B50945
| label3 = Polish
| value3 = 2.6
| color3 = #F73858
| label4 = Russian
| value4 = 1.6
| color4 = #0039A6
| label5 = Kazakh
| value5 = 1.6
| color5 = #00ABC2
| label6 = Syrian
| value6 = 1.5
| color6 = #097F44
| label7 = Romanian
| value7 = 1.3
| color7 = #FCD116
| label8 = Italian
| value8 = 1.1
| color8 = #2BC475
| label9 = European (Other)
| value9 = 7.7
| color9 = #B5D1B5
| label10 = Asian (Other)
| value10 = 3.7
| color10 = #8FC9B5
| label11 = American (North & South)
| value11 = 0.8
| color11 = #B5C3D9
| label12 = Sub-Saharan African
| value12 = 0.8
| color12 = #B59397
| label13 = Maghreb countries
| value13 = 0.6
| color13 = #CD9397
| label14 = Other/unspecified/mixed
| value14 = 2
| color14 = #B5B5B5
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="3" |Background group
! colspan="10" |Year
|-
! colspan="2" |2005<ref>{{Cite journal |date=23 August 2017 |title=2005 |url=https://www.statistischebibliothek.de/mir/receive/DEHeft_mods_00003611 |journal=Fachserie / 1 / 2 / 2: Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit; Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund – Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2022 – |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/_publikationen-innen-migrationshintergrund.html |website=destatis.de |language=de}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref>{{Cite journal |date=13 March 2017 |title=2011 |url=https://www.statistischebibliothek.de/mir/receive/DEHeft_mods_00016556 |journal=Fachserie / 1 / 2 / 2: Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":03" />
! colspan="2" |2016<ref>{{Cite journal |date=31 August 2017 |title=2016 |url=https://www.statistischebibliothek.de/mir/receive/DEHeft_mods_00070829 |journal=Fachserie / 1 / 2 / 2: Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":03" />
! colspan="2" |2022<ref name=":03" />
! colspan="2" |2023<ref name=":03" />
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
!colspan="11" scope="colgroup"|[[Europeans|European]]
|-
!scope="row"|Overall
|
|
|
|72,625,000
|89.2%
|71,111,000
|85.5%
|71,407,000
|85.1%
|-
!colspan="11" scope="colgroup"|[[File:Flag_of_Europe.svg|border|20x20px]] [[European Union|EU-27 States]]
|-
|'''{{nbsp|5}}''' '''Without migrant background'''
|'''{{font color|blue|66,413,000}}'''
|'''81.3%'''
|'''64,551,000'''
|'''81.4%'''
|'''62,989,000'''
|'''77.4%'''
|'''59,278,000'''
|'''71.3%'''
|'''58,968,000'''
|'''70.3%'''
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Official_flag_of_Poland.png|border|20x20px]] [[Polish people|Polish]] (including [[German minority in Poland|ethnic German repatriates from Poland]])
|1,046,000
|
|1,424,000
|
|1,868,000
|2,3%
|2,201,000
|2.6%
|2,199,000
|2.6%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Romania.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Romanians|Romanian]] (including [[Germans of Romania|ethnic German repatriates from Romania]])
|406,000
|
|472,000
|
|788,000
|1%
|1,096,000
|1.3%
|1,146,000
|1.4%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Italy.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Italians|Italian]] (including ethnic [[South Tyrol]]eans)
|794,000
|
|701,000
|
|861,000
|1,1%
|905,000
|1.1%
|876,000
|1.0%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Greece.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Greeks|Greek]]
|386,000
|
|349,000
|
|443,000
|0,5%
|434,000
|0.5%
|432,000
|0.5%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Croats|Croat]]
|410,000
|
|325,000
|
|441,000
|0,5%
|419,000
|0.5%
|400,000
|0.5%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Austria.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Austrians|Austrian]]
|309,000
|
|254,000
|
|280,000
|0,3%
|353,000
|0.4%
|341,000
|0.4%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]]
|49,000
|
|77,000
|
|238,000
|0,3%
|340,000
|0.4%
|376,000
|0.4%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Spain.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Spaniards|Spanish]]
|173,000
|
|142,000
|
|209,000
|0,3%
|233,000
|0.3%
|233,000
|0.3%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Dutch people|Dutch]]
|190,000
|
|203,000
|
|206,000
|0,3%
|233,000
|0.3%
|218,000
|0.3%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_France.svg|20x20px|border11]] [[French people|French]]
|157,000
|
|153,000
|
|168,000
|0,2%
|228,000
|0.3%
|222,000
|0.3%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}Other [[EU member states]] (primarily [[Hungarians|Hungarian]],  [[Czechs|Czech]], and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]])
|
|
|
|
|824,000
|1%
|1,129,000
|1.4%
|1,122,000
|1.3%
|-
!scope="row"|Overall
|
|
|
|
|69,315,000
|85.1%
|66,849,000
|80.4%
|66,533,000
|79.3%
|-
!colspan="11" scope="colgroup"|[[Europe|European Other]]
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Russians|Russian]] (including [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union|ethnic German repatriates from Russia]])
|1,290,000
|
|1,189,000
|
|1,223,000
|1,5%
|1,354,000
|1.6%
|1,353,000
|1.6%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]
|–
|
|246,000
|
|272,000
|0,3%
|583,000
|0.7%
|1,034,000
|1.2%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Kosovo.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Kosovars|Kosovar]]
|–
|
|270,000
|
|356,000
|0,4%
|542,000
|0.7%
|594,000
|0.7%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Bosnians|Bosnian]]
|329,000
|
|202,000
|
|248,000
|0,3%
|538,000
|0.6%
|556,000
|0.7%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Serbs|Serb]]
|263,065
|
|252,000
|
|288,000
|0,4%
|382,000
|0.5%
|387,000
|0.5%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}Others (primarily [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian]], [[Swiss people|Swiss]] and [[British people|British]])
|
|
|
|
|923,000
|1.1%
|863,000
|1%
|950,000
|1.1%
|-
!scope="row"|Overall
|
|
|
|3,310,000
|4,1%
|4,262,000
|5.1%
|4,874,000
|5.8%
|-
!colspan="11" scope="colgroup"|[[Asians]]
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Turkish people|Turkish]] (including ethnic [[Kurds]])
|2,766,000
|
|2,643,000
|
|2,797,000
|3,4%
|2,835,000
|3.4%
|2,926,000
|3.5%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Kazakhstan Germans|Kazakh]] (including [[Germans of Kazakhstan|ethnic German repatriates from Kazakhstan]])
|–
|
|917,000
|
|969,000
|1,2%
|1,325,000
|1.6%
|1,311,000
|1.6%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Syria.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Syrians|Syrian]] (including ethnic [[Kurds]])
|–
|
|53,000
|
|521,000
|0,6%
|1,225,000
|1.5%
|1,281,000
|1.5%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Afghanistan|Afghan]]
|88,000
|
|131,000
|
|231,000
|0,3%
|435,000
|0.5%
|476,000
|0.6%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Iraqis|Iraqi]] (including ethnic [[Kurds]])
|113,000
|
|106,000
|
|206,000
|0,3%
|393,000
|0.5%
|399,000
|0.5%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Iran.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] (including ethnic [[Kurds]])
|150,000
|
|130,000
|
|164,000
|0,2%
|304,000
|0.4%
|336,000
|0.4%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Han Chinese|Chinese]]
|80,000
|
|93,000
|
|157,000
|0,2%
|217,000
|0.3%
|217,000
|0.3%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]
|150,000
|
|146,000
|
|167,000
|0,2%
|236,000
|0.2%
|215,000
|0.2%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}Others
|
|
|
|
|1,006,000
|1,2%
|1,554,000
|1.9%
|1,662,000
|2.0%
|-
!scope="row"|Overall
|
|
|
|6,218,000
|7,6%
|8,495,000
|10.3%
|8,842,000
|10.5%
|-
!colspan="11" scope="colgroup"|[[Africa]]n
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[Sub-Saharan African]]
|222,000
|
|246,000
|
|395,000
|0,5%
|660,000
|0.8%
|711,000
|0.8%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg|border|20x20px]] [[Moroccans|Moroccan]]
|147,000
|
|141,000
|
|191,000
|0,2%
|257,000
|0.3%
|278,000
|0.3%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}Other Maghreb countries:
|108,000
|
|121,000
|
|158,000
|0,2%
|242,000
|0.3%
|281,000
|0.3%
|-
!scope="row"|Overall
|477,000
|
|508,000
|
|744,000
|0.9%
|1,159,000
|1.4%
|1,270,000
|1.5%
|-
!colspan="11" scope="colgroup"|[[Americas]]
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}[[File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg|border|20x20px]] American
|140,000
|
|123,000
|
|154,000
|0,2%
|216,000
|0.3%
|215,000
|0.3%
|-
|{{nbsp|5}}Other peoples from the Americas
|191,000
|
|201,000
|
|267,000
|0,3%
|466,000
|0.5%
|499,000
|0.6%
|-
!scope="row"|Overall
|331,000
|
|324,000
|
|421,000
|0,5%
|682,000
|0.8%
|714,000
|0.8%
|-
!colspan="11" scope="colgroup"|[[Australia]]/[[Oceania]]
|-
!scope="row"|Overall
|–
|
|
|
|40,000
|0,05%
|26,000
|0.03%
|29,000
|0.03%
|-
!colspan="11" scope="colgroup"|Other/unspecified/mixed
|-
!scope="row"|Overall
|2,536,000
|
|1,310,000
|
|1,381,000
|1,7%
|1,628,000
|1.9%
|1,613,000
|1.9%
|-
!colspan="11" scope="colgroup"|Total: Foreign background
|-
!scope="row"|Overall
|15,227,000
|
|14,796,000
|
|18,443,000
|22,6%
|23,825,000
|28.7%
|24,907,000
|29.7%
|-
!scope="row"|Total
|81,640,000
|
|79,347,000
|
|81,432,000
|100%
|83,103,000
|100%
|83,875,000
|100%
|}
<gallery mode="packed" caption="[[Migration background]] age structure in Germany in 2021">
File:Age structure by migration background in Germany in 2021.svg|Age structure by migration background in Germany in 2021
File:Without migration background age structure in Germany in 2021.svg|Without migration background age structure
File:With migration background age structure in Germany in 2021.svg|With migration background
File:One parent with migration background age structure in Germany in 2021.svg|One parent with migration background
</gallery><gallery class="center">
Simone Hauswald.JPG|[[Simone Hauswald]] has a migration background due to her mother being [[Koreans|Korean]].
Mesut Özil (9881761465) Cropped.jpg|[[Mesut Özil]] is classified as having a migrant background because both of his parents were born in Turkey.
Helene Fischer Wiener Stadthalle Mai 2011.jpg|[[Helene Fischer]] has a migrant background despite being ethnically German because she was born in the [[Soviet Union]] to parents of the [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|German minority in Russia.]]
</gallery>

Four other sizable groups of people are referred to as "national minorities" (''nationale Minderheiten'') because they have lived in their respective regions for centuries: [[Danes]], [[Frisians]], [[Romani people|Roma]] and [[Sinti]], and [[Sorbs]]. There is a [[Denmark|Danish]] minority (about 50,000, according to government sources) in the northernmost state of [[Schleswig-Holstein]]. Eastern and Northern [[Frisians]] live at Schleswig-Holstein's western coast, and in the north-western part of [[Lower Saxony]]. They are part of a wider community ([[Frisia]]) stretching from Germany to the northern [[Netherlands]]. The [[Sorbs]], a [[Slavic people]] with about 60,000 members (according to government sources), are in the [[Lusatia]] region of [[Free State of Saxony|Saxony]] and [[Brandenburg]]. They are the last remnants of the Slavs that lived in central and eastern Germany since the 7th century to have kept their traditions and not been completely integrated into the wider German nation.

