View source for Deme

{{short description|Administrative unit in ancient Athens}}
{{other uses}}
[[Image:AGMA Pinakia.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Pinakion|Pinakia]], identification tablets (name, father's name, deme) used for tasks like [[jury]] selection, Museum at the [[Ancient Agora of Athens]]]]
In [[Ancient Greece]], a '''deme''' or '''{{Transliteration|grc|demos}}''' ({{langx|grc|δῆμος}}, plural: '''''demoi''''', δῆμοι) was a suburb or a subdivision of [[Classical Athens|Athens]] and other city-states. Demes as simple subdivisions of land in the countryside existed in the 6th century BC and earlier, but did not acquire particular significance until the reforms of [[Cleisthenes]] in 508 BC.  In those reforms, enrollment in the citizen-lists of a deme became the requirement for citizenship; prior to that time, citizenship had been based on membership in a [[phratry]], or family group. At this same time, demes were established in the main city of Athens itself, where they had not previously existed; in all, at the end of Cleisthenes' reforms, [[Classical Athens|Athens]] was divided into 139 demes.<ref name=T76>, {{harvnb|Traill|1975|p=76}}</ref> Three other demes were created subsequently: Berenikidai (224/223 BC), Apollonieis (201/200 BC), and Antinoeis (AD 126/127). The establishment of demes as the fundamental units of the state weakened the ''[[genos|gene]]'', or aristocratic family groups, that had dominated the phratries.<ref>J.V. Fine, ''The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History''</ref>

A deme functioned to some degree as a [[polis]] in miniature, and indeed some demes, such as [[Eleusis]] and [[Acharnae]], were in fact significant towns. Each deme had a ''[[demarchos]]'' who supervised its affairs; various other civil, religious, and military functionaries existed in various demes. Demes held their own religious festivals and collected and spent revenue.<ref>David Whitehead, "Deme" from the ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, ed.</ref>

Demes were combined within the same area to make ''[[trittys|trittyes]]'', larger population groups, which in turn were combined to form the ten tribes, or ''[[phylai]],'' of Athens. Each tribe contained one ''trittys'' from each of three regions: the city, the coast, and the inland area.

==Late Bronze Age==
At Pylos, Linear B tablets refer to the ''damos'' as in the legal dispute of [[Eritha]].

==Cleisthenes' reforms and modifications==

===First period: 508 – 307/306 BC===
[[File:CarteAttiqueApresClisthene.jpg|thumb|The division of the Athenian city-state (''polis'') into urban (pink), inland (green), and coastal (blue) zones by [[Cleisthenes]]]]
[[Cleisthenes]] divided the landscape in three zones—urban (''[[asty]]''), coastal (''[[Paralia (trittys)|paralia]]'') and inland (''[[mesogeia]]'')—and the 139 demes were organized into 30 groups called ''trittyes'' ("thirds"), ten for each of the zones and into ten tribes, or ''[[phyle|phylai]]'', each composed of three ''trittyes'', one from the coast, one from the city, and one from the inland area.

Cleisthenes also reorganized the [[Boule (ancient Greece)|Boule]], created with 400 members under [[Solon]], so that it had 500 members, 50 from each tribe, each deme having a fixed quota.

The ten tribes were named after legendary heroes and came to have an official order:
{{ordered list|list-style-type=upper-roman
| [[Erechtheis]] (Ἐρεχθηΐς) named after [[Erechtheus]]
| [[Aigeis]] (Αἰγηΐς) named after [[Aegeus]]
| [[Pandionis]] (Πανδιονίς) named after [[Pandion (hero)|Pandion]]
| [[Leontis]] (Λεοντίς) named after [[Leos (mythology)|Leos]], son of [[Orpheus]]
| [[Acamantis]] (Ἀκαμαντίς) named after [[Acamas (son of Theseus)|Acamas]]
| [[Oineis]] (Οἰνηΐς) named after [[Oeneus]]
| [[Kekropis]] (Κεκροπίς) named after [[Cecrops I|Cécrops]]
| [[Hippothontis]] (or Hippothoontis) (Ἱπποθοντίς) named after [[Hippothoon]]
| [[Aiantis]] (Αἰαντίς) named after [[Ajax the Great|Ajax]]
| [[Antiochis (tribe)|Antiochis]] (Ἀντιοχίς) named after Antiochus, son of [[Heracles]]
}}

===Second period: 307/306 – 224/223 BC===
In 307/306 – 224/223 BC the system was reorganized with the creation of two Macedonian Phylai (XI. [[Antigonis (tribe)|Antigonis]] and XII. [[Demetrias (tribe)|Demetrias]]), named after [[Demetrius Poliorcetes|Demetrius I of Macedon]] and [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]], and an increase in the membership of the Boule to 600. Each of the ten tribes, except Aiantis, provided three demes (not necessarily one for trittyes); the missing contribution of Aiantis was covered by two demes of Leontis and one from Aigeis.

===Third period: 224/223 – 201/200 BC===
The Egyptian Phyle XIII. [[Ptolemais (tribe)|Ptolemais]], named after [[Ptolemy III Euergetes]] was created in 224/223 BC and the Boule was again increased, this time to 650 members, the twelve tribes giving each a demos. A new village was created and named Berenikidai after Ptolemy's wife [[Berenice II of Egypt]].

