View source for Democratic Federal Yugoslavia

{{Short description|1943–1945 provisional state in Southeast Europe}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">{{small|{{lang|sh-Latn|Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija}}<br />{{lang|sh-Cyrl|Демократска Федеративна Југославија}}<br />{{lang|sl|Demokratična federativna Jugoslavija}}}}</span>
| conventional_long_name = Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
| common_name            = Yugoslavia
| era                    = [[World War II]]
| government_type        = Federal [[constitutional monarchy]] under a [[provisional government]]
| event_pre              = 
| date_pre               = 
| year_start             = 1943
| year_end               = 1945
| event_start            = [[Second Session of the AVNOJ]]
| date_start             = 29 November
| event1                 = [[Tito–Šubašić Agreements|Tito–Šubašić Agreement]]
| date_event1            = 16 June 1944
| event2                 = [[Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia|Provisional government formed]]
| date_event2            = 7 March 1945
| event3                 = [[1945 Yugoslavian parliamentary election|Elections]]
| date_event3           = 11 November 1945
| event_end              = [[Monarchy of Yugoslavia|Monarchy abolished]]
| date_end               = 29 November
| p1                     = Independent State of Croatia
| flag_p1                = Flag of Independent State of Croatia.svg
| p2                     = Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia
| flag_p2                = Flag of the German Reich (1935–1945).svg
| p3                     = German occupied territory of Montenegro
| flag_p3                = Flag of Montenegro (1905–1918, 1941–1944).svg
| p4                     = Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946){{!}}Tsardom of Bulgaria
| flag_p4                = Flag of Bulgaria.svg
| p5                     = Italian Social Republic
| flag_p5                = Flag of Italy.svg
| p6                     = Nazi Germany
| flag_p6                = Flag of the German Reich (1935–1945).svg
| p7                     = Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946){{!}}Kingdom of Hungary
| flag_p7                = Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg
| p8                     = German occupation of Albania{{!}}Albanian Kingdom
| flag_p8                = Flag of Albania (1943–1944).svg
| p9                     = Yugoslav government-in-exile
| flag_p9                = Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg
| s1                     = Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
| flag_s1                = Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg
| image_flag             = Flag of Yugoslavia (1943–1946).svg
| flag_type              = Flag
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.svg
| symbol_type            = Emblem
| image_map              = Yugoslavia_1945.png
| image_map_caption      = Democratic Federal Yugoslavia in 1945 prior to the Paris Peace Treaties
| capital                = [[Belgrade]]
| largest_city           = capital
| national_anthem        = "[[Hey, Slavs]]"<br />{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Hey, Slavs 1930s instrumental.ogg]]}}
| official_languages     = [[Serbo-Croatian]]<br />[[Slovene language|Slovene]]<br />[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]<ref>These were the languages specified for the Emblem of Yugoslavia on 17 February 1944.</ref><ref>Tomasz Kamusella. ''The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Pp. 228, 297.</ref>
| languages_type         = [[Official script]]
| languages              = [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] {{•}} [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|Latin]]
| ethnic_groups_year     = 
| ethnic_groups          = 
| religion               = 
| demonym                = [[Yugoslavs|Yugoslav]]<br />Yugoslavian
| currency               = Various<br /><small>(1943–1944)</small>: [[Serbian dinar]], [[Independent State of Croatia kuna|NDH kuna]], [[Bulgarian lev]], [[Italian lira]], [[Reichsmark]]<br /><small>(1944–1945)</small>: [[Yugoslav dinar]]
| currency_code          = 
| leader1                = [[Ivan Ribar]]
| year_leader1           = 1943–1945
| title_leader           = Chairman of the Presidium of the [[AVNOJ]]
| title_representative   = [[List of heads of state of Yugoslavia|King]]
| representative1        = [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]]
| year_representative1   = 1943–1945
| title_deputy           = [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia|Prime Minister]]
| deputy1                = [[Josip Broz Tito]]
| year_deputy1           = 1943–1945
| legislature            = [[Parliament of Yugoslavia#Socialist Federal Republic|Temporary National Assembly]]
| house1                 = 
| house2                 = 
| area_km2               = 255,804
| population_estimate    = 
| population_estimate_year = 
| cctld                  = 
| calling_code           = 38
| drives_on              = Right
| time_zone              = [[Central European Time]] (CET)
| utc_offset             = +2
}}
'''Democratic Federal Yugoslavia''', also known as '''Democratic Federative Yugoslavia''' ('''DF Yugoslavia''' or '''DFY'''), was a provisional state established during [[World War II]] on 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of the [[Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia]] (AVNOJ). The [[National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia]] (NKOJ) was its original executive body. Throughout its existence it was governed by Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito]] as prime minister.

