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{{Short description|French fighter-bomber aircraft family}}
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{{Infobox aircraft
 |name = Ouragan
 |image = File:Dassault Ouragan.jpg
 |caption = A Dassault Ouragan with [[French Air Force]] markings
 |type = [[Fighter-bomber]]
 |manufacturer = [[Dassault Aviation]]
 |designer = [[Marcel Dassault]]
 |first_flight = 28 February 1949
 |introduction = 1952
 |retired = 1985 (El Salvador)
 |status =
 |primary_user = [[French Air Force]]
 |more_users = [[Indian Air Force]] <br /> [[Israeli Air Force]] <br /> [[Salvadoran Air Force]]
 |produced = 1948–1954
 |number_built = Over 567{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
 |variants =
}}

The '''Dassault M.D.450 Ouragan''' ({{langx|fr|Hurricane}}) is a French [[fighter-bomber]] developed and produced by [[Dassault Aviation]]. It has its origins in a private venture by Dassault to produce an all-French aircraft which would make use of [[jet propulsion]], which subsequently would receive orders from the [[French Air Force]].

The Ouragan holds the distinction of being the first jet-powered French-designed combat aircraft to enter production, and thus played a key role in the resurgence of the French aviation industry following the [[World War II|Second World War]]. The Ouragan was operated by [[France]], [[India]], [[Israel]] and [[El Salvador]]. While in [[Israeli Air Force|Israeli service]], the type participated in both the [[Suez Crisis]] and the [[Six-Day War]].

==Development==

===Origins===
As a consequence of the nation being [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|occupied by Germany]] during the majority of the [[World War II|Second World War]], France had not been able to contribute significantly to the great strides that had been made in aircraft design during the conflict. In March 1945, aviation designer [[Marcel Dassault|Marcel Bloch]] returned to France from captivity in the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]] and was eager to re-establish the aviation industry through the development and production of an all-French fighter, powered by newly developed [[jet propulsion]] technology.<ref name = "munson 3"/> In particular, he was keen to develop the aircraft quickly enough to corner the emerging market for such an aircraft. In early 1946, Bloch renamed both himself and his new company ''Dassault'', after his brother's wartime codename in the [[French Resistance]].<ref name = "munson 3">Munson 1965, p. 3.</ref>

In 1947, following the bare-bones preparation of a factory and equipment, Dassault formally embarked on the development of this all-French fighter, which was solely at his own initiative at the start.<ref name = "munson 3"/> According to aviation historian Kenneth Munson, Dassault's design drew more on American rather than British inspiration, having elected to use features such as a very thin wing akin to the [[Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star]] and a basic configuration comparable to the [[North American F-86 Sabre]].<ref name = "munson 3"/> Due to its [[interceptor aircraft|interceptor]] role, an emphasis had been placed on a fast rate of climb. The aircraft was powered by a single [[Rolls-Royce Nene]] [[turbojet]] engine, which was already being [[licensed production|licence-produced]] in France by [[Hispano-Suiza]] for the [[De Havilland Vampire|SNCASE SE-535]], which was in turn a licence-built version of the British [[de Havilland Vampire]].<ref name = "munson 3"/>

In September 1947, a series of talks outlining the project took place between Dassault and the [[Bureau d'Etudes et Plans d'Etat Major]].<ref name = "munson 3"/> The French government's response to the proposal was positive;<ref name="Dassault1">Dassault Aviation</ref> however no firm order for the aircraft was placed at this time, necessitating the project to proceed as a private venture.<ref name = "munson 3"/> In December 1947, the detailed design work phase of the project, which had been allocated the design number ''M.D. (Marcel Dassault) 450'', commenced. On 7 April 1948, the construction of a [[prototype]] began at the company's factory in [[Saint-Cloud]], near [[Paris]].<ref name = "munson 3"/> On 29 June 1948, Dassault's decision to proceed was met with the issuing of contract No. 2223/48 from the [[Service Technique de l'Aéronautique]] of the [[Minister of Defence (France)|Ministère des Armées ''Air'']], which ordered the construction of three prototypes.<ref name = "munson 3"/>