===Fourth period: 201/200 BC – 126/127 AD===
In 201/200 BC the Macedonian Phylae were dissolved and the villages (except the two given to Ptolemais) went back to their original tribes. In the spring of 200 BC Tribe XIV. [[Attalis]], named after [[Attalus I]], was created following the same scheme used for the creation of the Egyptian Phyle: each tribe contributed a deme and a new deme, Apollonieis, was created in honour of Apollonis, wife of Attalus I of Pergamum. As a consequence there were again 12 tribes and 600 members of the Boule. From this period onward, quotas were no longer assigned to the demes for the 50 Boule members from each tribe.

===Fifth period: 126/127 – third century===
The last modification was the creation in 126/127 of XV. [[Hadrianis]], named after the Emperor [[Hadrian]], following the same scheme: each tribe contributed a deme and a new deme, [[Antinoeis]], was created in honour of Hadrian's favourite, [[Antinous]]. Each tribe contributed 40 members to the Boule.

==Representation in the Boule==

In the first three periods there it a more detailed system of fixed quotas which essentially remained unchanged. There is no evidence for a single general reapportionment of quotas within each of the first three periods, while there are evident small quota-variations between the first and the second periods.<ref name=T56>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|p=56}}</ref>

More precisely in:
:307/306 BC, 24 demes increased of 1 bouleutes, 13 of 2, 5 or 3, 6 of 4 and 1 (Lower Paiania) of 11 and there is not a single example of a decreased quota.<ref name=T59>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|p=59}}</ref>
:224/223 BC 4 demes increased of 1 bouletes

As regards the last two periods, the material illustrates the complete collapse of the quota-system from 201/200 BC.<ref name=T61>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|p=61}}</ref>

==Spurious and Late Roman demes==
Some deme lists suggest extensions to the list of 139+3 Demes by adding 43 additional names, some of which have been considered by scholars as Attic demes.<ref>Graes, Phegaia, Kaletea (III); Rhakidai, Kyrteidai (V); Phyle B, Perrihidai (VI); Kikynna B, Trinemeia B, Sypalettos B (VII); Agriadai, Pol(--), Anakaia B, Amymone, Sphendale (VIII); Kykala, Perrhidai, Thyrgonidai, Titakidai, Petalidai, Psaphis (IX); Atene B, De(--), Lekkon, Leukopyra, Ergadeis, Phyrrhinesioi, Malainai, Pentele (X).</ref> The criticism performed by John S. Traill<ref name=T8196>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|pp=81–96}}</ref> shows that 24 are the result of error, ancient<ref>Anakaia B, Phegaieis B, Graes, Pol(--)</ref> or modern,<ref>Agriadai</ref> or of misinterpretation<ref>De(--), Salamis, Kaletea, Kikynna B, Atene B, Ikaroin, Amphitrope B, Phyle B, Sypalettos B, Trinemeia B, Coastal Lamptrai, Chastieis, Chelidonia, Echelidai, Gephyreis, Lekkon, Oisia, Rhakidai, Sporgilos.</ref> and 19<ref>Hyporeia,Thirgonidai, Titakidai, Perrhidai, Petalidai, Eunostidai, Klopidai, Melainai, Sphendale, Pentale, Psaphis, Akyaia, Amymone, Ergadeis, Kykala, Kyrteidai, Leukopyra, Phy(r)rhinesioi, Semachidai B,</ref> are well known chiefly from inscriptions of the second and third centuries AD, i.e. in the fifth period, and thus for political purposes they were originally dependent on legitimate Cleisthenic demes.

==Homonymous and divided demes==
There were<ref>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|pp=123–8}}</ref> six pairs of homonymous demes:
*[[Halai Araphenides]] (VII.Kekropis) and [[Halai Aixonides]] (II.Aigeis)
*[[Oion Dekeleikon]] (VIII.Hippothontis; later XIII.Ptolemais, XIV.Attalis) and [[Oion Kerameikon]] (IV.Leontis; affiliated with XII.Demetrias in the Macedonian period)
*[[Eitea (disambiguation)|Eitea]]: there were two demes of that name, but no modifier is known. One is associated to V.Acamantis, later XI.Antigonis and XV.Hadrianis; the other is associated to X.Antiochis
*[[Oenoe (Attica)|Oinoe]] and [[Oenoe (Marathon)|Oinoe]]: again no modifier is known; one deme was associated to VIII.Hippothontis, later XII.Demetrias and XIII.Ptolemais; the other was associated to IX.Aiantis, later XIV.Attalis and XV.Hadrianis.
*[[Colonae (Attica) (disambiguation)|Kolonai]]: again no modifier is known; one deme was associated to IV.Leontis; the other to X.Antiochis, later XI.Antigonis and XIII.Ptolemais.
*[[Eroiadai (disambiguation)|Eroiadai]]: again no modifier is known for these two demes associated to VIII.Hippothontis and X.Antiochis.

