View source for Demai (tractate)

{{Short description|Third tractate of Seder Zeraim of the Mishnah and of the Talmud}}
{{Infobox Tractate
  | image =
  | caption =
  | seder = [[Zeraim]]
  | english = Doubtfully tithed produce
  | mishnayot = 53
  | chapters = 7
  | talmudpages = -
  | talmudypages = 34
  | tosefta = 8
  | previous = [[Peah]]
  | next = [[Kil'ayim (tractate)|Kil'ayim]]
}}
'''Demai''' ({{langx|he|דְּמַאי}}, is the third [[Masekhet|tractate]] of ''[[Zeraim|Seder Zeraim]]'' ("Order of Seeds") of the [[Mishnah]] and of the [[Talmud]]. It deals with the [[Halakha|Jewish legal]] concept of ''[[demai]]'', meaning doubtfully tithed produce, and concerns the laws related to agricultural produce about which it is suspected that certain obligatory tithes have not been separated in accordance with requirements derived from the [[Torah]]. The tithes in question are ''[[First tithe|ma'aser rishon]]'' (the first tithe, for the [[Levite]]), ''[[Terumat hamaaser|terumath ma'aser]]'' (the Levite's tithe to the [[kohen]]), and ''[[Second tithe|ma'aser sheni]]'' (the second tithe, for the owner to consume in Jerusalem) or ''[[Poor tithe|ma'aser ani]]'' (the tithe for the poor), depending on the year of the [[Shmita|Sabbatical year cycle]].

The tractate consists of seven chapters and has a [[Gemara]] only in the [[Jerusalem Talmud]]. There is a [[Tosefta]] of eight chapters for this tractate.

==Subject matter ==
{{Main|Demai}}
{{see also|Tithes in Judaism}}

This tractate concerns the laws regarding agricultural produce about which there is a doubt as to whether the rules relating to the tithes were strictly observed. This doubtfully tithed produce is known as ''demai''.<ref name=Birnbaum144>{{cite book|title=A Book of Jewish Concepts|last=Birnbaum|first=Philip|chapter=Demai|year=1975|publisher=Hebrew Publishing Company|location=New York, NY|isbn=088482876X|page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/144 144]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/144}}</ref>

The background to the discussions of this tractate is that according to the [[Torah]], [[Israelites|Israelite]] farmers were obligated to separate three types of tithes: 
* ''[[First tithe|Ma'aser rishon]]'' – the first tithe, which had to be given to [[Levite]]s, who had not been given an allotment of tribal land and therefore depended on this produce for their sustenance ({{bibleverse|Num|18:21|HE}}) 
* ''[[Second tithe|Ma'aser sheni]]'' – the second tithe, which the owner had to consume in [[Jerusalem]], or convert into money plus a fifth of its value and reconvert into food in Jerusalem ({{Bibleverse||Deut|14:22-27|HE}}) 
* ''[[Poor tithe|Ma'aser ani]]'' – poor person's tithe, in place of the second tithe in the third and sixth year of the seven-year cycle in the [[Shmita|sabbatical year]] ({{bibleverse||Deut.|14:22-29|HE}} and {{bibleverse||Deut.|26:12-15|HE}}).<ref name=Soncino/><ref name=Birnbaum382>{{cite book|title=A Book of Jewish Concepts|last=Birnbaum|first=Philip|chapter=Tithes|year=1975|publisher=Hebrew Publishing Company|location=New York, NY|isbn=088482876X|page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/382 382–383]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/382}}</ref>

The Levites also had to contribute from the tithe that they received from the Israelites to the kohanim, consisting of a tenth part of the tithe they had received; it was called ''[[Terumat hamaaser|terumath ma'aser]]'' (offering from the tithe) or ''ma'aser min ha-ma'aser'' (tithe from the tithe) ({{bibleverse|Num|18:26|HE}}).<ref name=Soncino>{{cite book |last1=Segal |first1=M.H.|editor1-first=I. |editor1-last=Epstein |editor1-link=Isadore Epstein |title=The Talmud|volume= Zeraim vol. II |year=1948 |publisher=The [[Soncino Press]] |location=London |isbn= 9789562913447 |pages=49–52|chapter=Demai: Translated into English with Notes }}</ref><ref name=Birnbaum382/>