Until [[World War II]] the [[Polish people|Poles]] were recognized as one of the national minorities. In 1924 the [[Union of Poles in Germany]] had initiated cooperation between all national minorities in Germany under the umbrella organization [[Association of National Minorities in Germany]]. Some of the union members wanted the Polish communities in easternmost Germany (now [[Poland]]) to join the newly established Polish nation after [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2017/01/world-war-i-restoring-poland/ | title=World War I: Restoring Poland &#124; Library of Congress Blog | date=25 January 2017 }}</ref> Even before the German invasion of Poland, leading anti-Nazi members of the Polish minority were deported to concentration camps; some were executed at the Piaśnica murder site. Minority rights for Poles in Germany were revoked by Hermann Göring's World War II decree of 27 February 1940, and their property was confiscated.

After the war ended, the German government did not re-implement national minority rights for ethnic Poles.  The reason for this is that the areas of Germany which formerly had a native Polish minority were annexed to Poland and the Soviet Union, while almost all of the native German populations (formerly the ethnic majority) in these areas [[Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|subsequently fled or were expelled by force]].  With the mixed German-Polish territories now lost, the German government subsequently regarded ethnic Poles residing in what remained of Germany as immigrants, just like any other ethnic population with a recent history of arrival.  In contrast, [[Germans in Poland|Germans living in Poland]] are recognized as national minority and have granted seats in Polish Parliament. It must be said, however, that an overwhelming number of Germans in Poland have centuries-old historical ties to the lands they now inhabit, whether from living in territory that once belonged to the German state, or from centuries-old communities. In contrast, most Poles in present-day Germany are recent immigrants, though there are some communities which have been present since the 19th and perhaps even the 18th centuries.  Despite protests by some in the older Polish-German communities, and despite Germany being now a signatory to the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Germany has so far refused to re-implement minority rights for ethnic Poles, based on the fact that almost all areas of historically mixed German-Polish heritage (where the minority rights formerly existed) are no longer part of Germany and because the vast majority of ethnic Poles now residing in Germany are recent immigrants.

[[Romani people|Roma people]] have been in Germany since the [[Middle Ages]]. They were persecuted by the [[Nazis]], and thousands of Roma living in Germany were killed by the Nazi regime. Nowadays, they are spread all over Germany, mostly living in major cities. It is difficult to estimate their exact number, as the German government counts them as "persons without migrant background" in their statistics. There are also many assimilated Sinti and Roma. A vague figure given by the German Department of the Interior is about 70,000. In contrast to the old-established Roma population, the majority of them do not have German citizenship, and are classified as [[immigrants]] or [[refugee]]s.

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F079037-0017, Lager Friedland, Familie aus Sibirien.jpg|thumb|left|A family of so-called "Spätaussiedler" (repatriates of ethnic German origin), because the parents were born abroad they will be counted as "persons with immigrant background"]]

After World War II, 14 million ethnic Germans [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II|were expelled]] from the [[Former eastern territories of Germany|eastern territories of Germany]] and homelands outside the former German Empire. The accommodation and integration of these ''[[Heimatvertriebene]]'' in the remaining part of Germany, in which many cities and millions of apartments had been destroyed, was a major effort in the post-war occupation zones and later states of Germany.

Since the 1960s, ethnic Germans from the [[People's Republic of Poland]] and [[Soviet Union]] (especially from [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]]), have come to Germany. During the time of [[Perestroika]], and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the number of immigrants increased heavily. Some of these immigrants are of mixed ancestry. During the 10-year period between 1987 and 2001, a total of 1,981,732 ethnic Germans from the FSU immigrated to Germany, along with more than a million of their non-German relatives. After 1997, however ethnic Slavs or those belonging to Slavic-Germanic mixed origins outnumbered those with only Germanic descent amongst the immigrants. The total number of people currently living in Germany having FSU connection is around 4 to 4.5 million (Including Germans, Slavs, Jews, and those of mixed origins), out of that more than 50% are of German descent.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Lilo Locher|title=Determining the shape of a migration wave |url=http://www.iza.org/iza/en/papers/transatlantic/1_locher.pdf|date=22 February 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040321130252/http://www.iza.org/iza/en/papers/transatlantic/1_locher.pdf|archive-date=21 March 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odessa3.org/journal/pohl.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924054759/http://www.odessa3.org/journal/pohl.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live|title=The Deportation and Destruction of the German Minority in the USSR|author=J. Otto Pohl|website=Odessa3.org|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>

Germany now has Europe's third-largest [[Jews|Jewish]] population. In 2004, twice as many Jews from former [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] republics settled in Germany as in [[Israel]], bringing the total inflow to more than 100,000 since 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/jewpop.html|title=Jewish Population of the World – Jewish Virtual Library|work=jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> Jews have a voice in German public life through the [[Central Council of Jews in Germany]] (Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland). Some Jews from the former Soviet Union are of mixed heritage. Today, less than 0.1% of the total population of Germany is Jewish.

In 2019 there were also a growing number of at least 529,000 black [[Afro-Germans]] defined as people with an African migrant background.<ref name = "Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund - Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2019"/> Out of them more than 400 thousand have a citizenship of a Subsahara-African country,<ref name=Cit>{{cite web|access-date=1 July 2021 |title=Citizenship groups|url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online?operation=abruftabelleBearbeiten&levelindex=2&levelid=1625176435916&auswahloperation=abruftabelleAuspraegungAuswaehlen&auswahlverzeichnis=ordnungsstruktur&auswahlziel=werteabruf&code=12521-0002&auswahltext=&nummer=6&variable=6&name=GES&nummer=5&variable=5&name=LDRGR1&werteabruf=Werteabruf#abreadcrumb}}</ref> with others being German citizens. Most of them live in [[Berlin]] and [[Hamburg]]. Numerous persons from northern African [[Tunisia]] and [[Morocco]] live in Germany. While they are considered members of a minority group, for the most part, they do not consider themselves "Afro-Germans", nor are most of them perceived as such by the German people. However, Germany does not keep any statistics regarding ethnicity or race. Hence, the exact number of Germans of African descent is unknown.

Germany's biggest East Asian minorities are the [[Chinese people in Germany]], numbering 189,000<ref name = "Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund - Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2019"/>
and [[Vietnamese people in Germany]], numbering 188,000,<ref name = "Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund - Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2019"/> many of whom living in Berlin and eastern Germany.
Also there are about 35,000 [[Japanese people|Japanese]] citizens residing in Germany.<ref name=Cit2>{{cite web |access-date=2 July 2021 |title=All foreign citizenships |url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online?operation=ergebnistabelleUmfang&levelindex=3&levelid=1625182379678&downloadname=12521-0002#abreadcrumb}}</ref> There are also groups of [[South Asian]] and [[Southeast Asia]]n immigrants. Around 163,000 [[Indians in Germany|Indians]] and 124,000 [[Pakistanis in Germany|Pakistanis]] live in Germany.<ref name = "Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund - Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2019"/> Additionally some 30,000 [[Filipinos in Germany|Filipino]] citizens and more than 20,000 [[Overseas Indonesian|Indonesian]] citizens reside in Germany.<ref name=Cit2/>

Numerous descendants of the so-called ''[[Gastarbeiter]]'' live in Germany. The ''Gastarbeiter'' mostly came from [[Turkey]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Spain]], [[Morocco]], [[Portugal]], the former [[Yugoslavia]], [[Tunisia]] and [[Chile]].
Also included were [[Vietnam]], [[Mongolia]], [[North Korea]], [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]] and [[Cuba]] when the former East Germany existed until reunification in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?id=235|title=Germany: Immigration in Transition|work=migrationpolicy.org|access-date=23 October 2015|date=July 2004}}</ref> The (socialist) German Democratic Republic (East Germany) however had their guest-workers stay in single-sex dormitories.<ref>Stephan Lanz: "Berlin aufgemischt&nbsp;— abendländisch&nbsp;— multikulturell&nbsp;— kosmopolitisch? Die politische Konstruktion einer Einwanderungsstadt". 2007. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag; p. 113</ref> Female guest workers had to sign contracts saying that they were not allowed to fall pregnant during their stay. If they fell pregnant nevertheless they faced [[forced abortion]] or deportation.<ref>Karin Weiss: "Die Einbindung ehemaliger vietnamesischer Vertragsarbeiterinnen und Vertragsarbeiter in Strukturen der Selbstorganisation", In: Almut Zwengel: "Die "Gastarbeiter der DDR&nbsp;— politischer Kontext und Lebenswelt". Studien zur DDR Gesellschaft; p. 264</ref> This is one of the reasons why the vast majority of ethnic minorities today lives in western Germany and also one of the reasons why minorities such as the Vietnamese have the most unusual [[population pyramid]], with nearly all second-generation Vietnamese Germans born after 1989.

