View source for Demographics of Europe

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}

[[File:European countries by population (2025).svg |thumb|upright=1.2| European countries by population in 2025:{{br}}
{{Legend|#501628|More than 100 million}}
{{Legend|#78213d|Between 30 and 100 million}}
{{Legend|#a42d53|Between 10 and 30 million}}
{{Legend|#cc4771|Between 3 and 10 million}}
{{Legend|#d87393|Between 1 and 3 million}}
{{Legend|#e9afc1|Between 0.3 and 1 million}}
{{Legend|#f4d7e0|Less than 0.3 million}}]]

[[File:Demographics of Europe.svg | thumb|upright=1.5 | [[Population growth]] in 2021]]

Figures for the '''population of Europe''' vary according to the particular [[Europe#Definition|definition of Europe's boundaries]]. In 2018, Europe had a total population of over 751 million people.{{UN_Population|ref}} 448 million of them lived in the [[European Union]] and 110 million in [[European Russia]]; Russia is the [[list of European countries by population|most populous country]] in Europe.

Europe's [[population growth]] is low, and its [[population pyramid|median age]] high. Most of Europe is in a mode of [[sub-replacement fertility]], which means that each new(-born) generation is less populous than the one before.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121028012124/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Analytical-Figures/htm/fig_8.htm "Figure 8: Population by Total Fertility (millions)"] in ''World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision''. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011)</ref> Nonetheless, most West European countries still have growing populations, mainly due to [[immigration]] within Europe and from outside Europe and some due to increases in [[life expectancy]] and [[population momentum]]. Some current and past factors in European demography have included [[emigration]], [[ethnic relations]], [[Immigration#Why do people immigrate?|economic immigration]], a declining [[birth rate]] and an [[Ageing of Europe|ageing population]].

== History ==

{{further|World population estimates#By world region}}
{{see also|Classical demography|Demography of the Roman Empire|Medieval demography}}

=== Prehistory ===
Approximately 5,000–130,000 people lived in Europe during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] about 20,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Estimates of Upper Palaeolithic meta-population size in Europe from archaeological data |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=November 2005 |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1656–1668 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.006 |bibcode=2005JArSc..32.1656B |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440305001159 |last1=Bocquet-Appel |first1=Jean-Pierre |last2=Demars |first2=Pierre-Yves |last3=Noiret |first3=Lorette |last4=Dobrowsky |first4=Dmitry |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Human population dynamics in Europe over the Last Glacial Maximum |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |date=22 June 2015 |volume=112 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503784112 |doi-access=free |last1=Tallavaara |first1=Miikka |last2=Luoto |first2=Miska |last3=Korhonen |first3=Natalia |last4=Järvinen |first4=Heikki |last5=Seppä |first5=Heikki |issue=27 |pages=8232–8237 |pmid=26100880 |pmc=4500234 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112.8232T}}</ref>

According to Volker Heyd, an archaeologist at the [[University of Helsinki]], up to 7 million people lived in [[Neolithic Europe]] in 3000 BC.<ref>{{cite news |title=The first Europeans weren't who you might think |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319032852/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |archive-date=19 March 2021 |work=National Geographic |date=August 2019}}</ref>

According to archaeologist Johannes Müller, the European population was about 1 million around 6500 BC, but increased to 8 million in 2000 BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Müller |first=Johannes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dpc1 |title=Paradigm Found: Archaeological Theory – Present, Past and Future. Essays in Honour of Evžen Neustupný |publisher=Oxbow Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78297-770-4 |chapter=Eight Million Neolithic Europeans: Social Demography and Social Archaeology on the Scope of Change – Ffom the Near East to Scandinavia |doi=10.2307/j.ctvh1dpc1 |jstor=j.ctvh1dpc1 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dpc1}}</ref>

The following table shows estimates of historical population sizes of Europe (including Central Asia, listed under "[[former USSR]]") based on Maddison (2007),<ref name="Maddison2007">Angus Maddison, ''The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net). Estimates cited are for the beginning of the 1st millennium ("year 0"), the beginning of the 2nd millennium ("year 1000"), and for the beginning each century since the 16th (years 1820 and 1913 are given for the 19th and 20th century, respectively, as Maddison presents detailed estimates for these years), and a projection for the year 2030.</ref> in millions, with an estimated percentage of [[world population]]:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ Population of Europe, in millions, by year (est.)<ref name="Maddison2007" />
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Population (millions)
!scope="col"| Percentage of world total
|-
!scope="row"| AD 1
| 34||15%
|-
!scope="row"| 1000
| 40||15%
|-
!scope="row"| 1500
| 78||18%
|-
!scope="row"| 1600
| 112||20%
|-
!scope="row"| 1700
| 127||21%
|-
!scope="row"| 1820
| 224||21%
|-
!scope="row"| 1913
| 498 ||28%
|-
!scope="row"| 2000
| 742 ||13%
|}

=== Past populations of Europe in modern national borders, AD 1–2020 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+Population by year (in thousands)
|-
! scope="col" |Country/region
! scope="col" |1
! scope="col" |1000
! scope="col" |1500
! scope="col" |1600
! scope="col" |1700
! scope="col" |1820
! scope="col" |1870
! scope="col" |1913
! scope="col" |1950
! scope="col" |1973
! scope="col" |1998
! scope="col" |2020
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Austria|Austria]]
|{{val|500}}<ref name="ggdc.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628215514/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|archive-date=28 June 2007|title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820|author=Maddison|access-date=27 July 2016 }}</ref>
|{{val|705}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,369}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,520}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,767}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,935}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|7,586}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,078}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,901}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Belgium|Belgium]]
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|400}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,400}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,600}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,424}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,096}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|7,666}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,640}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|9,738}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,197}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|11,493}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Denmark|Denmark]]
|{{val|180}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|360}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|600}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|650}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|700}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,155}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,888}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,983}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,269}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,022}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,303}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,823}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Finland|Finland]]
|{{val|20}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|40}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|400}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|400}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,169}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,754}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,027}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,009}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,666}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,153}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,536}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of France|France]]
|{{val|5,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|15,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|18,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|21,471}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|31,246}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|38,440}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|41,463}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|41,836}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|52,118}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|58,805}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|67,287}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Germany|Germany]]
|{{val|3,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|12,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|16,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|15,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|24,905}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|39,231}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|65,058}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|68,371}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|78,956}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|82,029}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|83,191}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Italy|Italy]]
|{{val|7,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|13,100}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|13,300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|20,176}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|27,888}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|37,248}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|47,105}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|54,751}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|57,592}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|59,258}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
|{{val|200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|950}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,900}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,355}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,615}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,164}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,114}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|13,438}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|15,700}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|17,425}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Norway|Norway]]
|{{val|100}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|400}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|970}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,735}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,447}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,265}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,961}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,432}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,368}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Sweden|Sweden]]
|{{val|200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|400}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|550}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|760}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,260}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,585}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,164}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,621}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|7,015}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,137}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,851}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,379}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Switzerland|Switzerland]]
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|650}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,829}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,664}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,864}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,694}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,441}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|7,130}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,667}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
|{{val|800}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,942}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,170}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,565}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|21,226}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|31,393}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|45,649}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|50,363}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|56,223}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|59,237}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|67,886}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Portugal|Portugal]]
|{{val|500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|600}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,100}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,297}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,353}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,004}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,512}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,634}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|9,968}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,305}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Spain|Spain]]
|{{val|4,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,800}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,240}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,770}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|12,203}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|16,201}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|20,263}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|27,868}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|34,810}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|39,371}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|48,692}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Greece|Greece]]
|{{val|2,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,312}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|}}
|{{val|}}
|{{val|7,554}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,929}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,835}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,689}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| 13 small countries
|{{val|100}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|113}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|276}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|358}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|394}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|657}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|}}
|{{val|}}
|{{val|}}
|{{val|}}
|{{val|}}
|{{val|}}
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| Total Western Europe
|{{val|24,700}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|25,413}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|57,268}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|73,778}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|81,460}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|132,888}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|187,532}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|261,007}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|305,060}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|358,390}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|388,399}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|419,639}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Albania|Albania]]
|{{val|200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|437}}
||||
|{{val|1,215}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,296}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,108}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,878}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
|{{val|500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|800}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|800}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,250}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,250}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,187}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
||
|{{val|4,200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|7,251}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,621}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,257}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,917}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]]
|{{val|1,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,250}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|7,190}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
||
|{{val|}}
|{{val|12,393}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|14,563}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|15,686}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|16,366}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of the Czech Republic|- Czech Rep.]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|{{val|10,221}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,930}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,295}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,702}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Slovakia|- Slovakia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|{{val|}}
|{{val|3,463}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,642}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,391}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,460}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Hungary|Hungary]]
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,250}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,250}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,571}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|||
|{{val|9,338}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,432}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,237}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|9,770}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Poland|Poland]]
|{{val|450}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,426}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>

