View source for Darwin (operating system)

{{short description|Computer operating system}}
{{Redirect|Darwin (kernel)|the article about the kernel|XNU}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox OS
| name = Darwin
| developer = [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
| family = [[Unix-like]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Darwin/Conceptual/KernelProgramming/Architecture/Architecture.html|title=Kernel Architecture Overview|work=Kernel Programming Guide|access-date=May 27, 2019|archive-date=May 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509231018/https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Darwin/Conceptual/KernelProgramming/Architecture/Architecture.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/apple/darwin-xnu/blob/master/README.md |title=darwin-xnu/README.md at master |website=[[GitHub]] |access-date=November 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331153214/https://github.com/apple/darwin-xnu/blob/master/README.md |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[FreeBSD]],<ref name="apple_bsd_overview">{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Apple BSD Overview |url=https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Darwin/Conceptual/KernelProgramming/BSD/BSD.html |access-date=January 1, 2002 |publisher=Apple |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107021823/https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Darwin/Conceptual/KernelProgramming/BSD/BSD.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[BSD]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://developer.apple.com/darwin/projects/darwin/faq.html |title=Apple - Public Source - Darwin FAQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119063203/http://developer.apple.com/darwin/projects/darwin/faq.html |archive-date=November 19, 2004 |access-date=August 9, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| source_model = currently [[open source software|open source]] with [[Proprietary software|proprietary]] components,{{cn|date=July 2023}} previously [[Open-source software|open source]]
| released = {{start date and age|2000|11|15}}
| caption = 
| kernel_type = [[Hybrid kernel|Hybrid]] ([[XNU]])
| ui = [[Command-line interface]] ([[Unix shell]])
| license = Mostly [[Apple Public Source License]] (APSL), with closed-source drivers<ref>{{cite web|title= Binary Drivers required for PureDarwin|url= http://www.puredarwin.org/legal/binarydrivers|access-date= July 20, 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091118172944/http://www.puredarwin.org/legal/binarydrivers|archive-date= November 18, 2009|url-status=dead|df= mdy-all}}</ref>
| programmed_in = [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], [[Objective-C]], [[assembly language]]
| working_state = Current
| website = {{URL|https://opensource.apple.com/releases/}}
| latest release version = 25.0.0
| latest release date = {{start date and age|2025|09|15}}
| repo = {{URL|https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/distribution-macOS}}
| influenced by = [[NeXTSTEP]], [[FreeBSD]], [[BSD]]
| supported_platforms = {{ubli|Current: [[x86-64]], [[AArch64|64-bit ARM]], [[ARM architecture#32-bit architecture|32-bit ARM]] (32-bit ARM support is closed-source)|Historical: [[PowerPC]] (32-bit and 64-bit), [[IA-32]]}}
}}
{{macOS topics}}

'''Darwin''' is the core [[Unix-like]] [[operating system]] of [[macOS]], [[iOS]], [[watchOS]], [[tvOS]], [[iPadOS]], [[audioOS]], [[visionOS]], and [[bridgeOS]]. It previously existed as an independent [[open-source software|open-source]] operating system, first released by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] in 2000. It is composed of code derived from [[NeXTSTEP]], [[FreeBSD]]<ref name="apple_bsd_overview" /> and other [[BSD]] operating systems,<ref>{{Cite book |title=NeXTstep Concepts |publisher=[[NeXT]] |chapter=1. System Overview |chapter-url=https://www.nextcomputers.org/NeXTfiles/Docs/NeXTStep/3.3/nd/Concepts/Pre3.0_Concepts/01_SysOver.htmld/index.html |access-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-date=November 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121155935/https://www.nextcomputers.org/NeXTfiles/Docs/NeXTStep/3.3/nd/Concepts/Pre3.0_Concepts/01_SysOver.htmld/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mach (kernel)|Mach]], and other [[free software]] projects' code, as well as code developed by Apple. Darwin's unofficial mascot is Hexley the Platypus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hexley.com/ |title=Homepage of Hexley the DarwinOS Mascot}}</ref>

Darwin is mostly [[POSIX]]-compatible, but has never, by itself, been certified as compatible with any version of POSIX. Starting with [[Mac OS X Leopard|Leopard]], macOS has been certified as compatible with the [[Single UNIX Specification]] version 3 (SUSv3).<ref>{{cite web |title=Mac OS X Leopard - Technology - UNIX|url=https://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/technology/unix.html|work=Leopard Technology Overview|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227000710/http://www.apple.com/macosx/technology/unix.html|archive-date=December 27, 2008|quote=Leopard is now an Open Brand UNIX 03 Registered Product, conforming to the SUSv3 and POSIX 1003.1 specifications for the C API, Shell Utilities, and Threads.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=The Open Group|title=Mac OS X Version 10.5 Leopard on Intel-based Macintosh computers certification|url=http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3555.htm|date=May 18, 2007|access-date=February 11, 2013|archive-date=October 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025142525/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3555.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3632.htm| title=macOS version 10.13 High Sierra on Intel-based Mac computers| publisher=The Open Group| access-date=November 19, 2017| archive-date=September 28, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928150433/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3632.htm| url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Unix timeline.en.svg|thumb|Simplified history of [[Unix-like]] operating systems]]
The heritage of Darwin began with Unix derivatives supplemented by aspects of [[NeXT]]'s [[NeXTSTEP]] operating system (later, since version 4.0, known as OPENSTEP), first released in 1989. After Apple bought NeXT in 1996, it announced it would base its next operating system on OPENSTEP. This was developed into [[Rhapsody (operating system)|Rhapsody]] in 1997, [[Mac OS X Server 1.0]] in 1999, [[Mac OS X Public Beta]] in 2000, and [[Mac OS X v10.0|Mac OS X 10.0]] in 2001.

