View source for Decimal time

{{Short description|Representation of the time of day using decimally related units}}
{{distinguish|Metric time}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" | At {{nowrap|{{#time:H:i:s}}}} UTC {{TODAY}} (<small>{{purge|update}}</small>) 
|-
! Format || Decimal time || Zone
|- 
! French 
| {{nowrap|{{#expr:trunc((({{#time:U}}+561)mod86400/86400)*10)}}{{sup|h}} {{#expr:trunc((({{#time:U}}+561)mod86400/86400)*1000mod100)}}{{sup|m}} {{#expr:trunc((({{#time:U}}+561)mod86400/86400)*100000mod100)}}{{sup|s}} }}
| Paris MT
|-
! Fraction 
| {{nowrap|0.{{#expr:trunc(({{#time:U}}mod86400/86400)*100000)}} d}}
| GMT/UTC
|-
! [[Swatch Internet Time|Swatch .beats]]
| {{nowrap|@{{#expr:trunc((({{#time:U}}+3600) mod86400/86400)*1000)}} }}
| BMT/CET
|+  align="bottom" style="caption-side: bottom" | Times are in different time zones.
|}

[[File:Decimal Clock face by Pierre Daniel Destigny 1798-1805.jpg|right|thumb|French decimal clock from the time of the [[French Revolution]]. The large dial shows the ten hours of the decimal day in [[Arabic numerals]], while the small dial shows the two 12-hour periods of the standard 24-hour day in [[Roman numerals]].]]
'''Decimal time''' is the representation of the time of day using units which are [[decimal]]ly related. This term is often used specifically to refer to the [[French Republican calendar]] time system used in [[#France|France]] from 1794 to 1800, during the [[French Revolution]], which divided the day into 10 decimal hours, each decimal hour into 100 decimal minutes and each decimal minute into 100 decimal seconds (100,000 decimal seconds per day), as opposed to the more familiar [[standard time]], which divides the day into 24 [[hour]]s, each hour into 60 [[minute]]s and each minute into 60 [[second]]s (86,400 [[International System of Units|SI]] seconds per day).

The main advantage of a decimal time system is that, since the [[radix|base]] used to divide the time is the same as the one used to represent it, the representation of hours, minutes and seconds can be handled as a unified value. Therefore, it becomes simpler to interpret a timestamp and to perform conversions. For instance, 1{{sup|h}}23{{sup|m}}45{{sup|s}} is 1 decimal hour, 23 decimal minutes, and 45 decimal seconds, or 1.2345 decimal hours, or 123.45 decimal minutes or 12345 decimal seconds; 3 hours is 300 minutes or 30,000 seconds.
This property also makes it straightforward to represent a timestamp as a [[#Fractional days|fractional day]], so that {{#time:Y-m-d}}.54321 can be interpreted as five decimal hours, 43 decimal minutes and 21 decimal seconds after the start of that day, or a fraction of 0.54321 (54.321%) through that day (which is shortly after traditional 13:00). It also adjusts well to digital time representation using [[Epoch (computing)|epochs]], in that the internal time representation can be used directly both for computation and for user-facing display.
[[File:Decimal time dial.jpg|thumb|right|Paper dial to convert a 12-hour clock face to decimal time, presented to the Revolutionary Committee of Public Instruction by Hanin.]]
{| class=wikitable
|- align=center
! decimal      !! 24-hour !! 12-hour
|- align=center
| 0:00            || 00:00   || 12:00&nbsp;a.m.
|- align=center
| 1:00            || 02:24   || 2:24&nbsp;a.m.
|- align=center
| 2:00            || 04:48   || 4:48&nbsp;a.m.
|- align=center
| 3:00            || 07:12   || 7:12&nbsp;a.m.
|- align=center
| 4:00            || 09:36   || 9:36&nbsp;a.m.
|- align=center
| 5:00            || 12:00   || 12:00&nbsp;p.m.
|- align=center
| 6:00            || 14:24   || 2:24&nbsp;p.m.
|- align=center
| 7:00            || 16:48   || 4:48&nbsp;p.m.
|- align=center
| 8:00            || 19:12   || 7:12&nbsp;p.m.
|- align=center
| 9:00            || 21:36   || 9:36&nbsp;p.m.
|}

==History==

===Egypt===
{{main|Decan}}

The '''decans''' are 36 groups of stars (small constellations) used in the ancient Egyptian astronomy to conveniently divide the 360 degree ecliptic into 36 parts of 10 degrees. Because a new decan also appears heliacally every ten days (that is, every ten days, a new decanic star group reappears in the eastern sky at dawn right before the Sun rises, after a period of being obscured by the Sun's light), the ancient Greeks called them ''dekanoi'' (δεκανοί; pl. of δεκανός ''dekanos'') or "tens". A ten-day period between the rising of two consecutive decans is a decade. There were 36 decades (36 × 10 = 360 days), plus five added days to compose the 365 days of a solar based year.