It was recognized by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] at the [[Tehran Conference]], along with the AVNOJ as its [[deliberative body]]. The [[Yugoslav government-in-exile]] of King [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]] in London, partly due to pressure from the [[United Kingdom]],<ref name="Walter R. Roberts 1987. Pp. 288">Walter R. Roberts. ''Tito, Mihailović, and the allies, 1941-1945''. Duke University Press, 1987. Pp. 288.</ref> recognized the AVNOJ government with the [[Treaty of Vis]], signed on 16 June 1944 between the prime minister of the government-in-exile, [[Ivan Šubašić]], and Tito.<ref name="Walter R. Roberts 1987. Pp. 288"/> With the Treaty of Vis, the government-in-exile and the NKOJ agreed to merge into a [[provisional government]] as soon as possible. The form of the new government was agreed upon in a second [[Tito–Šubašić Agreements|Tito–Šubašić agreement]] signed on 1 November 1944 in the recently liberated Yugoslav capital of [[Belgrade]]. DF Yugoslavia became one of the founding members of the [[United Nations]] upon the signing of the [[United Nations Charter]] in October 1945.

The state was formed to unite the Yugoslav resistance movement to the [[occupation of Yugoslavia]] by the [[Axis powers]]. The agreement left the issue of whether the state would be a monarchy or a republic intentionally undecided until after the war had ended so the position of head of state was vacant. After the merger of the governments, the state was reformed as a [[one-party]] [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia]] with Josip Broz Tito as [[Prime Minister]] and Ivan Šubašić as [[minister of foreign affairs]].

==History==
The Second Session of the AVNOJ, held in [[Jajce]] in November 1943, opened with a declaration that read in part:
#That the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia be constituted as the supreme legislative and executive representative body of Yugoslavia as the supreme representative of the sovereignty of the peoples and of the State of Yugoslavia as a whole, and that a National Committee of Liberation of Yugoslavia be established as an organ with all of the features of a national government, through which the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia will realize its executive function.
#That the traitorous "government" in exile be deprived of all rights as the legal government of Yugoslavia, particularly of the right to represent the peoples of Yugoslavia anywhere or before anyone.
#That all international treaties and obligations concluded abroad in the name of Yugoslavia by the "government" in exile be reviewed with a view to their invalidation or renewal or approval, and that all international treaties and obligations which the so-called "government" in exile may eventually conclude abroad in the future receive no recognition.
#That Yugoslavia be established on a democratic federal principle as a state of equal peoples.<ref name=Petrovich>Michael Boro Petrovich, "The Central Government of Yugoslavia", ''Political Science Quarterly'', Vol. 62, No. 4 (1947), pp. 504–30.</ref>
The AVNOJ then issued six decrees and the Presidium of the AVNOJ, which continued its functions when it was not in session, followed with four decisions. Together these comprised the constitution of the new state taking shape in Yugoslavia. On 30 November the Presidium gave Tito the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia and appointed him president of the government (or acting prime minister) and [[Ministry of Defence (Yugoslavia)|Minister of National Defence]]. Three vice presidents and thirteen other ministers were appointed to the NKOJ.<ref name=Petrovich/>

The name "Democratic Federative Yugoslavia" was officially adopted on 17 February 1944. On the same day they adopted the five-torch [[emblem of Yugoslavia]].<ref>[[Marko Attila Hoare]], ''The Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War: A History'' (Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 200.</ref>

After the deposition of King Peter II, the [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia]] was proclaimed on 29 November 1945.