There were six divided demes, one composed of three parts:
*[[Agryle]], [[Upper Agryle]] and [[Lower Agryle]] (I.Erechtheis); one of them, but there is no prosopographical information for identifying which, was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonian period; later one of them (again it is uncertain which) was transferred to XIV.Attalis.
*[[Lamptrai]], [[Upper Lamptrai]] and [[Coastal Lamptrai|Coastal/Lower Lamptrai]] (I.Erechtheis); Upper Lamptrai was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonian period.
*[[Pergase]], Upper and Lower (I.Erechtheis); one of them (no prosopographical information allows to decide which) was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonian period.
*[[Ankyle]]: no special designations of either section are preserved, although they are presumed to have the regular ''Upper and Lower'' forms. One section, perhaps Upper Ankale, was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonian period.
*[[Paeania|Paiania]], [[Upper Paiania]] and [[Lower Paiania]] (III.Pandionis); Upper Paiania, was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonian period.
*[[Potamus (Attica)|Potamos]] has three sections, [[Upper Potamos]], [[Lower Potamos]] and [[Potamos Deiradiotes]] (IV.Leontes); during the Macedonian period, Potamos Deiradiotes belonged to XI.Antigonis and Lower Potamos to XII.Demetrias.

==List of Athenian demes according to tribes/phylai (φυλαί)==

===The ten Cleisthenic tribes===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ I. Erechtheïs ({{lang|grc|Ἐρεχθηΐς}})<ref>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|loc=Table I}}</ref>
|-----
!Deme
!#<ref name=Q1>Quota in the first period</ref>
!#<ref name=Q2>Quota in the second period</ref>
!#<ref name=Q3>Quota in the third period</ref>
!Notes
|----- 
!colspan="4" style="background: #d0e5f5"|  
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| city
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc" 
|[[Upper Agryle]] 
|2
|rowspan="2" |3
|rowspan="2" |3
|rowspan="2" |One deme to  XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Lower Agryle]]
|2
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Euonymon (deme)|Euonymon]]
|10
|12
|12
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc" 
|[[Themakos]] 
|1
|1
| 
|to  XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
|----- 
!colspan="4" style="background: #d0e5f5"|  
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| coast
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Anagyrous]]
|6 
|8 
|8
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Kedoi]]
|2 
|2 
|2
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Upper Lamptrai]]
|5 
| 
|
|to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Coastal Lamptrai]]
|9
|10
|10
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Pambotadai]]
|1(0)
|1
|2
|to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
|----- 
!colspan="4" style="background: #d0e5f5"| [[Cephisia|Kephisia]] (?)
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| inland
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Cephisia|Kephisia]]
|6 
|8
|8
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Upper Pergase]]
|2 
|rowspan="2" |3
|rowspan="2" |3
|rowspan="2" |One deme to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Lower Pergase]]
|2 
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Phegous]]
|1
|1
|1
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Sybridai]]
|0(1)
|1
|1
|
|----- 
! Deme
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
! #<ref name=Q3/> 
! Notes
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ II. Aigeis ({{lang|grc|Αἰγηΐς}})<ref>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|loc=Table II}}</ref>
|-----
!Deme
!#<ref name=Q1/> 
!#<ref name=Q2/> 
!Notes
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"|  
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| city
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc" 
|[[Upper Ankyle]]
|1
|
|to  XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Lower Ankyle]]
|1
|1
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Bate (deme)|Bate]] 
|1(2)
|1
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc" 
|[[Diomeia]]
|1
| 
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc" 
|[[Erikeia]]
|1
|2
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Hestiaea (Attica)|Hestiaia]]
|1
|1
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Kollytos]]
|3
|4
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Colonus (Attica)|Kolonos]] 
|2
|2
|
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"|  
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| coast
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Araphen]]
|2 
|2 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Halai Araphenides]]
|5
|9
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Otryne]]
|1 
|1 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Phegaea (Aigeis)|Phegaia]]
|3(4)
|3(4)
|to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Philaidae (deme)|Philaidai]]
|3
|3
| 
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"| [[Epakria]]
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| inland
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Erchia (deme)|Erchia]] 
|7(6) 
|11
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Gargettos]]
|4
|
|to  XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Ikarion]]
|5(4)
|
|to  XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods  and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Ionidai]]
|2(1)
|2
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Kydantidai]]
|1(2)
|1(2)
|to  XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Myrrhinoutta]]
|1 
|1 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Plotheia]]
|1 
|2 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Teithras]]
|4 
|4 
|
|----- 
! Deme
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
! Notes
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ III. Pandionis ({{lang|grc|Πανδιονίς}})<ref>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|loc=Table III}}</ref>
|-----
!Deme
!#<ref name=Q1/> 
!#<ref name=Q2/> 
!#<ref name=Q3/> 
!Notes
|----- 
!colspan="4" style="background: #d0e5f5"|[[Kydathenaion]]
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| city
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc" 
|[[Kydathenaion]]
|12(11)
|
|
|to  XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
|----- 
!colspan="4" style="background: #d0e5f5"| [[Myrrhinous]] 
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| coast
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Angele (deme)|Angele]] 
|2(3) 
|4 
|4
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Myrrhinous]] 
|6 
|8 
|8
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Prasiae (Attica)|Prasiai]]
|3 
|3 
|3
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Probalinthos]] 
|5 
|5 
|5
|to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Steiria (Attica)|Steiria]]
|3
|3
|4
|
|----- 
!colspan="4" style="background: #d0e5f5"| [[Paeania|Paiania]]
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| inland
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Konthyle]]
|1 
|1
| 
|to  XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Cytherus|Kytheros]]
|2(1) 
| 
| 
|to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods 
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Oa (Attica)|Oa]]
|4
|4
|4
|to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Upper Paiania]]
|1
| 
| 
|to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Lower Paiania]]
|11
|22
|22
| 
|----- 
! Deme
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
! #<ref name=Q3/> 
! Notes
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ IV. Leontis ({{lang|grc|Λεοντίς}})<ref>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|loc=Table IV}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|p=133}}</ref>
|-----
!Deme
!#<ref name=Q1/> 
!#<ref name=Q2/> 
!#<ref name=Q3/> 
!Notes
|----- 
!colspan="4" style="background: #d0e5f5"|[[Skambonidai]]
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| city
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc" 
|[[Halimous]] 
|3
|3
|3
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc" 
|[[Kettos]] 
|3
|3(4)
|3
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc" 
|[[Leukonoion]]
|3
|5
|5
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc" 
|[[Oion Kerameikon]]
|1
| 
| 
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc" 
|[[Skambonidai]]
|3
|4
|4
|to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Upper Potamos]]
|2 
|2 
|2
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Lower Potamos]]
|1 
| 
|
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
|----- 
!colspan="4" style="background: #d0e5f5"| [[Phrearrhioi]]
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| coast
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Deiradiotai]]
|2  
|  
| 
|to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Potamus Deiradiotes|Potamioi Deiradiotai]]
|2 
|  
| 
|to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Phrearrhioi]]
|9 
|9 
|10 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Sounion (deme)|Sounion]]
|4
|6
|6
|to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
|----- 
!colspan="4" style="background: #d0e5f5"| Hekale (?)
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| inland
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Aithalidai]]
|2 
| 
| 
|to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Cholleidai]]
|2
|5 
|5 
| 
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Eupyridai]]
|2
|2
|2
| 
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Hecale (Attica)|Hekale]]
|1
|1
| 
|to  XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Hybadai]]
|2
|2(1) 
|2 
| 
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Colonae (Leontis)|Kolonai]] 
|2
|2 
|2 
| 
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Kropidai]]
|1
|1 
|1 
| 
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Paionidai]] 
|3
|3 
|3 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Pelekes]] 
|2
|2 
|2 
|
|----- 
! Deme
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
! #<ref name=Q3/> 
! Notes
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ V. Akamantis ({{lang|grc|Ἀκαμαντίς}})<ref name="Traill1975V">{{harvnb|Traill|1975|loc=Table V}}</ref>
|-----
!Deme
!#<ref name=Q1/> 
!#<ref name=Q2/> 
!Notes
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"|[[Cholargos (deme)|Cholargos]]
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| city
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc" 
|[[Cholargos (deme)|Cholargos]]
|4
|6 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Eiresidai (deme)|Eiresidai]]