===China===
{{main|Traditional Chinese timekeeping}}

Decimal time was used in China throughout most of its history alongside [[duodecimal]] time. The midnight-to-midnight day was divided both into 12 double hours ({{zh|t={{linktext|時辰}}|s={{linktext|时辰}}|p=shí chén|first=t}}) and also into 10 shi / 100 ''ke'' ({{zh|t={{linktext|刻}}|p=kè}}) by the 1st millennium BC.<ref>[[Nachum Dershowitz]], [[Edward M. Reingold]], ''"[[Calendrical Calculations]]"'', page 207</ref><ref>Joseph Needham, Ling Wang, and Derek John de Solla Price [https://books.google.com/books?id=bCA9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA199 ''Heavenly clockwork: the great astronomical clocks of medieval China''] (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) 199-202, {{ISBN|0-521-32276-6}}.</ref> Other numbers of ''ke'' per day were used during three short periods: 120 ''ke'' from 5 to 3 BC, 96 ''ke'' from 507 to 544 CE, and 108 ''ke'' from 544 to 565. Several of the roughly 50 Chinese calendars also divided each ''ke'' into 100 ''fen'', although others divided each ''ke'' into 60 ''fen''. In 1280, the ''Shoushi'' (Season Granting) calendar further subdivided each ''fen'' into 100 ''miao'', creating a complete decimal time system of 100 ''ke'', 100 ''fen'' and 100 ''miao''.<ref>Jean-Claude Martzloff, "Chinese mathematical astronomy", in [[Helaine Selin]], ed., ''Mathematics across cultures'' (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2000) 373–407, p. 393, {{ISBN|0-7923-6481-3}}.</ref> Chinese decimal time ceased to be used in 1645 when the [[Shíxiàn calendar]], based on European astronomy and brought to China by the [[Jesuit]]s, adopted 96 ''ke'' per day alongside 12 double hours, making each ''ke'' exactly one-quarter hour.<ref>[[Kiyoshi Yabuuchi|K. Yabuuti [Kiyoshi Yabuuchi]]], "Astronomical tables in China, from the Wutai to the Ch'ing dynasties", in ''Japanese Studies in the History of Science'' no. 2 (1963) 94–100.</ref>

Gēng (更) is a time signal given by drum or gong. The character for gēng 更, literally meaning "rotation" or "watch", comes from the rotation of watchmen sounding these signals. The first gēng theoretically comes at sundown, but was standardized to fall at 19:12. The time between each gēng is 1⁄10 of a day, making a gēng 2.4 hours long (2 hours 24 minutes). As a 10-part system, the gēng are strongly associated with the 10 celestial stems, especially since the stems are used to count off the gēng during the night in Chinese literature.

As early as the Bronze-Age Xia dynasty, days were grouped into ten-day weeks known as xún (旬). Months consisted of three xún. The first 10 days were the early xún (上旬), the middle 10 the mid xún (中旬), and the last nine or 10 days were the late xún (下旬). Japan adopted this pattern, with 10-day-weeks known as jun (旬). In Korea, they were known as sun (순,旬).

===France===
{{see also|French Republican calendar}}

====Pre-Revolution====

[[File:Almanach_national_de_France,_l'an_deuxieme_-_Nivose,_nouvelles_heures.jpg|thumb|right|Astronomical table from the Almanach national de France using decimal time]]
In 1754, [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]] wrote in the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'':
:It would be very desirable that all divisions, for example of the ''livre'', the ''sou'', the ''toise'', the day, the hour, etc. would be from tens into tens. This division would result in much easier and more convenient calculations and would be very preferable to the arbitrary division of the ''livre'' into twenty ''sous'', of the ''sou'' into twelve ''deniers'', of the day into twenty-four hours, the hour into sixty minutes, etc.<ref>{{cite journal
 |journal=KronoScope 
 |url=http://www.newschool.edu/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=56733
 |title=Decimal Time: Misadventures of a Revolutionary Idea, 1793–2008 
 |first=Hector 
 |last=Vera 
 |year=2009 
 |volume=9 
 |issue=1–2 
 |doi=10.1163/156771509X12638154745382 
 |issn=1567-715X 
 |publisher=Brill 
 |pages=31–32 
}}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
 |title = Encyclopédie
 |first = Jean le Rond
 |last  = d'Alembert
 |year  = 1754
 |url   = http://artflx.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1756.encyclopedie0311.6994586
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20121215015726/http://artflx.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1756.encyclopedie0311.6994586
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 2012-12-15
}}</ref>
In 1788, [[Claude Boniface Collignon]] proposed dividing the day into 10 hours or 1,000 minutes, each new hour into 100 minutes, each new minute into 1,000 seconds, and each new second into 1,000 ''[[wikt:tierce#French|tierce]]s'' (older French for "third"). The distance the [[terminator (solar)|twilight zone]] travels in one such ''tierce'' at the [[equator]], which would be one-billionth of the [[circumference]] of the [[earth]], would be a new unit of length, provisionally called a half-[[palm (unit)|handbreadth]], equal to four modern [[centimetre]]s. Further, the new ''tierce'' would be divided into 1,000 ''quatierces'', which he called "microscopic points of time". He also suggested a week of 10 days and dividing the year into 10 "solar months".<ref>{{cite book
| first = Claude Boniface
| last = Collignon
| title = Découverte d'étalons justes, naturels, invariables et universels
| publisher = Chez l'auteur
| year = 1788
| pages = 39–40
| url = https://archive.org/details/dcouvertedtalon00collgoog
}}</ref>