[[File:Germans without a migrant background (2016).svg|thumb|Proportion of Germans without a migrant background (2016)]]
[[File:Map_foreign_nationals_germany_2016.png|upright|350px|thumb|Germany is home to the [[List of countries by immigrant population|second-largest number of international migrants worldwide]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/immigration-by-country | title=Immigration by Country 2024 }}</ref><ref name="International Migration Report 2017"/> In 2016, around 23% of Germany's population do not hold a German passport or are descendants of immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2017/08/PD17_261_12511.html|title=Pressemitteilungen – Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund um 8,5 % gestiegen – Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)|website=Destatis.de|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>]]

== Foreign nationals in Germany ==
[[File:German and foreign national population pyramid of Germany in 2021.svg|thumb|German and foreign national population pyramid of Germany in 2021]]
As the end of 2023, the most common groups of resident foreign nationals in Germany were as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/datenbank/online/statistic/12411/table/12411-0009|title = Federal Statistical Office Germany – GENESIS-Online|date = 7 February 2025}}</ref>

This list does not include non-ethnic Germans with German nationality and foreign nationals without resident status.
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col2left" style="text-align:right;"
! rowspan=2|Rank
! rowspan=2|Nationality
! colspan=3|Population (corrected based on Census 2022)
! rowspan=2 data-sort-type="number"|Change<br>2023 to 2024
|-
! data-sort-type="number"|31 December 2022
! data-sort-type="number"|31 December 2023
! data-sort-type="number"|31 December 2024
|-
| ||Total|| 11,495,135 || 12,108,988 || 12,392,275 || 283,287 {{increase}}
|-
|1||{{flag|Turkey}} || 1,323,571 || 1,391,800 || 1,402,783 || 10,983 {{increase}}
|-
|2||{{flag|Ukraine}} || 863,335 || 974,322 || 1,085,298 || 110,976 {{increase}}
|-
|3||{{flag|Syria}} || 829,143 || 879,823 || 889,482 || 9,659 {{increase}}
|-
|4||{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Romania}} || 753,056 || 776,424 || 771,276 || −5,148 {{decrease}}
|-
|5||{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Poland}} || 732,191 || 741,784 || 723,151 || −18,633 {{decrease}}
|-
|6||{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Italy}} || 573,632 || 571,379 || 564,547 || −6,832 {{decrease}}
|-
|7||{{flag|Afghanistan}} || 330,834 || 377,986 || 404,269 || 26,283 {{increase}}
|-
|8||{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Croatia}} || 399,547 || 395,562 || 384,451 || −11,111 {{decrease}}
|-
|9||{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Bulgaria}} || 366,026 || 371,128 || 362,421 || −8,707 {{decrease}}
|-
|10||{{flag|Kosovo}} || 276,231 || 294,906 || 309,435 || 14,529 {{increase}}
|-
|11||{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Greece}} || 305,821 || 303,375 || 298,398 || −4,977 {{decrease}}
|-
|12 ||{{flag|Russia}} || 257,565 || 272,362 || 266,385 || −5,977 {{decrease}}
|-
|13|| {{flag|India}} || 187,325 || 224,566 || 264,832 || 40,266 {{increase}}
|-
|14 || {{flag|Serbia}} || 239,580 || 249,590 || 252,808 || 3,218 {{increase}}
|-
|15|| {{flag|Iraq}} || 239,740 || 239,278 || 229,916 || −9,362 {{decrease}}
|-
|16||{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} || 209,845 || 222,235 || 227,689 || 5,454 {{increase}}
|-
|17||{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Hungary}} || 181,007 || 187,162 || 184,836 || −2,326 {{decrease}}
|-
|18||{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Spain}} || 167,407 || 172,456 || 175,638 || 3,182 {{increase}}
|-
|19||{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Austria}} || 166,518 || 165,518 || 163,916 || −1,602 {{decrease}}
|-
|20|| {{flag|China}} || 130,993 || 139,818 || 149,736 || 9,918 {{increase}}
|-
|21|| {{flag|North Macedonia}} || 131,987 || 143,680 || 147,714 || 4,034 {{increase}}
|-
|22|| {{flag|Iran}} || 122,327 || 135,564 || 144,336 || 8,772 {{increase}}
|-
|23|| {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Netherlands}} || 133,321 || 133,248 || 132,606 || −642 {{decrease}}
|-
|24||{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|France}} || 120,814 || 121,149 || 120,205 || −944 {{decrease}}
|-
|25|| {{flag|Vietnam}} || 97,486 || 107,677 || 120,045 || 12,368 {{increase}}
|-
|26||{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Portugal}} || 117,966 || 119,065 || 119,654 || 589 {{increase}}
|-
|27||{{flag|Albania}} || 93,382 || 109,108 || 118,697 || 9,589 {{increase}}
|-
|28||{{flag|United States}} || 105,233 || 108,621 || 110,391 || 1,770 {{increase}}
|-
|29||{{flag|Morocco}} || 79,423 || 86,960 || 92,814 || 5,854 {{increase}}
|-
|30||{{flag|Pakistan}} || 72,786 || 82,019 || 88,594 || 6,575 {{increase}}
|}

==Population density and distribution==
[[File:Population density of Germany by municipality.svg|thumb|Population density by [[Municipalities of Germany|municipality]]]]
With an estimated 83.2 million inhabitants in December 2020,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 November 2020 |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit-2020.html |title=Bevölkerungsstand |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823083410/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit-2019.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Germany is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and ranks as the [[List of countries by population|19th largest country]] in the world in terms of population. Its [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|population density]] stands at 233 inhabitants per square kilometer.

===States===
Germany comprises [[States of Germany|sixteen states]] that are collectively referred to as ''Länder''.<ref>The individual denomination is either ''Land'' [state], ''Freistaat'' [free state] or ''Freie (und) Hansestadt'' [free (and) Hanseatic city].<br/>{{cite web|url=http://www.bundesrat.de/nn_11006/EN/organisation-en/laender-en/laender-en-node.html?__nnn=true|title=The Federal States|publisher=[[Bundesrat of Germany]]|website=Bundesrat.de|access-date=17 July 2011|archive-date=10 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910131911/http://www.bundesrat.de/nn_11006/EN/organisation-en/laender-en/laender-en-node.html?__nnn=true|url-status=dead}} <br/>{{cite web|url = http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Infoservice/Terminologie/Bundeslaender/Uebersicht_node.html|title = Amtliche Bezeichnung der Bundesländer|website = Auswaertiges-amt.de|publisher = [[Foreign Office (Germany)|Federal Foreign Office]]|language = de|trans-title = Official denomination of federated states |access-date = 22 October 2011|archive-date = 21 October 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111021004721/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Infoservice/Terminologie/Bundeslaender/Uebersicht_node.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> Due to differences in size and population the [[States of Germany#Subdivisions|subdivision of these states]] varies, especially between [[city-state]]s (''Stadtstaaten'') and states with larger territories (''Flächenländer''). For regional administrative purposes four states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, consist of a total of 19 [[Regierungsbezirke|Government Districts]] (''Regierungsbezirke''). As of 2019 Germany is divided into 400 [[Districts of Germany|districts]] (''Kreise'') at municipal level; these consist of 294 [[List of rural districts of Germany|rural districts]] and 106 [[Urban districts of Germany|urban districts]].

<div>
{{German Federal States|options=float:left; font-size:90%; border:3px; max-width:480px; width:50%;}}
[[File:Germany foreigners as percentage of population.png|thumb|400x400px|Germany states by foreigners as percentage of population as of November 2020]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Population density by state
|-
!scope="col"| [[States of Germany|State]]
!scope="col"| Capital
!scope="col"| Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
!scope="col" data-sort-type=number | Population<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/bevoelkerung-nichtdeutsch-laender.html|title=Bevölkerungsstand Länder|access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref><br />(31 Dec 2022)
!scope="col" data-sort-type=number | Foreigners
!scope="col"| Population<br>density<br />(per km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
!scope="row"| [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Düsseldorf]] 
| 34,112
| 18,139,116 {{increase}}
| 2,828,367 {{growth}}
| 532
|-
!scope="row"| [[Bavaria]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Munich]] 
| 70,541
| 13,369,116 {{growth}}
| 2,073,494 {{growth}}
| 190
|-
!scope="row"| [[Baden-Württemberg]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Stuttgart]] 
| 35,748
| 11,280,257 {{growth}}
| 2,012,237 {{growth}}
| 316
|-
!scope="row"| [[Lower Saxony]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Hanover]] 
| 47,709
| 8,140,242 {{growth}}
| 959,786 {{growth}}
| 171
|-
!scope="row"| [[Hesse]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Wiesbaden]] 
| 21,116
| 6,391,360 {{growth}}
| 1,199,775 {{growth}}
| 303
|-
!scope="row"| [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Mainz]] 
| 19,858
| 4,159,150 {{growth}}
| 566,026 {{growth}}
| 209
|-
!scope="row"| [[Saxony]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Dresden]] 
| 18,450
| 4,086,152 {{increase}}
| 300,164 {{growth}}
| 221
|-
!scope="row"| [[Berlin]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Berlin]] 
| 891
| 3,755,251 {{growth}}
| 834,349 {{growth}}
| 4,215
|-
!scope="row"| [[Schleswig-Holstein]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Kiel]] 
| 15,804
| 2,953,270 {{growth}}
| 299,787 {{growth}}
| 187
|-
!scope="row"| [[Brandenburg]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Potsdam]] 
| 29,654
| 2,573,135 {{growth}}
| 179,872 {{growth}}
| 87
|-
!scope="row"| [[Saxony-Anhalt]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Magdeburg]] 
| 20,454
| 2,186,643 {{increase}}
| 160,990 {{growth}}
| 107
|-
!scope="row"| [[Thuringia]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Erfurt]] 
| 16,202
| 2,126,846 {{increase}}
| 161,291 {{growth}}
| 131
|-
!scope="row"| [[Hamburg]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Hamburg]] 
| 755
| 1,892,122 {{growth}}
| 363,283 {{growth}}
| 2,506
|-
!scope="row"| [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Schwerin]] 
| 23,295
| 1,628,378 {{growth}}
| 105,437 {{growth}}
| 70
|-
!scope="row"| [[Saarland]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Saarbrücken]] 
| 2,571
| 992,666 {{increase}}
| 139,189 {{growth}}
| 386
|-
!scope="row"| [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Bremen]] 
| 419
| 684,864 {{growth}}
| 144,148 {{growth}}
| 1,634
|-style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaecf0;"
!scope="row"| [[Germany]] 
|style="text-align:left"| [[Berlin]] 
| 357,582
| 84,358,845 {{growth}}
| 12,324,195 {{growth}}
| 236
|}
</div>

{{clear}}

===Urbanization===
{{Main|List of cities in Germany|List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants|Metropolitan regions in Germany}}

