View source for Debuccalization

{{Short description|Sound change towards glottal articulation}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2013}}
{{Sound change}}
{{IPA notice}}

'''Debuccalization''' or '''deoralization'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Trask |first=R. L. |author-link=Larry Trask |year=1996 |title=A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology |publisher=Routledge |publication-place=London and New York |page=106 }}</ref> is a [[sound change]] or [[alternation (linguistics)|alternation]] in which an oral [[consonant]] loses its original [[place of articulation]] and moves it to the [[glottis]] ({{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}}, or {{IPAblink|ʔ}}).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|O'Brien|2012|p=2}}</ref> The pronunciation of a consonant as {{IPA|[h]}} is sometimes called aspiration, but in [[phonetics]], [[aspirated consonant|aspiration]] is the burst of air accompanying a [[stop consonant|stop]]. The word comes from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|bucca}}, meaning 'cheek' or 'mouth'.

Debuccalization is usually seen as a subtype of [[lenition]], which is often defined as a sound change involving the weakening of a consonant by progressive shifts in pronunciation. As with other forms of lenition, debuccalization may be [[synchrony and diachrony|synchronic or diachronic]] (i.e. it may involve alternations within a language [[allophone|depending on context]] or sound changes across time).

Debuccalization processes occur in many different types of environments such as the following:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|O'Brien|2012|pp=8–10}}</ref>
* word-initially, as in [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
* word-finally, as in [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
* intervocalically, as in a number of [[English language|English]] varieties (e.g. ''litter'' {{IPA|[ˈlɪʔə]}}), or in [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]] (''the house'' {{IPA|/la kasa/}} → {{IPA|[la ˈhaːsa]}})

==Glottal stop==
===Arabic===
{{IPA|/q/}} is debuccalized to {{IPA|/ʔ/}} in several [[Varieties of Arabic|Arabic varieties]], such as northern [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]], [[Lebanese Arabic|Lebanese]], western [[Syrian Arabic|Syrian]], and urban [[Palestinian Arabic|Palestinian]] dialects, partially also in [[Jordanian Arabic]] (especially by female speakers).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bassiouney|first=Reem|title=Arabic Sociolinguistics|url=https://archive.org/details/arabicsociolingu00bass|url-access=limited|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-58901-573-9|location=Washington, DC|pages=[https://archive.org/details/arabicsociolingu00bass/page/n175 158]-161}}</ref> The [[Maltese language]], which was originally an Arabic dialect, also shows this feature.

===Indo-European languages===
====British and American English====
Most English-speakers in England and many speakers of [[American English]] debuccalize {{IPA|/t/}} to a glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}} in two environments: in word-final position before another consonant (American English IPA)
*''get ready'' {{IPA|[ˈɡɛʔˈɹɛɾi]}}
*''not much'' {{IPA|[ˈnɑʔˈmʌtʃ]}}
*''not good'' {{IPA|[ˈnɑʔˈɡʊd̚]}}
*''it says'' {{IPA|[ɪʔˈsɛz]}}
Before a [[syllabic consonant|syllabic]] {{IPA|[n̩]}} following {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, a vowel, or a diphthong. The {{IPA|/t/}} may then also be [[nasal release|nasally released]]. (American English IPA)
*''Milton'' {{IPA|[ˈmɪlʔn̩]}}
*''Martin'' {{IPA|[ˈmɑɹʔn̩]}}
*''mountain'' {{IPA|[ˈmæʊnʔn̩]}}
*''cotton'' {{IPA|[ˈkʰɑʔn̩]}}
*''Latin'' {{IPA|[ˈlæʔn̩]}}
*''Layton'' {{IPA|[ˈleɪʔn̩]}}

====Cockney English====
In [[Cockney#Typical features|Cockney English]], {{IPA|/t/}} is often realized as a glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}} between vowels, [[Liquid consonant|liquid]]s, and nasals (notably in the word ''bottle''), a process called [[t-glottalization]].