|1
|2 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Hermos (deme)|Hermos]]
|2
|2 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Iphistiadae]]
|1
|1 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Kerameis (deme)|Kerameis]]
|6
|6 
|
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"|Thorikos
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| coast
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Kephale (deme)|Kephale]]
|9
|12 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Poros (deme)|Poros]]
|3
|  
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Thorikos (deme)|Thorikos]]
|5(6)
|6 
|
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"| Sphettos
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| inland
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Eitea (Acamantis)|Eitea]]
|2
|  
|to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods and to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Hagnous (deme)|Hagnous]]
|5
|  
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Kikynna (deme)|Kikynna]]
|2
|3  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Prospalta (deme)|Prospalta]]
|5
|5 
|to  XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Sphetto (deme)|Sphettos]]
|5
|7 
|
|----- 
! Deme
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
! Notes
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ VI. Oeneïs ({{lang|grc|Οἰνηΐς}})<ref>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|loc=Table VI}}</ref>
|-----
!Deme
!#<ref name=Q1/> 
!#<ref name=Q2/> 
!Notes
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"|[[Lakiadai]]
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| city
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Boutadai]]
|1
|1
|to  XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Epikephisia]]
|1(2)
|1 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Hippotomadai]]
|1
|  
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Lakiadai]]
|2
|3 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Lousia]]
|1
|1
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Perithoidai]]
|3
|3 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Ptelea (deme)|Ptelea]]
|1
|1  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Tyrmeidai]]
|1(0)
|1 
|to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"|[[Thria (Attica)|Thria]]
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| coast
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Kothokidai]]
|2(1)
|  
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and third period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Oe (deme)|Oe]]
|6(7)
|6 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Phyle (deme)|Phyle]]
|2
|  
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and third period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Thria (deme)|Thria]]
|7
|8 
|to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"| [[Pedion (Attica)|Pedion]]
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| inland
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Acharnae]]
|22
|25 
|
|----- 
! Deme
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
! Notes
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ VII. Kekropis ({{lang|grc|Κεκροπίς}})<ref>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|loc=Table VII}}</ref>
|-----
!Deme
!#<ref name=Q1/> 
!#<ref name=Q2/> 
!Notes
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"|[[Melite (deme)|Melite]] (?)
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| city
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Daidalidai]]
|1
|  
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods and to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Melite (deme)|Melite]]
|7
|  
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Xypete]]
|7
| 
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"|[[Aixone]](?)
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| coast
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Aixone (deme)|Aixone]]
|8
|12 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Halai Aixonides]]
|6
|10 
|
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"| 
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| inland
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Athmonon]]
|6
|10 
|to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Epieikidai]]
|1
|1(0) 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Phlya]]
|7
|9 
|to  XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Pithos (deme)|Pithos]]
|2(3)
|4
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Sypalettos]]
|2
|2 
|<ref>Meritt, 1961, pp.227-230 suggests that Sypalettos could be temporarily belonged to XIV.Attalis in 145; the argument would justify the conflicting facts that the current archon, Epikrates, was from Sypalettos and that archonship, in the secretary-cycle, should be assigned to Attalis; in connection he pointed that the son of the eponym, Attalos II, was of the deme Sypalettos and that a similar reletionship between phylai and members of the family of the eponym is proved by [[Ptolemy V Epiphanes]], grandson of Ptolemy III and member of XIII.Ptolemais and by Hadrian which was accepted into the deme of Besa.</ref>
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Trinemeia]]
|2
|2 
|
|----- 
! Deme
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
! Notes
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ VIII. Hippothontis ({{lang|grc|Ἱπποθοντίς}})<ref name="Traill1975V" />
|-----
!Deme
!#<ref name=Q1/> 
!#<ref name=Q2/> 
!Notes
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"|[[Peiraieus]]
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| city
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Hamaxanteia]]
|2
|2 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Keiriadai]]
|2 
|2  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Koile]]
|3 
| 
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Korydallos (deme)|Korydallos]]
|1 
|1  
|to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Peiraieus (deme)|Peiraieus]]
|9 
|10  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Thymaitadai]]
|2 
|2  
|
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"|[[Eleusis]] 
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| coast
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Acherdous]]
|1 
|1  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Auridai]]
|1 
|   
|to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Azenia (deme)|Azenia]]
|2 
|2  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Elaious (deme)|Elaious]]
|1 
|1  
|to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Eleusis (deme)|Eleusis]]
|11 
|12  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Kopros]]
|2 
|2  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Oinoe (Hippothontis)|Oinoe]]  
|2 
|   
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and to  XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"| Dekeleia (?)
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| inland
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Anakaia]]
|3 
|3  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Eroiadai (Hippothontis)|Eroiadai]]
|1 
|2  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Decelea|Dekeleia]]
|4 
|6  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Oion Dekeleikon]]
|3 
|3  
|to  XIII.Ptolemais in the third period and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
! Deme
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
! Notes
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ IX. Aiantis ({{lang|grc|Αἰαντίς}})
|-----
!Deme
!#<ref name=Q1/> 
!#<ref name=Q2/> 
!#<ref name=Q3/> 
!Notes
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"|Phaleron (?)
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| city
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Phaleron]]
|9
|9
|13
|
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"|Thorikos
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| coast
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Marathon (deme)|Marathon]]
|10 
|10  
|13
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Oinoe (Aiantis)|Oinoe]]  
|4 
|4
|6 
|to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period and to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Rhamnous]]
|8 
|8
|12 
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Trikorynthos]]
|3 
|3  
|6
|to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"| [[Aphidna]] (?)
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| inland
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Aphidna (deme)|Aphidna]]
|16 
|16
|  
|to  XIII.Ptolemais in the third period and to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
|----- 
! Deme
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
! #<ref name=Q3/> 
! Notes
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ X. Antiochis ({{lang|grc|Ἀντιοχίς}})<ref>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|loc=Table X}}</ref>
|-----
!Deme
!#<ref name=Q1/> 
!#<ref name=Q2/> 
!Notes
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"|Alopeke
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| city
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Alopeke (deme)|Alopeke]]
|10 
|12  
|
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"|Anaphlistos
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| coast
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Aigilia (deme)|Aigilia]]
|6 
|7  
|to  XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Amphitrope (deme)|Amphitrope]]
|2 
|3  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Anaphlystos (deme)|Anaphlystos]]
|10 
|11  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Atene (deme)|Atene]]
|3 
|  
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Besa (deme)|Besa]]
|2 
|2  
|to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Thorai (deme)|Thorai]]
|4 
|  
|to  XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
|----- 
!colspan="3" style="background: #d0e5f5"| [[Pallene (Attica)|Pallene]]
! style="background: #d0e5f5"| inland
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Eitea (Antiochis)|Eitea]]
|2(1) 
|2  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Eroiadai (Antiochis)|Eroiadai]]
|1 
|1  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Colonae (Antiochis)|Kolonai]]
|2 
|  
|to XI.Antigonis in the second period and to  XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Krioa (deme)|Krioa]]
|1 
|2  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Pallene (deme)|Pallene]]
|6(7) 
|9  
|
|-----style="background: #f1f5fc"
|[[Semachidai (deme)|Semachidai]]
|1
|1
|
|----- 
! Deme
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
! Notes
|}