===Prototypes===
The rate of progress on the project was such that, within 15 months of design work having formally started, the first prototype, designated ''M.D.450-01'', had been fully constructed and had performed its [[maiden flight]].<ref name = "munson 3"/> On 28 February 1949, the first prototype of the ''Ouragan'' fighter conducted its first flight with Dassault Chief Test Pilot [[Kostia Rozanoff]] at the controls.<ref name="Jackson p16">Jackson 1988, p. 16.</ref> This prototype lacked [[Cabin pressurization|pressurization]], armament, and the distinctive wingtip fuel tanks of subsequent production aircraft.<ref name = "munson 3"/> It was powered by a Rolls-Royce Nene 102 [[centrifugal compressor|centrifugal-flow]] engine capable of generating 22.27&nbsp;kN (2,270 [[kilogram-force|kp]]/5,000&nbsp;lbf) of [[thrust]]. During service trials in 1949, the first prototype attained a top speed of 980&nbsp;km/h (529 knots, 609&nbsp;mph) and achieved an initial climb rate of 43&nbsp;m/s (8,465&nbsp;ft/min).<ref name = "munson 3 4">Munson 1965, pp. 3-4.</ref>

In May 1949, the second prototype, ''M.D.450-02'', made its maiden flight. This second prototype featured a pressurized cockpit and more complete internal equipment.<ref name = "munson 3"/> In November 1949, the second prototype was dispatched to [[Centre d'Essais en Vol de Marignane]] to participate in manoeuvrability trials, during which it was recorded as having climbed to an altitude of 15,000&nbsp;m (49,213&nbsp;ft).<ref name = "munson 4">Munson 1965, p. 4.</ref> In December 1949, the 450 liters (118.9 US gal) wingtip tanks that would become an indelible feature of all Ouragans first appeared.<ref name = "munson 3"/> Testing of the second prototype was discontinued following the sustaining of damage during one landing due to an [[landing gear|undercarriage]] malfunction.<ref name = "munson 4"/>

The completion of the third prototype was delayed to incorporate lessons learned from the first two prototypes.<ref name = "munson 3"/>  On 2 June 1950, the third prototype, ''M.D.450-03'', conducted its first flight.<ref name = "munson 3"/> This third prototype was powered by a Hispano-Suiza-licensed Nene 104, as envisaged for use on production aircraft. It was dispatched to [[Centre d'Essais en Vol de Cazaux]] to conduct weapons trials while armed with 15&nbsp;mm and later 20&nbsp;mm [[List of aircraft weapons#Guns|cannons]].<ref name = "munson 4"/>

On 31 August 1949, the [[French Air Force]] ordered 15 pre-production aircraft, which were later reduced to 12, in order to support the test program.<ref name = "munson 4"/> The contract was signed on 15 December 1949.<ref name="Jackson p17">Jackson 1988, p. 17.</ref> These pre-production aircraft saw extensive use in various flying trials and evaluations, including various engines, armament schemes, and equipment payloads, as well as to support other development programs. Amongst these aircraft, which were designated ''M.D.450-1'' through to ''M.D.450-12'', were several notable revisions; ''M.D.450-6'' was the first aircraft of the type to feature electrically operated [[trim tab]]s, ''M.D.450-8'' (also known as ''M.D.450R''), was configured as an [[aerial reconnaissance]] aircraft, and ''M.D.450-10'', which was used as a flying [[testbed]] for the [[SNECMA Atar]] engine.<ref name = "munson 4 5">Munson 1965, pp. 4-5.</ref>

===Production===
According to Munson, around the time of the pre-production aircraft order, there had been considerations within the French Government for the procurement of up to 850 Ouragans under a five-year plan to recapitalise the French armed forces.<ref name = "munson 5">Munson 1965, p. 5.</ref> On 31 August 1950, Dassault received an initial fixed order contract for 150 production Ouragans to equip the Armée de l'Air. In the following years, a further three orders, each ordering an additional 100 Ouragans, would be placed by the French government; however, the final of these additional orders would be cancelled in January 1952 in favour of an equivalent order for the newer and more advanced [[Dassault Mystère|Dassault Mystère IIC]].<ref name="Dassault1"/><ref name = "munson 5"/>