In 1999, Apple announced it would release the source code for the Mach 2.5 microkernel, [[4.4BSD|BSD Unix 4.4 OS]], and the [[Apache Web server]] components of Mac OS X Server.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Walsh |first1=Jeff |title=Apple goes open source with key OS components |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1AEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40 |access-date=17 February 2020 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=21 |issue=12 |page=40 |publisher=IDG InfoWorld |date=March 22, 1999}}</ref> At the time, interim CEO [[Steve Jobs]] alluded to British naturalist [[Charles Darwin]] by announcing "because it's about evolution".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Kahney |first1=Leander |title=Apple Opens OS Code |url=https://www.wired.com/1999/03/apple-opens-os-code/ |magazine=Wired |publisher=Condé Nast |access-date=17 February 2020 |archive-date=February 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217104333/https://www.wired.com/1999/03/apple-opens-os-code/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2000, the core operating system components of Mac OS X were released as [[open-source software]] under the [[Apple Public Source License]] (APSL) as Darwin; the higher-level components, such as the [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] and [[Carbon (API)|Carbon]] frameworks, remained [[proprietary software|closed-source]].

Up to Darwin 8.0.1, released in April 2005, Apple released a binary installer (as an [[ISO image]]) after each major Mac OS X release that allowed one to install Darwin on [[PowerPC]] and [[X86|Intel x86]] systems as a standalone operating system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple ISO download directory|url=https://opensource.apple.com/static/iso/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007041552/https://opensource.apple.com/static/iso/|archive-date=2016-10-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> Minor updates were released as packages that were installed separately. Darwin is now only available as source code. As of January 2023, Apple no longer mentions Darwin by name on its [https://opensource.apple.com Open Source website] and only publishes [https://opensource.apple.com/releases/ an incomplete collection of open-source projects relating to macOS and iOS].

==Design==
[[File:Diagram_of_Mac_OS_X_architecture.svg|thumb|Diagram of macOS architecture]]

===Kernel===
{{main|XNU|Mach (kernel)}}
The kernel of Darwin is [[XNU]], a [[hybrid kernel]] which uses Open Software Foundation [[Mach (kernel)|Mach Kernel]] (OSFMK) 7.3<ref name="wwdc-2000-session-106">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggnFoDqzGMU| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ggnFoDqzGMU| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|author=Jim Magee|title=WWDC 2000 Session 106 - Mac OS X: Kernel|minutes=14}}{{cbignore}}</ref> from the [[Open Software Foundation|OSF]], various elements of [[FreeBSD]] (including the process model, [[protocol stack|network stack]], and [[virtual file system]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/OSX_Technology_Overview/SystemTechnology/SystemTechnology.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40001067-CH207-BCICAIFJ|title=Mac Technology Overview: Kernel and Device Drivers Layer|publisher=[[Apple Developer|Apple Developer Connection]]|access-date=February 11, 2013|archive-date=March 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309084505/https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/OSX_Technology_Overview/SystemTechnology/SystemTechnology.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40001067-CH207-BCICAIFJ|url-status=live}}</ref> and an object-oriented [[device driver]] [[application programming interface|API]] called [[XNU#I/O Kit|I/O Kit]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Amit|date=January 7, 2004|url=http://osxbook.com/book/bonus/ancient/whatismacosx/arch_xnu.html|title=XNU: The Kernel|access-date=February 11, 2013|archive-date=June 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602233536/http://osxbook.com/book/bonus/ancient/whatismacosx/arch_xnu.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The hybrid kernel design provides the flexibility of a [[microkernel]]<ref>{{Cite CiteSeerX |title=Monolithic kernel vs. Microkernel|last=Roch|first=Benjamin|citeseerx = 10.1.1.89.9877}}</ref>{{Failed verification|talk="flexibility of a microkernel"|reason=It supports &quot;microkernels are flexible&quot; but not &quot;hybrid kernels are as flexible as microkernels&quot;.|date=October 2018}} and the performance of a [[monolithic kernel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Porting/Conceptual/PortingUnix/additionalfeatures/additionalfeatures.html|title=Additional Features|work=Porting UNIX/Linux Applications to OS X|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|access-date=November 13, 2017|archive-date=November 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114093407/https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Porting/Conceptual/PortingUnix/additionalfeatures/additionalfeatures.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Hardware and software support===
The last bootable full release of Darwin supported 32-bit and 64-bit Apple PowerPC systems and 32-bit Intel PCs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://opensource.apple.com/static/iso/release-notes-8.0.1.txt |title=Darwin 8.0.1 Release Notes |date=April 29, 2005 |access-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-date=October 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028121525/https://opensource.apple.com/static/iso/release-notes-8.0.1.txt |url-status=live }}</ref>

Darwin currently includes support for the [[64-bit]] [[x86-64]] variant of the [[X86|Intel x86]] [[microprocessor|processors]] used in Intel-based [[Mac (computer)|Mac]]s and the 64-bit [[ARM architecture|ARM]] processors used in the [[iPhone 5S]] and later, the [[iPod Touch (6th generation)|6th generation iPod Touch]], the [[iPad (2017)|5th generation iPad]] and later, the [[iPad Air]] family, the [[iPad Mini 2]] and later, the [[iPad Pro]] family, the fourth generation and later [[Apple TV (device)|Apple TV]]s, the [[HomePod]] family, and [[Mac (computer)|Mac]]s with [[Apple silicon]] such as the 2020 [[Apple M1]] Macs, as well as the Raspberry Pi 3B.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/apple/darwin-xnu/blob/2ff845c2e033bd0ff64b5b6aa6063a1f8f65aa32/pexpert/pexpert/arm64/board_config.h#L223|title=XNU board config for BCM2837|website=[[GitHub]]|date=December 16, 2021|access-date=December 5, 2021|archive-date=December 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205110901/https://github.com/apple/darwin-xnu/blob/2ff845c2e033bd0ff64b5b6aa6063a1f8f65aa32/pexpert/pexpert/arm64/board_config.h#L223|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-3-model-b|title=Raspberry Pi 3 Model B|quote="Quad Core 1.2GHz Broadcom BCM2837"|access-date=December 5, 2021|archive-date=December 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205212422/https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-3-model-b/|url-status=live}}</ref> An open-source port of the [[XNU]] kernel exists that supports Darwin on Intel and [[AMD]] x86 platforms not officially supported by Apple, though it does not appear to have been updated since 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://code.google.com/p/voodoo-kernel/source/checkout |title=Voodoo XNU Kernel Source |access-date=April 25, 2014 |archive-date=September 30, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930225819/https://code.google.com/p/voodoo-kernel/source/checkout |url-status=live }} Requires an Apache SVN client.</ref> An open-source port of the [[XNU]] kernel also exists for ARM platforms, though it has not been updated since 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/winocm/xnu|title=XNU on ARMv7|website=[[GitHub]]|date=January 25, 2022}}</ref> Older versions supported some or all of 32-bit [[PowerPC]], 64-bit PowerPC, 32-bit x86, and 32-bit ARM.