During the [[Second Temple period|period of the Second Temple]], doubt began to arise among scrupulous observers of the law (known as ''haverim'') as to whether produce had been properly tithed when they bought from farmers who were likely to be uneducated, or unscrupulous about separating the tithes. This type of individual was known as an ''am ha'aretz'' (person of the land), someone whose trustworthiness was questionable.<ref name=EJ>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Gilat|first=Yitzhak Dov|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Judaica |volume=5|pages=1486–1487|title=Demai|year=1978 |edition=1st |publisher=Keter Publishing House Ltd. |location=Jerusalem, Israel }}</ref><ref name=Birnbaum144/>

The ''am ha'aretz'' was not suspected of not giving ''[[Heave offering|terumah]]'' (gifts to the priests), because it required only a small payment comprising one-hundredth of the produce, and because ''terumah'' had a degree of sanctity that made it a severe transgression for a non-priest to eat.<ref name=Birnbaum144/>

However, because it was doubtful whether the produce of the ''am ha'aretz'' had been tithed, the ''haverim'' who bought grain from them had to designate part of the produce as ''ma'aser'' (a tithe for the Levites or the poor) and ''ma'aser min ha-ma'aser'' (a tenth part of that tithe), albeit in a way that reduced financial loss.<ref name=Birnbaum144/><ref name=JE>{{Jewish Encyclopedia |inline=1 |wstitle=Demai}}</ref>

Of general note in this tractate are disputes between the [[House of Shammai|Houses of Shammai]] and [[House of Hillel|Hillel]], the [[Yavne#Significance for Judaism|sages from Yavne]], as well as material from the generation of [[Usha (city)|Usha]] contained in this tractate.<ref name=EJ/>

One of the earliest uses of the concept of "[[monopoly]]" in a commercial sense appears in this tractate, regarding the purchasing of agricultural goods from a dealer who has a monopoly on the produce (chapter 5; 4).<ref name=Soncino69>{{cite book |last1=Segal |first1=M.H.|editor1-first=I. |editor1-last=Epstein |editor1-link=Isadore Epstein |title=The Talmud|volume= Zeraim vol. II |year=1948 |publisher=The Soncino Press |location=London |isbn= 9789562913447 |pages=69|quote=Rabbi Judah agrees that if a man bought from a monopolist, he must tithe every heap|chapter=Demai: Translated into English with Notes }}</ref>

The Gemara contains a few passages of [[Aggadah]]. For example, the conscientiousness of Rabbi [[Pinchas ben Yair]] regarding the laws of tithes is described along with other [[Phinehas ben Jair#His piety|acts of piety]] for which he was well-known.<ref name=JE/>

==Structure==
The tractate consists of seven chapters and 53 paragraphs (''mishnayot''). It has a [[Gemara]] – rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah – only in the [[Jerusalem Talmud]]; it also has [[Tosefta]].<ref name=EJ/>

There is no Gemara in the [[Babylonian Talmud]] for this tractate or indeed for any of the tractates of [[Seder Zeraim|this order of the Mishna]], other than tractate [[Berakhot (Talmud)|Berakhot]], as the laws related to agriculture that they discuss generally have no practical application outside of the Land of Israel.<ref name=JE/>

Demai, with its seven chapters, is an exception to the usual pattern of arranging the tractates in order according to the numbers of their chapters; it appears third in the Mishnah and Jerusalem Talmud, and in most manuscripts of the Tosefta, before tractates with more chapters.<ref name=EJ/>