Dassault's production facilities proved to be unable to attain the rate of production necessary to keep pace with the domestic orders, in part due to a lack of time to refine Ouragan's design to make it easier to mass-produce; accordingly, portions of the work were [[subcontractor|subcontracted]] to other French aircraft manufacturers.<ref name = "munson 5"/> A manufacturing arrangement was formed with [[SNCASE]] to assemble forward fuselages for the aircraft at their [[Toulouse]] factory, while a similar agreement with [[SNCASO]] led to the firm manufacturing rear fuselages at [[Saint-Nazaire]] and wings in [[Bouguenais]].<ref name = "munson 5"/> Dassault's factories continued to produce the center fuselage and tail units, while the final assembly was carried out at Dassault's facility in [[Mérignac, Gironde]].<ref name = "munson 5"/>

On 5 December 1951, the first production Ouragan conducted its maiden flight. There was little difference between the pre-production and production aircraft, the most significant being alterations to the design of the doors enclosing the [[Landing gear#Retractable gear|retractable nosewheel landing leg]] in response to accidents that occurred on the first two prototypes.<ref name = "munson 5"/> By the end of 1952, a total of 39 production aircraft had been completed; a further 93 were manufactured in 1953, and the final 118 were finished by mid-1954.<ref name = "munson 5"/>

A handful of production Ouragans were experimentally adapted for the intended use of the type from unprepared airstrips. Modifications included the substitution of the single-wheel main gear to a two-wheel configuration fitted with low-pressure tires, which retracted into a [[Aircraft fairing|fairing]] installed under the wing roots; [[drogue parachute]]s were also installed.<ref name = "munson 6 7">Munson 1965, pp. 6-7.</ref> Aircraft so fitted were nicknamed "Barougan", derived from combining the ''Ouragan'' name with the Arabic word ''Baroud'' (battle).<ref name = "munson 6"/> This configuration was intended for combat operations in Algeria. On 24 February 1954, the first Barougan performed its first flight. A further three aircraft would be used in the test programme, which involved multiple grass landings at varying weights. In 1958, further development of the Barougan variant was abandoned; some of the test aircraft were later re-converted back to the standard Ouragan configuration.<ref name = "munson 7">Munson 1965, p. 7.</ref>

==Design==
[[File:Ouragan Hatzerim 280404.jpg|thumb|Forward section of an Ouragan]]
The Dassault Ouragan was an early jet-powered fighter aircraft. It employed a straightforward basic layout, with a single divided [[air intake]] in the nose that carried air around either side of the cockpit to the engine, which was located directly behind the pilot.<ref name = "munson 3"/> The design was inspired by the [[Republic F-84 Thunderjet]], with its fuselage highly cylindrical and tapered at either end, an intake on the nose (although this was the convention among early [[Jet Age|jet-age]] fighters), its [[bubble canopy]], and its [[tricycle landing gear]]. Its design was further refined through the relatively thin wings and swept-back vertical stabilizer, which was akin to the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|MiG-17]]'s.<ref name="airvectors">{{Cite web |title=Dassault Ouragan, Mystere, & Super Mystere |url=https://www.airvectors.net/avmyst.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.airvectors.net}}</ref> The Ouragan was powered by a single [[Rolls-Royce Nene]] [[turbojet]] engine, [[licensed production|produced under license]] by [[Hispano-Suiza]]. Early aircraft were equipped with [[Martin-Baker Mk.1]] [[ejection seat]]s, however the majority of production aircraft were outfitted with [[SNCASO]] [[E.86]] ejection seats instead.<ref name = "munson 5"/> Some of the more advanced aerodynamic features of the Ouragan included its [[swept wing|swept]] tailplane and its thin wing, which was tapered along the [[leading edge]].<ref name = "munson 3"/> 