It supports the [[POSIX]] API by way of its [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] lineage (largely [[FreeBSD]] [[User space|userland]]), so a large number of programs written for various other [[UNIX-like]] systems can be [[compiler|compiled]] on Darwin with no changes to the [[source code]].

Darwin does not include many of the defining elements of macOS, such as the [[Carbon (API)|Carbon]] and [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] APIs or the [[Quartz Compositor]] and [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua user interface]], and thus cannot run Mac applications. It does, however, support a number of lesser-known features of macOS, such as mDNSResponder, which is the [[multicast]] [[domain name system|DNS]] responder and a core component of the [[Bonjour (software)|Bonjour]] networking technology, and [[launchd]], an advanced [[operating system service management|service management]] [[software framework|framework]].

==License==
In July 2003, Apple released Darwin under version 2.0 of the [[Apple Public Source License]] (APSL), which the [[Free Software Foundation]] (FSF) qualifies as a [[free software license]].<ref name=":0" /> The APSL is similar to [[GNU Affero General Public License|AGPL]], including in being incompatible with the [[GNU General Public License]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/apsl.html |title=FSF's Opinion of the Apple Public Source License (APSL) 2.0 |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-date=May 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504151500/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/apsl.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Previous versions of the APSL license did not meet the FSF definition of free software, although they did meet the requirements of the [[Open Source Definition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/historical-apsl.html|title=The Problems with older versions of the Apple Public Source License (APSL)|access-date=July 22, 2016|archive-date=April 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419054305/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/historical-apsl.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release history==
The following is a table of major Darwin releases with their dates of release and their derivative operating system releases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://opensource.apple.com|title=Open Source Releases|publisher=[[Apple Developer|Apple Developer Connection]]|access-date=February 11, 2013}}</ref> Note that the corresponding releases may have been released on a different date.

