View source for Daniel Ortega

{{Short description|Dictator of Nicaragua (1985–1990 and 2007–present)}}
{{family name hatnote|Ortega|Saavedra|lang=Spanish}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}} 
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Daniel Ortega
| alongside           = [[Rosario Murillo]] since 18 February 2025
| office              = [[President of Nicaragua|Co-President of Nicaragua]]
| order               = 
| image               = Daniel Ortega 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Ortega in 2025
| predecessor         = [[Enrique Bolaños]]
| successor           = 
| 1blankname          = [[Vice President of Nicaragua|Vice President]]
| 1namedata           = [[Jaime Morales Carazo]]<br /> (2007–2012)<br />[[Moises Omar Halleslevens Acevedo|Omar Halleslevens]]<br />(2012–2017)<br />[[Rosario Murillo]]<br />(2017–2025)
| party               = [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|FSLN]]
| predecessor3        = Himself<br />(as Coordinator of the JNR)
| successor3          = [[Violeta Chamorro]]
| office4             = Coordinator of the<br /> [[Junta of National Reconstruction]]
| predecessor4        = [[Francisco Urcuyo]]<br />(as Acting President)
| vicepresident3      = [[Sergio Ramírez]]
| successor4          = Himself<br />(as President)
| birth_name          = José Daniel Ortega Saavedra
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1945|11|11|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[La Libertad, Chontales]], Nicaragua
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Rosario Murillo]]|1979}}
| children            = 7 with Rosario Murillo, including [[Juan Carlos Ortega Murillo]]<br />1 with Leticia Herrera
| relatives           = [[Humberto Ortega]] (brother)<br />[[Camilo Ortega]] (brother)<br />[[Xiomara Blandino]] (daughter-in-law)
| term_start          = 10 January 2007
| term_end            = 
| term_start3         = 10 January 1985
| term_end3           = 25 April 1990
| term_start4         = 18 July 1979
| term_end4           = 10 January 1985
| signature           = Daniel Ortega Signature.svg
| nickname            = 
| awards              = [[Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights]]
| allegiance          = Nicaragua
| branch              = {{plainlist|
* [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|FSLN]]
* [[Nicaraguan Army]]
}}
| serviceyears        = {{plainlist|
* 1963–1990
* 2007–present
}}
| rank                = {{plainlist|
* [[Major (rank)|Major]]
* [[Commander-in-chief]]
}}
| battles             = [[Nicaraguan Revolution]]
| mawards             = 
}}
'''José Daniel Ortega Saavedra''' ({{IPAc-en|ɔr|ˈ|t|eɪ|ɡ|ə}} {{respell|or|TAY|gə}}, {{IPA|es|daˈnjel oɾˈteɣa|lang}}; born 11 November 1945) is a Nicaraguan politician   who has been the [[Co-presidents of Nicaragua|co-president of Nicaragua]] since 18 February 2025, alongside his wife [[Rosario Murillo]]. He was the [[president of Nicaragua]] from 1985 to 1990 and from 2007 to 2025. He previously led [[Nicaragua]] as the first coordinator of the [[Junta of National Reconstruction]] from 1979 to 1985. Ortega leads an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] government, and has been regularly described as a [[dictator]] by the [[international community]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2024 |title=Nicaragua: Ortega and wife to assume absolute power after changes approved |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/22/nicaragua-ortega-wife-absolute-power |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Granger |first=Max |date=25 August 2024 |title=Is Nicaragua's Dictatorship Nearing Its End? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/08/25/nicaragua-ortega-murillo-dictatorship-fsln-repression/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rascoe |first1=Ayesha |last2=Eyder |first2=Peralta |date=10 September 2023 |title=Rare Look Inside Nicaragua dictatorship of Daniel Ortega |url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1198475446 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