The design was largely optimized for its role as a fighter aircraft. Its typical weapons stores reflected an attack role, however. Typical stores were two 450 kilogram (1000lbs) pound bombs, 16 105-millimeter (4 inch) [[SNEB|Matra T-10 rockets]], or 8 rockets and two 460 liter (121 US Gallon) [[Napalm|napalm bombs]]. The aircraft themselves came with four [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404|Mark V 20mm Hispano cannons]] beneath the engine intake.<ref name="airvectors" />

The aircraft was reported to be highly stable while firing the Hispano Mk. V autocannons as well as its rockets. It, however, also had a tendency to [[Flat spin (aviation)|flat spin]] while holding tight turns, as a result of the length to diameter ratio of its fuselage being relatively low compared to other fighters at the time.<ref name="airvectors" />

Export variants, such as those intended for war in [[Algeria]] nicknamed Barougans, were fitted with [[Drogue parachute|brake parachutes]] as well as their single-wheel main gear being replaced with a two-wheel configuration. This provided the aircraft with the capability to be operated in rough field conditions where [[Runway|airstrips]] would not be as well maintained.<ref name="airvectors" />

==Operational history==

===Armee de l'Air===
[[File:Dassault MD 450 Ouragan 01.jpg|thumb|MD450 Ouragan on display with wingtip fuel tanks.]]

In August 1950, prior to the delivery of any pre-production aircraft, the French government placed an initial order for 150 production Ouragans, with ambitions for as many 850 Ouragans in service with the ''Armee de l'Air''.<ref name = "munson 5"/> In 1952, the Ouragan formally entered squadron service with the [[French Air Force]] in 1952, where it started to replace aircraft such as the British [[De Havilland Vampire]].<ref name = "munson 5"/>

Due to the rapid entry to service of the type, Ouragan's full test programme had not been completed, and this led to multiple instances of pilots inadvertently executing involuntary manoeuvres. In particular, the aircraft had a tendency to sharply snap during a hard turn, leading to unintended spins.<ref name = "munson 5"/> Overall, the Ouragan reportedly proved pleasant to fly; according to Mason, French pilots were pleased with the stability of the aircraft, lending itself well to firing both guns and rockets. Its favourable handling qualities led to the Ouragan performing for two years as the display aircraft of the [[Patrouille de France|la Patrouille de France]] aerobatic team.<ref name = "munson 5 6">Munson 1965, pp. 5-6.</ref>

The first 50 Ouragans were built to the ''M.D.450A'' standard, equipped with the Nene 102 engine; the majority of aircraft delivered were to the later ''M.D.450B'' standard, being fitted with a Hispano-Suiza-built Nene 104B engine, which was lighter than the Nene 102 and with slightly greater thrust. Wingtip fuel tanks were fitted as standard in both variants.

In French service, the frontline service of the Ouragan was short-lived; from May 1955 onwards, the type began to be replaced by the more capable [[Dassault Mystère IV]].<ref name = "munson 6">Munson 1965, p. 6.</ref> In 1961, the last Ouragans were displaced from operational units; a number of aircraft were retained beyond this date in secondary capacities such as advanced tactical and gunnery trainers throughout the mid-1960s.<ref name = "munson 6"/>

===India===
On 25 June 1953, India placed an order for 71 Ouragans, these being broadly similar to standard production models, except for being powered by the slightly uprated Nene 105 engine.<ref name="Munson 10"/> The first four Ouragans were delivered by air in late October 1953, while further deliveries were performed by sea; by mid-1954, all aircraft had been delivered. In March 1957, two additional orders for 20 and 13 second-hand Ouragans were placed, bringing the total procured by India to 104.<ref name="Munson 10"/> The selection of the French-built Ouragan at this time is claimed to have reflected a deliberate decision to initiate diversification of supply sources.<ref name="Jackson p76-7">Jackson 1988, pp. 76–77.</ref> In Indian service, the aircraft was given the name ''Toofani'' ({{langx|hi|Hurricane}}), the [[Hindi]] equivalent meaning the French name of the type.<ref name="Munson 10"/>

