View source for Database journalism

{{Short description|Principle in information management}}
{{distinguish|Data driven journalism}}
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'''Database journalism''' or '''structured journalism''' is a principle in [[information management]] whereby news content is organized around structured pieces of [[data]], as opposed to news stories. See also [[Data journalism]]

Communication scholar Wiebke Loosen defines database journalism as "supplying [[database]]s with raw material - articles, photos and other content - by using medium-agnostic [[Content management system|publishing systems]] and then making it available for different [[gadget|devices]]."<ref>Wiebke Loosen, [http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/977/898 The Second-Level Digital Divide of the Web and Its Impact on Journalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023152227/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/977/898 |date=2012-10-23 }}, First Monday, volume 7, number 8 (August 2002).</ref>

==History and development of database journalism==

Computer programmer [[Adrian Holovaty]] wrote what is now considered the manifesto of database journalism in September 2006.<ref>Adina Levin, [http://www.alevin.com/?p=1391 Database journalism - a different definition of “news” and “reader”]</ref> In this article, Holovaty explained that most material collected by journalists is "structured information: the type of information that can be sliced-and-diced, in an automated fashion, by computers".<ref>Adrian Holovaty, [http://www.holovaty.com/writing/fundamental-change/ A fundamental way newspaper sites need to change]</ref> For him, a key difference between database journalism and traditional journalism is that the latter produces [[Article (publishing)|articles]] as the final product while the former produces databases of facts that are continually maintained and improved.

2007 saw a rapid development in database journalism.<ref>Rich Gordon, [http://www.readership.org/blog2/2007/11/data-as-journalism-journalism-as-data.html Data as journalism, journalism as data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410022152/http://www.readership.org/blog2/2007/11/data-as-journalism-journalism-as-data.html |date=2009-04-10 }}</ref> A December 2007 investigation by [[The Washington Post]] ([https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/metro/interactives/dcschools/#fullseries Fixing DC's schools]) aggregated dozens of items about more than 135 schools in a database that distributed content on a map, on individual [[webpages]] or within articles.

The importance of database journalism was highlighted when the [[John S. and James L. Knight Foundation|Knight Foundation]] awarded $1,100,000 to Adrian Holovaty's [[EveryBlock]] project,<ref>[http://www.newschallenge.org/winner/2007/everyblock EveryBlock's page on newschallenge.org]</ref> which offers local news at the level of [[city block]], drawing from existing data. The Pulitzer prize received by the [[St. Petersburg Times]]' Politifact in April 2009 has been considered a ''Color of Money'' moment by Aron Pilhofer,<ref>Aron Pilhofer, [http://www.aronpilhofer.com/posts/10 A PolitiFact Moment for Journalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228191458/http://www.aronpilhofer.com/posts/10 |date=2017-12-28 }}</ref> head of the [[The New York Times|New York Times]] technology team. Referring to [[Bill Dedman]]'s Pulitzer Prize-winning articles called ''The Color of Money,'' Pilhofer suggested that database journalism has been accepted by the trade and will develop, much like [[Computer-assisted journalism|CAR]] did in the 1980s and 1990s.

Seeing journalistic content as data has pushed several news organizations to release [[API]]s, including the [[BBC]], the [[The Guardian|Guardian]], the [[The New York Times|New York Times]] and the American [[National Public Radio]].<ref>[[Jeff Jarvis]], [http://www.buzzmachine.com/2009/03/10/apis-the-new-distribution/ APIs: The new distribution]</ref> By doing so, they let others aggregate the data they have collected and organized. In other words, they acknowledge that the core of their activity is not story-writing, but data gathering and data distribution.

Beginning with the early years of the 21st century, some researchers expanded the conceptual dimension for databases in journalism, and in digital journalism or cyberjournalism.<ref>Suzana Barbosa; Beatriz Ribas (2008), [https://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0Acei1eK47_ZUZGN4azVyZmtfMmdtYnFubWZz&hl=e Databases in Cyberjournalism: methodological paths]</ref> A conceptual approach begins to consider databases as a specificity of digital journalism, expanding their meaning and identifying them with a specific code, as opposed to the approach which perceived them as sources for the production of journalistic stories, that is, as tools, according to some of the systematized studies in the 90s.

==Difference with data-driven journalism==

[[Data-driven journalism]] is a [[Systems engineering process|process]] whereby journalists build stories using numerical data or databases as a primary material. In contrast, database journalism is an [[organizational structure]] for content. It focuses on the constitution and maintenance of the [[database]] upon which [[Web application|web]] or [[mobile applications]] can be built, and from which journalists can extract data to carry out data-driven stories.

==Examples of database journalism==

Early projects in this new database journalism were [[mySociety]] in the UK, launched in 2004, and [[Adrian Holovaty]]'s chicagocrime.org, released in 2005.<ref>[[Adrian Holovaty]], [http://www.holovaty.com/writing/chicagocrime.org-launch/ Announcing chicagocrime.org]</ref>

As of 2011, several databases could be considered journalistic in themselves. They include [[EveryBlock]], [[OpenCorporates]], and [[Govtrack.us]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Data driven journalism]]
*[[Data journalism]]

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[[Category:Data journalism]]