Germany officially has eleven metropolitan regions. In 2005, Germany had [[List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants|82 cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Selected urban regions
!scope="col"| Metropolitan region
!scope="col"| Location
!scope="col"| Description
!scope="col"| Approx.<br />population<br />(millions)
!scope="col"| Large minority groups
|-
!scope="row"| [[Rhine-Ruhr]]
| [[File:Rhein-Ruhr-Region-LEP.png|90px]]
| The metropolitan area is part of the pan-European [[Blue Banana]] mega region and is a significant industrial and commercial hub, home to many of Germany's biggest corporations and contributing as much as 15% to the German GDP. Included in the rather polycentric conurbation are the cities of [[Cologne]], [[Düsseldorf]], [[Bonn]], [[Dortmund]] and [[Essen]] served by two of the country's largest airports: [[Düsseldorf Airport]] and the [[Cologne Bonn Airport]]. Particularly among young Germans, Cologne and Düsseldorf are known for their nightlife and open-minded atmosphere.
|style="text-align:center;"| 10
| [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Italians]], [[Romanians]], [[African diaspora|Africans]], [[Arabs]], [[Greeks]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Russians]], [[Serbs]], [[Bulgarians]] and [[Spaniards]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[Berlin|Berlin/Brandenburg]]
| [[File:Metropolregion-BerlinBrandenburg.png|90px]]
| Berlin is the capital and largest city. It lies in the eastern part of the country, completely surrounded by the rather sparsely populated state of [[Brandenburg]]. Berlin is regarded as one of Europe's most open, vibrant and ever changing capitals. The city is arguably the most diverse city in Germany regarding culture and ethnicity. Regarded as an economically weak region of Germany for a long time, it is now transforming itself into the entrepreneurial center of Europe. Dubbed the "Silicon Allee" by insiders of the tech industry, Berlin is home to countless [[startup companies]] and is one of Germany's densest knowledge hubs, with four public universities and countless research centers.
|style="text-align:center;"| 6
| [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Russians]], [[Polish people|Poles]], [[African diaspora|Africans]], [[Italians]], [[Americans]], [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Serbs]], [[Arabs]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Romanians]], [[French people|French]] and [[Spaniards]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[Munich]]
| [[File:Landkreise_Bayern_Metropolregion_M%C3%BCnchen.svg|90px]]
| The metropolitan area in and around [[Munich]] has one of Germany's highest standards of living. Housing some of the country's largest car and machine companies, it is known for its economic strength mixed with the uniqueness of Bavarian culture, taking up almost the entirety of southern [[Bavaria]]. It is the closest metropolitan area to the [[Alps]].
|style="text-align:center;"| 5.7
| [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Albanians]], [[Croats]], [[Italians]], [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Greeks]], [[Austrians]], [[Romanians]], Arabs, Africans and [[Serbs]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[Frankfurt Rhein-Main Region|Rhine-Main]]
| [[File:Metropolregion_Frankfurt-Rhein-Main.svg|90px]]
| Frankfurt is a financial and commercial center both for Germany and continental Europe. Almost all of Germany's big banks and the [[European Central Bank|ECB]] have their headquarters located inside the city of Frankfurt. Despite its population of under 1 million, it is Germany's only city with a large, visible cluster of [[skyscraper]]s. The city is one of Europe's biggest transit hubs, with Europe's 6th busiest airport ([[Frankfurt airport]]), Germany's second-busiest [[Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof|railway station]] and one of the [[EU]]'s most heavily used [[Frankfurter Kreuz|motorway interchanges]].
|style="text-align:center;"| 5.5
| [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Italians]], [[Ethnic groups of Africa|African]], [[Croats]], [[Romanians]], [[Greeks]], [[Serbs]], [[Spaniards]], [[Americans]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]], [[Arabs]] and [[Indian people|Indians]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[Hamburg Metropolitan Region|Hamburg]]
| [[File:Metropolregion_Hamburg_2017.png|90px]]
| Hamburg is the country's second largest city and the biggest [[Hanseatic league|Hanseatic city]] in Europe. It is Europe's 3rd busiest container port with just under 9 million [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]] annually. The city is proud of its diverse nightlife and music scene centered in and around the famous [[St. Pauli]] district.
|style="text-align:center;"| 5.3
| [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Albanians]], [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Ethnic groups of Africa|African]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Romanians]], [[Russians]], [[Italians]] and [[Spaniards]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[Stuttgart Metropolitan Region|Stuttgart]]
| [[File:Metropolregion_Stuttgart.png|90px]]
| Stuttgart has a reputation for research, inventions and industry. The German headquarters of many international enterprises are in Stuttgart. This contrasts with the strong rural, down-to-earth attitude of the Stuttgarters of all classes. A popular slogan is "We are good at everything. Except speaking High (standard) German."
|style="text-align:center;"| 5.2
| [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Albanians]], [[Greeks]], [[Dutchmen|Dutch]], [[Italians]], [[Croats]], [[Serbs]], [[French people|French]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]], [[Romanians]], [[United States|Americans]] and [[Spaniards]].{{citation needed|date=February 2011}}<!-- No source given for these groups and their supposed share of the population -->
|-
!scope="row"| [[Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region|Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg]]
| [[File:Metropolregionhabsg%C3%B6.jpg|90px]]
| The relatively urban south of Lower Saxony, located on route between the Ruhr area and Berlin, and the route from Hamburg to the south, has been important for logistics, industry, but has also developed a strong standing in the service industries.
|style="text-align:center;"| 3.7
| [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Kurds]] (especially around Celle), [[Serbs]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Greeks]], [[Russians]], [[Italians]] (especially in Wolfsburg) and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] (Especially in Hanover).{{citation needed|date=February 2011}}<!-- No source given for these groups and their supposed share of the population -->
|-
!scope="row"| [[Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region|Bremen/Oldenburg]]
| [[File:Metropolregion_Bremen-Oldenburg.png|90px]]
| Located in the northwestern part of Germany, the main axis contains the cities of Bremen, Delmenhorst and Oldenburg, with the cities of Wilhelmshaven and Bremerhaven being the northern corners on or connected to the North Sea. Major rural areas are covered in between these cities. There is a smooth transition to the Hamburg metropolitan area to the east.
|style="text-align:center;"| 2.7
| [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Russians]], [[Albanians]], [[Serbs]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Iran]]ians, [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[United States|Americans]] and [[British people|Britons]].{{citation needed|date=February 2011}}<!-- No source given for these groups and their supposed share of the population -->
|-
!scope="row"| [[Central German Metropolitan Region]]
| [[File:Karte Leipzig in Deutschland.png|80px]]
| The economic region stretches across three federal states. The major city is [[Leipzig]] in [[Saxony]]; other important cities are Halle/Saale, [[Gera]] and [[Jena]]. The region is known for its universities and research, for its trade fairs and conventions, as a central distribution hub (Leipzig-Halle-Airport), as a center for chemical and industrial production, for the well preserved inner cities and for the developed classical and alternative cultural scene. Leipzig is one of the fastest-growing cities in Germany, with a rising economy.
|style="text-align:center;"| 2.4
| [[Russians]], [[Polish people|Poles]], Vietnamese, [[Italians]], [[Romanians]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], people from [[Syria]], from [[Kazakhstan]] and from [[Afghanistan]].<ref>Website of the City of Leipzig: https://www.leipzig.de/fileadmin/mediendatenbank/leipzig-de/Stadt/02.1_Dez1_Allgemeine_Verwaltung/12_Statistik_und_Wahlen/Statistik/Leipzig_fb_Migranten.pdf</ref>
|}

==Immigration==
{{Main|Immigration to Germany|Germans Abroad}}
 {{See also|2015 European migrant crisis}}

The [[United Nations Population Fund]] lists Germany as host to the [[List of countries by immigrant population|third-highest number of international migrants worldwide]], behind the [[United States]] and [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="International Migration Report 2017">{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223091939/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2017 |url-status=live|title=International Migration Report 2017 – Highlights |publisher =UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs |access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> The largest ethnic group of non-German origin are the [[Turkish people|Turkish]]. Since the 1960s, [[West Germany|West]] and later [[Reunification of Germany|reunified]] Germany has attracted immigrants primarily from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]] as well as [[Turkey]], many of whom (or their children) have acquired German citizenship over time. While most of these immigrants initially arrived as [[Gastarbeiter|guest workers]], changes to guest worker legislation allowed many to stay and to build lives in Germany.

Germany had signed special visa agreements with several countries in times of severe labour shortages or when particular skills were deficient within the country. During the 1960s and 1970s, agreements were signed with the governments of [[Turkey]], [[Yugoslavia]], [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] to help Germany overcome its severe labour shortage.

As of 2012, after Germany fully legalized visa-free immigrants from the eastern states of the EU, the largest sources of net immigration to Germany were other European countries, most importantly [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]], and [[Greece]]; notably, in the case of [[Turkey]], [[Turks in Germany|German Turks]] moving to Turkey slightly outnumbered new immigrants in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Publikationen/Migrationsberichte/migrationsbericht-2012.pdf?__blob=publicationFile|title=See page 21 of this report|website=Bamf.de|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025011622/http://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Publikationen/Migrationsberichte/migrationsbericht-2012.pdf?__blob=publicationFile|archive-date=25 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> however, in recent years there are more Turkish immigrants in Germany than emigrants again, including illegal Turkish migrants.

In 2015, there was a large increase in asylum applications following the [[2015 European migrant crisis|2015 refugee crisis]], mainly due to the violent conflicts in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan: 476,649 asylum applications were counted that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2016/01/asylantraege-dezember-2015.html|title=2015: Mehr Asylanträge in Deutschland als jemals zuvor|website=Bundesministerium des Innern|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824094533/http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2016/01/asylantraege-dezember-2015.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This number went up to even 745,545 in 2016 and began to decline after it.<ref name="Flücht" />

In 2022, some 23.8 million people in Germany, or 28.7% of the population have migrant background.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-immigrants-made-up-over-18-of-2022-population/a-65383249|title=Germany: Immigrants made up over 18% of 2022 population|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref>

Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], over 1.06 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded in Germany as of April 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukrainian refugees by country 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1312584/ukrainian-refugees-by-country/ |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref>