|||
|{{val|25,753}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|33,363}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|38,666}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|38,268}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Romania|Romania]]
|{{val|800}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|800}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,389}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
||
|{{val|7,360}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|16,311}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|20,828}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|22,503}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|19,266}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]
|{{val|1,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,750}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,250}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,750}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,750}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,215}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
||||
|{{val|16,578}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|21,088}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|
|-
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| Eastern Europe
|{{val|4,750}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|13,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|16,950}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|18,800}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|36,415}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|52,182}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|79,604}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|139,428}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|173,037}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|164,513}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|151,529}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| Former USSR
|{{val|3,900}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|7,100}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|16,950}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|20,700}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|26,550}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|54,765}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|88,672}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|156,192}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|180,050}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|249,748}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|290,866}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|299,173}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| [[Demographics of Russia|- Russia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{val|102,833}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|132,434}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|147,671}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|146,171}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| [[Demographics of Ukraine|- Ukraine]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{val|31,142}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|36,905}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|48,274}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|50,370}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|41,902}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| World
|{{val|230,820}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|268,273}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|437,818}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|555,828}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|603,410}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,04,1092}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,270,014}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,791,020}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,524,531}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,913,482}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,907,680}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|7,800,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Percentages of world population, by year
|-
! scope="col" |Country/region
! scope="col" |1
! scope="col" |1000
! scope="col" |1500
! scope="col" |1600
! scope="col" |1700
! scope="col" |1820
! scope="col" |1870
! scope="col" |1913
! scope="col" |1950
! scope="col" |1973
! scope="col" |1998
! scope="col" |2018
|-
!scope="row"| Austria
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| Belgium
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| Denmark
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| Finland
|0.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| France
|2.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.6<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| Germany
|1.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.6<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| Italy
|3.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| Netherlands
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| Norway
|0.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| Sweden
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| Switzerland
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| United Kingdom
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| Portugal
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| Spain
|1.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.6<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| Other
|0.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| Total Western Europe
|10.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|9.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|13.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|13.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|13.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|12.8<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|14.8<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|14.6<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|12.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|9.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|6.6<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| Eastern Europe
|2.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|4.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|4.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.8<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| Former USSR
|1.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.6<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|4.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|5.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|7.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|8.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|7.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|6.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|4.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| Total Europe
|14.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|14.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|20.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|20.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|21.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|21.6<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|25.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|27.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|22.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|18.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|13.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|9.8<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/europe-population/|title=Europe Population (LIVE)|website=worldometers.info}}</ref>
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| World
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|}

:'''Note:''' These numbers do not include the population of European countries' colonies, only the population within Europe.

== Total population ==

[[File:Europe population pyramid 2023.svg | thumb|upright=1.5 | Population pyramid of Europe in 2023 based on the collective [[United Nations geoscheme for Europe]]]]
[[File:Europe population pyramid from 1950 to 2023.gif | thumb|upright=1.5 | Europe population pyramid from 1950 to 2023]]

330,000,000 people lived in Europe in 1916.<ref>{{cite book|year=1916|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=John C. Winston Company|editor=Charles Morris|title=Winston's Cumulative ...: Encyclopedia; a Comprehensive Reference Book, Volume 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNFAAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> In 1950 there were 549,000,000.<ref name="UNPP 2012" /> The population of Europe in 2015 was estimated to be 741 million according to the [[United Nations]],<ref name="UNPP 2012">{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/wpp/|title=World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision|publisher=UN&nbsp;– Department of Economic and Social Affairs|access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref> which was slightly less than 11% of the [[world population]]. The precise figure depends on the exact definition of the geographic extent of [[Europe]]. The population of the [[European Union]] (EU) was 509 million as of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1|title=Eurostat: Population on 1 January|publisher=[[European Commission]]|access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref> Non-EU countries situated in Europe in their entirety<ref>Population in million: [[Albania]] 2.9, [[Belarus]] 9.5, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 3.5, [[Iceland]] 0.3, [[Moldova]] 4.1, [[North Macedonia]] 2.1, [[Norway]] 5.2, [[Serbia]] and [[Kosovo]] 8.9, [[Switzerland]] 8.3, [[Ukraine]] 44.7.</ref> account for another 90 million. Five transcontinental countries<ref>Population in million: [[Armenia]] 2.9, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] 4.0, [[Kazakhstan]] 17.8, [[Russia]] 144, [[Turkey]] 78.3.</ref> have a total of 247 million people, of which about half reside in Europe proper.

As it stands now, around 10% of the world's people live in Europe. If demographic trends keep their pace, its share may fall to around 7% in 2050, but still amounting to 716 million people in absolute numbers, according to the United Nations estimate.<ref name="UNPP 2012" /> (The decline in the [[percentage]] is partly due to high [[fertility rate]]s in Africa and South America.) The sub-replacement fertility and high life expectancy in most European states mean a declining and aging population. High immigration and emigration levels within and from outside the continent are taking place and quickly changing countries, specifically in Western Europe, from a single [[ethnic group]] to a [[multiculturalism|multicultural society]]. These trends can change [[society|societies']] [[economy|economies]] as well as their [[political system|political]] and social [[institution]]s. {{how|date=August 2021}}{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==Vital statistics==