====German====
The [[German language|German]] ending ''-en'' is commonly realized as an assimilated [[syllabic nasal]]. Preceding voiceless stops are then [[no audible release|glottally released]]: {{lang|de|Latten}} {{IPA|[ˈlat͡ʔn̩]}} ('laths'), {{lang|de|Nacken}} {{IPA|[ˈnak͡ʔŋ̍]}} ('nape of the neck'). When such a stop is additionally preceded by a [[Homorganic consonant|homorganic]] [[sonorant]], it tends to be debuccalized entirely and create the clusters {{IPA|[mʔm̩, lʔn̩, nʔn̩, ŋʔŋ̍]}}. For example, {{lang|de|Lumpen}} {{IPA|[ˈlʊmʔm̩]}} ('rag'), {{lang|de|Banken}} {{IPA|[ˈbaŋʔŋ̍]}} ('banks').

Voiced stops are not usually debuccalized. However, many [[Upper German]] and [[East Central German]] dialects merge voiced and unvoiced stops at least word-internally, and the merged consonants may be debuccalized. For example, in [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]], both {{lang|bar|Anten}} ('ducks') and {{lang|bar|Anden}} ('Andes') are pronounced {{IPA|[ˈɑnʔn̩]}}. Speakers are often unaware of that.

However, [[Standard German]] spoken in [[Luxembourg]] often lacks syllabic sonorants under the influence of [[Luxembourgish]], so that {{lang|de|-en}} is pronounced {{IPA|[ən]}}, rather than {{IPA|[n̩]}} or {{IPA|[ŋ̍]}}.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Dudenredaktion|last2=Kleiner|first2=Stefan|last3=Knöbl|first3=Ralf|year=2015|orig-year=First published 1962|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ|language=de|edition=7th|location=Berlin|publisher=Dudenverlag|isbn=978-3-411-04067-4|page=39}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gilles|first1=Peter|last2=Trouvain|first2=Jürgen|year=2013|title=Luxembourgish|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=43|issue=1|pages=70–71|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000278|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3C9FB295A261FD6F28D694252B06B4A3/S0025100312000278a.pdf/luxembourgish.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Austronesian languages===
====Indonesian and Malay====
In both languages, syllable-final ''-k'' is either realized as {{IPA|[k]}} or {{IPA|[ʔ]}}.

====Sulawesi languages====
Debuccalization is very common in parts of [[Sulawesi]]. Especially in the [[South Sulawesi languages|South Sulawesi branch]], most languages have turned word-final ''*t'' and ''*k'' into a glottal stop.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Mills |first=Roger Frederick |title=Proto South Sulawesi and Proto Austronesian Phonology |date=1975a |type=Ph.D. dissertation |publisher=University of Michigan |hdl=2027.42/157431 |language=en}}</ref>

In every [[Gorontalo–Mongondow languages|Gorontalic language]] except [[Buol language|Buol]] and [[Kaidipang language|Kaidipang]], ''*k'' was replaced by a glottal stop, and lost altogether in word-initial position: ''*kayu'' → [[Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]] ''ayu'' {{gloss|wood}}, ''*konuku'' → ''olu'u'' {{gloss|fingernail}}. However, if it followed ''*ŋ'', then ''*k'' voiced into ''g'' in Gorontalo (''*koŋkomo'' → ''onggomo'' {{gloss|handful}}).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sneddon |first1=James N. |last2=Usup |first2=Hunggu Tadjuddin |year=1986 |title=Shared sound changes in the Gorontalic language group: Implications for subgrouping |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=142 |issue=4 |pages=407–26 |jstor=27863783 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003347 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Debuccalization is also common in the [[Sangiric languages|Sangiric]] branch. In [[Sangir language|Sangir]] and [[Bantik language|Bantik]], all final voiceless stops were reduced into ''ʔ'' (''*manuk'' → ''manu<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' "bird"). Also in [[Ratahan language|Ratahan]], final ''*t'' became ''ʔ'' (''*takut'' → ''taku<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' "to fear"). In [[Talaud language|Talaud]], all instances of Proto-Sangiric ''*k'' were debuccalized into ''ʔ'' except when following ''*ŋ'' (''*kiki'' → ''i'i'' "to bite", but ''*beŋkol'' → ''bengkola'' "bent"). Other newer instances of ''k'' resulted from ''*R'' when geminated or being word-final (''ʐ'' elsewhere), e.g. ''*bəRu'' → ''bakku'' "new", ''*bibiR'' → ''biwikka'' "lip", ''*bəŋaR'' → ''bangngaka'' "molar".<ref name="Sneddon">{{Cite journal |last=Sneddon |first=James N. |author-link=James Sneddon |year=1984 |title=Proto-Sangiric and the Sangiric languages |location=Canberra |journal=Pacific Linguistics |doi=10.15144/PL-B91 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Proto-Sangiric
! Bantik
! Ratahan
! Sangir
! Talaud
|-
! ''*kayu'' "wood, tree"
| style="background:#ccc" colspan="2" | ''kayu''
| style="background:#ccc" | ''kalu''
| ''alu''
|-
! ''*likud'' "back"
| style="background:#ccc" | ''likudu'''
| style="background:#ccc" | ''likur''
| style="background:#ccc" | ''likude'''
| ''li'udda''
|-
! ''*beŋkol'' "bent"
| style="background:#ccc" | ''bengkolo'''
| style="background:#ccc" | ''vengkol''
| style="background:#ccc" | ''bengko'''
| style="background:#ccc" | ''bengkola''
|-
! ''*atup'' "roof"
| ''atu'''
| style="background:#ccc" | ''atup''
| ''atu'''
| style="background:#ccc" | ''atuppa''
|-
! ''*takut'' "fear"
| colspan="3" | ''taku'''
| style="background:#ccc" | ''ta'utta''
|-
! ''*manuk'' "bird"
| ''manu'''
| style="background:#ccc" | ''manuk''
| ''manu'''
| ''manu'a''
|}