===Darwin 0–8 and corresponding Mac OS X releases===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Version
! style="width: 128px;" | Date
! style="width: 159px;" | Corresponding releases
! Notes
|-
! 0.1
| March 16, 1999
| rowspan="3" | Mac OS X Server 1.0 releases
|
* Initial release
* 0.1 is contrived (for sorting and identification) as this identified itself simply as Rhapsody 5.3
|-
! 0.2
| April 14, 1999
| Mac OS X Server 1.0.1
|-
! 0.3
| August 5, 1999
| Based on Rhapsody 5.5
* ISO image is available on [https://archive.org/details/Darwin0.3CDCaseFront archive.org]
* After this point the kernel changed from the NeXTSTEP/OPENSTEP/Rhapsody to the newer XNU for Mac OS X
|-
! 1.0
| April 12, 2000
|
| Developer preview 3
* ISO image is available on [https://archive.org/details/Darwin1.0 archive.org]
|-
! 1.1
| April 5, 2000
|
| Developer preview 4
|-
! 1.2.1
| November 15, 2000
| [[Mac OS X Public Beta]] (code-named "Kodiak")
|
|-
! 1.3.1
| April 13, 2001
| [[Mac OS X v10.0]] (code-named "Cheetah")
| 
* First commercial release of Darwin
* All releases of Cheetah (v10.0.0–4) had the same version of Darwin.
|-
! 1.4.1
| October 2, 2001
| rowspan="3" | [[Mac OS X v10.1]] (code-named "Puma")
|
* Performance improvements to "boot time, real-time threads, thread management, cache flushing, and preemption handling"
* Support for [[Server Message Block|SMB]] network file system
* [[Wget]] replaced with [[cURL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn2029.html|title=Technical Note TN2029: Mac OS X v10.1|publisher=[[Apple Developer|Apple Developer Connection]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011114205940/http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn2029.html|archive-date=November 14, 2001}}</ref>
|-
! 5.1
| November 12, 2001
| Mac OS X v10.1.1
* Change in numbering scheme to match the [[macOS|Mac OS X]] build numbering scheme
|-
! 5.5
| June 5, 2002
| Mac OS X v10.1.5
|-
! 6.0.1
| September 23, 2002
| rowspan="2" | [[Mac OS X v10.2]] (code-named "Jaguar")
|
* [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]] upgraded from 2 to 3.1
* [[IPv6]] and [[IPSec]] support
* mDNSResponder [[service discovery]] [[daemon (computer software)|daemon]] ([[Bonjour (software)|Rendezvous]])
* Addition of [[CUPS]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], and [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
* [[journaling file system|Journaling]] support in [[HFS+]] (Darwin 6.2)
* Application profiles ("pre-heat files") for faster program launching.<ref>{{cite web|first=John|last=Siracusa|date=September 5, 2002|url=https://arstechnica.com/reviews/os/macosx-10-2.ars|title=Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar|website=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=May 31, 2008}}</ref>
|-
! 6.8
| October 3, 2003
| Mac OS X v10.2.8
|-
! 7.0
| October 24, 2003
| rowspan="2" | [[Mac OS X Panther]]
| Mac OS X v10.3.0
* BSD layer synchronized with [[FreeBSD]] 5
* Automatic file [[defragmentation]], hot-file clustering and optional [[case sensitivity]] in HFS+
* [[Bash (Unix shell)|Bash]] instead of [[tcsh]] as default [[Unix shell|shell]]
* Read-only [[NTFS]] support (Darwin 7.9)<ref>{{cite web|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=November 9, 2003|url=https://arstechnica.com/reviews/os/macosx-10-3.ars|title=Mac OS X 10.3 Panther|website=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=May 31, 2008}}</ref>
|-
! 7.9
| April 15, 2005
| Mac OS X v10.3.9
|-
! 8.0
| April 29, 2005
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[Mac OS X Tiger]]
                | Mac OS X for [[Apple TV (device)|Apple TV]]
                }}
| Mac OS X v10.4.0
* Download for Darwin 8.0.1 can be found [https://sourceforge.net/projects/darwinsource/files/Darwin/8.0.1/ here]
* Mac OS X for Apple TV in Darwin 8.8.2
* Stable kernel [[API|programming interface]], finer-grained kernel [[lock (computer science)|locking]], 64-bit BSD layer
* [[launchd]] [[operating system service management|service management]] framework
* [[Extended file attributes]], [[access control lists]]
* Commands such as [[cp (Unix)|cp]] and [[mv (Unix)|mv]] updated to preserve extended attributes and [[resource fork]]s<ref>{{cite web|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=April 28, 2005|url=https://arstechnica.com/reviews/os/macosx-10-4.ars|title=Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger|website=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=May 30, 2008}}</ref>
|-
! 8.11
| November 14, 2007
| Mac OS X v10.4.11
|-
|}
The jump in version numbers from Darwin 1.4.1 to 5.1 with the release of Mac OS X v10.1.1 was designed to tie Darwin to the Mac OS X version and build numbering system, which in turn is inherited from NeXTSTEP. In the build numbering system of macOS, every version has a unique beginning build number, which identifies what whole version of macOS it is part of. Mac OS X v10.0 had build numbers starting with 4, 10.1 had build numbers starting with 5, and so forth (earlier build numbers represented developer releases).<ref>{{cite mailing list|last=Prabhakar|first=Ernie|date=November 9, 2001|url=http://lists.apple.com/archives/darwin-development/2001/Nov/msg00189.html|title=Darwin Version - New Scheme in Software Update 1|mailing-list=darwin-development|access-date=June 2, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195544/http://lists.apple.com/archives/darwin-development/2001/Nov/msg00189.html|archive-date=January 14, 2009|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Darwin 9; iPhone OS introduced===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Version
! style="width: 128px;" | Date
! style="width: 159px;" | Corresponding releases
! Notes
|-
! 9.0
| October 26, 2007
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[Mac OS X Leopard]]
                | [[IOS version history#iPhone OS 1|iPhone OS 1]]
                }}
| Mac OS X v10.5.0
* iPhone OS 1 support in Darwin 9.0.0d1
* Full POSIX compliance, improved hierarchical [[process scheduling]] model, [[dynamic memory allocation|dynamically allocated]] [[paging|swap files]], dynamic resource limits (for [[computer file|files]] and [[process (computing)|processes]]), process [[sandbox (computer security)|sandboxing]], [[address space layout randomization]], [[DTrace]] [[tracing (software)|tracing]] framework, [[file system]] events daemon, [[directory (file systems)|directory]] [[hard links]]
* [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]] 1.3 and [[PHP]] 4 updated to Apache 2.2 and PHP 5, read-only [[ZFS]] support.<ref>{{cite web|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=October 28, 2007|url=https://arstechnica.com/reviews/os/mac-os-x-10-5.ars|title=Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: the Ars Technica review|website=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=May 30, 2008}}</ref>
* First Darwin core used for iPhone devices.
|-
! 9.8
| August 5, 2009
| Mac OS X v.10.5.8
|-
|}

===Darwin 10-11; iPhone OS rebranded to iOS===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Version
! style="width: 128px;" | Date
! style="width: 159px;" | Corresponding releases
! Notes
|-
! 10.0
| August 28, 2009
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[Mac OS X Snow Leopard]]
                | [[iPhone OS 3]]
                }}
| Mac OS X v10.6.0
* End of official support for PPC architecture (although several fat binaries, such as Kernel, still contain PPC images)
* 64-bit kernel and drivers
* [[libdispatch]] [[task parallelism|task parallelization]] framework
* [[OpenCL]] [[heterogeneous computing]] framework
* Initial support for [[Automatic Reference Counting]]
* Support for [[blocks (C language extension)|blocks]] in [[C (programming language)|C]]
* Transparent [[file compression]] in HFS+.<ref>{{cite web|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=August 31, 2009|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2009/08/mac-os-x-10-6.ars|title=Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard: the Ars Technica review|website=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=November 29, 2009}}</ref>
|-
! 10.8
| June 23, 2011
| Mac OS X v10.6.8
|-
! 11.0.0
| July 20, 2011
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[Mac OS X Lion]]
                | [[iOS 4|iOS 4.3]]<ref name="darwin-11-found-on-a-jailbroken-iphone-4s">As found on a [[iOS jailbreaking|jailbroken]] [[iPhone 4S]]</ref>
                }}
| Mac OS X v10.7.0
* XNU no longer supports PPC binaries (fat binary only for i386, x86_64).
* XNU requires an x86_64 processor, except for iOS which is ARM based.
* Improved sandboxing of applications
* Complete support for [[Automatic Reference Counting]]
|-
! 11.4.2
| October 4, 2012
| Mac OS X v10.7.5 (supplemental)
|-
|}