In 1961, Indian Toofanis were flown on active service, reportedly carrying out airstrikes in support of [[Indian Army]] forces engaged with Portuguese forces on the island of [[Diu, India|Diu]], on the western coast of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1961goa/1013-diu.html|title=Operations at Diu : The One day war|last=(Retd)|first=Gp Capt Kapil Bhargava|access-date=2016-07-30|archive-date=2015-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630053451/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1961Goa/1013-Diu.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> They were also used in ground-attack missions against anti-government rebels in [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]], and in 1962 to perform reconnaissance missions during the [[Sino-Indian War]].
[[File:IAF Ouragan surrender 1965.jpg|thumb|An Indian Air Force Ouragan Fighter Bomber was forced to land near [[Badin]] by PAF fighters during the 1965 [[Operation Desert Hawk|Rann of Kutch conflict]]]]
On 24 April 1965, a single Toofani strayed over the border with [[Pakistan]], and was forced to land by [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] fighters; while the pilot was returned to India, the aircraft was retained and ended up being displayed as a [[war trophy]] at a museum in [[Peshawar]]. It was later scrapped.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.key.aero/article/why-india-feared-pakistans-f-104-starfighters|website=Key.Aero|title=WHY INDIA FEARED PAKISTAN'S F-104 STARFIGHTERS|author=Tom Spencer|date=20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Jackson 78">Jackson 1988, p. 78.</ref>

As was the case in France, the Ouragan started to be replaced in frontline service by the [[Dassault Mystère IV|Mystère IVA]] in 1957, being withdrawn fully from frontline service in 1965, although it continued in use for some years as an advanced trainer and [[target tug]].<ref name="Jackson 78"/><ref name="Munson 10"/>

===Israel===
[[File:Hatzerim Ouragan 29012010.jpg|thumb|Ouragan at the Israeli Air Force Museum in Hatzerim.]]
In contrast to France and India, the [[Israel Air Force]] (IAF) became an enthusiastic Ouragan user. During the early 1950s, Israel, under pressure from regional hostilities with neighbouring Arab nations, was keen to acquire new military equipment of its own, particularly as Arab air forces were themselves commonly procuring advanced Soviet armaments such as the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15]] fighter.<ref name=cohen>Cohen 1993, p. 504.</ref><ref name = "munson 7"/> Seeking to augment its jet aircraft fleet of British [[Gloster Meteor]]s, the IAF initially evaluated both French [[Dassault Mystère|Dassault Mystère IIC]] and Canadian-built [[Canadair Sabre|Canadair Sabre Mk.6]] fighters. Due to development problems with the Mystère and a Canadian [[embargo]] on the Sabres, the order was changed to Mystère IVAs alongside a batch of Ouragans that were purchased as a stop-gap measure.<ref name=cohen /><ref name = "munson 7"/>

By 1955, the IAF had received at least 75 aircraft, comprising a mix of newly built and retired French Air Force examples, with deliveries being completed that year.<ref name = "munson 8">Munson 1965, p. 8.</ref> The Israeli Ouragans were assigned to a total of five squadrons for the purpose of performing [[close air support]] operations, since they could not match the performance of Egyptian MiG-15s.<ref name="munson 8"/> On 12 April 1956, an Israeli Ouragan shot down an Egyptian de Havilland Vampire flying over Israeli territory, it being the first recorded kill by an Ouragan in Israeli service.<ref name="munson 8"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aces.safarikovi.org/victories/victories-israel.html|title=Attributed Israeli Air Combat Victories|website=www.aces.safarikovi.org|access-date=2016-07-30}}</ref>

During the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]], Ouragans principally flew ground-attack missions, but also flew escort missions. In the early hours of 30 October 1956, a pair of Ouragans shot down four hostile de Havilland Vampires in the [[Mitla Pass]] area.<ref name="munson 8"/> The two documented encounters between the Soviet-built MiG-15 fighters and the Ouragan (which were also powered by the Nene engine but furnished with a more modern [[swept wing]]) ended with one Ouragan surviving several 37&nbsp;mm (1.46&nbsp;in) cannon hits to fly the next day and one MiG-15 being heavily damaged by cannon fire after it entered a turning [[dogfight]] with the Ouragans.<ref name="Munson 9">Munson 1965, p. 9.</ref> The poor training of the Egyptian pilots who were consistently unable to realize their advantage in numbers as well as the MiG-15's speed and climb characteristics, helped Ouragans to survive despite their inferior performance.<ref name="munson 8"/>