====Polynesian languages====
Many [[Polynesian languages]] lost the original glottal stop *ʔ of their ancestor [[Proto-Polynesian]], but then debuccalized other consonants into a glottal stop {{IPA|/ʔ/}}. This applied to [[Proto-Polynesian language#Sound correspondences|different consonants depending on the language]], for example:<ref name="FP atlas">See p.93-95 of: {{cite book |last1=Charpentier |first1=Jean-Michel |first2=Alexandre |last2=François |author-link2=Alexandre François (linguist) |year=2015 |title=Atlas Linguistique de Polynésie Française — Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia |language=fr, en |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter & Université de la Polynésie Française |isbn=978-3-11-026035-9 |ref=atlas |url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/AF-Atlas-blurbs_e.htm }}</ref>
* [[Samoan language|Samoan]] {{IPA|/ʔ/}} < {{abbrlink|PPn|Proto-Polynesian language}} *k
* [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]] {{IPA|/ʔ/}} < PPn *k, *ŋ
* [[Marquesan language|Marquesan]] {{IPA|/ʔ/}} < PPn *l, *r
* [[Mangareva language|Mangarevan]] {{IPA|/ʔ/}} < PPn *f, *s
* [[Austral language|Rurutu]] {{IPA|/ʔ/}} < PPn *k, *ŋ, *f, *s
* [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] {{IPA|/ʔ/}} < PPn *k, *l, *r.

==Glottal fricative==
===Indo-European languages===
====Slavic====
Older {{IPA|/ɡ/}} was spirantized and later debuccalized in languages such as [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], the [[Czech–Slovak languages]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], and [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]], e.g. Serbian ''bog'', Russian ''box'', Czech ''bůh'', Ukrainian ''bih''.

====English====
=====Scots and Scottish English=====
In some varieties of [[Scots language|Scots]] and [[Scottish English]], particularly on the West Coast, a non word-final {{IPA|/θ/}} ''th'' shifted to {{IPA|[h]}}, a process called [[th-debuccalization]]. For example, {{IPA|/θɪn/}} is realized as {{IPA|[hɪn]}}.

=====Scouse=====
Pre-pausally, {{IPA|/t/}} may be debuccalized to [h], eg. ''it'', ''lot'', ''that'', ''what'' pronounced {{IPA|[ɪh, lɒh, d̪ah, wɒh]}}.