===The Macedonian tribes===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ XI. Antigonis<ref>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|loc=Table XI}}</ref>
|-
! Deme
! Former phyle
! Trittys
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
|-----
|[[Lower Agryle]]
|Erachtheis
|city
|3
|3
|-----
|[[Upper Lamptrai]]
|Erachtheis
|coast
|5
|5
|-----
|[[Lower Pergase]]
|Erachtheis  
|inland
|2
|2
|-----
|[[Upper Ankyle]]
|Aigeis
|city
|1
|1
|-----
|[[Ikarion]]
|Aigeis 
|inland
|5
|6
|-----
|[[Kydathenaion]]
|Pandionis
|city
|12
|12 
|-----
|[[Kytheros (deme)|Kytheros]]
|Pandionis
|inland
|2 
|2
|-----
|[[Upper Paiania]]
|Pandionis
|inland
|1
|1
|-----
|[[Aithalidai]]
|Leontis
|inland
|2
|2
|-----
|[[Deiradiotai]]
|Leontis
|coast
|2 
|2
|-----
|[[Potamos Deiradiotes]]
|Leontis
|coast
|2 
|2
|-----
|[[Eitea (Antiochis)|Eitea]]
|Akamantis
|inland
|2
|2
|-----
|[[Auridai]]
|Hippothontis
|coast
|1
|1
|-----
|[[Colonae (Antiochis)|Kolonai]]
|Antiochis
|inland
|2
|2
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ XII. Demetrias<ref>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|loc=Table XII}}</ref>
|-
! Deme
! Former phyle
! Trittys
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
|-----
|[[Diomeia]]
|Aigeis
|city
|1
|1
|-----
|[[Oion Kerameikon]]
|Leontis
|city
|1
|1
|-----
|[[Lower Potamos]]
|Leontis 
|coast
|1
|2
|-----
|[[Hagnous (deme)|Hagnous]]
|Akamantis
|inland
|5
|5
|-----
|[[Poros (deme)|Poros]]
|Akamantis 
|coast
|3 
|3 
|-----
|[[Hippotomadai]]
|Oineis
|city
|1 
|1 
|-----
|[[Kothokidai]]
|Oineis
|coast
|2 
|2
|-----
|[[Phyle (deme)|Phyle]]
|Oineis
|coast
|2
|6
|-----
|[[Daidalidai]]
|Kekropis
|city
|1 
|1
|-----
|[[Melite (deme)|Melite]]
|Kekropis
|city
|7
|7
|-----
|[[Xypete]]
|Kekropis
|city
|7
|7
|-----
|[[Koile]]
|Hippothontis
|city
|3
|3
|-----
|[[Oenoe (Attica)|Oinoe]]
|Hippothontis
|coast
|2
|2
|-----
|[[Atene (deme)|Atene]] 
|Antiochis
|coast
|3
|4
|-----
|[[Thorai (deme)|Thorai]]
|Antiochis
|coast
|4
|5
|}