Ortega came to prominence with the overthrow and exile of US-backed dictator [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]] in 1979 during the [[Nicaraguan Revolution]]. As a leader in the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] ({{langx|es|Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional}}, FSLN) Ortega became leader of the ruling [[Junta of National Reconstruction]]. A Marxist–Leninist, Ortega pursued a program of nationalization, [[land reform]], [[wealth redistribution]], and [[Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign|literacy programs]] during his first period in office. Ortega's government was responsible for the forced displacement of 10,000 indigenous people. [[1984 Nicaraguan general election|In 1984]], Ortega won Nicaragua's presidential election with over 60% of the vote as the FSLN's candidate.<ref name=":1122">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2016 |title=Ortega Saavedra, Daniel |encyclopedia=The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide |publisher=Helicon |location=Abington}}</ref> During his first term, he implemented policies to achieve [[leftist]] reforms across Nicaragua. Throughout the 1980s, Ortega's government faced a rebellion by US-backed rebels, known as the [[Contras]]. After a presidency marred by conflict and economic collapse, Ortega was defeated in the [[1990 Nicaraguan general election]] by [[Violeta Chamorro]].

Ortega was an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 1996 and 2001 but won the [[2006 Nicaraguan general election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2006 |title=Ortega wins Nicaraguan election |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6117704.stm |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114114650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6117704.stm |archive-date=14 January 2007 |access-date=17 May 2025 |url-status=live |language=en-GB}}</ref> In office, he allied with fellow Latin American socialists. In contrast to his previous political career, his second administration abandoned most of his earlier leftist principles, alienating many of his former revolutionary allies.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 July 2018|title=Profile: Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega, from revolutionary leader to opposition hate figure|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15544315|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109023559/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15544315|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Partlow|first=Joshua|date=24 August 2018|title=From rebel to strongman: How Daniel Ortega became the thing he fought against|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/from-rebel-to-strongman-how-daniel-ortega-became-the-thing-he-fought-against/2018/08/24/117d000a-97fe-11e8-818b-e9b7348cd87d_story.html|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120194028/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/from-rebel-to-strongman-how-daniel-ortega-became-the-thing-he-fought-against/2018/08/24/117d000a-97fe-11e8-818b-e9b7348cd87d_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Webber |first=Jude |date=22 August 2018 |title=A rebel no more, Daniel Ortega comes to resemble the dictator he replaced |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/a-rebel-no-more-daniel-ortega-comes-to-resemble-the-dictator-he-replaced-1.3604155 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030929/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/a-rebel-no-more-daniel-ortega-comes-to-resemble-the-dictator-he-replaced-1.3604155 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=11 November 2020 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]}}</ref> Under his tenure, Nicaragua has experienced [[democratic backsliding]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thaler |first=Kai M. |date=2017 |title=Nicaragua: A Return to Caudillismo |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/653384 |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=157–169 |doi=10.1353/jod.2017.0032 |issn=1086-3214|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thaler |first1=Kai M. |last2=Mosinger |first2=Eric |date=2022 |title=Nicaragua: Doubling Down on Dictatorship |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/852750 |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=133–146 |doi=10.1353/jod.2022.0023 |issn=1086-3214|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In June 2018, organizations such as [[Amnesty International]] and the [[Organization of American States]] reported that Ortega had engaged in a violent oppression campaign against [[Protests against Daniel Ortega|anti-government protests]].<ref name="Amnesty">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr43/8470/2018/en/|title=Shoot to kill: Nicaragua's strategy to repress protest|date=29 May 2018|work=[[Amnesty International]]|access-date=14 June 2018|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613175042/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr43/8470/2018/en/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release|title=IACHR Condemns Increased Violence in Nicaragua|date=13 June 2018|location=Washington, D.C.|url=http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2018/128.asp|last1=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|publisher=Organization of American States|access-date=14 June 2018|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032518/http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2018/128.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The violent crackdown and subsequent constriction of civil liberties have led to waves of emigration to neighboring [[Costa Rica]], with more than 30,000 Nicaraguans filing for asylum in that country.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Moloney|first=Anastasia|date=16 April 2019|title=Nicaragua crisis forces 60,000 people to flee homes in past year - U.N.|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nicaragua-protests-refugees-idUSKCN1RS26D|access-date=29 August 2021|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829102245/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nicaragua-protests-refugees-idUSKCN1RS26D|url-status=live}}</ref>