====Proto-Greek====
In [[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]], {{IPA|/s/}} shifted to {{IPA|[h]}} initially and between [[sonorant]]s ([[vowel]]s, [[liquid consonant|liquids]], and [[nasal consonant|nasal]]s).
* [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|*septḿ̥}} → Proto-Greek {{lang|grk-x-proto|*heptə́}} → [[Ancient Greek]] {{Transliteration|grc|heptá}} ({{wikt-lang|grc|ἑπτά}}) "seven" (vs. [[Latin]] {{wikt-lang|la|septem}})

Intervocalic {{IPA|/h/}} had been lost by the time of [[Ancient Greek]], and vowels in [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] were [[synaeresis|contracted]] in the [[Attic Greek|Attic]] dialect.
* post-PIE ''*ǵénesos'' → Proto-Greek {{lang|grk-x-proto|*génehos}} → [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] {{Transliteration|grc|géneos}} ({{lang|grc|γένεος}}) : [[Attic Greek|Attic]] {{Transliteration|grc|génous}} ({{lang|grc|γένους}}) "of a race"

Before a liquid or nasal, an {{IPA|/h/}} was assimilated to the preceding vowel in Attic-Ionic and [[Doric Greek|Doric]] and to the following nasal in [[Aeolic Greek|Aeolic]]. The process is also described as the loss of {{IPA|/h/}} and the subsequent lengthening of a vowel or consonant, which kept the syllable the same [[syllable weight|length]] ([[compensatory lengthening]]).
* PIE {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|*h₁ésmi}} → Proto-Greek {{lang|grk-x-proto|*ehmi}} → Attic-Ionic {{Transliteration|grc|ēmí}} ({{lang|grc|εἰμί}}) : Aeolic {{Transliteration|grc|émmi}} ({{lang|grc|ἔμμι}}) "I am"

====Sanskrit====
In [[Sanskrit]], {{IPA|/s/}} becomes {{IPA|[h]}} (written {{Transliteration|sa|ḥ}} in transliteration) before a [[pausa|pause]]: e.g. {{Transliteration|sa|kā́mas}} ('desire') becomes {{Transliteration|sa|kā́maḥ}}.

Additionally, the Proto-Indo-European aspirated voiced palato-velar ''*ǵʰ'' {{IPA|[ɟʱ]}} became {{IPA|[ɦ]}} through successive affrication, assibilation and debuccalization: e.g. {{Transliteration|ine|*bʰeh₂ǵʰús}} "arm" becomes Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|bāhúḥ}}.

====Bengali====
In many [[Eastern Bengali]] dialects, the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant {{IPA|/ʃ/}} can become debuccalized to glottal {{IPA|[h]}} or {{IPA|[ɦ]}}, e.g. {{IPA|/ʃälä/}} "wife's brother" is {{IPA|[ɦälä]}}, and {{IPA|/ʃägoɾ/}} "sea" is {{IPA|[ɦä(g)oɾ]}}. The tenuis and aspirated forms of the labial stop {{IPA|/p/, /pʰ/}} and velar stop {{IPA|/k/, /kʰ/}} can get lenited to {{IPA|/ɸ/}} and {{IPA|/x/}} respectively, but also be further debuccalized to {{IPA|[h]}} or {{IPA|[ɦ]}}, e.g. {{IPA|/pägol/}} "mad" is {{IPA|[ɦägol]}} and {{IPA|/pʰokiɾ/ ~ /ɸokiɾ/}} "beggar, faqir" is {{IPA|[ɸoɦiɾ]}}. In some cases, even the glottal fricative is dropped, e.g. {{IPA|/äʃilo/}} "(he / she / it) came" is {{IPA|[äi̯lo]}}.

====West Iberian====
=====Spanish=====
{{main|Spanish dialects and varieties#Debuccalization of coda /s/|l1=Spanish dialects and varieties: Debuccalization of coda /s/}}
A number of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] [[Spanish dialects and varieties|dialects]] debuccalize {{IPA|/s/}} to {{IPA|[h]}} or {{IPAblink|ɦ}} at the [[syllable coda|end]] of a [[syllable]] or intervocalically in certain instances.