===The later tribes===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ XIII. Ptolemais<ref>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|loc=Table XIII}}. Ptolemais was fifth in the tribal order during the periods it existed; the tribes from Acamantis to Antiochis were all moved back in the tribal order by one place.</ref>
|-
! Deme
! Former phyle
! Trittys
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
! #<ref name=Q3/> 
|-----
|[[Colonae (Antiochis)|Kolonai]]
|Antigonis
|inland
|2
|2
|2
|-----
|[[Oinoe (Hippothontis)|Oinoe]]
|Demetrias
|coast
|2
|2
|2
|-----
|[[Themakos]]
|Erechteis
|city
|1
|1
|1
|-----
|[[Kydantidai]]
|Aigeis
|inland
|1 (2)
|1 (2)
|1
|-----
|[[Konthyle]]
|Pandionis
|inland
|1 
|1 
|1
|-----
|[[Hecale (Attica)|Hekale]]
|Leontis
|inland
|1 
|1 
|1
|-----
|[[Prospalta (deme)|Prospalta]]
|Akamantis
|inland
|5 
|5 
|5
|-----
|[[Boutadai]]
|Oineis
|city
|1
|1
|1
|-----
|[[Phlya]]
|Kekropis
|inland
|6 
|9
|9
|-----
|[[Oion Dekeleikon]]
|Hippothontis 
|inland
|3 
|3
|3
|-----
|[[Aphidna (deme)|Aphidna]]
|Aiantis
|inland
|16 
|16
|16
|-----
|[[Aigilia (deme)|Aigilia]]
|Antiochis
|coast
|6
|7
|7
|-----
|[[Berenikidai]]
|
|new
|
|
|1
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ XIV. Attalis<ref>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|loc=Table XIV}}; Attalis was twelfth in the tribal order during the period it existed.</ref>
|-
! Deme
! Former phyle
! Trittys
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
! #<ref name=Q3/> 
|-----
|[[Lower Agrile]]
|Erechteis
|city
|3
|3
|3
|-----
|[[Ikarion]]
|Aigeis
|inland
|5 (4)
|6
|6
|-----
|[[Probalinthos]]
|Pandionis
|coast
|5 
|5
|5
|-----
||[[Sounion (deme)|Sounion]]
|Leontis
|coast 
|4 
|6 
|6
|-----
|[[Oion Dekailekon]]
|Ptolemais
|inlamd 
|3
|3
|3
|-----
|[[Hagnous (deme)|Hagnous]]
|Akamantis
|inland
|5 
|5 
|5
|-----
|[[Tyrmeidai]]
|Oineis
|city
|1(0)
|1
|1
|-----
|[[Athmonon]]
|Kekropis
|inland
|6 
|10
|10
|-----
|[[Korydallos (deme)|Korydallos]]
|Hippothontis 
|city
|3 
|3
|3
|-----
|[[Oinoe (Aiantis)|Oinoe]]
|Aiantis
|coast
|4
|4
|6
|-----
|[[Atene (deme)|Atene]]
|Antiochis
|coast
|3
|4
|4
|-----
|[[Apollonieis]]
|
|new
|
|
| 
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ XV. Hadrianis<ref>{{harvnb|Traill|1975|loc=Table XV}}; Hadrianis was thirteenth in the tribal order during the period it existed.</ref>
|-
! Deme
! Former phyle
! Trittys
! #<ref name=Q1/> 
! #<ref name=Q2/> 
! #<ref name=Q3/> 
|-----
|[[Pambotadai]]
|Erechteis
|coast
|1 (0)
|1 (0)
|2
|-----
|[[Phegaea (Aigeis)|Phegaia]]
|Aigeis
|coast
|3 (4)
|3 (4)
|4
|-----
|[[Oa (deme)|Oa]]
|Pandionis
|inland
|4 
|4
|4
|-----
|[[Skambonidai]]
|Leontis
|city
|3
|4 
|4
|-----
|[[Aphidna (deme)|Aphidna]]
|Ptolemais
|inlamd 
|16
|16
|16
|-----
|[[Eitea (Antiochis)|Eitea]]
|Akamantis
|inland
|2 
|2 
|2
|-----
|[[Thria (deme)|Thria]]
|Oineis
|coast
|7
|8
|8
|-----
|[[Daidalidai]]
|Kekropis
|city
|1 
|1 
|1 
|-----
|[[Elaious (deme)|Elaious]]
|Hippothontis 
|coast
|1 
|1
|1
|-----
|[[Trikorynthos]]
|Aiantis
|coast
|3
|3
|6
|-----
|[[Besa (deme)|Besa]]
|Antiochis
|coast
|2
|2
|2
|-----
|[[Oinoe (Aiantis)|Oinoe]]
|Attalis
|coast
|4
|4
|6
|-----
|[[Antinoeis]]
|
|new
|
|
| 
|}