On 31 October 1956, a pair of Ouragans armed with rockets strafed the Egyptian destroyer [[Ibrahim el Awal]] (ex-HMS ''Mendip''), contributing to the capture of the ship.<ref name="Jackson p75">Jackson 1988, p. 75.</ref><ref name="Munson 9 10">Munson 1965, pp. 9-10.</ref> According to Munson, Israeli Ouragans were responsible for the destruction of a major proportion of the hostile tanks and military vehicles that came under aerial attack during the conflict, while only two Ouragans were lost during the five days of fighting, both of which were attributed to [[small arms]] fire.<ref name="Munson 10">Munson 1965, p. 10.</ref> The Commander-in-Chief of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) is reported to have later stated "The Ouragan was a much better aeroplane than had been thought".<ref name="Munson 10"/>

In the aftermath of the Suez Crisis, the Ouragans were soon mostly relegated to secondary roles such as advanced training; by 1967, the type still equipped two close-support units along with an operational training unit.<ref name="Munson 10"/> Israeli Ouragans saw more combat in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]]. In 1975, the IAF sold 18 Ouragans to [[El Salvador]], where they remained in service until the late 1980s.

===El Salvador===
[[File:706 Dassault Ouragan El Salvador Air Force (7486019052).jpg|thumb|Dassault Ouragan of the El Salvador Air Force.]]
In the wake of the [[Football War]] of 1969, El Salvador began a concerted push to modernize its air force.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} Unable to buy combat aircraft from the United States due to a US government arms embargo, the Salvadorans bought 18 surplus Israeli Ouragans on the international arms market. These aircraft were refurbished by the Israelis and were delivered to El Salvador between 1973 and 1978.

El Salvador's Ouragans saw extensive combat during the [[Salvadoran Civil War]] of 1979 to 1992. Salvadoran Ouragans flew strike missions against communist [[Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front|FMLN]] forces, operating from [[Ilopango International Airport|Ilopango Air Base]] located near the capital city of San Salvador. As El Salvador is not a large country and combat radius was not a pressing concern, Salvadoran Ouragans in combat usually operated with their wingtip fuel tanks removed in order to save weight and allow for greater weapons loads.

An FMLN [[Battle of Ilopango Airport|attack against Ilopango Air Base]] in 1982 destroyed several Ouragans<ref name=betancur>{{cite journal|title=From Madness to Hope: the 12-year war in El Salvador: Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador|journal=The Commission on the Truth for El Salvador|author=Belisario Betancur and Thomas Buergenthal|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|date=1 April 1993|url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/salvador/informes/truth.html|page=30}}</ref> and accelerated the push to supplant, and eventually replace, the Ouragans with American-made [[Cessna A-37|Cessna A-37B Dragonfly]] ground-attack aircraft, which were made available after the [[Reagan Administration]] dropped the arms embargo. The remaining Ouragans served on for several more years, but were all retired by the war's end.

Salvadoran Ouragans have been pictured in several camouflage schemes, and it is possible that during the war the Ouragan fleet operated in colors that were never completely standardized.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

At least one survivor of El Salvador's Ouragan fleet is currently on static display at Ilopango.

==Variants==
[[File:ouraganfranceweb.jpg|thumb|Armée de l'Air Dassault MD 450 Ouragans]]
;MD 450A Ouragan : First 50 production aircraft, Nene 102 engine.
;MD 450B Ouragan : Hispano-Suiza-built [[Rolls-Royce Nene|Nene 104B]] engine, revised two-section nose landing gear doors as the original four-section design was prone to damage when the cannon were fired.
;MD 450R Ouragan : Reconnaissance variant, only one built.
;MD 450-30L Ouragan : One preproduction prototype fitted with a [[SNECMA Atar 101B]] engine, air intakes on the sides of the fuselage, and two {{convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on|3}} [[DEFA cannon]]. First flown on 21 January 1952 it was used to gain experience before the first flight of the [[Dassault Mystère|Dassault 453]].
;Dassault Barougan: Four production aircraft modified for rough-field operation with the two-wheel main landing gear with low-pressure tires retracting into a fairing added under the wing roots, and a brake parachute.