{{sticky-header}}{{sort under}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:right;"
|+Birth and death rates, by year<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/ |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=Population Division – United Nations}}</ref>
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Average<br />population
!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Live births
!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Deaths
!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Natural<br />change
!scope="col" colspan="4"| Crude rates (per 1000)
!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Total<br />fertility<br />rate
!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Life<br />expectancy
|-
!scope="col"| Births
!scope="col"| Deaths
!scope="col"| Natural<br />change
!scope="col"| Migration<br />change
|-
!scope="row"| 1950
| 549,721,718
|style="color:blue"| 12,202,220
| 6,473,233
| 5,728,987
| 22.2
| 11.8
| 10.4
| -1.6
|style="color:blue"| 2.70
| 62.8
|-
!scope="row"| 1951
| 554,559,502
| 12,112,425
| 6,609,794
| 5,502,631
| 21.8
| 11.9
| 9.9
| -0.8
| 2.66
| 62.8
|-
!scope="row"| 1952
| 559,609,904
| 12,142,368
| 6,265,135
| 5,877,233
| 21.7
| 11.2
| 10.5
| -0.8
| 2.66
| 64.0
|-
!scope="row"| 1953
| 565,058,633
| 12,120,826
| 6,220,937
| 5,899,889
| 21.5
| 11.0
| 10.4
| -0.5
| 2.64
| 64.7
|-
!scope="row"| 1954
| 570,670,994
| 12,151,779
| 6,072,645
| 6,079,134
| 21.3
| 10.6
| 10.7
| -0.8
| 2.64
| 65.5
|-
!scope="row"| 1955
| 576,304,974
| 12,134,270
| 5,987,151
| 6,147,119
| 21.1
| 10.4
| 10.7
| -0.9
| 2.63
| 66.0
|-
!scope="row"| 1956
| 581,975,516
| 12,133,583
| 5,899,594
| 6,233,989
| 20.8
| 10.1
| 10.7
| -0.8
| 2.62
| 66.9
|-
!scope="row"| 1957
| 587,711,635
| 12,194,100
| 5,963,269
| 6,230,831
| 20.7
| 10.1
| 10.6
| -0.5
| 2.62
| 66.9
|-
!scope="row"| 1958
| 593,669,297
| 12,177,600
|style="color:blue"| 5,647,571
|style="color:blue"| 6,530,029
| 20.5
| 9.5
|style="color:blue"| 11.0
| -0.9
| 2.60
| 68.2
|-
!scope="row"| 1959
| 599,684,870
| 12,178,245
| 5,816,056
| 6,362,189
| 20.3
| 9.7
| 10.6
| -0.7
| 2.60
| 68.1
|-
!scope="row"| 1960
| 605,629,870
| 12,098,378
| 5,783,828
| 6,314,550
| 20.0
| 9.6
| 10.4
| -0.4
| 2.58
| 68.8
|-
!scope="row"| 1961
| 611,711,020
| 11,990,399
| 5,749,292
| 6,241,107
| 19.6
| 9.4
| 10.2
| -0.5
| 2.56
| 69.1
|-
!scope="row"| 1962
| 617,672,206
| 11,784,056
| 6,023,706
| 5,760,350
| 19.1
| 9.8
| 9.3
| -0.1
| 2.53
| 68.9
|-
!scope="row"| 1963
| 623,335,994
| 11,654,646
| 6,031,219
| 5,623,427
| 18.7
| 9.7
| 9.0
| 0
| 2.52
| 69.2
|-
!scope="row"| 1964
| 628,944,878
| 11,467,618
| 5,843,514
| 5,624,104
| 18.2
|style="color:blue"| 9.3
| 8.9
| -0.4
| 2.50
| 69.9
|-
!scope="row"| 1965
| 634,267,606
| 11,141,596
| 6,058,752
| 5,082,844
| 17.6
| 9.6
| 8.0
| -0.1
| 2.45
| 69.8
|-
!scope="row"| 1966
| 639,264,461
| 10,950,076
| 6,074,808
| 4,875,268
| 17.1
| 9.5
| 7.6
| 0
| 2.42
| 70.0
|-
!scope="row"| 1967
| 644,114,436
| 10,969,039
| 6,204,646
| 4,764,393
| 17.0
| 9.6
| 7.4
| -0.4
| 2.42
| 70.0
|-
!scope="row"| 1968
| 648,610,191
| 10,821,004
| 6,427,622
| 4,393,382
| 16.7
| 9.9
| 6.8
| -0.4
| 2.38
| 69.9
|-
!scope="row"| 1969
| 652,740,596
| 10,685,498
| 6,652,543
| 4,032,955
| 16.4
| 10.2
| 6.2
| -0.4
| 2.33
| 69.6
|-
!scope="row"| 1970
| 656,521,426
| 10,568,071
| 6,602,177
| 3,965,894
| 16.1
| 10.1
| 6.0
| 0
| 2.28
| 70.0
|-
!scope="row"| 1971
| 660,476,010
| 10,662,541
| 6,675,051
| 3,987,490
| 16.1
| 10.1
| 6.0
| 0.5
| 2.27
| 70.1
|-
!scope="row"| 1972
| 664,799,679
| 10,499,844
| 6,699,913
| 3,799,931
| 15.8
| 10.1
| 5.7
| 0.5
| 2.21
| 70.3
|-
!scope="row"| 1973
| 668,909,022
| 10,322,172
| 6,814,598
| 3,507,574
| 15.4
| 10.2
| 5.2
| 0.8
| 2.14
| 70.4
|-
!scope="row"| 1974
| 672,912,941
| 10,406,013
| 6,818,259
| 3,587,754
| 15.5
| 10.1
| 5.3
| 0.4
| 2.13
| 70.6
|-
!scope="row"| 1975
| 676,770,845
| 10,285,047
| 7,009,188
| 3,275,859
| 15.2
| 10.4
| 4.8
| 0.5
| 2.07
| 70.5
|-
!scope="row"| 1976
| 680,361,150
| 10,242,399
| 7,085,837
| 3,156,562
| 15.1
| 10.4
| 4.6
| 0.5
| 2.03
| 70.6
|-
!scope="row"| 1977
| 683,848,710
| 10,171,264
| 7,039,667
| 3,131,597
| 14.9
| 10.3
| 4.6
| 0.2
| 1.99
| 70.9
|-
!scope="row"| 1978
| 687,149,553
| 10,143,418
| 7,183,531
| 2,959,887
| 14.8
| 10.5
| 4.3
| 0.3
| 1.96
| 70.9
|-
!scope="row"| 1979
| 690,287,705
| 10,159,933
| 7,268,744
| 2,891,189
| 14.7
| 10.5
| 4.2
| 0.4
| 1.95
| 71.0
|-
!scope="row"| 1980
| 693,437,228
| 10,156,371
| 7,422,720
| 2,733,651
| 14.6
| 10.7
| 3.9
| 0.4
| 1.93
| 70.9
|-
!scope="row"| 1981
| 696,429,190
| 10,053,030
| 7,404,116
| 2,648,914
| 14.4
| 10.6
| 3.8
| 0.2
| 1.89
| 71.2
|-
!scope="row"| 1982
| 699,220,370
| 10,102,647
| 7,373,734
| 2,728,913
| 14.4
| 10.5
| 3.9
| 0.1
| 1.89
| 71.5
|-
!scope="row"| 1983
| 702,014,774
| 10,078,184
| 7,562,097
| 2,516,087
| 14.4
| 10.8
| 3.6
| 0.4
| 1.87
| 71.5
|-
!scope="row"| 1984
| 704,798,623
| 10,050,688
| 7,584,914
| 2,465,774
| 14.3
| 10.8
| 3.5
| 0.4
| 1.86
| 71.6
|-
!scope="row"| 1985
| 707,516,287
| 9,969,920
| 7,702,883
| 2,267,037
| 14.1
| 10.9
| 3.2
| 0.9
| 1.84
| 71.7
|-
!scope="row"| 1986
| 710,385,076
| 9,987,274
| 7,423,641
| 2,563,633
| 14.1
| 10.5
| 3.6
| 0.7
| 1.84
| 72.5
|-
!scope="row"| 1987
| 713,465,338
| 9,966,304
| 7,407,417
| 2,558,887
| 14.0
| 10.4
| 3.6
| 0.6
| 1.84
| 72.7
|-
!scope="row"| 1988
| 716,444,431
| 9,840,567
| 7,475,880