====French Republic====

Decimal time was officially introduced during the [[French Revolution]]. [[Jean-Charles de Borda]] made a proposal for decimal time on 5 November 1792. The [[National Convention]] issued a decree on 5 October 1793, to which the underlined words were added on 24 November 1793 (4 [[Frimaire]] of the Year II):

:VIII. Each month is divided into three equal parts, of ten days each, which are called ''décades''... 
:XI. The day, from midnight to midnight, is divided into ten parts <u>or hours</u>, each part into ten others, so on until the smallest measurable portion of the duration. <u>The hundredth part of the hour is called ''decimal minute''; the hundredth part of the minute is called ''decimal second''</u>. This article will not be required for the public records, until from the <u>1st of Vendémiaire, the year three of the Republic</u>. (September 22, 1794) (emphasis in original)

Thus, midnight was called ''dix heures'' ("ten hours"'')'', noon was called ''cinq heures'' ("five hours"), etc.

====Representation====

[[File:Delambre decimal time.jpg|thumb|3 different representations of 3 hours 86 minutes decimal time by Delambre (9:15:50 a.m.)]]
The colon (:) was not yet in use as a unit separator for standard times, and is used for non-decimal bases. The French [[decimal separator]] is the comma (,), while the period (.), or "point", is used in English. Units were either written out in full, or abbreviated. Thus, five hours eighty three minutes decimal might be written as 5&nbsp;h. 83&nbsp;m. Even today, "h" is commonly used in France to separate hours and minutes of 24-hour time, instead of a colon, such as 14h00. Midnight was represented in civil records as "ten hours". Times between midnight and the first decimal hour were written without hours, so 1:00 am, or 0.41 decimal hours, was written as "four décimes" or "forty-one minutes". 2:00 am (0.8333) was written as "eight décimes", "eighty-three minutes", or even "eighty-three minutes thirty-three seconds".

As with duodecimal time, decimal time was represented according to true solar time, rather than mean time, with noon being marked when the sun reached its highest point locally, which varied at different locations, and throughout the year.

In "Methods to find the Leap Years of the French Calendar", Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Delambre used three different representations for the same decimal time:
* 0,386 (comma is the decimal sign in French)
* 0<sup>j</sup>386 ("j" is for jour, day in French)
* 3<sup>h</sup> 86' (apostrophe is for minutes)

[[File:Elisa mariage.jpg|thumb|left|Marriage certificate for Napoleon's sister, dated 12 floreal l'An V "à Sept heures Cinq Decimes" (May 1, 1797, at 6:00 pm).]]
Sometimes in official records, decimal hours were divided into tenths, or ''décimes'', instead of minutes. One ''décime'' is equal to 10 decimal minutes, which is nearly equal to a quarter-hour (15 minutes) in standard time. Thus, "five hours two décimes" equals 5.2 decimal hours, roughly 12:30&nbsp;p.m. in standard time.<ref>{{cite book
| author=Jean Nicolas
| title=La Révolution française dans les Alpes: Dauphiné et Savoie, 1789-1799 
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbwBjwEACAAJ 
| year=1989
| publisher=Privat
| isbn= 9782708953529
| page=256}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Decimal Time: Unlike the metric system of measurements, decimal time did not survive the French Revolution. But is dividing the day by tens a possibility for the future? | journal = American Scientist | date = May–June 1978 | first = Richard A. | last = Carrigan | volume = 66 | issue = 3 | pages = 305–313| jstor = 27848641 }}</ref> One hundredth of a decimal second was a decimal ''tierce''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instruction sur l'ère de la République, à la suite du décret du 3 brumaire, an II |url=https://documents.univ-toulouse.fr/150NDG/PPN042658012.pdf |website=Université de Toulouse}}</ref>