===Darwin 12–15; Mac OS X rebranded into OS X===
{{Anchor|Darwin_12}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Version
! style="width: 128px;" | Date
! style="width: 159px;" | Corresponding releases
! Notes
|-
! 12.0.0
| February 16, 2012
| rowspan="2" | [[OS X Mountain Lion]]
| OS X v10.8.0
* Mac OS X was rebranded into OS X.
* [[Objective-C]] garbage collection was deprecated in favor of [[Automatic Reference Counting]]
|-
! 12.6.0
| January 27, 2015
| OS X v10.8.5 (with Security Update 2015-001)
|-
! 13.0.0
| June 11, 2013
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[OS X Mavericks]]
                | [[iOS 6]]
                }}
| OS X v10.9.0
* [[Virtual memory compression]]
* [[Timer coalescing]]
* [[OpenGL]] 4.1 and [[OpenCL 1.2]]
* [[Server Message Block]] version 2 (SMB2) is now the default protocol for sharing files instead of [[Apple Filing Protocol|AFP]]. This is to increase performance and cross-platform compatibility.
* IPoTB (Internet Protocol over [[Thunderbolt (interface)|Thunderbolt]] Bridge).
* The [[Open Transport]] API has been removed
|-
! 13.4.0
| September 17, 2014
| OS X v10.9.5
|-
! 14.0.0
| September 18, 2014
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[OS X Yosemite]]
                | [[iOS 7]], [[iOS 8]]
                | [[watchOS 1]]
                }}
| OS X v10.10.0
|-
! 14.5.0
| August 13, 2015
| OS X v10.10.5
|-
! 15.0.0
| September 16, 2015
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[OS X El Capitan]]
                | [[iOS 9]]
                | [[watchOS 2]]
                | [[tvOS 9]]
                }}
| OS X v10.11.0 and iOS 9.0
* [[System Integrity Protection]]. Protects certain system parts from being modified or tampered with by a process even if run by root or by a user with root privileges.
* [[sudo]] is configured with the "tty_tickets" flag by default, restricting the session timeout to the terminal session (such as a window or tab) in which the user authenticated the program.
* [[LibreSSL]] replaces [[OpenSSL]]
|-
! 15.6.0
| July 18, 2016
| OS X v10.11.6 and iOS 9.3.3
|-
|}

===Darwin 16–19; OS X rebranded into macOS===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Version
! style="width: 128px;" | Date
! style="width: 159px;" | Corresponding releases
! Notes
|-
! 16.0.0
| September 13, 2016
| rowspan="3" | {{ubl
                | [[macOS Sierra]]
                | [[iOS 10]]
                | [[watchOS 3]]
                | [[tvOS 10]]
                | [[bridgeOS]] 1
                }}
| macOS v10.12.0 and iOS 10.0.1 <small>(initial release version)</small>
* OS X was rebranded into macOS.
* Writing to <code>/Volumes</code> directory is now restricted to root user or any user with root privileges
* [[System Integrity Protection]] now covers <code>/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC</code> directory that contains a list of applications that are allowed to "control the computer"
* [[Objective-C]] [[Garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collector]] removed and replaced by [[Automatic Reference Counting]] that was introduced with Darwin v12.0 (OS X v10.8). Objective-C applications that use garbage collection will no longer work.
* Native support for [[PPTP]] was removed.
|-
! 16.5.0
| March 27, 2017
| macOS v10.12.4 and iOS 10.3
* Changed filesystem from [[HFS+]] to [[APFS]] on iOS devices. APFS is already available on macOS since 10.12.0 but can't be used on boot partition.
|-
! 16.6.0
| July 19, 2017
| macOS v10.12.6 and iOS 10.3.3
|-
! 17.0.0
| September 19, 2017
| rowspan="4" | {{ubl
                | [[macOS High Sierra]]
                | [[iOS 11]]
                | [[watchOS 4]]
                | [[tvOS 11]]
                | [[bridgeOS]] 2
                }}
| 
* [[APFS]] replaces [[HFS+]] as the default filesystem for boot partition in macOS on Macs with [[flash storage]]. On Macs with [[hard disk drive|HDDs]], the boot partition must be reformatted to use APFS.
* [[ntpd]] replaced by [[timed]] as a time synchronization service
* [[FTP]] and [[telnet]] commands are removed.
* [[Loadable kernel module|Kernel extensions]] ("kexts") will require explicit approval by the user before being able to run.
|-
! 17.5.0
| March 29, 2018
| macOS 10.13.4
* Support for external graphics processors using [[Thunderbolt (interface)#Thunderbolt 3|Thunderbolt 3]], and removes support for external graphics processors using Thunderbolt 1 and 2.
|-
! 17.6.0
| June 1, 2018
| macOS v10.13.5
|-
! 17.7.0
| July 9, 2018
| macOS v10.13.6 and iOS 11.4.1
|-
! 18.0.0
| September 24, 2018
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[macOS Mojave]]
                | [[iOS 12]]
                | [[watchOS 5]]
                | [[tvOS 12]]
                | [[bridgeOS]] 3
                }}
| 
|-
! 18.2.0
| October 30, 2018
| macOS v10.14.1 and iOS 12.1
* Added support for the new Radeon Vega 20 GPUs in the new MacBooks
|-
! 19.0.0
| September 19, 2019
| rowspan="6" | {{ubl
                | [[macOS Catalina]]
                | [[iOS 13]]
                | [[watchOS 6]]
                | [[tvOS 13]]
                | [[bridgeOS]] 4
                }}
| 
|-
! 19.2.0
| December 10, 2019
| macOS 10.15.2 and iOS 13.3
|-
! 19.3.0
| January 28, 2020
| macOS 10.15.3 and iOS 13.3.1
* System Extensions replace Kexts and runs in userspace, outside of the kernel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2019/702/|title = System Extensions and DriverKit - WWDC19 - Videos}}</ref>
* [[DriverKit]] replaces [[I/O Kit]]. It Introduces "Dexts" (Driver Extensions) which are built using DriverKit. Driverkit is a new SDK with all new frameworks based on IOKit, but is updated and modernized. Device Drivers run in userspace, outside of the kernel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/documentation/systemextensions|title=SystemExtensions|website=Apple Developer Documentation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/documentation/driverkit|title=DriverKit|website=Apple Developer Documentation}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2019/702/|title=System Extensions and DriverKit|website=Apple Developer Documentation}}</ref>
|-
! 19.4.0
| March 24, 2020
| 
|-
! 19.5.0
| April 30, 2020
| macOS 10.15.5 and iOS 13.5
|-
! 19.6.0
| June 1, 2020
| macOS 10.15.6 beta 2 and iOS 13.6.0 beta 2
|-
|}