=====Galician=====
In many varieties of [[Galician language|Galician]], as well as in [[Castrapo|Galician-influenced Spanish]], the phoneme {{IPA|/ɡ/}} may debuccalize ({{lang|gl|[[gheada]]}}) to {{IPAblink|ħ}} in most or all instances; {{IPAblink|x}} and {{IPAblink|h}} are also possible realizations. There is also an inverse [[hypercorrection]] process of older or less educated Galician speakers replacing the phoneme {{IPAslink|x}} of the Spanish language with {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, which is called {{lang|gl|gueada}}.

=====Portuguese=====
[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is much less affected by debuccalization, but it is especially notable in its [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian variety]].

Throughout Brazil, the phoneme {{IPA|/ʁ/}} (historically an alveolar trill {{IPA|/r/}} that moved to an uvular position) has a rather long inventory of allophones: {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|r}} {{IPAplink|ʂ|ɻ̝̊}} {{IPAplink|ç}} {{IPAplink|x}} {{IPAplink|ɣ}} {{IPAplink|χ}} {{IPAplink|ʁ}} {{IPAplink|ʀ}} {{IPAplink|ħ}} {{IPAplink|h}} {{IPAplink|ɦ}}]}}. Only {{IPAblink|ɣ}} is uncommon. Few dialects, such as {{lang|pt|[[South Region, Brazil|sulista]]}} and {{lang|pt|[[Rio de Janeiro (state)|fluminense]]}}, give preference to voiced allophones; elsewhere, they are common only as coda, before voiced consonants.

In such dialects, especially among people speaking an educated variety of Portuguese, it is usual for the rhotic coda in the [[Syllable#Rime|syllable rhyme]] to be an alveolar tap, as in European Portuguese and many registers of Spanish, or to be realized as {{IPAblink|χ}} or {{IPAblink|x}}. In the rest of the country, it is generally realized as {{IPAblink|h}}, even by speakers who either do not normally use that allophone or delete it entirely, as is common in the vernacular.

However, in some {{lang|pt|[[Minas Gerais|mineiro]]}}- and {{lang|pt|mineiro}}-influenced {{lang|pt|fluminense}} rural registers, {{IPA|[h]}} is used but as an allophone of {{IPAslink|l}} (rhotic consonants are most often deleted), a {{lang|pt|mar-mal}} merger, instead of the much more common and less-stigmatized [[L-vocalization#Portuguese|{{lang|pt|mau-mal|nocat=yes}} merger]] characteristic of all Brazilian urban centers except for those bordering [[Mercosur]] countries, where coda {{IPAblink|ɫ}} was preserved, and the entire [[North Region, Brazil|North]] and [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] regions. Its origin is the replacement of indigenous languages and {{lang|pt|[[língua geral|línguas gerais]]}} by Portuguese,{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} which created {{IPAblink|ɹ}}, {{IPAblink|ɻ}} and [[r-colored vowel]] as allophones of both {{IPA|/ɾ/}} (now mostly {{IPA|/ʁ/}}) and {{IPA|/l/}} (now mostly {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|w|u̯}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʊ|ʊ̯}}]}}) phonemes in the coda since Native Brazilians could not easily pronounce them ([[caipira dialect]]).{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} The later Portuguese influence from other regions made those allophones become rarer in some areas, but the {{lang|pt|mar-mal}} merger remained in a few isolated villages and towns.

Finally, many {{lang|pt|fluminense}} registers, especially those of the poor and of the youth, most northern and northeastern dialects, and, to a much minor degree, all other Brazilian dialects, debuccalize {{IPA|/s/}} but less so than in Spanish. However, a {{lang|pt|mar-mas}} merger or even a {{lang|pt|mar-mais}} merger occurs: {{lang|pt|mas mesmo assim}} "but even so" or {{lang|pt|mas mesma, sim}} "though, right, the same (f) one" {{IPA|[mɐɦ ˈmeɦmə ˈsĩ]}}; {{lang|pt|mais}} light "lighter, more slim", or also "less caloric/fatty" {{IPA|[ˈmaɦ ˈlajtɕ]}}; {{lang|pt|mas de mim, não}} "but from me, no" or {{lang|pt|mais de mim, não}} "not more from me" {{IPA|[ˈmaɦ dʑi ˈmĩ ˈnɜ̃w]}}. A coda rhotic in the Brazilian dialects in the [[Centro-Sul]] area is hardly ever glottal, and the debuccalized {{IPA|/s/}} is unlikely to be confused with it.