====Usage====

Although [[clock]]s and [[watch]]es were produced with faces showing both standard time with numbers 1–24 and decimal time with numbers 1–10, decimal time never caught on; it was not used for public records until the beginning of the Republican year III, 22 September 1794, and mandatory use was suspended 7 April 1795 (18 [[Germinal (French Republican Calendar)|Germinal]] of the Year III). In spite of this, decimal time was used in many cities, including [[Marseille]] and [[Toulouse]], where a decimal clock with just an hour hand was on the front of the [[Capitole de Toulouse|Capitole]] for five years.<ref name="Shaw2011">{{cite book|author=Matthew Shaw|title=Time and the French Revolution: The Republican Calendar, 1789-year XIV|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7fEHa7eHYEC|year=2011|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|isbn=978-0-86193-311-2|pages=132–3}}</ref> In some places, decimal time was used to record certificates of births, marriages, and deaths until the end of Year VIII (September 1800). On the [[Tuileries Palace|Palace of the Tuileries]] in [[Paris]], two of the four clock faces displayed decimal time until at least 1801.<ref>{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JUVom3AeXWsC
| title = Bulletin de géographie historique et descriptive, année 1899
| editor=Ernest Leroux| year = 1900
| location = Paris
| page = 142
| publisher = Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques
}}</ref> The mathematician and astronomer [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] had a decimal watch made for him, and used decimal time in his work, in the form of [[#Fractional days|fractional days]].

Decimal time was part of a larger attempt at [[decimalisation]] in revolutionary France (which also included decimalisation of currency and [[metrication]]) and was introduced as part of the [[French Republican Calendar]], which, in addition to decimally dividing the day, divided the month into three ''décades'' of 10 days each; this calendar was abolished at the end of 1805. The start of each year was determined according to the day of the [[September equinox|autumnal equinox]], in relation to true or [[apparent solar time]] at the [[Paris Observatory]].

====Metric system====

In designing the new metric system, the intent was to replace all the various units of different bases with a small number of standard decimal units. This was to include units for length, weight, area, liquid capacity, volume, and money. Initially the traditional second of time equal to 1/86400 day was proposed as the base of the metric system, but this was changed in 1791 to base the meter on a decimal division of a measurement of the Earth, instead. Early drafts of the metric system published in 1793 included the new decimal divisions of the day included with the Republican calendar, and some of the same individuals were involved with both projects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commission des poids et mesures |url=https://gallicaintramuros.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10402036.image |title=Instruction abrégée sur les mesures déduites de la grandeur de la Terre, uniformes pour toute la République, et sur les calculs relatifs à leur division décimale; par la Commission temporaire des poids & mesures républicaines, en exécution des décrets de la Convention nationale. Édition originale. |publisher=de l'imprimerie nationale exécutive du Louvre (A Paris) |year=1793 |editor-last=Haüy |editor-first=René-Just |location=France |language=Fr}}</ref>

On March 28, 1794, [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]] proposed to the Commission for Republican Weights and Measures on dividing the day into 10 decidays and 100 centidays, which would be expressed together as two digits, counting periods of 14 minutes and 24 seconds since midnight, nearly a quarter hour. This would be displayed by one hand on watches. Another hand would display 100 divisions of a centiday, which is 1/10,000 day, or 8.64 seconds. A third hand on a smaller dial would further divide these into 10, which would be 1/100,000 day, or 864 milliseconds, slightly less than a whole second. He suggested the deciday and centiday be used together to represent the time of day, such as "4 and 5", "4/5", or simply "45".

This was opposed by Jean-Marie Viallon, of the Sainte-Geneviève Library in Paris, who thought that decimal hours, equal to 2.4 old hours, were too long, and that 100 centidays were too many, and proposed dividing two halves of the day into 10 new hours each, for a total of 20 per day, and that simply changing the numbers on watch dials from 12 to 10, he thought, would be sufficient for rural people. For others, there would be 50 decimal minutes per decimal hour, and 100 decimal seconds per decimal minute. His new hours, minutes, and seconds would thus be more similar to the old units.<ref>{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JlsoAAAAMAAJ
| title = Procès-verbaux du Comité d'instruction publique de la Convention nationale
| year = 1897
| page = 605
| publisher = Imprimerie nationale
}}</ref>

C.A. Prieur (of the Côte-d'Or), read at the National Convention on Ventôse 11, year III (March 1, 1795):