==The ten tribes of [[Thurii]]==
When the city was settled under the support of [[Pericles]] and the command of [[Lampon]] and [[Xenocritus]] the population was organized in ten tribes, following the Athenian organization: there were tribes for the population of  1. [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]], 2. [[Achaea]], 3. [[ancient Elis|Elis]], 4. [[Boeotia]], 5. [[Delphi]], 6. [[Dorians]], 7. [[Ionians]], 8. population of [[Euboea]], 9. the islands and 10. Athenians.<ref>[[Fritz Schachermeyr]], Perikles, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart–Berlin–Köln–Mainz 1969</ref>

==''Demos'' as personification==
[[File:Honorary stele depicting Athena and the Athenian Deme (4th cent. B.C.) at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens on 22 July 2018.jpg|thumb|300px|Stele from the agora of Athens: Athena backs up Demos as he presents a wreath to the man honored (latter 4th century BCE)]]
The deme as the "body politic" began to be personified, typically as a bearded older man, in Greek art and literature of the early to mid-4th century BCE. Demos wears the ''[[himation]]'' garment and often holds a staff. He is usually standing; when seated, the figure can be ambiguous as to whether it represents [[Zeus]]. In Athens, thirty-two depictions of Demos, some arguable, occur within [[relief]]s on honorary [[stele]]s set up by the ''[[Ecclesia (ancient Greece)|ekklesia]]'', the democratic assembly of citizens. As a quasi-deity, Demos is neither the polis itself, which tended to be a female personification, nor its [[tutelary deity]], but seems rather to have represented the political process as such. At times he is depicted with Boule, the personification of the citizens' administrative council of a city (''[[Boule (ancient Greece)|boule]]''), who is not known to have been depicted other than in the company of Demos. In the [[Hellenistic period]], depictions of Demoi become more youthful, tending toward a similarity to the [[Genius (mythology)#Imperial genii|Genius of the Roman People]].<ref>Amy C. Smith, ''Polis and Personification in Classical Athenian Art'' (Brill, 2011), pp. 92, 99–101.</ref><!--This reference pertains to the entire paragraph at time of insertion; please distribute citations to individual sentences if inserting additional material-->

In the play known in English as ''[[The Knights]]'', [[Aristophanes]] satirizes the Demos of Athens as the master to whom politicians are enslaved. The play is set in the house of Demos.<ref>Roger Brock, ''Greek Political Imagery from Homer to Aristotle'' (Bloomsbury, 2013), [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Greek_Political_Imagery_from_Homer_to_Ar/Be8VBnWyHyYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22the%20most%20conspicuous%20example%20is%20Aristophanes'%20Knights%22&pg=PT33&printsec=frontcover n.p.]</ref><ref>Christopher Carey, ''Democracy in Classical Athens'' (Bloomsbury, 2017, 2nd ed.), p. 92.</ref> The "love of country" extolled by politicians was mocked by Aristophanes as a literal sexual relationship, with [[Cleon]] as ''[[Erastes (Ancient Greece)|erastes]]'' of Demos, who is susceptible to flattery and seduction.<ref>Andrea Wilson Nightingale, ''Genres in Dialogue: Plato and the Construct of Philosophy'' (Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 188–189.</ref>