The Tosefta has a few modifications and additions. It divides Chapter 2 of the Mishna into two parts, and thus has eight chapters instead of the seven of the Mishnah. The eighth paragraph of the sixth chapter of the Mishnah corresponds to the beginning of the eighth chapter of the Tosefta.<ref name=JE/>

An overview of the topics of the chapters is as follows:

*'''Chapter 1''' details the cases of products that are exempt from the rules of ''demai'' such as fruit or vegetables which are ''[[hefker]]'' (unclaimed or ownerless property).<ref name=Soncino/><ref name=JE/>
*'''Chapter 2''' lists the products to which the rules of ''demai'' apply even outside the Land of Israel if it is bought from an ''am ha’aretz''; discusses how a person may be certified as a ''ne'eman'' (one who is deemed trustworthy with respect to tithing), or as a ''ḥaver'' who is also trusted on matters of purity; and the duty of merchants regarding tithing ''demai'' produce.<ref name=EJ/><ref name=Soncino/><ref name=JE/>
*'''Chapter 3''' considers the rules for giving or leaving ''demai'' for other people to use and specifies that a ''haver'' must not cause others to consume ''demai''.<ref name=Soncino/><ref name=JE/>
*'''Chapter 4''' considers the rules of eating ''demai'' produce with people who are not trustworthy, and when buying it from them is allowed.<ref name=Soncino/><ref name=JE/>
*'''Chapter 5''' examines the rules about tithing ''demai'' produce bought from several people, and about tithing produce of one kind for produce of another kind.<ref name=Soncino/><ref name=JE/>
*'''Chapter 6''' examines the rules of tithing produce of rented or leased land or trees, of tithing the produce of partners and heirs, of produce sold in lands bordering the Land of Israel, and of produce bought for an ''am ha'aretz''.<ref name=Soncino/><ref name=JE/>
*'''Chapter 7''' considers the rules for the tithing of food consumed with an am ''ha'aretz'', rules of tithing by 'designation', and the rules concerning mixtures and regulations for the tithing of ''demai'' on urgent occasions.<ref name=Soncino/><ref name=JE/>

==Commentaries==
Commentaries on this tractate include the following:

*The ''Rash Sirilio'' is the earliest known comprehensive commentary on a large portion of the Jerusalem Talmud is that of Rabbi [[Solomon Sirilio|Shlomo Sirilio]] (1485–1558). In the [[Vilna Edition Shas|Vilna edition]] of the Jerusalem Talmud it appears only for tractates [[Berakhot (Talmud)|Berakhot]] and [[Pe'ah]]; but the commentary for the entire ''Seder Zeraim'', including tractate Demai, appears in the Mutzal Mi'Eish edition of the Jerusalem Talmud. In addition to his commentary, Rash Sirilio worked to remove mistakes made by manuscript copyists that over time had slipped into the text of the Jerusalem Talmud and his amended text of the Gemara is reproduced alongside his commentary in the Vilna and Mutzal Mi'Eish editions of the Jerusalem Talmud.
*''Mahara Fulda'' and its companion, ''Tosefot Maharaf'', are the commentaries of Rabbi [[Elijah of Fulda|Eliyahu of Fulda]], published in [[Amsterdam]] in 1710. Many later commentators refer to him only as ''HaMefareish'' (''The Commentator'').
*''Pnei Moshe'', the only commentary that covers all of the Jerusalem Talmud completely was written by Rabbi [[Moses Margolies|Moshe Margolies]], where it was first published in Amsterdam in 1775.
*The [[Vilna Gaon]] also worked to correct many of the textual errors in the text of the Jerusalem Talmud and his rectifications are contained in marginal glosses published under the title ''Hagahot HaGra''. In addition, a work known as ''Beurei HaGra'', was written by his disciples based on his comments. Two versions of this commentary exist, based on manuscripts written by different disciples.
*A commentary known as the ''Ridvaz'' on nearly all the tractates of the Jerusalem Talmud was first published in [[Piotrków Trybunalski|Piotrków]] in 1898, with its companion commentary, ''Tosefot HaRid'', by Rabbi [[Yaakov Dovid Wilovsky]] of [[Slutzk]] and later of [[Safed]] (1845–1914).