His government jailed many potential rival candidates in the [[2021 Nicaraguan general election]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nicaragua Sees Democracy Crisis As President Ortega Jails Potential Election Rivals|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/06/12/1005833559/nicaragua-sees-democracy-crisis-as-president-ortega-jails-potential-election-riv|access-date=29 August 2021|work=NPR|language=en|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828030205/https://www.npr.org/2021/06/12/1005833559/nicaragua-sees-democracy-crisis-as-president-ortega-jails-potential-election-riv|url-status=live}}</ref> including [[Cristiana Chamorro Barrios]]. Ortega's government also imprisoned other opponents, such as former allies [[Dora María Téllez]] and [[Hugo Torres Jiménez]].<ref name="nation100821">{{Cite news |last=Mannheim |first=Linda |date=10 August 2021 |title=The Arrest of Dora María Téllez Marks a New Low for Nicaragua |journal=The Nation |language=en-US |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/dora-tellez-nicaragua-sandinista/ |access-date=29 August 2021 |issn=0027-8378 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828125811/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/dora-tellez-nicaragua-sandinista/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2021, Nicaragua cancelled the operating permits of six US and European NGOs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicaragua cancels permits for US, European NGOs |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/17/nicaragua-cancels-permits-for-us-european-ngos |access-date=29 August 2021 |work=Al Jazeera English |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612133833/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/17/nicaragua-cancels-permits-for-us-european-ngos |url-status=live}}</ref> Many critics of the Ortega government, including opposition leaders, journalists and members of civil society, fled the country in mid-2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Prominent Nicaraguan opposition leaders and journalists flee an escalating government crackdown|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/06/26/nicaragua-ortega-politicians-journalists-flee/|access-date=29 August 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In his fourth term, Ortega ordered the closure of several [[NGO]]s, universities, and newspapers,<ref>{{cite web |date=15 February 2022 |title=Daniel Ortega emprende una cruzada contra las universidades privadas de Nicaragua |url=https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci-daniel-ortega-emprende-cruzada-contra-universidades-privadas-nicaragua-202202150115_noticia.html |work=ABC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216080841/https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci-daniel-ortega-emprende-cruzada-contra-universidades-privadas-nicaragua-202202150115_noticia.html |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 February 2022 |title=Daniel Ortega arremete contra las universidades rebeldes de Nicaragua |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-02-02/daniel-ortega-arremete-contra-las-universidades-rebeldes-de-nicaragua.html |work=El Pais |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603122121/https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-02-02/daniel-ortega-arremete-contra-las-universidades-rebeldes-de-nicaragua.html |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2022 |title=El régimen de Daniel Ortega ordenó el cierre de cuatro ONGs |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2022/05/17/el-regimen-de-daniel-ortega-ordeno-el-cierre-de-cuatro-ongs/ |work=[[Infobae]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603122451/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2022/05/17/el-regimen-de-daniel-ortega-ordeno-el-cierre-de-cuatro-ongs/ |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> and resumed his repression of the [[Catholic Church]] after a brief rapprochement,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Belli |first=Gioconda |date=24 August 2018 |title=How Daniel Ortega Became a Tyrant - From Revolutionary to Strongman |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/nicaragua/2018-08-24/how-daniel-ortega-became-tyrant |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111154820/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/nicaragua/2018-08-24/how-daniel-ortega-became-tyrant |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=11 November 2020 |work=Foreign Affairs}}</ref> imprisoning [[prelate]] [[Rolando José Álvarez Lagos]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2022 |title=Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega goes after the Catholic Church in his latest effort to stop criticism of the government |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/nicaraguan-president-daniel-ortega-goes-catholic-church-latest-effort-rcna44618 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122192810/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/nicaraguan-president-daniel-ortega-goes-catholic-church-latest-effort-rcna44618 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CNA |title=European bishops call for release of Nicaraguan bishop due to stand trial for conspiracy |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/253589/european-bishops-call-for-release-of-nicaraguan-bishop-due-to-stand-trial-for-conspiracy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031141856/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/253589/european-bishops-call-for-release-of-nicaraguan-bishop-due-to-stand-trial-for-conspiracy |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}</ref><!--Source has a POV (anti-Ortega), but comes from a reliable publication (Foreign Affairs), and is here used to provide reference for facts which are not contested e.g. Ortega's move towards Catholicism-->