The personification of the ''demos'' thus visualized the power of the people as consolidated in an individual — an image that could be manipulated by demagogues.<ref>Matthew Landauer, ''Dangerous Counsel: Accountability and Advice in Ancient Greece'' (University of Chicago Press, 2019), p. 12.</ref> In the Roman era, the ''demos'' of a particular place embodied could be integrated into [[Roman imperial cult|imperial cult]], as with the Demos of Ephesos represented at the [[Ephesus#Classical Roman period (129 BC–395 AD)|Temple of Hadrian]].<ref>Kitty Iannantuono, “Artemis, Trajan and the Demos in Parade: A Reinterpretation of the Reliefs at the So-Called Temple of  Hadrian at Ephesus,” ''Jahreshefte Des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien'' (ÖJh) 90 (2021) 245–272.</ref>

[[File:Monnaie - Bronze, fonds celtique, Arécomiques - btv1b112845275 (2 of 2).jpg|thumb|Bronze coin of the Volcae Arecomici of Gaul, interpreted as representing the ''Demos'' of Nemausus (Nîmes)]]
A bronze coin minted at [[Nîmes]], France, has been interpreted traditionally as representing the "Demos" of Nemausus, the city's Latin name. On the [[reverse (coin)|reverse]], a togate figure stands before a [[palm branch|palm]] or evergreen branch, with an inscription AREC taken as an abbreviation for ''Arecomici''. The head is not covered as would be expected for the depiction of [[Libation#Ancient Rome|libation]] or religious gesture, and no comparable coin is known.<ref>Michel Christol and Christian Goudineau, "Nîmes et les Volques Arècomiques au Ier siècle avant J.-C.", ''Gallia'' 45 (1987), p. 88, especially n. 3 citing J.-B. Giard, "Le monnayage antique de Nîmes, ''Bulletin de l'École Antique de Nîmes'' 6/7 (1971–72), pp. 47–60.</ref> A head of the [[Diana (goddess)|Diana]] type appears on the [[obverse]] with the inscription VOLCAE.<ref>Brigitte Fischer, "Bulletin de numismatique celtique (1980-1985)", ''Études celtiques'' 23 (1986), p. 284.</ref> The [[Volcae Arecomici]] were a Gallic people whose ''metropolis'', in [[Strabo]]'s terminology, was Nemausus. Although Nîmes had been integrated into the [[Roman province]] of [[Transalpine Gaul]] in the late 2nd century BC, during the time of [[Strabo]] (64/63&nbsp;BC to AD&nbsp;24) the Arecomici exercised authority over their twenty-four ethnically cohesive communities independent of direct Roman oversight.<ref>Andrew C. Johnston, ''The Sons of Remus: Identity in Roman Gaul and Spain'' (Harvard University Press, 2017), pp. 43–44.</ref> The "Demos" bronze unit is dated to 50–25&nbsp;BC,<ref>Fischer, "Bulletin", p. 284.</ref> just after the [[Gallic Wars]], during which the Transalpine Gauls had maintained their Roman fealty despite provocations from the central Gauls. The coin may have been issued in 49&nbsp;BC to mark [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s extension of [[Latin rights]] to the citizens of Nemausus, well before the town's formal refounding as a Roman ''[[Roman colony|colonia]]''. The inscription asserts their localized identity, while the wearing of the toga represents their standing as a citizen body to participate in politics.<ref>Johnston, ''The Sons of Remus'', pp 43–44 ''et passim''.</ref><ref>Clare Rowan, "Ambiguity, Iconology and Entangled Objects on Coinage of the Republican World", ''Journal of Roman Studies'' 106 (2016), p. 24, in particular n. 17, generally rejecting a neat division into "'Roman' and 'provincial'".</ref>

== Later usage ==
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The term "deme" ({{lang|grc|dēmos}}) survived into the Hellenistic and Roman eras. By the time of the [[Byzantine Empire]], the term was used to refer to one of the four [[Blues and Greens in the Byzantine Empire|chariot racing factions]]: the Reds, the Blues, the Greens and the Whites.

In modern Greece, the term {{lang|el|dēmos}} is used to denote one of the [[Municipalities of Greece|municipalities]].

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*{{cite book|first=John S.|last=Traill|title=The Political Organization of Attica|volume=14|pages=i–169|publisher=[[American School of Classical Studies at Athens]] (ASCSA)|location=Amsterdam|date=1975|doi=10.2307/1353928|jstor=1353928|isbn=978-0-87661-514-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalorganiz0000trai}}
*Fine, John V. A. ''The Ancient Greeks: A critical history'' ([[Harvard University Press]], 1983). {{ISBN|0-674-03314-0}}.
*Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth, ed., ''The Oxford Classical Dictionary'' (Oxford University Press, 2003). {{ISBN|0-19-866172-X}}.
*Meritt, B. D. ''The Athenian Year''. Berkeley, 1961.
*Suzanne, Bernard (1998).  ''plato-dialogues.org'', [http://plato-dialogues.org/tools/attica.htm#demoi "Attic Tribes and Demes"]. Retrieved August 1, 2006.
*Whitehead, David. ''The Demes of Attica 508/7–ca. 250 BC: A Political and Social Study'' (Princeton University Press, 1986).

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[[Category:Demoi| ]]
[[Category:Geography of ancient Attica| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Athens]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek government]]