:1) As it does not offer almost all of the nation any marked advantage, it would only throw a disadvantage on the new system of measures and the decimal method, which is however very useful; 
:2) Since the hourly compilation is not a commercial object or susceptible to a police regulation, the old uses would be maintained by the immense force of habit;
:3) This habit would be further consolidated by the fear of confusion. It would be necessary, to prevent it, to take new names that have not yet been indicated, and that it would be very difficult to introduce into common language, especially for so many people who do not write, who do not calculate, and who appreciate time only by a routine based on common opinion; 
:4) The expense of changing the clocks would be enormous; 
:5) Finally, citizens and watchmakers would be infinitely dismayed, some to change their watches, others to lose the ability to sell those that are already made. This truth is acquired by the result of the contest which took place recently, under the decree on watchmaking movements.
:But by asking that the decimal division of the day is not a condition of rigor, there is no disagreement that there are several circumstances where it has advantages. We know that in several objects of the Navy service, in astronomical or trigonometric calculations, and for delicate experiments, the decimal division of time is more convenient. It will therefore be good to reserve it for these cases, until the use can spread more generally, which will happen by itself imperceptibly. 
Thus, the law of 18 Germinal An III (April 7, 1795) establishing the metric system, rather than including metric units for time, repealed the mandatory use of decimal time, although its use continued for a number of years in some places. As predicted, it was quickly found to be useful by astronomers, who still use it in the form of fractional days.

[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] recommended the ephemeris second as a metric base unit for time interval in 1832, which eventually became the atomic second in the [[SI|International System]]. However, for longer periods of time interval, the old non-decimal units were approved for use.

[[File:Khalili Collection Enamels of the World FR840.jpg|thumb|upright|French timepiece with 12-hour (upper) and decimal (lower) faces, 1793–94]]

====Later proposals====

At the [[International Meridian Conference]] of 1884, the following resolution was proposed by the French delegation and passed [[nem con]] (with 3 abstentions):
:VII. That the Conference expresses the hope that the technical studies designed to regulate and extend the application of the decimal system to the division of angular space and of time shall be resumed, so as to permit the extension of this application to all cases in which it presents real advantages.

In the 1890s, Joseph Charles François de Rey-Pailhade, president of the Toulouse Geographical Society, proposed dividing the day into 100 parts, called ''cés'', equal to 14.4 standard minutes, and each divided into 10 ''decicés'', 100 ''centicés'', etc. The Toulouse Chamber of Commerce adopted a resolution supporting his proposal in April 1897. Although widely published, the proposal received little backing.<ref>{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TjNCAQAAIAAJ
| title = Bulletin of the International Railway Congress
| year = 1899
| page = 784
| edition = English
}}</ref>

The French made another attempt at the decimalization of time in 1897, when the ''Commission de décimalisation du temps'' was created by the [[Bureau des Longitudes]], with the mathematician [[Henri Poincaré]] as secretary. The commission adopted a compromise, originally proposed by Henri de Sarrauton of the Oran Geographical Society, of retaining the 24-hour day, but dividing each hour into 100 decimal minutes, and each minute into 100 seconds. The plan did not gain acceptance and was abandoned in 1900.

===Switzerland===
{{main|Swatch Internet Time}}
[[File:SwatchBeat1.jpg|thumb|A Swatch watch showing {{Proper name|.beat}} time in the bottom part of the display]]
On 23 October 1998, the [[Swiss Made#Swiss watch|Swiss watch]] company [[Swatch]] introduced a decimal time called [[Swatch Internet Time|Internet Time]] for its line of digital watches, which divided the day into 1,000 "''.beats''", (each 86.4 seconds in standard time) counted from 000–999, with @000 being midnight and @500 being noon [[standard time]] in [[Switzerland]], which is [[Central European Time]] (one hour ahead of [[Universal Time]]).

Although Swatch did not specify units smaller than one .beat, third party implementations extended the standard by adding "centibeats" or "sub-beats", for extended precision: @248.00. Each "centibeat" was a hundredth of a .beat and was therefore equal to one French decimal second (0.864 seconds).<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://wiki.budts.be/internettime
| title = Nucleus Plugin: NP_InternetTime
| work = TeRanEX Wiki
| date = 2005-11-23
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070807061223/http://wiki.budts.be/internettime
| archive-date = 2007-08-07
| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.artefakt.com/projects/ibeat/
| title = iBeat
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081224143907/http://www.artefakt.com/projects/ibeat/
| archive-date = 2008-12-24
| url-status = dead}}</ref>

When using .beats and centibeats, Swatch Internet Time divided the day into 1,000 French decimal minutes and each decimal minute into 100 decimal seconds. So 9pm was 21:00:00 in standard time and @875.00 in extended Swatch Internet Time.

Swatch no longer markets digital watches with Internet Time.