==Early life==
===Early childhood===
Ortega was born in [[La Libertad, Nicaragua|La Libertad]] in [[Chontales Department]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Ortega Saavedra, Daniel (1945–) |website=Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ortega-saavedra-daniel-1945|access-date=9 November 2021|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422162519/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ortega-saavedra-daniel-1945|url-status=live}}</ref> into a working-class family. His parents, Daniel Ortega Cerda and Lidia Saavedra, were opposed to the regime of [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]]. Ortega's mother was imprisoned by Somoza's [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|National Guard]] for being in possession of "love letters", which  police said were coded political missives. Ortega and his two brothers grew up to become revolutionaries. His late brother [[Humberto Ortega]] was a former [[general]], military leader, and published writer, and the third brother [[Camilo Ortega]] died fighting the Somoza regime in 1978. They had a sister, Germania, who died.<ref>{{cite web |title=La Jornada – Jueves, 5 de Mayo de 2005 |url=http://diario.lajornadanet.com/archivo/2005/mayo/05_05_05.html |work=lajornadanet.com |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115938/http://diario.lajornadanet.com/archivo/2005/mayo/05_05_05.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Juigalpa and Managua===
Seeking stable employment, the family migrated from [[La Libertad, Chontales|La Libertad]] to the provincial capital of [[Juigalpa, Chontales|Juigalpa]], and then to a middle-class neighborhood in [[Managua]].{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=186}} In Managua, Ortega and his brother studied at the upper-middle class high school, the LaSalle Institute, where Ortega was classmates with [[Arnoldo Alemán|Arnoldo Aleman]], who would go on to be mayor of Managua (1990–1995) and later President of Nicaragua (1997–2002). Ortega's father Daniel Ortega Cedra detested US military intervention in Nicaragua and Washington's support for the [[Somoza family|Somoza]] government. He imparted this [[anti-American sentiment]] to his sons.{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=186}}

=== Early political activity===
From an early age, Ortega opposed Nicaragua's president [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]], and became involved in the underground movement against his government. Ortega and his brother Humberto formed the Insurrectionist, or Tercerista (Third Way) faction, culminating in the [[Nicaraguan Revolution]]. After the overthrow and exile of Somoza Debayle's government, Ortega became leader of the ruling multi-partisan Junta of National Reconstruction.

Ortega was first arrested for political activities at the age of 15,<ref name="RT">{{Cite news |title=Five facts about Nicaragua's Daniel Ortega |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N01359367.htm |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131112631/http://alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N01359367.htm |archive-date=31 January 2009 |access-date=15 January 2008 |work=AlertNet |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> and quickly joined the then-underground [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] (FSLN) in 1963.<ref name="LP">{{Cite news |date=10 May 2007 |title=Daniel Ortega Saavedra, candidato presidencial del FSLN |trans-title=Daniel Ortega Saavedra, presidential candidate of the FSLN |url=http://www-ni.laprensa.com.ni/archivo/2006/septiembre/15/elecciones/candidatos/143891.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520180905/http://www-ni.laprensa.com.ni/archivo/2006/septiembre/15/elecciones/candidatos/143891.shtml |archive-date=20 May 2007 |access-date=11 May 2007 |work=La Prensa |language=es}}</ref> In 1964, Ortega travelled to [[Guatemala]], where the police arrested him and turned him over to the [[Nicaraguan National Guard]].{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=187}} After his release from detainment, Ortega arranged the assassination of his torturer, Guardsman Gonzalo Lacayo, in August 1967.{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=187}}