== Government ==
{{Main|Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia}}
Its legislature, after November 1944, was the Provisional Assembly.<ref name="Vojislav Koštunica 1985. Pp. 22">Vojislav Koštunica, Kosta Čavoški. ''Party pluralism or monism: social movements and the political system in Yugoslavia, 1944-1949''. East European Monographs, 1985. Pp. 22.</ref> The Tito-Šubašić agreement of 1944 declared that the state was a pluralist [[democracy]] that guaranteed: democratic liberties; personal freedom; [[freedom of speech]], [[Freedom of assembly|assembly]], and [[Freedom of religion|religion]]; and a [[Freedom of the press|free press]].<ref name="Sabrina P. Ramet 2005. Pp. 167-168">Sabrina P. Ramet. The three Yugoslavias: state-building and legitimation, 1918-2005. Bloomington, Indiana, US: Indiana University Press. Pp. 167-168.</ref> However, by January 1945 Tito had shifted the emphasis of his government away from emphasis on pluralist democracy, claiming that though he accepted democracy, he claimed there was no "need" for multiple parties, as he claimed that multiple parties were unnecessarily divisive in the midst of Yugoslavia's war effort and that the [[People's Front of Yugoslavia|People's Front]] represented all the Yugoslav people.<ref name="Sabrina P. Ramet 2005. Pp. 167-168"/> The People's Front coalition, headed by the [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]] and its general secretary Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito]], was a major movement within the government. Other political movements that joined the government included the "Napred" movement represented by [[Milivoje Marković]].<ref name="Vojislav Koštunica 1985. Pp. 22"/>

Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was ruled by Temporary Government consisting mostly of [[Unitary National Liberation Front]] members and small number of other political parties from former Kingdom of Yugoslavia. President of the Government was [[Josip Broz Tito]]. Communists held 22 minister positions, including Finances, Internal Affairs, Justice, Transport and others. [[Ivan Šubašić]], from Croatian Peasant Party and former ban of [[Croatian Banovina]], was minister of Foreign Affairs, while [[Milan Grol]], from [[Democratic Party (Yugoslavia)|Democratic Party]], was Deputy Prime Minister. Many non-communist government members resigned due to disagreement with the new policy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Juhas |first1=Jožef |title=PRVA DECENIJA TITOVE JUGOSLAVIJE |pages=203–219 |url=http://adattar.vmmi.org/fejezetek/2078/09_prva_decenija_titove_jugoslavije.pdf |publisher=Vajdasági Magyar Digitális Adattár |language=bs}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia consisted of six [[federal state]]s and two [[Autonomous region|autonomous units]]:{{sfn|Petranović|2002|p=}}{{sfn|Jović|2009|p=}}

* [[Federated State of Serbia]]
** [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|Autonomous Province of Vojvodina]]
** [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo|Kosovo and Metohija Autonomous Region]]
* [[Federated State of Croatia]]
* [[Federated State of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* [[Federated State of Slovenia]]
* [[Federated State of Montenegro]]
* [[Democratic Federal Macedonia]]

[[File:DFYugoslaviaFederalBorders.png|alt=|none|thumb|Democratic Federal Yugoslavia Administrative Divisions in 1945]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Bokovoy|editor-first1=Melissa K.|editor-last2=Irvine|editor-first2=Jill A.|editor-last3=Lilly|editor-first3=Carol S.|title=State-Society Relations in Yugoslavia, 1945-1992|year=1997|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780312126902|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfbI4e1q1yEC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dimić|first=Ljubodrag|author-link=Ljubodrag Dimić|chapter=Yugoslav-Soviet Relations: The View of the Western Diplomats (1944-1946)|title=The Balkans in the Cold War: Balkan Federations, Cominform, Yugoslav-Soviet Conflict|year=2011|location=Beograd|publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies|pages=109–140|isbn=9788671790734|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyyCMwEACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Jović|first=Dejan|author-link=Dejan Jović|title=Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away|year=2009|location=West Lafayette|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=9781557534958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Po03enYpbqsC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pavlowitch|first=Stevan K.|author-link=Stevan K. Pavlowitch|title=Serbia: The History behind the Name|year=2002|location=London|publisher=Hurst & Company|isbn=9781850654773|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-RuLDaNwbMC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Petranović|first=Branko|author-link=Branko Petranović|title=The Yugoslav Experience of Serbian National Integration|year=2002|location=Boulder|publisher=East European Monographs|isbn=9780880334846|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoVpAAAAMAAJ}}
{{refend}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Yugoslavia}}
[[Category:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia| ]]
[[Category:1943 establishments in Yugoslavia|Socialist Yugoslavia]]<!--as socialist/communist state-->
[[Category:1945 disestablishments in Yugoslavia| Socialist Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1943]]
[[Category:1940s in Yugoslavia|*]]
[[Category:1940s in Kosovo]]
[[Category:1940s in Montenegro]]
[[Category:1940s in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Yugoslav Bosnia and Herzegovina|.]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1945]]
[[Category:1940s in Serbia]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Serbo-Croatian is an official language]]