===Darwin 20 onwards===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Version
! style="width: 128px;" | Date
! style="width: 159px;" | Corresponding releases
! Notes
|-
! 20.0.0
| June 22, 2020
| rowspan="7" | {{ubl
  | [[macOS Big Sur]]
  | [[iOS 14]]
  | [[watchOS 7]]
  | [[tvOS 14]]
  | [[bridgeOS]] 5
  }}
| macOS 11.0 beta 1 and iOS 14.0 beta 1
|-
!20.1.0
|September 3, 2020
|macOS 11.0 and iOS 14.0
|-
!20.2.0
|November 12, 2020
|macOS 11.1 and iOS 14.3
|-
!20.3.0
|February 1, 2021
|macOS 11.2, iOS 14.4, iPadOS 14.4, watchOS 7.3 and tvOS 14.4. 
|-
!20.4.0
|April 20, 2021
|macOS 11.3, iOS 14.5, iPadOS 14.5, watchOS 7.4 and tvOS 14.5. 
|-
!20.5.0
|May 24, 2021
|macOS 11.4 and iOS 14.6
|-
!20.6.0
|June 2, 2021
|macOS 11.5 beta 2 and iOS 14.7 beta 2
|-
!21.0.0
|June 7, 2021
| rowspan="8" | {{ubl
  | [[macOS Monterey]]
  | [[iOS 15]]
  | [[watchOS 8]]
  | [[tvOS 15]]
  | [[bridgeOS]] 6
  }}
|macOS 12.0 beta 1 and iOS 15.0 beta 1
|-
!21.0.1
|October 25, 2021
|macOS 12.0
|-
!21.1.0
|October 25, 2021
|macOS 12.0.1 and iOS 15.0
|-
!21.2.0
|December 7, 2021
|macOS 12.1 and iOS 15.2
|-
!21.3.0
|January 26, 2022
|macOS 12.2 and iOS 15.3
|-
!21.4.0
|March 14, 2022
|macOS 12.3 and iOS 15.4
|-
!21.5.0
|June 24, 2022
|macOS 12.4 and iOS 15.5
|-
!21.6.0
|July 20, 2022
|macOS 12.5 and iOS 15.6
|-
!22.0
|June 6, 2022
| rowspan="7" | {{ubl
  | [[macOS Ventura]]
  | [[iOS 16]]
  | [[iPadOS 16]]
  | [[watchOS 9]]
  | [[tvOS 16]]
  | [[bridgeOS|bridgeOS 7]]
  }}
|macOS 13.0 beta 1, iOS 16.0, watchOS 9.0 and tvOS 16.0
|-
!22.1.0
|October 24, 2022
|macOS 13.0, iOS 16.1, iPadOS 16.1, watchOS 9.1 and tvOS 16.1
|-
!22.2.0
|December 13, 2022
|macOS 13.1, iOS 16.2, iPadOS 16.2, watchOS 9.2 and tvOS 16.2
|-
!22.3.0
|January 23, 2023
|macOS 13.2, iOS 16.3, iPadOS 16.3, watchOS 9.3 and tvOS 16.3
|-
!22.4.0
|March 27, 2023
|macOS 13.3, iOS 16.4, iPadOS 16.4, watchOS 9.4 and tvOS 16.4
|-
!22.5.0
|May 18, 2023
|macOS 13.4, iOS 16.5, iPadOS 16.5, watchOS 9.5 and tvOS 16.5
|-
!22.6.0
|July 24, 2023
|macOS 13.5, iOS 16.6, iPadOS 16.6, watchOS 9.6 and tvOS 16.6
|-
!23.0.0
|September 18, 2023
| rowspan="6" | {{ubl
  | [[macOS Sonoma]]
  | [[iOS 17]]
  | [[iPadOS 17]]
  | [[watchOS 10]]
  | [[tvOS 17]]
  | [[bridgeOS|bridgeOS 8]]
  }}
|macOS 14.0, iOS 17.0, iPadOS 17.0, watchOS 10.0 and tvOS 17.0
|-
!23.1.0
|October 25, 2023
|macOS 14.1, iOS 17.1, iPadOS 17.1, watchOS 10.1 and tvOS 17.1
|-
!23.2.0
|November 15, 2023
|macOS 14.2, iOS 17.2, iPadOS 17.2, watchOS 10.2 and tvOS 17.2
|-
!23.3.0
|January 22, 2024
|macOS 14.3, iOS 17.3, iPadOS 17.3, watchOS 10.3 and tvOS 17.3
|-
!23.4.0
|March 5, 2024
|macOS 14.4, iOS 17.4, iPadOS 17.4, watchOS 10.4 and tvOS 17.4
|-
!23.5.0
|May 13, 2024
|macOS 14.5, iOS 17.5, iPadOS 17.5, watchOS 10.5 and tvOS 17.5
|-
!24.0.0
|September 16, 2024
| {{ubl
 | [[macOS Sequoia]]
 | [[iOS 18]]
 | [[iPadOS 18]]
 | [[watchOS 11]]
 | [[tvOS 18]]
 | [[bridgeOS|bridgeOS 9]]
 }}
|macOS 15.0, iOS 18.0, iPadOS 18.0, watchOS 11.0, and tvOS 18.0
|-
!25.0.0
|September 15, 2025
| {{ubl
 | [[macOS Tahoe]]
 | [[iOS 26]]
 | [[iPadOS 26]]
 | [[watchOS 26]]
 | [[tvOS 26]]
 | [[bridgeOS|bridgeOS 10]]
 }}
|macOS, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and tvOS 26.0
|}

''Note: the tables above contain the release dates of the corresponding OS releases. Build dates for Darwin versions are not publicly available; the commands below only give the build date for the XNU kernel.''