==Conversions==
There are exactly 86,400 standard seconds (see [[SI]] for the current definition of the standard second) in a standard day, but in the French decimal time system there were 100,000 decimal seconds in the day; thus, the decimal second was 13.6% shorter than its standard counterpart.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! style="text-align: left"|Unit
! Seconds (SI)
! Minutes
! Hours
! h:mm:ss.sss
|-
| style="text-align: left"|1 Decimal second
| {{yes2|style=text-align:right}} 0.864
| 0.0144
| 0.00024
| 0:00:00.864
|-
| style="text-align: left"|1 Decimal minute
| 86.4
| {{yes2|style=text-align:right}} 1.44
| 0.024
| 0:01:26.400
|-
| style="text-align: left"|1 Décime
| 864
| 14.4
| 0.24
| 0:14:24.000
|-
| style="text-align: left"|1 Decimal hour
| 8,640
| 144
| {{yes2|style=text-align:right}} 2.4
| 2:24:00.000
|}

==Decimal hours==
{{redirect|Decimal hour|measurement of angle|hour angle}}
Another common type of decimal time is decimal hours. In 1896, Henri de Sarrauton of the Oran Geographical Society proposed dividing the 24 hours of the day each into 100 decimal minutes, and each minute into 100 decimal seconds.<ref>Sarrauton, Henri de (1896). ''L'Heure décimale et la division de la circonférence'', Oran: Fouque</ref> Although endorsed by the Bureau des Longitudes, this proposal failed, but using decimal fractions of an hour to represent the time of day instead of minutes has become common.

Decimal hours are frequently used in accounting for payrolls and hourly billing. [[Time clock]]s typically record the time of day in tenths or hundredths of an hour. For instance, 08:30 would be recorded as 08.50. This is intended to make accounting easier by eliminating the need to convert between minutes and hours.

For aviation purposes, where it is common to add times in an already complicated environment, time tracking is simplified by recording decimal fractions of hours. For instance, instead of adding 1:36 to 2:36, getting 3:72 and converting it to 4:12, one would add 1.6 to 2.6 and get 4.2 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.casa.gov.au/scripts/nc.dll?WCMS:STANDARD::pc=PC_90100 |title=Pilot Log Books |website=Civil Aviation Safety Authority |access-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321102102/http://www.casa.gov.au/scripts/nc.dll?WCMS:STANDARD::pc=PC_90100 |archive-date=2012-03-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Fractional days==
The time of day is sometimes represented as a decimal fraction of a day in science and computers. Standard 24-hour time is converted into a fractional day by dividing the number of hours elapsed since midnight by 24 to make a [[Decimal fractions|decimal fraction]]. Thus, midnight is 0.0 day, noon is 0.5 d, etc., which can be added to any type of date, including the following, all of which refer to the same moment in time:
* [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian dates]]: 2000 January 1.5
* [[Two-line element set|Two-line elements]]: 00001.50000000
* [[Julian day|Julian dates]]: 2451545.0
* [[Microsoft Excel|Excel]] serial dates: 36526.5
{{pb}}{{np}}
As many decimal places may be used as required for precision, so 0.5 d = 0.500000 d. Fractional days are often calculated in [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] or [[Terrestrial Time|TT]], although Julian Dates use pre-1925 astronomical date/time (each date began at noon = ".0") and [[Microsoft Excel]] uses the local time zone of the computer. Using fractional days reduces the number of units in time calculations from four (days, hours, minutes, seconds) to just one (days).

Fractional days are often used by [[astronomer]]s to record observations, and were expressed in relation to Paris Mean Time by the 18th century French mathematician and astronomer [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]], as in these examples:<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjEVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA348 | title=Traité de Mécanique Céleste| year=1823| last1=Laplace| first1=Pierre Simon de}}</ref>

{{blockquote |
... et la distance périhélie, égale à 1,053095; ce qui a donné pour l'instant du passage au périhélie, sept.29{{sup|j}},10239, temps moyen compté de minuit à Paris.

Les valeurs précédentes de a, b, h, l, relatives à trois observations, ont donné la distance périhélie égale à 1,053650; et pour l'instant du passage, sept.29{{sup|j}},04587; ce qui diffère peu des résultats fondés sur cinq observations. |
Pierre-Simon Laplace | Traité de Mécanique Céleste}}

Fractional days have been used by astronomers ever since. For instance, the 19th century British astronomer [[John Herschel]] gave these examples:<ref>{{cite book | url=http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-94926 | title=Outlines of Astronomy}}</ref>

{{blockquote|
Between Greenwich noon of the 22d and 23d of March, 1829, the 1828th equinoctial year terminates, and the 1829th commences. This happens at 0{{sup|d}}·286003, or at 6{{sup|h}} 51{{sup|m}} 50{{sup|s}}·66 Greenwich Mean Time ... For example, at 12{{sup|h}} 0{{sup|m}} 0{{sup|s}} Greenwich Mean Time, or 0{{sup|d}}·500000... |
John Herschel | Outlines of Astronomy}}

Fractional days are commonly used to express [[Epoch (astronomy)|epoch]]s of [[orbital elements]]. The decimal fraction is usually added to the calendar date or [[Julian day]] for natural objects, or to the [[ordinal date]] for artificial satellites in [[Two-line element set|two-line elements]].