| 2,364,687
| 13.7
| 10.4
| 3.3
| 0.4
| 1.82
| 72.8
|-
!scope="row"| 1989
| 719,107,883
| 9,495,117
| 7,527,904
| 1,967,213
| 13.2
| 10.5
| 2.7
| 0.6
| 1.76
| 72.9
|-
!scope="row"| 1990
| 721,497,282
| 9,235,425
| 7,681,197
| 1,554,228
| 12.8
| 10.6
| 2.2
| 0.7
| 1.72
| 72.9
|-
!scope="row"| 1991
| 723,602,898
| 8,888,909
| 7,796,555
| 1,092,354
| 12.3
| 10.8
| 1.5
| 0.8
| 1.66
| 72.9
|-
!scope="row"| 1992
| 725,259,493
| 8,523,515
| 7,935,829
| 587,686
| 11.8
| 10.9
| 0.8
| 0.8
| 1.60
| 72.7
|-
!scope="row"| 1993
| 726,441,892
| 8,138,793
| 8,412,609
|style="color:red"| -273,816
| 11.2
| 11.6
|style="color:red"| -0.4
| 1.4
| 1.53
| 72.1
|-
!scope="row"| 1994
| 727,063,162
| 7,913,453
| 8,492,472
|style="color:red"| -579,019
| 10.9
| 11.7
|style="color:red"| -0.8
| 1.1
| 1.50
| 72.1
|-
!scope="row"| 1995
| 727,300,408
| 7,663,831
| 8,553,348
|style="color:red"| -889,517
| 10.5
| 11.8
|style="color:red"| -1.2
| 1.4
| 1.46
| 72.2
|-
!scope="row"| 1996
| 727,453,566
| 7,581,575
| 8,394,631
|style="color:red"| -813,056
| 10.4
| 11.5
|style="color:red"| -1.1
| 1.3
| 1.45
| 72.7
|-
!scope="row"| 1997
| 727,566,480
| 7,476,674
| 8,240,385
|style="color:red"| -763,711
| 10.3
| 11.3
|style="color:red"| -1.0
| 0.8
| 1.43
| 73.2
|-
!scope="row"| 1998
|style="color:red"| 727,445,606
| 7,369,527
| 8,193,143
|style="color:red"| -823,616
| 10.1
| 11.3
|style="color:red"| -1.1
| 0.6
| 1.42
| 73.6
|-
!scope="row"| 1999
|style="color:red"| 727,100,016
| 7,264,382
| 8,402,774
|style="color:red"| -1,138,392
| 10.0
| 11.6
|style="color:red"| -1.6
| 1.4
|style="color:red"| 1.40
| 73.4
|-
!scope="row"| 2000
|style="color:red"| 726,968,473
| 7,325,763
| 8,401,888
|style="color:red"| -1,076,125
| 10.1
| 11.6
|style="color:red"| -1.5
| 1.4
| 1.42
| 73.5
|-
!scope="row"| 2001
|style="color:red"| 726,878,371
| 7,277,594
| 8,364,598
|style="color:red"| -1,087,004
| 10.0
| 11.5
|style="color:red"| -1.5
| 1.6
| 1.41
| 73.8
|-
!scope="row"| 2002
| 726,939,358
| 7,330,526
| 8,520,890
|style="color:red"| -1,190,364
| 10.1
| 11.7
|style="color:red"| -1.6
| 2.3
| 1.42
| 73.8
|-
!scope="row"| 2003
| 727,424,988
| 7,442,475
| 8,655,471
|style="color:red"| -1,212,996
| 10.2
| 11.9
|style="color:red"| -1.7
| 2.7
| 1.45
| 73.8
|-
!scope="row"| 2004
| 728,163,243
| 7,558,652
| 8,381,363
|style="color:red"| -822,711
| 10.4
| 11.5
|style="color:red"| -1.1
| 2.2
| 1.47
| 74.4
|-
!scope="row"| 2005
| 728,950,486
| 7,568,637
| 8,494,391
|style="color:red"| -925,754
| 10.4
| 11.7
|style="color:red"| -1.3
| 2.5
| 1.47
| 74.5
|-
!scope="row"| 2006
| 729,857,708
| 7,703,029
| 8,237,212
|style="color:red"| -534,183
| 10.6
| 11.3
|style="color:red"| -0.7
| 2.8
| 1.50
| 75.2
|-
!scope="row"| 2007
| 731,393,136
| 7,886,129
| 8,187,820
|style="color:red"| -301,691
| 10.8
| 11.2
|style="color:red"| -0.4
| 2.9
| 1.54
| 75.6
|-
!scope="row"| 2008
| 733,256,182
| 8,169,398
| 8,195,293
|style="color:red"| -25,895
| 11.1
| 11.2
|style="color:red"| 0.0
| 2.2
| 1.59
| 75.8
|-
!scope="row"| 2009
| 734,902,805
| 8,208,268
| 8,099,043
| 109,225
| 11.2
| 11.0
| 0.1
| 1.8
| 1.60
| 76.3
|-
!scope="row"| 2010
| 736,276,813
| 8,227,484
| 8,128,387
| 99,097
| 11.2
| 11.0
| 0.1
| 1.7
| 1.61
| 76.5
|-
!scope="row"| 2011
| 737,589,666
| 8,132,980
| 7,958,960
| 174,020
| 11.0
| 10.8
| 0.2
| 1.6
| 1.60
| 77.1
|-
!scope="row"| 2012
| 738,907,594
| 8,178,804
| 8,078,292
| 100,512
| 11.1
| 10.9
| 0.1
| 1.4
| 1.62
| 77.3
|-
!scope="row"| 2013
| 740,013,806
| 8,039,791
| 8,033,963
| 5,828
| 10.9
| 10.9
| 0.0
| 1.4
| 1.60
| 77.6
|-
!scope="row"| 2014
| 741,014,147
| 8,067,454
| 7,955,740
| 111,714
| 10.9
| 10.7
| 0.2
| 1.3
| 1.62
| 77.9
|-
!scope="row"| 2015
| 742,107,449
| 8,004,465
| 8,177,599
|style="color:red"| -173,134
| 10.8
| 11.0
|style="color:red"| -0.2
| 1.8
| 1.62
| 78.0
|-
!scope="row"| 2016
| 743,318,582
| 7,950,684
| 8,009,194
|style="color:red"| -58,510
| 10.7
| 10.8
|style="color:red"| -0.1
| 1.6
| 1.62
| 78.4
|-
!scope="row"| 2017
| 744,449,361
| 7,617,755
| 8,076,159
|style="color:red"| -458,404
| 10.2
| 10.8
|style="color:red"| -0.6
| 1.8
| 1.56
| 78.7
|-
!scope="row"| 2018
| 745,359,130
| 7,375,157
| 8,112,356
|style="color:red"| -737,199
| 9.9
| 10.9
|style="color:red"| -1.0
| 2.1
| 1.53
| 78.8
|-
!scope="row"| 2019
| 746,189,645
| 7,108,392
| 8,020,246
|style="color:red"| -911,854
| 9.5
| 10.7
|style="color:red"| -1.2
| 1.2
| 1.49
| 79.1
|-
!scope="row"| 2020
| 746,225,356
| 6,938,739
| 9,119,281
|style="color:red"| -2,180,542
| 9.3
| 12.2
|style="color:red"| -2.9
| 1.5
| 1.47
| 77.7
|-
!scope="row"| 2021
|style="color:red"| 745,173,774
| 6,879,818
|style="color:red"| 9,656,398
|style="color:red"| -2,776,580
| 9.2
|style="color:red"| 13.0
|style="color:red"| -3.7
| 
| 1.48
| 77.0
|-
!scope="row"| 2022
|style="color:blue"| 746,964,593
| 6,520,637
| 8,811,692
|style="color:red"| -2,291,055
| 8.7
| 11.8
|style="color:red"| -3.1
| 
| 1.41
| 78.2
|-
!scope="row"| 2023
|style="color:red"| 745,602,875
| 6,337,695
| 8,293,264
|style="color:red"| -1,955,569
| 8.5
| 11.1
|style="color:red"| -2.6
| 
|style="color:red"| 1.40
| 79.1
|-
!scope="row"| 2024
|style="color:red"| 745,083,824
|style="color:red"| 6,345,992
| 8,431,000
|style="color:red"| −2,085,008
|style="color:red"| 8.4
| 11.4
|style="color:red"| -3.0
| 
|style="color:red"| 1.40
| 79.5
|-
!scope="row"| 2025(p)
|style="color:red"| 744,398,832
|
|
|
|
| 
|
| 
| 1.41
| 
|}