==Operators==
[[File:ouraganworldweb.jpg|thumb|Foreign Dassault MD 450 Ouragans]]
Numbers from ''World Air Forces''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/countriesindex.html |title=World Air Forces Countries |access-date=2012-08-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716224643/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/countriesindex.html |archive-date=2012-07-16 }}Accessdate 12 August 2012</ref>
;{{FRA}}
* [[French Air Force]] operated 370 examples including prototypes.
;{{IND}}
* [[Indian Air Force]] operated 104 examples.
;{{ISR}}
* [[Israeli Air Force]] operated 75 examples.
;{{ESA}}
* [[El Salvador Air Force]] operated 18 examples.

==Aircraft on display==
[[File:Dassault MD 450 Ouragan 02.jpg|thumb|Ouragan at Brussels Air Museum]]
[[File:IC578 (13988546811).jpg|thumb|Ouragan at the Indian Air Force Academy Museum]]

;Belgium
An [[Armee de L'air]] Ouragan ("UQ") is displayed at the [[Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History]] in [[Brussels]].

;France
A number of MD.450 Ouragan examples are preserved in France including #251 and #450/"4-US", part of the jet aircraft collection at Chateau [[Savigny-lès-Beaune]]. The Musee de l'Air et de l'Espace at [[Le Bourget Airport]] has #154/ "4-LT" painted in a colorful "Indian-head" scheme but a previous code is just visible under the 4-LT markings. Ouragan #214/"UG," previously stored, is exhibited in the "Patrouille de France" paint scheme at the "Musée Européen de l'Aviation de Chasse," [[Montélimar]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

;Israel
Israeli Air Force Ouragans "80"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.airhistory.net/photo/173942/80 | title=Aircraft Photo of 80 &#124; Dassault MD-450 Ouragan &#124; Israel - Air Force &#124; AirHistory.net #173942 }}</ref> and "49",<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.airhistory.net/photo/219021/49 | title=Aircraft Photo of 49 &#124; Dassault MD-450 Ouragan &#124; Israel - Air Force &#124; AirHistory.net #219021 }}</ref> both combat veterans and survivors of the 1956 Suez War and 1967 Six-Day War, are on outdoor display at the [[Israeli Air Force Museum]].

;India
An MD.450 Ouragan (Toofani), "IC 554," is on display at the [[Indian Air Force Museum, Palam]], New Delhi. It was painted earlier in grey-green camouflage but now appears in natural metal in No. 47 "Black Archers" Squadron markings.<ref>[http://www.forgottenjets.warbirdsresourcegroup.org/MD-450.html Dassault MD-450 Ouragan]</ref>