===Migration between Germany and foreign countries, 1950 to 2024===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|+Numbers of migrants
!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
!scope="col" colspan="3"| Total
!scope="col" colspan="3"| Germans
!scope="col" colspan="3"| Non-Germans
|-
!scope="col"| Arrivals
!scope="col"| Departures
!scope="col"| Net migration
!scope="col"| Arrivals
!scope="col"| Departures
!scope="col"| Net migration
!scope="col"| Arrivals
!scope="col"| Departures
!scope="col"| Net migration
|-
!scope="row"| 1950 
| 96,140 || 78,148 || 17,992 || – || – || – || – || – || –
|-
!scope="row"| 1951 
| 88,349 || 126,071 || −37,722 || – || – || – || – || – || –
|-
!scope="row"| 1952 
| 88,089 || 135,796 || −47,707 || – || – || – || – || – || –
|-
!scope="row"| 1953 
| 101,599 || 122,264 || −20,665 || – || – || – || – || – || –
|-
!scope="row"| 1954 
| 111,490 || 136,212 || −24,722 || 64,637 || 107,381 || −42,744 || 46,853 || 28,831 || 18,022
|-
!scope="row"| 1955 
| 127,921 || 136,977 || −9,056 || 67,553 || 101,429 || −33,876 || 60,368 || 35,548 || 24,820
|-
!scope="row"| 1956 
| 159,086 || 168,101 || −9,015 || 76,581 || 119,880 || −43,299 || 82,505 || 48,221 || 34,284
|-
!scope="row"| 1957 
| 200,142 || 173,171 || 26,971 || 92,724 || 113,879 || −21,155 || 107,418 || 59,292 || 48,126
|-
!scope="row"| 1958 
| 212,520 || 161,865 || 50,655 || 94,238 || 97,854 || −3,616 || 118,282 || 64,011 || 54,271
|-
!scope="row"| 1959 
| 227,600 || 178,864 || 48,736 || 81,681 || 98,234 || −16,553 || 145,919 || 80,630 || 65,289
|-
!scope="row"| 1960 
| 395,016 || 218,574 || 176,442 || 77,331 || 94,133 || −16,802 || 317,685 || 124,441 || 193,244
|-
!scope="row"| 1961 
| 489,423 || 266,536 || 222,887 || 78,354 || 85,012 || −6,658 || 411,069 || 181,524 || 229,545
|-
!scope="row"| 1962 
| 566,465 || 326,339 || 240,126 || 71,984 || 78,657 || −6,673 || 494,481 || 247,682 || 246,799
|-
!scope="row"| 1963 
| 576,951 || 426,767 || 150,184 || 71,188 || 78,645 || −7,457 || 505,763 || 348,122 || 157,641
|-
!scope="row"| 1964 
| 698,609 || 457,767 || 240,842 || 73,125 || 86,319 || −13,194 || 625,484 || 371,448 || 254,036
|-
!scope="row"| 1965 
| 791,737 || 489,503 || 302,234 || 75,580 || 76,799 || −1,219 || 716,157 || 412,704 || 303,453
|-
!scope="row"| 1966 
| 702,337 || 608,775 || 93,562 || 69,841 || 73,540 || −3,699 || 632,496 || 535,235 || 97,261
|-
!scope="row"| 1967 
| 398,403 || 604,211 || −205,808 || 68,105 || 76,317 || −8,212 || 330,298 || 527,894 || −197,596
|-
!scope="row"| 1968 
| 657,513 || 404,301 || 253,212 || 67,951 || 71,676 || −3,725 || 589,562 || 332,625 || 256,937
|-
!scope="row"| 1969 
| 980,731 || 436,685 || 544,046 || 71,165 || 68,021 || 3,144 || 909,566 || 368,664 || 540,902
|-
!scope="row"| 1970 
| 1,042,760 || 495,675 || 547,085 || 66,528 || 61,023 || 5,505 || 976,232 || 434,652 || 541,580
|-
!scope="row"| 1971 
| 936,349 || 554,280 || 382,069 || 65,612 || 54,022 || 11,590 || 870,737 || 500,258 || 370,479
|-
!scope="row"| 1972 
| 852,549 || 568,610 || 283,939 || 65,387 || 54,164 || 11,223 || 787,162 || 514,446 || 272,716
|-
!scope="row"| 1973 
| 932,583 || 580,019 || 352,564 || 63,474 || 53,208 || 10,266 || 869,109 || 526,811 || 342,298
|-
!scope="row"| 1974 
| 601,013 || 635,613 || −34,600 || 62,439 || 55,168 || 7,271 || 538,574 || 580,445 || −41,871
|-
!scope="row"| 1975 
| 429,064 || 652,966 || −223,902 || 62,969 || 52,861 || 10,108 || 366,095 || 600,105 || −234,010
|-
!scope="row"| 1976 
| 476,286 || 569,133 || −92,847 || 88,983 || 53,695 || 35,288 || 387,303 || 515,438 || −128,135
|-
!scope="row"| 1977 
| 522,611 || 505,696 || 16,915 || 99,766 || 53,603 || 46,163 || 422,845 || 452,093 || −29,248
|-
!scope="row"| 1978 
| 559,620 || 458,769 || 100,851 || 103,503 || 53,016 || 50,487 || 456,117 || 405,753 || 50,364
|-
!scope="row"| 1979 
| 649,832 || 419,091 || 230,741 || 104,645 || 53,083 || 51,562 || 545,187 || 366,008 || 179,179
|-
!scope="row"| 1980 
| 736,362 || 439,571 || 296,791 || 104,928 || 53,728 || 51,200 || 631,434 || 385,843 || 245,591
|-
!scope="row"| 1981 
| 605,629 || 470,525 || 135,104 || 104,491 || 55,001 || 49,490 || 501,138 || 415,524 || 85,614
|-
!scope="row"| 1982 
| 404,019 || 493,495 || −89,476 || 82,337 || 60,227 || 22,110 || 321,682 || 433,268 || −111,586
|-
!scope="row"| 1983 
| 354,496 || 487,268 || −132,772 || 81,244 || 62,355 || 18,889 || 273,252 || 424,913 || −151,661
|-
!scope="row"| 1984 
| 410,387 || 604,832 || −194,445 || 79,247 || 59,764 || 19,483 || 331,140 || 545,068 || −213,928
|-
!scope="row"| 1985 
| 480,872 || 425,313 || 55,559 || 82,653 || 58,607 || 24,046 || 398,219 || 366,706 || 31,513
|-
!scope="row"| 1986 
| 567,215 || 407,139 || 160,076 || 88,867 || 59,350 || 29,517 || 478,348 || 347,789 || 130,559
|-
!scope="row"| 1987 
| 591,765 || 398,518 || 193,247 || 119,429 || 64,534 || 54,895 || 472,336 || 333,984 || 138,352
|-
!scope="row"| 1988 
| 860,578 || 419,439 || 441,139 || 213,044 || 60,498 || 152,546 || 647,534 || 358,941 || 288,593
|-
!scope="row"| 1989 
| 1,133,794 || 539,832 || 593,962 || 366,849 || 101,750 || 265,099 || 766,945 || 438,082 || 328,863
|-
!scope="row"| 1990 
| 1,256,250 || 574,378 || 681,872 || 420,548 || 108,908 || 311,640 || 835,702 || 465,470 || 370,232
|-
!scope="row"| 1991 
| 1,198,978 || 596,455 || 602,523 || 273,633 || 98,915 || 174,718 || 925,345 || 497,540 || 427,805
|-
!scope="row"| 1992 
| 1,502,198 || 720,127 || 782,071 || 290,850 || 105,171 || 185,679 || 1,211,348 || 614,956 || 596,392
|-
!scope="row"| 1993 
| 1,277,408 || 815,312 || 462,096 || 287,561 || 104,653 || 182,908 || 989,847 || 710,659 || 279,188
|-
!scope="row"| 1994 
| 1,082,553 || 767,555 || 314,998 || 305,037 || 138,280 || 166,757 || 777,516 || 629,275 || 148,241
|-
!scope="row"| 1995 
| 1,096,048 || 698,113 || 397,935 || 303,347 || 130,672 || 172,675 || 792,701 || 567,441 || 225,260
|-
!scope="row"| 1996 
| 959,691 || 677,494 || 282,197 || 251,737 || 118,430 || 133,307 || 707,954 || 559,064 || 148,890
|-
!scope="row"| 1997 
| 840,633 || 746,969 || 93,664 || 225,335 || 109,903 || 115,432 || 615,298 || 637,066 || −21,768
|-
!scope="row"| 1998 
| 802,456 || 755,358 || 47,098 || 196,956 || 116,403 || 80,553 || 605,500 || 638,955 || −33,455
|-
!scope="row"| 1999 
| 874,023 || 672,048 || 201,975 || 200,150 || 116,410 || 83,740 || 673,873 || 555,638 || 118,235
|-
!scope="row"| 2000 
| 841,158 || 674,038 || 167,120 || 191,909 || 111,244 || 80,665 || 649,249 || 562,794 || 86,455
|-
!scope="row"| 2001 
| 879,217 || 606,494 || 272,723 || 193,958 || 109,507 || 84,451 || 685,259 || 496,987 || 188,272
|-
!scope="row"| 2002 
| 842,543 || 623,255 || 219,288 || 184,202 || 117,683 || 66,519 || 658,341 || 505,572 || 152,769
|-
!scope="row"| 2003 
| 768,975 || 626,330 || 142,645 || 167,216 || 127,267 || 39,949 || 601,759 || 499,063 || 102,696
|-
!scope="row"| 2004 
| 780,175 || 697,632 || 82,543 || 177,993 || 150,667 || 27,326 || 602,182 || 546,965 || 55,217
|-
!scope="row"| 2005 
| 707,352 || 628,399 || 78,953 || 128,051 || 144,815 || −16,764 || 579,301 || 483,584 || 95,717
|-
!scope="row"| 2006 
| 661,855 || 639,064 || 22,791 || 103,388 || 155,290 || −51,902 || 558,467 || 483,774 || 74,693
|-
!scope="row"| 2007 
| 680,766 || 636,854 || 43,912 || 106,014 || 161,105 || −55,091 || 574,752 || 475,749 || 99,003
|-
!scope="row"| 2008 
| 682,146 || 737,889 || −55,743 || 108,331 || 174,759 || −66,428 || 573,815 || 563,130 || 10,685
|-
!scope="row"| 2009 
| 721,014 || 733,796 || −12,782 || 114,700 || 154,988 || −40,288 || 606,314 || 578,808 || 27,506
|-
!scope="row"| 2010 
| 798,282 || 670,605 || 127,677 || 114,752 || 141,000 || −26,248 || 683,530 || 529,605 || 153,925
|-
!scope="row"| 2011 
| 958,299 || 678,969 || 279,330 || 116,604 || 140,132 || −23,528 || 841,695 || 538,837 || 302,858
|-
!scope="row"| 2012 
| 1,080,936 || 711,991 || 368,945 || 115,028 || 133,232 || −18,204 || 965,908 || 578,759 || 387,149
|-
!scope="row"| 2013 
| 1,226,493 || 797,886 || 428,607 || 118,425 || 140,282 || −21,857 || 1,108,068 || 657,604 || 450,464
|-
!scope="row"| 2014 
| 1,464,724 || 914,241 || 550,483 || 122,195 || 148,636 || −26,441 || 1,342,529 || 765,605 || 576,924
|-
!scope="row"| 2015 
| 2,136,954 || 997,552 || 1,139,402 || 120,713 || 138,273 || −17,560 || 2,016,241 || 859,279 || 1,156,962
|-
!scope="row"| 2016 
| 1,865,122 || 1,365,178 || 499,944 || 146,047 || 281,411 || −135,364 || 1,719,075 || 1,083,767 || 635,308
|-
!scope="row"| 2017 
| 1,550,721 || 1,134,641 || 416,080 || 166,703 || 249,181 || −82,478 || 1,384,018 || 885,460 || 498,558
|-
!scope="row"| 2018 
| 1,585,112 || 1,185,432 || 399,680 || 201,531 || 261,851 || −60,320 || 1,383,581 || 923,581 || 460,000
|-
!scope="row"| 2019 
| 1,558,612 || 1,231,552 || 327,060 || 212,669 || 270,294 || −57,625 || 1,345,943 || 961,258 || 384,685
|-
!scope="row"| 2020 
| 1,186,702 || 966,451 || 220,251 || 191,883 || 220,239 || −28,356 || 994,819 || 746,212 || 248,607
|-
!scope="row"| 2021 
| 1,323,466 || 994,303 || 329,163 || 183,650 || 247,829 || −64,179 || 1,139,816 || 746,474 || 393,342
|-
!scope="row"| 2022 
| 2,665,772 || 1,203,683 || 1,462,089 || 184,753 || 268,167 || −83,414 || 2,481,019 || 935,516 || 1,545,503
|-
!scope="row"| 2023 
| 1,936,754 || 1,284,570 || 652,184 || 191,270 || 270,598 || −79,328 || 1,745,484 || 1,013,972 || 731,512
|-
!scope="row"| 2024 
| 1,697,192 || 1,278,425 || 418,767 || 188,982 || 276,161 || −87,179 || 1,508,210 || 1,002,264 || 505,946
|}