==Decimal multiples and fractions of the second==
The second is the [[International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]] unit of time duration. It is also the standard single-unit time representation in many programming languages, most notably C, and part of UNIX/POSIX standards used by Linux, Mac OS X, etc.; to convert fractional days to fractional seconds, multiply the number by 86400. Fractional seconds are represented as [[millisecond]]s (ms), [[microsecond]]s (μs) or [[nanosecond]]s (ns). Absolute times are usually represented relative to 1 January 1970, at midnight UT. Other systems may use a different zero point (like [[Unix time]]).

In principle, time spans greater than one second may be given in units such as [[kilosecond]]s (ks), [[megasecond]]s (Ms), [[gigasecond]]s (Gs), [[terasecond and longer|and so on]]. Occasionally, these units can be found in technical literature, but traditional units like minutes, hours, days and years are much more common, and are accepted for use with SI.

It is possible to specify the time of day as the number of kiloseconds of elapsed time since midnight. Thus, instead of saying 3:45&nbsp;p.m. one could say (time of day) 56.7 ks. There are exactly 86.4 ks in one day (each kilosecond being equivalent to 16 minutes and 40 seconds worth of conventional time). However, this nomenclature is rarely used in practice.

==Scientific decimal time==
Scientists often record time as decimal. For example, decimal days divide the day into 10&nbsp;equal parts, and decimal years divide the year into 10&nbsp;equal parts. Decimals are easier to plot than both (a)&nbsp;minutes and seconds, which uses the [[sexagesimal]] numbering system, (b)&nbsp;hours, months and days, which has irregular month lengths. In astronomy, the so-called [[Julian day]] uses decimal days centered on Greenwich noon.
;Seconds in a decimal minute
Since there are 60&nbsp;seconds in a minute, a tenth part represents {{sfrac|60|10}} = 6&nbsp;seconds.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;"
|+ Conversion between decimal minutes and seconds
! Decimal minutes
| 0.1 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 0.6 || 0.7 || 0.8 || 0.9 || 1.0
|-
! Second
| 6{{sup|s}} || 12{{sup|s}} || 18{{sup|s}} || 24{{sup|s}} || 30{{sup|s}} || 36{{sup|s}} || 42{{sup|s}} || 48{{sup|s}} || 54{{sup|s}} || 60{{sup|s}}
|}

;Minutes in a decimal hour
Since there are 60&nbsp;minutes in an hour, a tenth part represents {{sfrac|60|10}} = 6&nbsp;minutes.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;"
|+ Conversion between decimal hours and minutes
! Decimal hours
| 0.1 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 0.6 || 0.7 || 0.8 || 0.9 || 1.0
|-
! Minutes
| 6{{sup|m}} || 12{{sup|m}} || 18{{sup|m}} || 24{{sup|m}} || 30{{sup|m}} || 36{{sup|m}} || 42{{sup|m}} || 48{{sup|m}} || 54{{sup|m}} || 60{{sup|m}}
|}

;Hours in a decimal day
Since there are 24&nbsp;hours in a day, a tenth part represents {{sfrac|24|10}} = 2.4&nbsp;hours (2&nbsp;hours and 24&nbsp;minutes).
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align: center;"
|+ Conversion between decimal day and hours/minutes
! Decimal days
| 0.1 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 0.6 || 0.7 || 0.8 || 0.9 || 1.0
|-
! Hours/minutes
| 2{{sup|h}} 24{{sup|m}} || 4{{sup|h}} 48{{sup|m}} || 7{{sup|h}} 12{{sup|m}} || 9{{sup|h}} 36{{sup|m}} || 12{{sup|h}} || 14{{sup|h}} 24{{sup|m}} || 16{{sup|h}} 48{{sup|m}} || 19{{sup|h}} 12{{sup|m}} || 21{{sup|h}} 36{{sup|m}} ||  24{{sup|h}}
|}