====Romanian====
In the Moldavian dialect of [[Romanian language|Romanian]], {{IPAslink|f}} is debuccalized to {{IPA|[h]}} and so, for example, {{lang|ro|să fie}} becomes {{lang|ro|să hie}}. The same occurred in [[Old Spanish]], Old [[Gascon language|Gascon]], and still occurs in [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]].

====Goidelic languages====
{{main|Scottish Gaelic phonology#Lenition and spelling|Irish initial mutations|l1=Scottish Gaelic phonology: Lenition and spelling}}
In [[Scottish Gaelic|Scottish]] and [[Irish language|Irish Gaelic]], ''s'' and ''t'' changed by [[lenition]] to {{IPA|[h]}}, spelled ''sh'' and ''th''.

====Faliscan====
Inscription in [[Faliscan language|Faliscan]] from the 4th century BC on show occasional debuccalization of {{IPA|/f/}} to {{IPA|/h/}} (e.g. ''hileo'' : Latin ''filius''). Whether the shift is displayed in the inscriptions is highly irregular, with some forms even showing an ostensibly opposite shift of written ''f'' in place of an expected ''h'' (e.g. ''fe'' : Latin ''hic''), possibly by means of [[hypercorrection]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=On the Problematic ''f/h'' Variation in Faliscan|author=Rex E. Wallace|author2=Brian D. Joseph|journal=Glotta|page=90|jstor=40266879|year=1991}}</ref>

===Austronesian languages===
====Malay====
In several Malay dialects in the peninsular, final ''-s'' is realized as {{IPA|[h]}}.

====Batak languages====
In the [[Batak languages|Batak]] branch, all southern languages (but not the northern ones including [[Karo Batak language|Karo]]), have debuccalized ''*k'' into ''h'', except when word-final or followed ''*ŋ''. Both [[Angkola language|Angkola]] and [[Mandailing language|Mandailing]] have restored ''k'' within the sequence ''hVhV'' (Angkola ''kehe'', Mandailing ''ke'', but Toba ''hehe''), or when following a consonant in Mandailing (''ala'' "scorpion" → '''''par'''kalah'''an'''''). Mandailing, however has also further deleted ''*h'' (''*kalak'' → ''alak'' "person"), except in the sequence ''-aha-'' (''dahan'' "mushroom", not ''*dan'').<ref name=Adelaar>Adelaar, K. A. (1981). "Reconstruction of Proto-Batak Phonology". In Robert A. Blust (ed.), ''Historical Linguistics in Indonesia: Part I'', 1–20. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.</ref>

====Polynesian languages====
[[Polynesian languages]] commonly reflect debuccalization not only [[#Polynesian languages|into a glottal stop]] {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, but also into a glottal fricative {{IPA|/h/}}. The exact distribution [[Proto-Polynesian language#Sound correspondences|depends on the language]]:<ref name="FP atlas" />
* most languages reflect a regular change {{abbrlink|PPn|Proto-Polynesian language}} *s > {{IPA|/h/}}
* in several languages, the outcome of PPn *f is irregular across the lexicon, with no obvious conditioning:<br/>PPn *f > [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]] {{IPA|/f/}},  {{IPA|/h/}}; [[Māori language|Māori]] {{IPA|/ɸ/}},  {{IPA|/h/}}; [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] {{IPA|/w/}},  {{IPA|/h/}}, etc.