The command {{mono|[[uname]] -r}} in [[Terminal (macOS)|Terminal]] will show the Darwin version number ("20.3.0"), and the command {{mono|uname -v}} will show the [[XNU]] build version string, which includes the Darwin version number.
The command {{mono|sw_vers}} will show the corresponding ProductName ("macOS"), the ProductVersion number ("11.2.3") and the BuildVersion string ("20D91").

==Derived projects==
Due to the free software nature of Darwin, there have been projects that aim to modify the operating system or take Darwin’s parts for their own purpose.

Among these, DarwinBSD, OpenDarwin, and PureDarwin can be termed "alternative Darwin distributions" in a sense analogous to [[Linux distributions]].

===OpenDarwin===
[[File:GNOME 2 running on openDarwin (2004).png|thumb|[[GNOME]] running on GNU-Darwin]]

OpenDarwin was a community-led operating system based on the Darwin system. It was founded in April 2002 by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] and [[Internet Systems Consortium]]. Its goal was to increase collaboration between Apple developers and the [[free software community]]. Apple benefited from the project because improvements to OpenDarwin would be incorporated into Darwin releases; and the free/open-source community benefited from being given complete control over its own operating system, which could then be used in free software distributions such as GNU-Darwin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opendarwin.org/|title=OpenDarwin|publisher=OpenDarwin Project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106092328/http://www.opendarwin.org/|archive-date=January 6, 2006}}</ref>

On July 25, 2006, the OpenDarwin team announced that the project was shutting down, as they felt OpenDarwin had "become a mere hosting facility for Mac OS X related projects", and that the efforts to create a standalone Darwin operating system had failed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2006/jul/26/opendarwinshut|title=OpenDarwin Shutting Down|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Jack|last=Schofield|date=2006-07-26|access-date=2023-03-18}}</ref> They also state: "Availability of sources, interaction with Apple representatives, difficulty building and tracking sources, and a lack of interest from the community have all contributed to this."<ref>{{cite web|author=OpenDarwin Core Team and Administrators|date=July 25, 2006|url=http://www.opendarwin.org/en/news/shutdown.html|title=OpenDarwin Shutting Down|publisher=OpenDarwin Project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060804104416/http://opendarwin.org/|archive-date=August 4, 2006}}</ref> The last stable release was version 7.2.1, released on July 16, 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.opendarwin.org/en/news/opendarwin721.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040805095039/http://www.opendarwin.org/en/news/opendarwin721.html|archive-date=2004-08-05|url-status=dead|title=OpenDarwin 7.2.1 Released|date=2004-08-05|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref>

===PureDarwin===
PureDarwin is a project to create a bootable operating system image from Apple's released source code for Darwin.<ref>{{cite web |title=PureDarwin |url=https://www.puredarwin.org/ |access-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401234001/https://www.puredarwin.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the halt of OpenDarwin and the release of bootable images since Darwin 8.x, it has been increasingly difficult to create a full operating system as many components became closed source. In 2015 the project created a preview release based on Darwin 9 with an X11 GUI,<ref>[https://github.com/PureDarwin/PureDarwin/wiki/Xmas PureDarwin Xmas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203095014/https://github.com/PureDarwin/PureDarwin/wiki/Xmas |date=December 3, 2019 }} (2015)</ref> followed by a command-line only 17.4 Beta based on Darwin 17 in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=PureDarwin 17.4 Beta |url=https://github.com/PureDarwin/PD-17.4-Beta |website=GitHub |publisher=PureDarwin |access-date=11 January 2020 |date=30 November 2019 |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213013037/https://github.com/PureDarwin/PD-17.4-Beta |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Other derived projects===
"Darwin distributions" (see also the other package managers below):
* GNU-Darwin was a project that ports packages of free software to Darwin. They package OS images in a way similar to a [[Linux distribution]].
* DarwinBSD Project was a Darwin distribution using FreeBSD's pkgsrc package management.<ref>{{cite web |title=DarwinBSD |url=http://darwinbsd.tk/ |website=darwinbsd.tk |access-date=7 April 2023 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323004704/http://darwinbsd.tk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Other types of derivatives:
* The Darbat project was an experimental port of Darwin to the [[L4 microkernel family]]. It aims to be [[binary compatible]] with existing Darwin binaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ertos.nicta.com.au/software/darbat/ |title=L4/Darwin (aka Darbat) |publisher=Ertos.nicta.com.au |date=May 9, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219064814/http://www.ertos.nicta.com.au/software/darbat/ |archive-date=December 19, 2013}}</ref>
* The [[Darling (software)|Darling]] project is a compatibility layer for running macOS binaries on Linux systems. It uses some Darwin source code.<ref>{{cite web |title=Darling: macOS translation layer for Linux |url=https://www.darlinghq.org/ |website=www.darlinghq.org |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=April 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421131450/https://www.darlinghq.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Related open-source projects ==

=== Projects intended to work with Darwin ===
[[File:WindowmakerFS Xdarwin.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Window Maker in [[XDarwin]]]]
The following are not Darwin derivatives, at least not beyond the extent that any program written for an operating system is partly derived from its [[application programming interface]] and other constraints.