== Population by country ==
{{further|List of European countries by life expectancy}}
{{update|Population by country: Several censuses have been taken, starting with Albania, with vastly different/lower population numbers;Serbia, Netherlands (15 August 2024 18 mill. inh.);etc., etc.|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Population density by NUTS 3 region (2017).svg | thumb|upright=1.5 | Population density in the [[European Union]] and the [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] countries, along with candidate countries (2017)]]
According to different definitions, such as consideration of the concept of [[Central Europe]], the following territories and regions may be subject to various other categorisations aside from geographic conventions.

{{srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Population and area of European countries/territories
|- class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"
!scope="col"| Country (or territory)
!scope="col"| [[UN population|Population]]<br />{{UN population|ref}}<ref>{{cite web |title=FOLK1AM: Population at the first day of the month by region, sex and age |url=https://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?Maintable=FOLK1AM&PLanguage=1 |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=25 November 2025 |language=en}} Click on "SHOW TABLE" at lower right to execute search.</ref>
!scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />{{nobold|(km{{sup|2}})}}<ref name="UN area">{{Cite web|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm|access-date=18 July 2021|publisher=United Nations}}</ref>
!scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />{{nobold|(per km{{sup|2}})}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Albania|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Albania}}|28,748}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Andorra|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Andorra}}|468}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Armenia|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Armenia}}|29,743}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Austria|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Austria}}|83,871}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Azerbaijan|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Azerbaijan}}|86,600}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Belarus|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Belarus}}|207,600}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Belgium|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Belgium}}|30,528}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Bosnia and Herzegovina|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}|51,209}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Bulgaria|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|6,520,314|110,900}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Croatia|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Croatia}}|56,594}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Cyprus|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Cyprus}}|9,251}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Czech Republic|pref=Demographics of|the=y}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Czech Republic}}|78,866}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Denmark|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|6,024,684|43,094}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Estonia|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Estonia}}|45,227}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Faroe Islands|pref=Demographics of|the=y}} {{small|(Denmark)}}
| 49,709 || 1,399 || 35.6
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Finland|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Finland}}|336,852}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|France|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|France}}|551,500}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Georgia|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Georgia}}|69,700}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Germany|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Germany}}|357,137}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Gibraltar|pref=Demographics of}} {{small|(UK)}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Gibraltar}}|6}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Greece|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Greece}}|131,957}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Guernsey|pref=Demographics of}}{{Cref|d}}
| {{density|disp=table|65,345|63}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Hungary|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Hungary}}|93,026}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Iceland|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Iceland}}|103,000}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Ireland|pref=Demographics of|the=y}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Ireland}}|69,825}}
|-|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Isle of Man|pref=Demographics of|the=y}}{{Cref|d}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Isle of Man}}|572}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Italy|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Italy}}|301,339}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Jersey|pref=Demographics of}}{{Cref|d}}
| {{density|disp=table|97,857|116}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Kosovo|pref=Demographics of}}*{{Cref|p}}
| {{density|disp=table|1,859,203|10,887}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Latvia|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Latvia}}|64,562}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Liechtenstein|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Liechtenstein}}|160}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Lithuania|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Lithuania}}|65,300}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Luxembourg|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Luxembourg}}|2,586}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Malta|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Malta}}|316}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Moldova|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Moldova}}|33,846}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Monaco|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Monaco}}|2}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Montenegro|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Montenegro}}|13,812}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Netherlands|pref=Demographics of|the=y}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Netherlands}}|37,354}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|North Macedonia|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|North Macedonia}}|25,713}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Norway|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Norway}}|323,787}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Poland|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Poland}}|311,888}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Portugal|pref=Demographics of}}{{Cref|f}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Portugal}}|92,212}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Romania|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Romania}}|238,391}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Russia|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Russia}}|17,098,246}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|San Marino|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|San Marino}}|61}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Serbia|pref=Demographics of}}{{Cref|g}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Serbia}}|88,361}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Slovakia|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Slovakia}}|49,036}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Slovenia|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Slovenia}}|20,273}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Spain|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Spain}}|505,992}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Svalbard and Jan Mayen|pref=Demographics of}} {{small|(Norway)}}
| {{density|disp=table|2,868|62,422}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Sweden|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Sweden}}|450,295}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Switzerland|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Switzerland}}|41,285}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Transnistria|pref=Demographics of}}
| 505,000 || 4,163 || 121.3
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Turkey|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Turkey}}|783,562}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Ukraine|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Ukraine}}|603,500}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|United Kingdom|pref=Demographics of|the=y}}
| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|United Kingdom}}|242,495}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Vatican City|pref=Demographics of}}
| {{density|disp=table|pad=1|842|0.44}}
|-
! {{flagg|us*eft|Åland|pref=Demographics of|the=y}} {{small|(Finland)}}
| {{density|disp=table|28,666|1,580}}
|}

'''*''' indicates link goes to article on ''demographics'' of the country (or territory), not just the country itself.

== Age ==
{{Main|Aging of Europe}}
[[File:Life expectancy map -Europe -2021 -with names.png | thumb|upright=1.5 | [[Life expectancy]] in Europe in 2021]]