===Other families===
====Yoruboid languages====
{{main|Yoruba language#Yoruba phonology|Yoruboid languages|Proto-Yoruboid language}}
Debuccalization occurs extensively within the dialectal continuum of Yoruboid languages, particularly among the [[Olukumi language]], [[Igala language]], the Northeast Yoruba dialect known as [[Okun people|Owe]], and Southeastern dialects of the Yoruba language, such as [[Okitipupa|Ikale]]. Many of these shifts came from [[Proto-Yoruboid language]] (or its descendant language, Proto-Edekiri), and descendant languages shifted from {{IPA|/s/}} to {{IPA|/h/}}. In other cases shifts from {{IPA|/f/}} to {{IPA|/h/}} also occur from Proto-Yoruboid to Standard [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]. Many other alternatives shift from {{IPA|/s/}} to {{IPA|/r/}}, but it is unclear if that process is associated with the debuccalization occurring. 
* [[Proto-Yoruboid language|Proto-Yoruboid]] {{wikt-lang|yo|*sì}} → Igala {{wikt-lang|igl|hì}}, Proto-Edekiri ''*sè'' → [[Okun people|Owe]] {{wikt-lang|yo|hè}}, [[Olukumi language|Olukumi]] ''hè'', [[Okitipupa|Ikale]] {{wikt-lang|yo|hè}} "to cook" (vs. Standard [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] {{wikt-lang|yo|sè}})
* [[Proto-Yoruboid language|Proto-Yoruboid]] {{wikt-lang|yo|*è-so}} → Igala {{wikt-lang|igl|èho}}, Proto-Edekiri ''*è-ho'' → [[Okun people|Owe]] {{wikt-lang|yo|èho}}, [[Olukumi language|Olukumi]] ''èhojin'' "fruit, seed (something that is sowed)" (vs. Standard [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] {{wikt-lang|yo|èso}})
* Proto-Edekiri ''*V̀-sʊ̃'' → [[Okitipupa|Ikale]] {{wikt-lang|yo|ùhọngbẹ́}}, [[Olukumi language|Olukumi]] ''ùhọn'' "ground squirrel" (vs. [[Ekiti people|Ekiti Yoruba]] {{wikt-lang|yo|ụ̀sụn}})
* [[Proto-Yoruboid language|Proto-Yoruboid]] {{wikt-lang|yo|*á-folo}} → Igala {{wikt-lang|igl|áfolo}} (vs. Standard [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] {{wikt-lang|yo|ehoro}})

Debuccalization also occurs in other [[Volta-Niger languages]], including [[Igbo language|Igbo]], the [[Ayere-Ahan languages]], and the [[Edo language|Edo]].

====Japanese====
In [[Early Modern Japanese]], the labial fricative {{IPA|[ɸ]}} (derived from [[Old Japanese#Phonology|Old Japanese]] *{{IPA|/p/}}) was debuccalized to {{IPA|[h]}} when followed by one of the vowels {{IPA|/a, o, e/}}. (It remained labial {{IPA|[ɸ]}} before {{IPA|/u/}}, and was palatalized to {{IPA|[ç]}} before {{IPA|/i, j/}}.)

====Kannada====
In [[Old Kannada]] between 10th and 14th centuries, most of the initial {{IPA|/p/}} debuccalized into a {{IPA|/h/}} e.g. OlKn. ''pattu'', MdKn. ''hattu'' "ten".{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=120}}

====Slavey====
All coda consonants in [[Slavey language|Slavey]] must be glottal. When a non-glottal consonant would otherwise be positioned in a syllable coda, it debuccalizes to {{IPA|[h]}}:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Rice|1989|p=144,150}}</ref>
*{{IPA|/ts’ad/}} → {{IPA|[ts’ah]}} ('hat')
*{{IPA|/xaz/}} → {{IPA|[xah]}} ('scar')
*{{IPA|/tl’uɮ/}} → {{IPA|[tl’uh]}} ('rope')

==Loanwords==
Debuccalization can be a feature of [[loanword]] phonology. For example, debuccalization can be seen in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] loanwords into [[Selayar language|Selayar]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|O'Brien|2012|p=28}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |title=The Dravidian Languages |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}}
*{{citation
|last=O'Brien
|first=Jeremy Paul
|year=2012
|title=An experimental approach to debuccalization and supplementary gestures
|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1cm694ff
}}
*{{citation
|last=Rice
|first=Keren
|year=1989
|title=A Grammar of Slave
|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/10997
}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=wx-4wmfQbVMC&dq=debuccalization+1990&pg=PA123 "Debuccalization"] (Chapter 4 of Paul D. Fallon's ''The Synchronic and Diachronic Phonology of Ejectives'' [Routledge, 2001]) gives many other terms that have been proposed for the phenomenon.
* [http://people.ucsc.edu/~jpobrien/papers/obrien_qe.pdf Debuccalization and supplementary gestures]{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Category:Phonology]]