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Germany}}

[[File:MSM-sporthalle.jpg|thumb|Cadets of the German Navy exercising in front of one of the gyms of Germany's naval officers school, the Marineschule Mürwik]]

Responsibility for educational oversight in Germany lies primarily with the individual [[States of Germany|federated states]]. Since the 1960s, a reform movement has attempted to unify secondary education into a ''Gesamtschule'' ([[comprehensive school]]); several West German states later simplified their school systems to two or three tiers. A system of apprenticeship called ''Duale Ausbildung'' ("dual education") allows pupils in [[vocational training]] to learn in a company as well as in a state-run vocational school.<ref name="ED"/>

Optional [[kindergarten]] education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which [[Schulpflicht|school attendance is compulsory]] for at least nine years, depending on the [[States of Germany|state]]. Primary education usually lasts for four years and public schools are not stratified at this stage.<ref name="ED">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Germany.pdf |title=Country profile: Germany |publisher=Library of Congress |date=April 2008 |access-date=28 March 2011}}</ref> In contrast, secondary education includes three traditional types of schools focused on different levels of academic ability: the ''[[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]]'' enrols the most academically promising children and prepares students for university studies; the ''[[Realschule]]'' for intermediate students lasts six years; the ''[[Hauptschule]]'' prepares pupils for vocational education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://academic.cuesta.edu/intlang/german/education.html |title=The Educational System in Germany |publisher=Cuesta College |date=31 August 2002 |access-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513042500/http://academic.cuesta.edu/intlang/german/education.html |archive-date=13 May 2011 }}</ref>

In addition [[Germany]] has a comprehensive school known as the ''[[Gesamtschule]]''. While some German schools such as the [[Gymnasium (Germany)|Gymnasium]] and the [[Realschule]] have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the [[Hauptschulabschluss]], the [[Realschulabschluss]] or the [[Abitur]] depending on how well they did in school.
The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by [[States of Germany|Bundesland]]. In 2007 the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule,<ref>{{cite web|author=Prof Dr. Valentin Merkelbach|title=Gesamtschulen und Grundschulen sind das Beste in unserem Schulsystem|url=http://bildungsklick.de/a/55873/gesamtschulen-und-grundschulen-sind-das-beste-in-unserem-schulsystem/|website=Bildungsklick.de|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref> while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.

The general entrance requirement for university is [[Abitur]], a qualification normally based on continuous assessment during the last few years at school and final examinations; however there are a number of exceptions, and precise requirements vary, depending on the state, the university and the subject. Germany's universities are recognised internationally; in the [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] (ARWU) for 2008, six of the top 100 universities in the world are in Germany, and 18 of the top 200.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 100 World Universities |publisher=[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] |url=http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_A(EN).htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822124509/http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_A%28EN%29.htm |archive-date=22 August 2008 |access-date=28 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nearly all German universities are public institutions, tuition fees in the range of €500 were introduced in some states after 2006, but quickly abolished again until 2014.



{| class="wikitable"
|+ Percentage of jobholders holding [[Hauptschulabschluss]], [[Realschulabschluss]] or Abitur in Germany<ref>{{cite journal
 |last=Frietsch
 |first=Rainer
 |date=November 2003
 |title="Intensivierung" von Bildungsabschlüssen zwischen 1970–2000
 |journal=Studien zum Deutschen Innovationssystem
 |issue=5–2004
 |issn=1613-4338
 |url=http://www.bmbf.de/pub/sdi_05_04_bildungsintensivierung.pdf
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007163246/http://www.bmbf.de/pub/sdi_05_04_bildungsintensivierung.pdf
 |archive-date=7 October 2007
|access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead
}}</ref>
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| [[Hauptschulabschluss]]
!scope="col"| [[Realschulabschluss]]
!scope="col"| [[Abitur]]
|-
!scope="row"| 1970
| {{percentage bar|87.7}}
| {{percentage bar|10.9}}
| {{percentage bar|1.4}}
|-
!scope="row"| 1982
| {{percentage bar|79.3}}
| {{percentage bar|17.7}}
| {{percentage bar|3}}
|-
!scope="row"| 1991
| {{percentage bar|66.5}}
| {{percentage bar|27}}
| {{percentage bar|6.5}}
|-
!scope="row"| 2000
| {{percentage bar|54.9}}
| {{percentage bar|34.1}}
| {{percentage bar|11}}
|}

===Literacy===
Over 99% of those of age 15 and above are estimated to be able to read and write. However, a growing number of inhabitants are functionally illiterate. The young are much more likely to be functionally illiterate than the old. According to a study done by the [[University of Bremen]] in cooperation with the "Bundesverband Alphabetisierung e.V.", 10% of youngsters living in Germany are functionally illiterate and one quarter are able to understand only basic level texts.<ref>Teachers News: "Funktionaler Analphabetismus"</ref> Illiteracy rates of youngsters vary by ethnic group and parents' socioeconomic class.

==Health==
{{Main|Health in Germany}}

The [[life expectancy]] in Germany is 81.1 years (78.7 years males, 83.6 years females, 2020 est.).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/| title = The World Factbook| date = 30 May 2023}}</ref>
{{As of|2009}}, the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 42%, followed by malignant tumours, at 25%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/pm/2010/10/PD10__371__232,templateId=renderPrint.psml |language=de |title=Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland – Herz-/Kreislauferkrankungen nach wie vor häufigste Todesursache |publisher=Destatis.de |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606143923/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/pm/2010/10/PD10__371__232%2CtemplateId%3DrenderPrint.psml |archive-date= 6 June 2011 }}</ref>
{{As of|2008}}, about 82,000 Germans had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 26,000 had died from the disease (cumulatively, since 1982).<ref name=cp>{{cite web| url = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Germany.pdf| title = Country Profile Germany|date=April 2008| publisher = [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]]| access-date = 7 May 2011}}<br/>
This article may incorporate text from this source, which is in the public domain.</ref>
According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults are smokers.<ref name=cp/>
A 2009 study shows Germany is near the median in terms of overweight and obese people in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Overweight_and_obesity_-_BMI_statistics|title=Statistics Explained|work=europa.eu|access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref>

==Religion==
{{Main|Religion in Germany}}

[[File:Konfessionen-in-Deutschland-2020.svg|thumb|upright|2020 map of [[Christian denomination]]s in the [[states of Germany]]
{{legend|#214478|Roman Catholic majority}}
<!--{{legend|#782121|Protestant Church in Germany (EKD) majority}}-->
{{legend|#3771c8|Christian majority, Catholic plurality}}
{{legend|#c83737|Christian majority, EKD plurality}}
<!--{{legend|#87aade|Christians less than 50% of population, majority of Christians are Catholic}} (currently not used on the map) -->
{{legend|#e9afaf|Christians less than 50% of population, majority of Christians belong to EKD}}
]]

The national constitutions of 1919 and 1949 guarantee freedom of [[faith]] and [[religion]]; earlier, these freedoms were mentioned only in state constitutions. The modern constitution of 1949 also states that no one may be [[discrimination|discriminated]] against due to their faith or religious opinions. A state church does not exist in Germany (see [[Freedom of religion in Germany]]).<ref>Basic Law Art. 140</ref>

According to a 1990s poll by ''Der Spiegel'', 45% of Germans believe in God, and a quarter in Jesus Christ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_112.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818083909/http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_112.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=18 August 2000 |title=By Location |publisher=Adherents.com |access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref> According to the [[Eurobarometer|Eurobarometer Poll]] 2010, 44% of German citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", 25% responded that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 27% responded that "they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". 4% gave no response.<ref name="eurobarometer 2010">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215001129/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2010 |url-status=live|title=Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology, page 204|work=Fieldwork: Jan–Feb 2010|access-date=10 September 2017}}</ref>

[[Christianity]] is the largest religion in Germany, comprising roughly half of the country's population.<ref name="fowid2020">{{cite web |url=https://fowid.de/meldung/religionszugehoerigkeiten-2020 |title=Religionszugehörigkeiten in Deutschland 2020 |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=Forschungruppe Weltanschauungen in Deutschland |access-date=3 January 2022 |language=de}}</ref><ref name="ekd2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Gezaehlt_zahlen_und_fakten_2021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714151900/https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Gezaehlt_zahlen_und_fakten_2021.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2021 |url-status=live |title=Zahlen und Fakten zum kirchlichen Leben |publisher=Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland |access-date=3 January 2022 |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2024 |title=Religionszugehörigkeiten 2023 |url=https://fowid.de/meldung/religionszugehoerigkeiten-2023 |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=fowid.de |language=de}}</ref>

Smaller religious groups (less than 1%) include [[Judaism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]].<ref name="REMID">[http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm REMID Data of "Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528204944/http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm |date=28 May 2014 }} retrieved 16 January 2015</ref><ref name="fowid2020"/>

The two largest churches, the [[Roman Catholicism in Germany|Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[Protestant Church in Germany]] (EKD), have lost significant number of adherents. In 2023 the Catholic Church accounted for 24%<ref name="fowid2020"/><ref name="ekd2020"/><ref name=DBK15>[http://www.dbk.de/fileadmin/redaktion/Zahlen%20und%20Fakten/Kirchliche%20Statistik/Bevoelkerung%20und%20Katholiken%20BL/2014-Tabelle-Bevoelkerung-Katholiken-Laender.pdf Official church statistics of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany 2015], Dbk.de, retrieved 25 January 2016</ref> and the Evangelical Church for 21.9%<ref name="fowid2020"/><ref name="ekd2020"/><ref name=EKD15>[https://www.ekd.de/aktuell_presse/news_2015_07_17_3_mitgliedszahlen.html Official press release of the Protestant Church in Germany on 2014 membership data], Ekd.de, retrieved 25. January 2016</ref> of the population. [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]] has 1.5% and other Christian churches and groups summed up to 1% of the population.<ref name="fowid2020"/><ref name=REMID /> Since the [[reunification of Germany]], the number of non-religious people has grown and an estimated 46.2% of the country's population [[Irreligion in Germany|are not affiliated with any church or religion]].<ref name="fowid2020"/><ref name="ekd2020"/><ref name=REMID /><ref name=":1" />

The other religions make up to less than 1% of the population.<ref name="REMID"/> [[Buddhism]] has around 200,000 adherents (0.2%), [[Judaism]] has around 200,000 adherents (0.2%), [[Hinduism]] 90,000 (0.1%), [[Sikhism]] 75,000 (0.1%) and [[Yazidis]] religion (45,000–60,000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yeziden.de/yeziden_in_de.0.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223002133/http://www.yeziden.de/yeziden_in_de.0.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 February 2014|title=Die Yeziden in Deutschland – Religion und Leben|date=23 February 2014|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref> All other religious communities in Germany have fewer than 50,000 (<0.1%) adherents.