Mirroring their mostly sub-replacement fertility and high [[life expectancy]], European countries tend to have older populations overall. They had nine of the top ten highest median ages in national populations in 2005. Only [[Japan]] had an older population.<ref name="age">United Nations Population Division, ''World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision Highlights.'' 2005</ref>
{{show
|Population pyramids by country (mostly 2020 and 2023 unless stated otherwise)
|frame-style = border: 1px solid silver; padding: 0.3em;
|head-style = background-color: #CCFFCC; text-align: center;
|
{{Gallery
|width=100
|footer=Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City excluded due to lack of graphic
|File:Albania single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Albania|Albania]]
 |alt1=Albania
|File:Population pyramid of Andorra 2016.png
 |[[Demographics of Andorra|Andorra]] (2016)
 |alt2=Andorra
|File:Armenia single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Armenia|Armenia]]
 |alt3=Armenia
|File:Austria 2023 population pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Austria|Austria]]
 |alt4=Austria
|File:Azerbaijan single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]
 |alt5=Azerbaijan
|File:Belarus 2023 population pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Belarus|Belarus]]
 |alt6=Belarus
|File:Belgium 2023 population pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Belgium|Belgium]]
 |alt7=Belgium
|File:Bosnia and Herzegovina single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
 |alt8=Bosnia and Herzegovina
|File:Bulgaria single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
 |alt9=Bulgaria
|File:Croatia single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Croatia|Croatia]]
 |alt10=Croatia
|File:Cyprus single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Cyprus|Cyprus]]
 |alt11=Cyprus
|File:V%C4%9Bkov%C3%A9_slo%C5%BEen%C3%AD_obyvatelstva_%C4%8CR_2024.png
 |[[Demographics of Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] (2024)
 |alt12=Czech Republic
|File:Denmark single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Denmark|Denmark]]
 |alt13=Denmark
|File:Estonia Population Pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Estonia|Estonia]] (2021)
 |alt14=Estonia
|File:Finland Population Pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Finland|Finland]] (2020)
 |alt15=Finland
|File:France Population Pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of France|France]] (2021)
 |alt16=France
|File:Georgia single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
 |alt17=Georgia
|File:Germany population pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Germany|Germany]] (2020)
 |alt18=Germany
|File:Greece single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Greece|Greece]]
 |alt19=Greece
|File:Hungary single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Hungary|Hungary]]
 |alt20=Hungary
|File:Iceland single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Iceland|Iceland]]
 |alt21=Iceland
|File:Ireland 2023 population pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
 |alt22=Ireland
|File:Italy Population Pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Italy|Italy]]
 |alt23=Italy
|File:Kazakhstan population pyramid.png
 |[[Demographics of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]
 |alt24=Kazakhstan
|File:Latvia single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Latvia|Latvia]]
 |alt25=Latvia
|File:Lithuania 2022 population pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Lithuania|Lithuania]] (2022)
 |alt27=Lithuania
|File:Luxembourg single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
 |alt28=Luxembourg
|File:Malta single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Malta|Malta]]
 |alt29=Malta
|File:Moldova Population Pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Moldova|Moldova]]
 |alt30=Moldova
|File:Montenegro single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Montenegro|Montenegro]]
 |alt32=Montenegro
|File:Netherlands 2023 population pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Netherlands|Netherlands]]
 |alt33=Netherlands
|File:North Macedonia single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of North Macedonia|North Macedonia]]
 |alt34=North Macedonia
|File:Norway population pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Norway|Norway]] (2021)
 |alt35=Norway
|File:Poland Population Pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Poland|Poland]]
 |alt36=Poland
|File:Portugal population pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Portugal|Portugal]] (2020)
 |alt37=Portugal
|File:Romania Population Pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Romania|Romania]]
 |alt38=Romania
|File:Russia Population Pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Russia|Russia]]
 |alt39=Russia
|File:Serbia single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Serbia|Serbia]]
 |alt41=Serbia
|File:Slovakia single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Slovakia|Slovakia]]
 |alt42=Slovakia
|File:Slovenia single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Slovenia|Slovenia]]
 |alt43=Slovenia
|File:Spain Population Pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Spain|Spain]]
 |alt44=Spain
|File:Sweden Population Pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Sweden|Sweden]]
 |alt45=Sweden
|File:Switzerland Population Pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Switzerland|Switzerland]] (and foreigners)
 |alt46=Switzerland
|File:Turkey single age population pyramid 2020.png
 |[[Demographics of Turkey|Turkey]]
 |alt47=Turkey
|File:Ukraine 2023 population pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of Ukraine|Ukraine]]
 |alt48=Ukraine
|File:UK Population Pyramid.svg
 |[[Demographics of United Kingdom |United Kingdom ]]
 |alt49=United Kingdom 
|File:England Population pyramid estimate 2020.svg
 |[[Demographics of England|England]]
 |alt50=England
|File:Northern Ireland Population pyramid estimate 2020.svg
 |[[Demographics of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]
 |alt51=Northern Ireland
|File:Scotland Population pyramid estimate 2020.svg
 |[[Demographics of Scotland|Scotland]]
 |alt52=Scotland
|File:Wales Population pyramid estimate 2020.svg
 |[[Demographics of Wales|Wales]]
 |alt53=Wales
}}

}}

==Fertility==
[[File:2001- Fertility rate in the European Union.svg |thumb |EU fertility has declined in the 2020s.<ref name=Eurostat_2025>{{cite web |title=Record drop in children being born in the EU in 2023 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_find__custom_15648413/default/table?lang=en |website=Eurostat (official website of the European Union) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906085931/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20250307-1 |archive-date=6 September 2025 |date=7 March 2025 |url-status=live}} ● Direct link to data: {{cite web | author1=Eurostat |title=Fertility indicators | date=2022 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_find__custom_15648413/default/table?lang=en |publisher=Eurostat |access-date=13 December 2025 |doi=10.2908/DEMO_FIND}}</ref>]]
According to Eurostat, the average birth rate in the European Union was 1.5 children per woman in 2020. The EU countries with the highest rates were France (1.83 live births per woman), Romania (1.80) and Czechia (1.71). The lowest rates were found in Malta (1.13), Spain (1.19) and Italy (1.24).<ref name="ES-fert-2020">{{cite web |title=How many children were born in 2020? |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220428-2 |website=Eurostat |access-date=22 February 2023 |date=28 April 2022}}</ref>

The reasons that Italian citizens give for not having children are economic costs, fear of losing their jobs, and lack of services for families.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://torinonews24.it/news/italia-crollo-natalita-in-dieci-anni-i-nuovi-nati-scendono-del-25-ecco-i-motivi/|title=Italia, crollo natalità – In dieci anni i nuovi nati scendono del 25%. Ecco i motivi |date=<!--stupid website just shows current date at the top--> |website=Torino News 24 |language=it |trans-title=Italy, birth rate collapse – In ten years, newborns drop by 25%. The study}}</ref>

Eurostat says that the proportion of children born to foreign mothers, including both from other EU member states and from non-EU countries, has been increasing in the EU since 2013 and stood at 21% in 2020.<ref name="ES-fert-2020" />

== Religion ==

{{Main|Religion in Europe}}
{{Further|Christianity in Europe|Islam in Europe}}
[[File:Largest (non-)religious group by EU member state - Eurobarometer 2019.svg|300px|thumb|Largest (non-)religious group by EU member state according to Eurobarometer survey 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Discrimination in the European Union |work=Special Eurobarometer |year=2019 |series=493 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251 |access-date=2 June 2020 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref>
{{legend|#0000FF|More than 75% Catholic}}
{{legend|#2A7FFF|50–75% Catholic}}
{{legend|#AACCFF|Relative Catholic majority}}
{{legend|#7F2AFF|50–75% Protestant}}
{{legend|#800000|More than 75% Orthodox}}
{{legend|#FFCC00|50–75% non-religious}}
{{legend|#FFEEAA|Relative non-religious majority}}
{{legend|#C8B7B7|30% Catholic, 30% non-religious (Germany)}}]]
[[File:Second largest religion in European countries.png|thumb|300px|Second largest religion in European countries]]
Over the last several centuries, religious practice has been on the decline in a process of [[secularization]]. Several European countries have experienced a decline in church attendance as well as a decline in the number of people professing a religious belief. The 2010 [[Eurobarometer]] survey found that, on average, 51% of the citizens of the European Union that they believe there is a God, 26% believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 20% don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. 3% declined to answer.<ref name="eurobarometer 2010">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf |title=Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology, page 204 |date=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215001129/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2010 }}</ref> The Eurobarometer survey must be taken with caution, however, as there are discrepancies between it and national census results. For example, in the United Kingdom, the 2001 census revealed that over 70% of the population regarded themselves as "Christians" with only 15% professing to have no religion, though the wording of the question has been criticized as "misleading" by the [[British Humanist Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanism.org.uk/campaigns/census-2011 |title=Census 2011 |publisher=Humanism.org.uk |date=17 September 2012 |access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> The 2011 census showed a dramatic reduction to less than 60% of the population regarding themselves as "Christians".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20677321 |title=BBC News – At-a-glance: Census 2011 findings |publisher=BBC |date=11 December 2012 |access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref>