* [[XQuartz]] is a component of the [[X Window System]] that runs on [[macOS]] (Darwin). [[XDarwin]], before the introduction of Apple's X11.app.
* [[WebKit]] is a [[browser engine]] primarily used in [[Apple Inc.|Apple's]] [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] web browser, as well as all web browsers on [[iOS]] and [[iPadOS]].
* [[MacPorts]] (formerly DarwinPorts), [[Fink (software)|Fink]], and [[Homebrew (package management software)|Homebrew]] are projects to port UNIX programs to the Darwin operating system and provide [[package management]]. In addition, several standard UNIX package managers—such as [[RPM Package Manager|RPM]], [[pkgsrc]], and [[Portage (software)|Portage]]—have Darwin ports. Some of these operate in their own namespace so as not to interfere with the base system.
* The [[Darwine]] project was a [[porting|port]] of [[Wine (software)|Wine]] that allows one to run [[Microsoft Windows]] software on Darwin.
* SEDarwin was a port of [[TrustedBSD]] [[mandatory access control]] framework and portions of the [[SELinux]] framework to Darwin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedarwin.org/ |title=Security Enhanced Darwin |publisher=SEDarwin |date=January 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005174023/http://www.sedarwin.org/|archive-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref> It was incorporated into Mac OS X 10.5.<ref>{{cite web |title=What's New In Mac OS X: Mac OS X v10.5 |work=Mac OS X Reference Library |publisher=Apple |date=November 13, 2009 |url= https://developer.apple.com/mac/library/releasenotes/MacOSX/WhatsNewInOSX/Articles/MacOSX10_5.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208233045/http://developer.apple.com/Mac/library/releasenotes/MacOSX/WhatsNewInOSX/Articles/MacOSX10_5.html| archive-date=December 8, 2009}}</ref>
* There are various projects that focus on driver support: e.g., wireless drivers,<ref>{{cite web |author=yuriwho |url=https://wirelessdriver.sourceforge.net/ |title=WirelessDriver Home Page |publisher=Wirelessdriver.sourceforge.net |date=May 5, 2002 |access-date=July 12, 2010 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728200428/http://wirelessdriver.sourceforge.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=iwi2200 Darwin |publisher=[[SourceForge]] |date=March 27, 2009 |url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/iwi2200/ |access-date=June 13, 2010 |archive-date=August 18, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818023423/http://sourceforge.net/projects/iwi2200/ |url-status=live }}</ref> wired [[network interface card|NIC]] drivers<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/darwin-tulip/ |title=Port BSD tulip driver(s) to Darwin OS &#124; Download Port BSD tulip driver(s) to Darwin OS software for free at |publisher=SourceForge.net |access-date=July 12, 2010 |archive-date=July 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716175829/http://sourceforge.net/projects/darwin-tulip/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RealTek network driver for Mac OS X/Darwin |publisher=[[SourceForge]] |date=March 15, 2006 |url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/darwin-rtl8139 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |archive-date=July 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724204411/http://sourceforge.net/projects/darwin-rtl8139/ |url-status=live }} ''Project inactive since March 15, 2006.''</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=fansui |title=RTL8150LMEthernet |publisher=SourceForge |date=August 1, 2007 |url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/rtl8150lm |access-date=June 13, 2010 |display-authors=etal |archive-date=September 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907032303/http://sourceforge.net/projects/rtl8150lm |url-status=live }}</ref> modem drivers,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/darwinmodems |title=ZyXEL Modem Drivers for OS X/Darwin &#124; Download ZyXEL Modem Drivers for OS X/Darwin software for free at |publisher=SourceForge.net |date=May 14, 2002 |access-date=July 12, 2010 |archive-date=January 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107024501/http://sourceforge.net/projects/darwinmodems/ |url-status=live }}</ref> card readers,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pccardata.sourceforge.net/ |title=Mac OS X PC Card ATA Driver |publisher=Pccardata.sourceforge.net |date=December 20, 2001 |access-date=July 12, 2010 |archive-date=August 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805235201/http://pccardata.sourceforge.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[ext2]] and [[ext3]] file systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/ext2fsx/ |title=Mac OS X Ext2 Filesystem &#124; Download Mac OS X Ext2 Filesystem software for free at |publisher=SourceForge.net |date=October 14, 2002 |access-date=July 12, 2010 |archive-date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722030450/http://sourceforge.net/projects/ext2fsx/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ext2 filesystem in user space |publisher=[[SourceForge]] |date=July 14, 2008 |url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/ext2fuse |access-date=June 13, 2010 |archive-date=July 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726001114/http://sourceforge.net/projects/ext2fuse/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Neither substantially based on Darwin nor mainly intended to work on it ===
The following projects re-implements parts of macOS API that are above the level of Darwin.

* [[GNUstep]] is a [[free software]] implementation of the [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] (formerly [[OpenStep]]) [[Objective-C]] [[Software framework|frameworks]], [[widget toolkit]], and application development tools for [[Unix-like]] [[operating system]]s.
** [[Window Maker]], a window manager designed to emulate the [[NeXTSTEP|NeXT]] GUI as part of the wider GNUstep project.

==See also==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
* [[A/UX]]
* [[mkLinux]]
* [[OSF/1]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://opensource.apple.com/releases/ Darwin Releases] at [[Apple Developer|Apple Developer Connection]]
* [https://opensource.apple.com/tarballs/ source code of individual packages]
* [http://www.hexley.com/ Hexley, the Darwin mascot]
* [http://www.puredarwin.org PureDarwin.org]
* {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111225233653/http://www.theapplemuseum.com:80/index.php?id=33 |date= December 25, 2011 |title=''The Apple Museum'' "MacOS X Build Numbers"}}

{{Darwin derivations}}
{{macOS}}
{{Apple Inc. operating systems}}
{{Unix-like}}
{{FOSS}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darwin (Operating System)}}
[[Category:2000 software]]
[[Category:Mascots introduced in 2000]]
[[Category:Animal mascots]]
[[Category:Apple Inc. operating systems]]
[[Category:Berkeley Software Distribution]]
[[Category:Free software operating systems]]
[[Category:Mach (kernel)]]
[[Category:MacOS]]
[[Category:Unix variants]]
[[Category:IA-32 operating systems]]
[[Category:X86-64 operating systems]]
[[Category:PowerPC operating systems]]