;Length of a decimal year
Since there are about 365&nbsp;days in a year, there are about {{sfrac|365|10}} = 36.5&nbsp;days in a tenth of a year. Hence the year 2020.5 represents the day 2&nbsp;July 2020.<ref>{{cite book |first=Wallace Hall |last=Campbell |title=Introduction to geomagnetic fields |edition=2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-521-52953-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrBKLQ5xwasC&q=%22decimal+year%22&pg=PA316 |page=316}} {{ISBN|978-0-521-52953-2}}</ref> More exactly, a [[Julian year (astronomy)|"Julian year"]] is exactly 365.25&nbsp;days long, so a tenth of the year is 36.525&nbsp;days (36&nbsp;days, 12&nbsp;hours, 36&nbsp;minutes).
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;"
|+ Conversion between decimal years and date (in a common year)
! Decimal years
| 0.0 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 0.6 || 0.7 || 0.8 || 0.9 || 1.0
|-
! Days
| 0 || 36.525 || 73.050 || 109.575 || 146.100 || 182.625 || 219.150 || 255.675 || 292.200 || 328.725 || 365.250
|-
! Date<br/>Time
| 1 Jan<br/>00:00 || 6 Feb<br/>12:36 || 15 Mar<br/>01:12 || 20 Apr<br/>13:48 || 27 May<br/>2:24 || 1 Jul<br/>15:00 || 8 Aug<br/>03:36 || 13 Sep<br/>16:12 || 20 Oct<br/>04:48 || 25 Nov<br/>17:24 || 1 Jan<br/>06:00
|}

These values, based on the Julian year, are most likely to be those used in astronomy and related sciences. A [[Gregorian year]], which takes into account the 100 vs. 400 leap year exception rule of the [[Gregorian calendar]], is 365.2425&nbsp;days (the average length of a year over a 400&ndash;year cycle), resulting in 0.1&nbsp;years being a period of 36.52425&nbsp;days ({{val|3155695.2}}&nbsp;seconds; 36&nbsp;days, 12&nbsp;hours, 34&nbsp;minutes, 55.2&nbsp;seconds).

==Other decimal times==
Numerous individuals have proposed variations of decimal time, dividing the day into different numbers of units and subunits with different names. Most are based upon fractional days, so that one decimal time format may be easily converted into another, such that all the following are equivalent:

* 0.500 day
* 5 heures décimales 
* @500.beats [[Swatch Internet Time]] ([[#Switzerland|see above]])
* 50.0 ''kes'' or ''cés'' (centidays)
* 500 millidays
* 50.0% time as a percentage of the day
* 12:00 standard time

Some decimal time proposals are based upon alternate units of metric time. The difference between metric time and decimal time is that metric time defines units for measuring [[Interval (time)|time interval]], as measured with a [[stopwatch]], and decimal time defines the time of day, as measured by a clock. Just as standard time uses the metric time unit of the second as its basis, proposed decimal time scales may use alternative metric units.

In the fictional ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, each [[stardate]] increment represents one milliyear, with 78 years in 2401, counted from 2323. The decimal represents a fractional day. Thus, stardates are a composition of two types of decimal time.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} In 2023, 78 years earlier would be 1945.

==See also==
{{commons category|French Republican decimal time}}
{{colbegin}}
* [[12-hour clock]]
* [[24-hour clock]]
* [[Centesimal minute and second of arc]]
* [[Decimal calendar]]
* [[Hexadecimal time]]
* [[List of unusual units of measurement]]
* [[Metric time]]
* [[Stardate]]
* [[Unix time]]
{{colend}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|34em}}

===Sources===
* National Convention of the French Republic (1793) [http://www.gefrance.com/calrep/decrets.htm LE CALENDRIER RÉPUBLICAIN Textes officiels Décrets Relatifs à l'établissement de l'Ère Républicaine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317003531/http://www.gefrance.com/calrep/decrets.htm |date=2013-03-17 }} published by Philippe Chapelin 2002
* Sizes, Inc. (2000) [https://www.sizes.com/time/decimal_time_units.htm decimal time units] Last revised 27 February 2004
* Herschel, John (1849) ''[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-94926 Outlines of Astronomy]'' published by Gallica 1995

==External links==
* [https://cable.ayra.ch/metric/ Decimal Time by Kevin Gut - Website that shows the current decimal time and a converter to and from decimal time]
* [https://www.worldofpaul.com/metric_clock/ Metric Clock by Paul Dunning / Shows the current local decimal time]
* [https://www.decimal-time.org/ Decimal Time Clock & Calendar]

{{Time Topics}}
{{Chronology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Decimal Time}}
[[Category:Decimal time| ]]
[[Category:Time measurement systems]]
[[Category:Metrication]]
[[Category:Metrication in France]]
[[Category:Decimalisation|Time]]
[[Category:Time in astronomy]]
[[Category:Units of time]]