In modern times, two comprehensive works have been published:
 
*''Toldot Yitzchak'' and its companion ''Tevunah'', by Rabbi [[Yitzchok Isaac Krasilschikov]] of [[Poltava]], who wrote his commentary in the Soviet Union before he died in Moscow in 1965. The manuscript was smuggled out of Communist Russia by Rabbi Harry Bronstein, who founded Machon Mutzal MeiEish and published a new edition of ''Seder Zeraim'' of the Jerusalem Talmud, which included Rabbi Krasilschikov's work and all the major commentators published up to that time.
*''Sha'arei Emunoh'', the commentary of Rabbi [[Chaim Kanievsky]] to the Jerusalem Talmud has been published to date on Sedarim Zeraim and Moed. It is based on lectures given by Rabbi Kanievsky and contains explanations from earlier commentators, as well as many original insights; the volume on Demai was published in [[Bnei Brak]], Israel, in 2002.

In addition to the commentaries listed to the above, commentaries specific to tractate Demai, or to the laws of demai are the following:

*''Kaftor VaFerach'', by Rabbi [[Ishtori Haparchi]], a disciple of the Rosh, is one of the few surviving compositions of the Rishonim concerning ''Seder Zeraim''. Rabbi Ishtori was born in [[History of the Jews in France#Provence|Provence]] in about 1280 and emigrated to the [[Land of Israel]], where he absorbed himself in the study of the [[Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism|halachot applying to the Land]]. His work was first published in [[History of the Jews in Venice|Venice]] in 1546.
*''Maharam Chaviv'' by Rabbi Moshe ibn Chaviv of [[History of the Jews in Thessaloniki|Salonika]] (17th century) wrote a commentary to the Jerusalem Talmud's tractate Demai, as well as to the Jerusalem Talmud's tractates Berakhot and Peah. This commentary was also named Pnei Moshe, but to distinguish it from the more well-known commentary of that name by Moshe Margolies, it is sometimes referred to as Maharam Chaviv. Extant only as a manuscript from the time of its composition, it was first published by Machon Yerushalayim in 1994.
*''Pe'at HaShulchan'' is a work on the laws pertaining to agriculture, written by Rabbi [[Yisroel ben Shmuel of Shklov]] (1770–1839), a disciple of the Vilna Gaon and first published in Safed in 1836. It contains two sections, the basic laws, which are mostly adopted from [[Maimonides]], and a section of broader discussion called ''Beis Yisrael''.
*''Aruch Ha'Shulchan He'Atid'' is a compendium of halachot written by Rabbi [[Yechiel Michel Epstein]] of [[Navahrudak|Novaradok]] (1829–1902), who also composed the standard [[Aruch HaShulchan]]. It was published posthumously in Jerusalem in 1938 and the first volume deals with the laws of ''Seder Zeraim''.
*''Torat HaAretz'' is a work on the agricultural laws, authored by Rabbi Moshe Kliers of [[Tiberias]], published in Jerusalem in 1928 (with a second edition published in 1972).
*''Mikdash David'' is the work of Rabbi David HaKohen Rappaport (1890–1942), a Torah scholar who was murdered in [[the Holocaust]] and whose work contains a section pertaining to ''Seder Zeraim''.
*''Chazon Ish'' is a wide-ranging work by Rabbi [[Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz]] covering a good part of the Mishnah and Talmud. Chazon Ish's writings on ''Seder Zeraim'' in particular have been influential in establishing contemporary halachah in Israel regarding agricultural matters. Chazon Ish's work on ''Seder Zeraim'', including a section on Demai, was originally published in [[Bnei Brak]] in 1958.
*''Chidushim U'Veurim'' of Rabbi [[Moshe Feinstein]] is an extensive work on the Jerusalem Talmud's tractate Demai and is published in the Machon Mutzal MeiEish edition of the Jerusalem Talmud.
*''Eretz HaBechirah'' is a multi-volume work on ''Seder Zeraim'' by Rabbi Yosef Tzvi Weiner of Jerusalem; the volume on tractate Demai was published in Jerusalem in 1998.
*''Emunas Eliezer'' is a commentary on the Mishna of tractate Demai by Rabbi Eliezer Ephraim Sherwinter, published in Fallsburg, NY in 2007.
*''Mishnas Avraham'' is a work on various tractates in ''Seder Zeraim'' by Rabbi Avraham HaLevi Stewart; the volume on Demai was published in Jerusalem in 2007.
*''Birkat Yisrael'' by Rabbi Yisrael Moshe Fried, in collaboration with others, was published in Jerusalem in 2008 as part of a volume containing a critical edition of the Jerusalem Talmud's tractate Demai with commentaries. In addition to its original comments, ''Birkat Yisrael'' cites many earlier works.
*''Kav VeNaki'' is a commentary as well as a section of insights to tractate Demai co-authored by Rabbi Yehudah Levi and Rabbi Gershon Metzger, published in Jerusalem in 2005.