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Germany (2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://fowid.de/meldung/religionszugehoerigkeiten-2023 | title=Religionszugehörigkeiten 2023 | date=28 August 2024 }}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No Religion]]|Orange|46.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism]]|DarkOrchid|24.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Protestant Church in Germany|Protestant Church]]|DodgerBlue|21.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]] (excluding [[Alevism]])|Green|3.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]]|Orchid|1.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Christian denomination|Other Christians]]|Indigo|1.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Alevism]]|LightGreen|0.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|Yellow|0.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Judaism]]|DarkBlue|0.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|Orange|0.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Yazidism]]|Red|0.1}}
{{bar percent|Other Religions|gray|0.3}}
|}}

[[Protestantism]] is concentrated in the north and east and [[Roman Catholicism in Germany|Roman Catholicism]] is concentrated in the south and west. According to the last nationwide census, Protestantism is more widespread among the population with [[German citizenship]]; there are slightly more Catholics total because of the Catholic immigrant population (including such groups as [[Poles in Germany|Poles]] and [[Italians in Germany|Italians]]).<ref name="Zensus 2011 - Ergebnisse, page 6">{{cite web|url=https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/auswertungsdb/download?pdf=00&tableId=0&locale=DE&gmdblt=1|title=Zensus 2011 : Bevölkerung und Haushalte Bundesrepublik Deutschland|date=9 May 2011|website=Ergebnisse.zensus2011.de|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033109/https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/auswertungsdb/download?pdf=00&tableId=0&locale=DE&gmdblt=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The former [[Pope]], [[Benedict XVI]], was born in [[Bavaria]]. [[Irreligion|Non-religious]] people, including [[atheism|atheists]] and [[agnosticism|agnostics]] are especially numerous in the former [[German Democratic Republic|East Germany]] and major metropolitan areas.<ref>{{in lang|de}} [http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm Religionen in Deutschland: Mitgliederzahlen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528204944/http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm |date=28 May 2014 }} Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst; 31 October 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref>

Of the roughly 4 million [[Muslim]]s, most are [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] and [[Alevites]] from [[Turkey]], but there are a small number of [[Shia Islam|Shi'ites]] and other denominations.<ref name="MLD 2.1">{{cite book | title = Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland | trans-title = Muslim Life in Germany | chapter-url = http://www.bmi.bund.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/566008/publicationFile/31710/vollversion_studie_muslim_leben_deutschland_.pdf;jsessionid=6B8CD26E2AC179111AF4F75650B84B1A | chapter-format = PDF | access-date = 9 September 2010 | date = June 2009 | publisher = Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (German: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge), an agency of the [[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)]] | location = [[Nuremberg]] | language = de | isbn = 978-3-9812115-1-1 | page = 80 | chapter = Chapter 2: Wie viele Muslime leben in Deutschland? | trans-chapter = How many Muslims live in Germany? | quote = Demnach leben in Deutschland zwischen 3,8 und4,3 Millionen Muslime [. . .] beträgt der Anteil der Muslime an der Gesamtbevölkerungzwischen 4,6 und 5,2 Prozent. Rund 45 Prozent der in Deutschland lebenden Muslime sind deutsche Staatsangehörige, rund 55 Prozent haben eine ausländische Staatsangehörigkeit. | archive-date = 30 April 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110430195028/http://www.bmi.bund.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/566008/publicationFile/31710/vollversion_studie_muslim_leben_deutschland_.pdf;jsessionid=6B8CD26E2AC179111AF4F75650B84B1A | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="MLD 2.2">{{cite book | title = Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland | trans-title = Muslim Life in Germany | chapter-url = http://www.bmi.bund.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/566008/publicationFile/31710/vollversion_studie_muslim_leben_deutschland_.pdf;jsessionid=6B8CD26E2AC179111AF4F75650B84B1A | chapter-format = PDF | access-date = 9 September 2010 | date = June 2009 | publisher = Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (German: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge), an agency of the [[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)]] | location = [[Nuremberg]] | language = de | isbn = 978-3-9812115-1-1 | page = 97 | chapter = Chapter 2: Wie viele Muslime leben in Deutschland? | trans-chapter = How many Muslims live in Germany? | quote = Der Anteil der Sunniten unter den in den Haushalten lebenden Muslimen beträgt 74 Prozent | archive-date = 30 April 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110430195028/http://www.bmi.bund.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/566008/publicationFile/31710/vollversion_studie_muslim_leben_deutschland_.pdf;jsessionid=6B8CD26E2AC179111AF4F75650B84B1A | url-status = dead }}
* 74.1% [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
* 12.7% [[Alevi]]te
* 7.1% [[Shia Islam|Schiite]]
* 1.7% [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi]]
* 0.3% [[Ibadi]]
* 0.1% [[Sufism|Sufi]]/mystic
* 4.0% other</ref> 1.5% of the country's overall population declare themselves [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]],<ref name="fowid2020"/> with [[Serbs in Germany|Serbs]], [[Greeks in Germany|Greeks]], [[Romanians in Germany|Romanians]], [[Ukrainians in Germany|Ukrainians]] and [[Russians in Germany|Russians]] being the most numerous.<ref name=ekd>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekd.de/statistik/mitglieder.html |title=EKD-Statistik: Christen in Deutschland 2007 |publisher=Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland |access-date=13 February 2010 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430195847/http://www.ekd.de/statistik/mitglieder.html |archive-date=30 April 2011 }}</ref> Germany has Europe's third-largest [[History of the Jews in Germany|Jewish population]] (after France and the United Kingdom).<ref>Blake, Mariah. [https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1110/p25s02-woeu.html In Nazi cradle, Germany marks Jewish renaissance] ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''. 10 November 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2006.</ref> In 2004, twice as many Jews from former [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] republics settled in Germany as in [[Israel]], bringing the total Jewish population to more than 200,000, compared to 30,000 prior to [[German reunification]]. Large cities with significant Jewish populations include Berlin, [[Frankfurt]] and [[Munich]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060831192908/http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=81 The Jewish Community of Germany] European Jewish Congress. Retrieved 30 November 2006.</ref> Around 250,000 active [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] live in Germany; 50% of them are Asian immigrants.<ref>{{in lang|de}} ''[[Die Zeit]]'' 12/07, page 13</ref>

===2011 Census===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = '''Religion (2011 German Census)'''
| other = 
| label1 = Catholic Church
| value1 = 30.8
| color1 = #FF0000
| label2 = EKD
| value2 = 30.3
| color2 = #000080
| label3 = Other, atheist or unspecified<ref>Including Protestants outside EKD.</ref>
| value3 = 38.9
| color3 = #008080
}}

Census results were as follows:

* [[Roman Catholic Church]]: 24,740,380 or 30.8% of the German population;
* [[Protestant Church in Germany|Protestant Church]]: 24,328,100 or 30.3% of the German population;
* Other, [[atheist]] or not specified (including Protestants outside EKD): 31,151,210 or 38.9% of the German population.<ref name="Zensus 2011 - Ergebnisse, page 6"/>

==Languages==
{{Main|Languages of Germany}}

[[German language|German]] is the only official and most widely spoken language. [[Standard German]] is understood throughout the country.