Despite its decline, [[Christianity]] is still the largest religion in Europe. According to a survey published in 2010, 76.2% of Europeans identified themselves as Christians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |title=Global Christianity |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=19 January 2014 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226061838/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-christians/ |title=The Global Religious Landscape: Christians |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=18 December 2012 |access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> [[Catholics]] were the largest Christian group in Europe, accounting for more than 48% of European Christians.<ref name="Christianity in Europe">[http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-europe.aspx Christianity in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104153842/http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-europe.aspx |date=4 January 2012 }}, excluding the Asian part of Russia, including the European part of Turkey</ref> The second-largest Christian group in Europe was the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], who made up 32% of European Christians.<ref name="Christianity in Europe"/> And about 19% of European Christians were part of the [[Protestant]] tradition. Europe constitutes in absolute terms the [[Christianity by country|world's largest Christian population]].<ref name="Survey1">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|title=The Global Religious Landscape|publisher=Pewforum.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125173538/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> According to Scholars, in 2017, Europe's population was 77.8% Christian (up from 74.9% 1970),<ref name="ReligiousDemography2017">{{cite book|title=Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2017| first1=Gina|last1=Zurlo| first2=Vegard |last2=Skirbekk| first3=Brian |last3=Grim|year=2019| isbn=978-90-04-34630-7| page=85|publisher=BRILL}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=African Perspectives on Culture and World Christianity| first1=Joseph|last1=Ogbonnaya|year=2017| isbn=978-1-4438-9159-2| pages=2–4|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}</ref> these changes were largely result of the [[collapse of Communism]] and [[convert to Christianity|switching to Christianity]] in the former Soviet Union and [[Eastern Bloc]] countries.<ref name="ReligiousDemography2017"/> 

According to a 2003 study,<ref>[[Mattei Dogan|Dogan, Mattei]], ''Religious Beliefs in Europe: Factors of Accelerated Decline'', 2003</ref> 47% of French people declared themselves as agnostics in 2003. This situation is often called "[[Post-Christian]] Europe". A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in western Europe (especially in [[Belgium]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Norway]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Sweden]]) has been noted. According to a survey published in 2012, [[atheists]] and [[agnostics]] make up about 18.2% of the European population.<ref name="Religiously Unaffiliated"/> According to the same survey the [[Irreligion|religiously unaffiliated]] make up the majority of the population only in two [[Europe]]an countries: [[Czech Republic]] (75%) and [[Estonia]] (60%).<ref name="Religiously Unaffiliated">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx|title=Religiously Unaffiliated|date=18 December 2012|website=Pewforum.org|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730043126/http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx}}</ref>

According to another survey about Religiosity in the [[European Union]] from 2012 by Eurobarometer, [[Christianity]] was the largest religion in the Union (accounting for 72% of the total population), [[Catholics]] were with 48% the largest [[Christians|Christian]] group in the Union, [[Protestant]]s made up 12%, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] made up 8% and other Christians accounted for 4% of the total population.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Discrimination in the EU in 2012 |journal=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |year=2012 |series=383 |page=233 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |access-date=14 August 2013 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |location=European Union |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023700/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012 }}</ref> [[Agnostic|non-believers/agnostics]] accounted for 16%, [[atheists]] accounted for 7% and [[Muslims]] accounted for 2%.<ref>{{citation|title=Discrimination in the EU in 2012 |work=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |year=2012 |series=383 |page=233 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |access-date=14 August 2013 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |location=[[European Union]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023700/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012 }} The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic.  Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.</ref>

== Ethnic groups ==

{{Main|Ethnic groups in Europe}}
{{Further|White people|Immigration to Europe}}
Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "'''peoples of Europe'''", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute [[ethnic minority|ethnic minorities]]. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans. (including Europeans in Siberia)<ref>Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil,''Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen'' (2002). [missing], English translation 2004.</ref>

The largest ethnic groups are the [[Russians]], with 117 million, and the [[Germans]], with 72 million. In some countries such as the United Kingdom, France and Spain, the designation of [[nationality]] may controversially take on [[ethnicity|ethnic]] aspects, subsuming smaller ethnic groups such as [[Scottish people|Scots]], [[Welsh people|Welsh]], [[Cornish people|Cornish]], [[Northern Irish]], [[Breton people|Bretons]], [[Catalan people|Catalans]], and [[Basque people|Basques]], making it difficult to quantify a "British" or "French" ethnicity, for example.

There are an estimated 10 million [[Romani people]] in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roma integration in the EU |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu_en |publisher=European Commission}}</ref>

{{Ethnic groups in Europe}}

== Language ==

{{Main|Languages of Europe}}
{{further|topic=statistics in EU|Languages of the European Union#Knowledge}}

[[File:Rectified_Languages_of_Europe_map.png | thumb|upright=1.5 | Map of Europe showing the major languages]]

Most of the languages of Europe belong to the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[language family]]. This family is divided into a number of branches, including [[Romance languages|Romance]], [[Germanic languages|Germanic]], [[Baltic languages|Baltic]], [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Celtic language|Celtic]], [[Armenian  language|Armenian]] and [[Greek language|Greek]]. The [[Uralic languages]], which include [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]],  [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]], [[Mordvin language|Mordvin]] and [[Sami language|Sami]] also have a significant presence in Europe. The [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] family also has several European members, while the [[North Caucasian languages|North Caucasian]] and [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]] families which include [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Circassian language|Circassian]], [[Chechen language|Chechen]] and [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] anong others are important in the southeastern extremity of geographical Europe. The [[Basque language]] of the western [[Pyrenees]] is an [[language isolate|isolate]] unrelated to any other group, while [[Maltese language|Maltese]] is the only [[Semitic language]] in Europe with national language status, although [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]] dialects are spoken by migrant populations. The [[Kalmyk language]], is a [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic language]], spoken in [[Kalmykia]], located directly north of the [[North Caucasus]] in [[Eastern Europe]]. The most spoken language of Europe is [[Russian language|Russian]], which belongs to the group of Slavic languages.

Languages that are not official state languages are protected in many European countries by the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]. These can include languages spoken by relatively many people, such as [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Basque language|Basque]] in Spain, [[Frisian language|Frisian]] in the [[Netherlands]], as well as languages spoken by relatively few such as [[Cornish language|Cornish]], [[Manx language|Manx]] and [[Scottish Gaelic]] in the United Kingdom, and [[Romansch language|Romansch]] in [[Switzerland]].

== Genetic origins ==

{{Main|Genetic history of Europe}}
{{See also|Caucasian race}}

[[File:Yamnaya Steppe Pastoralists.jpg | thumb|upright=1.5 | Bronze Age spread of [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] [[Western Steppe Herders|Steppe pastoralist]] ancestry. The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]].]]

''[[Homo sapiens]]'' appeared in Europe roughly 40,000 years ago, with the settlement of the [[Cro-Magnon]]s, followed by European hunter-gatherers and [[Early European Farmers]] (EEF). Over the prehistoric period there was continuous settlement in Europe, notably by the immediate descendants of the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]] who migrated west after the advent of the [[Neolithic Revolution]].<ref>''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', s.v. "Europe : The people".</ref>

=== Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA ===

Studies of [[mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA) have suggested substantial genetic homogeneity of European populations,<ref>Torroni A, Achilli A, Macaulay V, Richards M, Bandelt HJ (2006): "Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree". ''Trends in Genetics'' '''22''': 339–345.</ref> with only a few geographic or linguistic isolates appearing to be genetic isolates as well.<ref>Simoni L, Calafell F, Pettener D, Bertranpetit J, Barbujani G (2000): "Geographic patterns of mtDNA diversity in Europe". ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' '''66''': 262–278.</ref> On the other hand, analyses of the [[Y chromosome]]<ref>Chikhi L, Nichols RA, Barbujani G, Beaumont MA (2002): "Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model". ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'' '''99''': 11008–11013.</ref><ref>Roewer L, Croucher PJ, Willuweit S, Lu TT, Kayser M, et al. (2005): "Signature of recent historical events in the European Y-chromosomal STR haplotype distribution". ''Human Genetics'' '''116''': 279–291.</ref> and of autosomal diversity<ref>Barbujani G, Goldstein DB (2004): "Africans and Asians abroad: genetic diversity in Europe". ''Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics'' '''5''': 119–150.</ref> have shown a general gradient of genetic similarity running from the southeast to the northwest of the continent.