Works that are of assistance interpreting the many botanical references in tractate Demai include the following:

* {{cite book|last1=Feliks|first1=Yehudah|title=HaTzome'ach Ve'Ha'Chai Ba'Mishnah|date=1983|location=Jerusalem, Israel|language=he|quote=(Flora and Fauna in the Mishna)}}
*{{cite book|last1=Oelbaum|first1=Chaim Tzvi|title=Mesorot HaZihuy Shel Tzimchei Mishnat Kilayim|date=2008|publisher=Bar Ilan University|location=Ramat Gan, Israel}} (monograph which identifies the plant names mentioned in the commentaries of the Rishonim).
*{{cite book|last1=Amar|first1=Zohar|title=Machberet Tzimchei HaMishnah shel Rabbi Yosef Kafich|publisher=Bar Ilan University|language=he|quote=Notes on Plants of the Mishnah of Rabbi Yosef Kafich}} (Rabbi [[Yosef Qafih|Yosef Kafich]] in his notes to Rambam's Commentary in Arabic identifies numerous species by their Latin equivalents)

==Historical context==

The contents of this tractate mostly reflect conditions in [[Judea]] and [[Galilee#Ancient and classic antiquity|the Galilee]] during the second century C.E. and particularly the conditions in the Galilee after the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] (132–136 C.E.). Most of the [[Tannaim]] whose opinions are recorded in this tractate are from this period.<ref name=Soncino/>

The tractate contains data about the social life and institutions of the time and the social and commercial relations between the various segments of the population, such as the ''chaver'', the ''am haaretz'', employers and workers, and innkeepers and their guests. The Gemara in the Jerusalem Talmud indicates that there were inspectors who distinguished between produce that was properly tithed (''metukan'') and the ''demai'', and that there were also officers appointed to watch the sale of articles of food and keep the prices low.<ref name=Soncino/><ref name=JE/>

The Gemara also has considerable information about the produce of the [[Land of Israel]]. Many names of fruits and vegetables, in addition to those mentioned in the Mishnah, are cited in the Gemara, along with information about the markets and names of places inside and outside the Land of Israel.<ref name=JE/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Demai.1?lang=bi  Full Hebrew and English text of the Mishnah for tractate Demai] on [[Sefaria]]
*[http://mechon-mamre.org/b/h/h13.htm Full text of the Mishnah for tractate Demai (Hebrew)]

{{Mishnah}}

[[Category:Jewish agrarian laws]]
[[Category:Jewish ethical law]]
[[Category:Land of Israel laws in Judaism]]
[[Category:Mishnah]]
[[Category:Negative Mitzvoth]]
[[Category:Positive Mitzvoth]]
[[Category:Tractates of the Talmud]]
[[Category:Tithes in Judaism]]