=== Microcensus data ===
Since 2017, the [[Federal Statistical Office of Germany]] included a new question regarding the language spoken at home in the micro-census, a large sample survey that yearly covers approximately 1% of the German population living in private households.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://ids-pub.bsz-bw.de/frontdoor/index/index/searchtype/collection/id/55/rows/100/sortfield/author/sortorder/asc/start/19/nav/next/docId/7857 |title=Germany's micro census of 2017: The return of the language question |last=Adler |first=Astrid |date=4 September 2018 |publisher=Institut für Deutsche Sprache}}</ref> In recent years, there has been a noticeable decline in the number and proportion of people in Germany who speak only German at home, accompanied by a corresponding increase in the use of other languages or multilingual households. This can be attributed to the increasing size of the Germans with a migration background and the decreasing size of the population without a migration background.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/_publikationen-innen-migrationshintergrund.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=Statistisches Bundesamt |language=de}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+Trends in languages spoken at home (2021–2024)<ref name=":3" />
!scope="col" rowspan="2" |Year
!scope="col" colspan="2" |Total population
!scope="col" colspan="2" |Only German
!scope="col" colspan="2" |Mostly German
!scope="col" colspan="2" |Mostly another language
|-
!scope="col"| Absolute
!scope="col"| %
!scope="col"| Absolute
!scope="col"| %
!scope="col"| Absolute
!scope="col"| %
!scope="col"| Absolute
!scope="col"| %
|-
!scope="row"| 2021
| 81,035,000
| 100.00
| 65,420,000
| 80.73
| 3,775,000
| 4.66
| 11,840,000
| 14.61
|-
!scope="row"| 2022
| 81,852,000
| 100.00
| 64,984,000
| 79.39
| 4,026,000
| 4.92
| 12,842,000
| 15.69
|-
!scope="row"| 2023
| 82,472,000
| 100.00
| 64,000,000
| 77.60
| 3,635,000
| 4.41
| 14,837,000
| 17.99
|-
!scope="row"| 2024
| 82,769,000
| 100.00
| 63,554,000
| 76.78
| 3,776,000
| 4.56
| 15,439,000
| 18.65
|}
The following table provides the results of the 2024 microcensus, using 2022 census data as the basis for the projection, regarding the languages spoken at home.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date= |title=Statistischer Bericht - Mikrozensus - Bevölkerung nach Migrationshintergrund - Erstergebnisse 2024 |trans-title=Statistical report - Microcensus - Population by migration background - First results 2024 |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/statistischer-bericht-migrationshintergrund-erst-2010220247005.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 |journal=Statistisches Bundesamt |page= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520165518/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/statistischer-bericht-migrationshintergrund-erst-2010220247005.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 |archive-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> After German (81.34%), the most spoken languages were [[Turkish language|Turkish]] (2.61%), [[Russian language|Russian]] (2.27%), [[Arabic]] (1.70%), [[English language|English]] (1.26%) and [[Polish language|Polish]] (1.19%), each with more than one million people speaking them in their homes.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Languages spoken at home, 2024 microcensus<ref name=":2" />
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col"| Absolute number
!scope="col"| Percentage
|-
!scope="row"| [[Albanian language|Albanian]]
|style="text-align:right"| 601,000
| {{percentage bar|0.73}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Arabic]]
|style="text-align:right"| 1,407,000
| {{percentage bar|1.70}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]
|style="text-align:right"| 246,000
| {{percentage bar|0.30}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
|style="text-align:right"| 227,000
| {{percentage bar|0.27}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|style="text-align:right"| 159,000
| {{percentage bar|0.19}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Danish language|Danish]]
|style="text-align:right"| 22,000
| {{percentage bar|0.03}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[English language|English]]
|style="text-align:right"| 1,047,000
| {{percentage bar|1.26}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[French language|French]]
|style="text-align:right"| 194,000
| {{percentage bar|0.23}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Greek language|Greek]]
|style="text-align:right"| 308,000
| {{percentage bar|0.37}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|style="text-align:right"| 87,000
| {{percentage bar|0.11}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Italian language|Italian]]
|style="text-align:right"| 481,000
| {{percentage bar|0.58}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
|style="text-align:right"| 377,000
| {{percentage bar|0.46}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]
|style="text-align:right"| 575,000
| {{percentage bar|0.69}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
|style="text-align:right"| 90,000
| {{percentage bar|0.11}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
|style="text-align:right"| 90,000
| {{percentage bar|0.11}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Pashto language|Pashto]]
|style="text-align:right"| 58,000
| {{percentage bar|0.07}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Persian language|Persian]]
|style="text-align:right"| 428,000
| {{percentage bar|0.52}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Polish language|Polish]]
|style="text-align:right"| 983,000
| {{percentage bar|1.19}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|style="text-align:right"| 182,000
| {{percentage bar|0.22}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
|style="text-align:right"| 750,000
| {{percentage bar|0.91}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Russian language|Russian]]
|style="text-align:right"| 1,877,000
| {{percentage bar|2.27}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
|style="text-align:right"| 262,000
| {{percentage bar|0.32}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|style="text-align:right"| 354,000
| {{percentage bar|0.43}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|style="text-align:right"| 2,162,000
| {{percentage bar|2.61}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
|style="text-align:right"| 711,000
| {{percentage bar|0.86}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|style="text-align:right"| 199,000
| {{percentage bar|0.24}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|style="text-align:right"| 104,000
| {{percentage bar|0.13}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|style="text-align:right"| 60,000
| {{percentage bar|0.12}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
|style="text-align:right"| 159,000
| {{percentage bar|0.19}}
|-
!colspan="3" scope="colgroup"|Overall
|-
!scope="row"| Total population
|style="text-align:right"| 82,769,000
| {{percentage bar|100.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| Only German
|style="text-align:right"| 63,554,000
| {{percentage bar|76.78}}
|-
!scope="row"| Mostly German
|style="text-align:right"| 3,776,000
| {{percentage bar|4.56}}
|-
!scope="row"| Mostly another language
|style="text-align:right"| 15,439,000
| {{percentage bar|18.65}}
|-
!scope="row"| Another European language
|style="text-align:right"| 243,000
| {{percentage bar|0.29}}
|-
!scope="row"| Another African language
|style="text-align:right"| 260,000
| {{percentage bar|0.31}}
|-
!scope="row"| Another Asian language
|style="text-align:right"| 442,000
| {{percentage bar|0.53}}
|-
!scope="row"| Another language
|style="text-align:right"| 352,000
| {{percentage bar|0.43}}
|}

===Minority languages===
[[File:Róžant – znački.jpg|thumb|Bilingual German–Sorbian city limit signs]]
[[Danish language|Danish]], [[Low German]], [[Low Rhenish]], the [[Sorbian languages]] ([[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]] and [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]), and the two [[Frisian languages]], [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterfrisian]] and [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]], are officially recognized and protected as minority languages by the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] in their respective regions. With speakers of [[Romani language|Romany]] living in all parts of Germany, the federal government has promised to take action to protect the language. Until now, only [[Hesse]] has followed Berlin's announcement, and agreed on implementing concrete measures to support Romany speakers.

Germany is a strong supporter of the Charter, as evidenced by things like the 2022 report from the Secretary General of the Council of Europe specifically naming Germany as an example of how to incorporate minority languages in State media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Application of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (2021–2022): Report by the Secretary General of the Council of Europe to the Parliamentary Assembly |url=https://pace.coe.int/en/files/31704/html |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=Parliamentary Assembly |at=3.2 (20)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=German Bundestag celebrates 25 years of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages |url=https://fuen.org/en/article/German-Bundestag-celebrates-25-years-of-the-European-Charter-for-Regional-or-Minority-Languages |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=Fuen.org/ |language=en}}</ref> Still, Germany—like many other signatories of the Charter—has room for improvement in its implementation of the Charter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Recommendation CM/RecChL(2022)5 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the application of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages by Germany |url=https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=0900001680a91fdf |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=search.coe.int}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Protected minority languages in Germany
|-
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col"| States
|-
!scope="row"| [[Danish language|Danish]]
| [[Schleswig-Holstein]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]]
| [[Schleswig-Holstein]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]
| [[Lower Saxony]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[Low German]]
| [[Brandenburg]], [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]], [[Hamburg]], [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Lower Saxony]], [[Saxony-Anhalt]], [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[Low Rhenish]]
| [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]
| [[Free State of Saxony|Saxony]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]
| [[Brandenburg]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[Romani language|Romany]]
| [[Hesse]] ''de facto'', ''de jure'' in all states (see text)
|}

===High German dialects===
[[File:Ortsschild Emlichheim - Emmelkamp.jpg|thumb|right|City limits sign; this city is called ''Emlichheim'' in [[High German]] and ''Emmelkamp'' in [[Low German]].]]

[[German dialects]] – some quite distinct from the standard language – are used in everyday speech, especially in rural regions. Many dialects, for example the [[Upper German]] varieties, are to some degree cultivated as symbols of regional identity and have their own literature, theaters and some TV programming. While speaking a dialect outside its native region might be frowned upon, in their native regions some dialects can be spoken by all social classes.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} Nevertheless, partly due to the prevalence of Standard German in media, the use of dialects has declined over the past century, especially in the younger population.

The social status of different German dialects can vary greatly. The Alemannic and Bavarian dialects of the south are positively valued by their speakers and can be used in almost all social circumstances. The Saxonian and Thuringian dialects have less prestige and are subject to derision. While Bavarian and Alemannic have kept much of their distinctiveness, the Middle German dialects, which are closer to Standard German, have lost some of their distinctive lexical and grammatical features and tend to be only pronunciation variants of Standard German.

===Low Saxon dialects===

Although [[Low German|Low Saxon]] is officially recognized as a language on its own, little official action has been taken to foster the language. Historically one third of Germany's territory and population was Low Saxon speaking. No data has ever been collected on the actual number of speakers, but today the number of speakers is around 5 million.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} Despite this relatively high number of speakers there is very little coverage in the media (mostly on [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|NDR]] TV, no regular programming) and very little education in or on the language. The language is not fixed as part of the school curriculum, and Low Saxon is used as a medium of instruction in only one school in the whole of Germany (as a "model project" in primary school alongside education in Standard German). As a consequence{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} the younger generation refused to adopt the native language of their parents. Language prevalence dropped from more than 90% (depending on the exact region) in the 1930s to less than 5% today. This accounts for a massive intergenerational gap in language use. Older people regularly use the language and take private initiatives to maintain the language, but the lack of innovative potential{{clarify|date=December 2024}} of the younger generation hinders language maintenance. The language also has its own literature (around 150 published books every year) and there are many theatres (mostly amateur dramatics, but some professional ones, such as [[Ohnsorg-Theater]]).

Use of Low Saxon is mainly restricted to use among acquaintances, such as family members, neighbours and friends. A meeting of a village council can be held almost completely in Low Saxon if all participants know each other (as long as written protocols are written in Standard German), but a single foreigner can make the whole meeting switch to Standard German.

The Low Saxon dialects differ in their status too. There is a north–south gradient in language maintenance. The southern dialects of Westfalian, Eastfalian and Brandenburgish have had much stronger speaker losses than the northern coastal dialects of Northern Low Saxon. While Eastfalian has lost speakers to Standard German, Westfalian has lost speakers both to Standard German and to the Standard German-based [[regiolect]] of the Rhine-Ruhr area. Brandenburgish speakers mostly switched to the Standard German-based regiolect of Berlin. Brandenburgish has been almost completely replaced by the Berlin regiolect. Northern Low Saxon speakers switched mostly to pure Standard German.

===Foreign languages===
English is the most common foreign language and is almost universally taught at the secondary level; it is also taught at elementary level in some states. Other commonly-taught languages are French, [[Italian language|Italian]], Spanish and [[Russian language|Russian]]. [[Dutch language|Dutch]] is taught in states bordering the [[Netherlands]], and [[Polish language|Polish]] in the eastern states bordering [[Poland]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/04/09/most-european-students-learn-english-in-school/ | title=Most European students learn English in school | date=9 April 2020 }}</ref> [[Latin]] and [[Ancient Greek]] are part of the [[Classics|classical education]] syllabus offered in many secondary schools.

According to a 2004 survey, two-thirds of Germany's citizens have at least basic knowledge of English.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} About 20% consider themselves to be competent speakers of French, followed by speakers of Russian (7%), Italian (6.1%), and Spanish (5.6%). The relatively high number of Russian speakers is a result of immigration from the former Soviet Union to Germany for almost 10 consecutive years, plus its having been learned in school by many older former East Germans as compulsory first foreign language.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

==See also==
{{portal|Germany|European Union}}
* [[Germans]]
* [[Census in Germany]]
* [[Demographics of Berlin]]
* [[Demographics of Munich]]
* [[Demographics of Cologne]]
* [[Demographics of Hamburg]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=fn|refs=
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons|Demographie Deutschlands}}
* [http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Navigation/Homepage__NT.psml Homepage of the Federal Statistical Office Germany (in English)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040901002136/http://www.histat.gesis.org/ German demographics in Online-Databank HISTAT]  (in German, Registration needed)
* [http://www.goethe.de/ges/soz/dos/dos/age/enindex.htm Dossier "The Aging Society" of the Goethe-Institut]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090226110802/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/demographic_profiles/germany/germany_demographic_profile.html Demographic Profile Germany: United in Decline] Allianz Knowledge

{{Germany topics}}
{{Demographics of Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Germany}}
[[Category:Demographics of Germany| ]]