;El Salvador
Two Ouragans are on display in the Museo Nacional de Aviación, Ilopango Air Base.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Specifications (M.D.450B)==
[[File:Dassault Ouragan 3-view.svg|thumb|Dassault Ouragan 3-view drawing]]
[[File:Dassault Ouragan intake detail, Musee de l'Air et de l'Espace, Le Bourget, Paris. (8256479371).jpg|thumb|Close up of the split air intake of a preserved Ouragan]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=''The Dassault M.D. 450 Ouragan: Profile 143'',<ref name="Munson 12">Munson 1967, p. 12.</ref> ''The Great Book of Fighters''<ref name="Green">Green 2001</ref>
|prime units?=met
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=1
|length m=10.73
|length note=
|span m=13.16
|span note=
|height m=4.14
|height note=
|wing area sqm=23.8
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=7.3
|airfoil='''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 65-112.9]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 65-211.8]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight kg=4142
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=7404
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=7900
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Rolls-Royce Nene Mk.104B]]
|eng1 type=centrifugal-flow [[turbojet]] engine
|eng1 kn=22.2
|eng1 note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=940
|max speed note=at sea level
|max speed mach=0.76
|cruise speed kmh=750
|cruise speed note=<br />
*'''Maximum Mach number:(M<sub>MO</sub>)''' M0.83
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=
|range note=
|combat range km=450
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=920
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=13000
|ceiling note=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=38
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=<br />
*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt|783|m|0}}
*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt|910|m|0}}
<!--
        Armament
-->
|guns=4× [[20 mm caliber|20 mm]] [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404]] cannon with 125 rounds per gun
|rockets=16× 105 mm (4.1 in) [[Brandt T-10]] air-to-ground unguided rockets; ''or'', 2× Matra rocket pods with 18× [[SNEB]] 68 mm rockets each
|missiles=
|bombs={{cvt|908|kg|0}} of payload on four external [[hardpoint]]s, including a variety of unguided iron bombs such as 2× {{cvt|227|kg|0}} bombs ''or'' 2× {{cvt|458|L|USgal impgal}} [[napalm]] bombs / [[Drop tank]]s for extended range.

|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{External media|topic= |width=20% |float=right |video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qwkhQ8OAgc Period footage of Ouragan aircraft during assembly and performing formation flight displays] |video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Na3Kj49z678 Still close-up images of a preserved Ouragan ] |video3=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1L5x9XOp2s British Pathé footage of Ouragan assembly]}}
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[Dassault Mystère]]
|similar aircraft=
* {{lwc|de Havilland Venom}}
* {{lwc|Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star}}
* {{lwc|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9}}
* {{lwc|Yakovlev Yak-23}}
* {{lwc|Republic F-84 Thunderjet}}
* {{lwc|Saab 29 Tunnan}}
|lists=
|see also=
}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist}}
{{vectorsite}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite journal |last1=Buttler |first1=Tony |title=Dassault's X-Files: The Ouragan 30L, Barougan, Mystère de Nuit & Mystère IVN|journal=The Aviation Historian |date=January 2019 |issue=26 |pages=40–50 |issn=2051-1930}}
*Carbonel, Jean-Christophe. ''French Secret Projects 1: Post War Fighters''. Manchester, UK: Crecy Publishing, 2016 {{ISBN|978-1-91080-900-6}}
* Cohen, Eliezer. ''Israel's Best Defense: The First Full Story of the Israeli Air Force''. New York: Orion Books, 1993. {{ISBN|0-517-58790-4}}.
* Donald, David and Jon Lake, eds. ''Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft''. London: AIRtime Publishing, 1996. {{ISBN|1-880588-24-2}}.
* Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. ''The Great Book of Fighters''. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7603-1194-3}}.
* Jackson, Paul. "Ouragon: Ancestor of Rafale." ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'', No. 37, September–December 1988, pp.&nbsp;15–24, 75–78. Bromley, Kent, UK: Pilot Press, 1988 {{ISSN|0143-5450}}.
* Kopenhagen, W., ed. ''Das große Flugzeug-Typenbuch'' (in German). Stuttgart: Transpress Publishing House, 1987. {{ISBN|3-344-00162-0}}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081119165939/http://www.dassault-aviation.com/en/passion/aircraft/military-dassault-aircraft/md-450-ouragan.html?L=1 "MD 450 Ouragan."] ''Military Dassault aircraft, Dassault Aviation''. Retrieved: 5 September 2008.
* Munson, Kenneth. ''The Dassault M.D. 450 Ouragan: Profile 143''. London: Profile Publications, 1967.

==External links==
{{Commons|Dassault MD 450 Ouragan}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081119165939/http://www.dassault-aviation.com/en/passion/aircraft/military-dassault-aircraft/md-450-ouragan.html?L=1 Dassault Aviation MD 450 Ouragan page]

{{Dassault aircraft}}

[[Category:1940s French fighter aircraft]]
[[Category:Dassault aircraft|Ouragan]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined jet aircraft]]
[[Category:Cruciform tail aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1949]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]