=== Autosomal DNA ===

[[File:Genetic Diversity in Asia Fig 2-B.jpg | thumb|upright=1.5 | Population genomic [[Principal Component Analysis|PCA]] map, showing Europeans (CEU) among other sampled Eurasian populations<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium |last2=Abdulla |first2=Mahmood Ameen |last3=Ahmed |first3=Ikhlak |last4=Assawamakin |first4=Anunchai |last5=Bhak |first5=Jong |last6=Brahmachari |first6=Samir K. |last7=Calacal |first7=Gayvelline C. |last8=Chaurasia |first8=Amit |last9=Chen |first9=Chien-Hsiun |last10=Chen |first10=Jieming |last11=Chen |first11=Yuan-Tsong <!--and 84 others--> |display-authors=5 |date=11 December 2009 |title=Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1177074 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=326 |issue=5959 |pages=1541–1545 |doi=10.1126/science.1177074 |pmid=20007900 |bibcode=2009Sci...326.1541. |s2cid=34341816 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]]

According to geneticist [[David Reich (geneticist)|David Reich]], based on [[Ancient DNA|ancient human genomes]] that his laboratory sequenced in 2016, Europeans formed from four West-Eurasian ancestral components in varying degrees: [[Western Hunter-Gatherer]]s (WHG), [[Eastern Hunter-Gatherer]]s (EHG), [[Prehistory of the Levant#Neolithic period|Neolithic Levant]] farmers and [[Caucasus hunter-gatherer|Neolithic Iranian]] farmers respectively.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |display-authors=et al|date=2016|title=Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East|url=https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/45861/1/cias2016_40.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=536|issue=7617|pages=419–424 |doi=10.1038/nature19310 |pmid=27459054 |pmc=5003663 |bibcode=2016Natur.536..419L |quote=bottom-left: Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG), top-left: Eastern Hunter Gatherers (EHG), bottom-right: Neolithic Levant and Natufians, top-right: Neolithic Iran. This suggests the hypothesis that diverse ancient West Eurasians can be modelled as mixtures of as few as four streams of ancestry related to these population|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref>

=== Population structure ===

A study in May 2009<ref name="PLOS-Nelis">{{cite journal |last1=Nelis |first1=Mari |last2=Esko |first2=Tõnu |last3=Mägi |first3=Reedik |last4=Zimprich |first4=Fritz |last5=Zimprich |first5=Alexander |last6=Toncheva |first6=Draga |last7=Karachanak |first7=Sena |last8=Piskáčková |first8=Tereza |last9=Balaščák |first9=Ivan |last10=Peltonen |first10=Leena <!--and 35 others--> |display-authors=5 |title=Genetic Structure of Europeans: A View from the North–East |journal=PLOS ONE |date=8 May 2009 |volume=4 |issue=5 |article-number=e5472 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005472 |pmid=19424496 |language=en |issn=1932-6203|pmc=2675054 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5472N }}</ref> that examined 19 populations from Europe using 270,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) highlighted the genetic diversity of European populations corresponding to the northwest to southeast gradient and distinguished "several distinct regions" within Europe:
* [[Finland]]
* the [[Baltic states]] ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]]), western [[Russia]] and [[Poland]]
* Central and Western Europe
* [[Italy]], South-Eastern Europe, Southern Russia

In this study, Fst ([[fixation index]]) was found to correlate considerably with geographic distances ranging from ≤0.0010 for neighbouring populations to 0.0230 for [[Southern Italy]] and [[Finland]]. For comparisons, pair-wise Fst of non-European samples were as follows: Europeans – Yoruba (West Africans) 0.1530; Europeans – Chinese 0.1100; Yoruba (West Africans) – Chinese 0.1900.<ref name="PLOS-Nelis" />{{rp|page=[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?type=supplementary&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0005472.s003 Table S2]}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[Area and population of European countries]]
* [[Classical demography]]
* [[Demographics of the European Union]]
* [[Ethnic groups in Europe]]
* [[European diasporas]]
* [[European Union statistics]]
* [[Migration from Latin America to Europe]]
* [[List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits]]
* [[List of urban areas of the European Union]]
* [[List of European countries by population growth rate]]
* [[List of European countries by population]]
* [[List of metropolitan areas in Europe]]
* [[Medieval demography]]
* [[Demographics of the world]]
* [[List of countries by fertility rate]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Cnote|a|Continental regions as per [[:File:United Nations geographical subregions.png|UN categorisations/map]]. Depending on definitions, various territories cited below may be in [[Transcontinental nation|one or both of]] Europe and [[Asia]], or [[Africa]].}}
{{Cnote|b|Includes [[Transnistria]], a region that has declared, and ''[[de facto]]'' [[list of unrecognised countries|achieved]], independence; however, it is not recognised ''[[de jure]]'' by [[sovereign state]]s.}}
{{Cnote|c|[[Russia]] is considered a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. However, the population and area figures include the entire state.}}
{{Cnote|d|[[Guernsey]], the [[Isle of Man]] and [[Jersey]] are [[Crown Dependencies]] of the United Kingdom. Other [[Channel Islands]] in the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]] include [[Alderney]] and [[Sark]].}}
{{Cnote|e|[[Cyprus]] is physiographically entirely in [[Western Asia]], but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures refer to the entire state, including the ''de facto'' independent part [[Northern Cyprus]].}}{{Cnote|f|Figures for [[Portugal]] include the [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]] archipelagos, both in [[Northern Atlantic]].}}
{{Cnote|g|Area figure for [[Serbia]] includes [[Kosovo]], a province that unilaterally declared its independence from [[Serbia]] on 17 February 2008, and whose sovereign status is unclear. Population and density figures are 2010 estimates and are given without the disputed territory of [[Kosovo]].}}
{{Cnote|h|Figures for France include [[metropolitan France]] but not [[French overseas departments and territories|overseas departments and territories]] as they are not part of the European continent.}}
{{Cnote|j|[[Kazakhstan]] is physiographically considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe, with European territory west of the Ural Mountains and both the [[Ural River|Ural]] and [[Emba River|Emba]] rivers. However, area and population figures refer to the entire country.}}
{{Cnote|k|[[Armenia]] is physiographically entirely in [[Western Asia]], but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures include the entire state respectively.}}
{{Cnote|m|[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe. However, the population and area figures include the entire state. This also includes Georgian estimates for [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]], two regions that have declared and ''[[de facto]]'' [[List of states with limited recognition|achieved]] independence. The [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia#Reaction to independence declaration of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|International recognition]], however, is limited.}}
{{Cnote|o|The total figures for area and population includes the whole of the transcontinental countries. The precision of these figure is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extend of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries.}}
{{Cnote|p|[[Kosovo]] unilaterally declared its independence from [[Serbia]] on 17 February 2008. Its sovereign status is unclear. Its population is a 2007 estimate.}}
{{Cnote|r|[[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]] unilaterally declared their independence from [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] on 25 August 1990 and 28 November 1991 respectively. Their sovereign status is [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|unclear]]. Population figures stated as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates respectively.}}
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== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Europe topics}}
{{Demographics of Europe}}
{{Demographics by continent| state = expanded }}
{{Lists of countries by population statistics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics of Europe}}
[[Category:Demographics of Europe| ]]
[[Category:Demographics by continent|Europe]]
[[Category:European people| ]]