=== Imprisonment===
He was imprisoned in 1967 for taking part in [[bank robbery|armed robbery]] of a branch of the [[Bank of America]].<ref name="LO">{{Cite news|url=http://www.commondreams.org/views01/0902-05.htm|title=Nicaragua's Daniel Ortega; In the Lions' Den Again|last=Vulliamy|first=Ed|date=2 September 2001|work=[[The Observer]]|access-date=15 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223093439/http://www.commondreams.org/views01/0902-05.htm|archive-date=23 December 2007|url-status=dead|via=[[Common Dreams]]}}</ref> Ortega was released in late 1974, along with other Sandinista prisoners, in exchange for [[Somocista]] hostages. While imprisoned at the El Modelo jail, just outside [[Managua]], Ortega wrote poems, one of which he titled "I Never Saw Managua When Miniskirts Were in Fashion".<ref name="LO"/> During his imprisonment, Ortega was tortured.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Diederich |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Diederich |date=1982 |title=Somoza and the Legacy of U.S. Involvement in Central America |location=London, UK |publisher=Junction Books |page=85 |isbn=0862450551}}</ref> While he was incarcerated at El Modelo, his mother helped stage protests and hunger strikes for political prisoners; this resulted in improving the treatment of incarcerated Sandinistas.{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=188}}

=== Exile in Cuba===
Upon release in 1974, Ortega was exiled to [[Cuba]]. There he received training in [[guerrilla warfare]] from Fidel Castro's [[Marxist–Leninist]] government. He later returned secretly to Nicaragua.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hispanic Heritage in the Americas: Ortega, Daniel |url=https://www.britannica.com/hispanic_heritage/article-9057473 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=11 May 2007 |archive-date=30 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030182745/http://www.britannica.com/hispanic_heritage/article-9057473 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sectional division within the FSLN===
In the late 1970s, divisions over the FSLN's campaign against Somoza led Ortega and his brother Humberto to form the Insurrectionist, or ''Tercerista'' (Third Way) faction.<ref name=":72">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2000 |title=Ortega, Daniel |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Nationalism: Leaders, Movements, and Concepts |publisher=Elsevier Science & Technology |location=Oxford, England |editor-last=Motyl |editor-first=Alexander|isbn=9780122272301}}</ref> The Terceristas sought to combine the distinct [[guerrilla war]] strategies of the two other factions, [[Tomás Borge]]'s ''Guerra Prolongada Popular'' (GPP, or [[Prolonged People's War]]), and [[Jaime Wheelock|Jaime Wheelock's]] ''[[Sandinista National Liberation Front#Split (1977–1978)|Proletarian Tendency]]''.<ref name="FSLNPostCollapse">{{Cite journal|last=Perez|first=Andres|date=1992|title=The FSLN after the Debacle: The Struggle for the Definition of Sandinismo|jstor=40925837|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]|location=[[Cambridge]], England|volume=34|issue=4|pages=111–139|doi=10.2307/166151}}</ref> The Ortega brothers forged alliances with a wide array of anti-Somoza forces, including [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Protestantism|Protestant]] activists, and other non-[[Marxist]] civil society groups.{{sfn|DeFronzo|2011|p=258}} The Terceristas became the most effective faction in wielding political and military strength, and their push for FSLN solidarity received the support of revolutionary leaders such as [[Fidel Castro]].<ref name="FSLNPostCollapse"/>

=== Marriage and family===
Ortega married [[Rosario Murillo]] in 1979 in a secret ceremony.<ref name="RT" /> They moved to [[Costa Rica]] with her three children from a previous marriage.<ref name="LO" /> Ortega remarried Murillo in 2005 in order to have the marriage recognized by the Catholic Church, as part of his effort to reconcile with the church. The couple has eight children,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cardenal Obando caso a Daniel Ortega y poetisa Rosario Murillo |date=28 September 2005 |url=http://www.cardinalrating.com/cardinal_68__article_2094.htm |work=Cardinal Rating |access-date=11 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328203222/http://www.cardinalrating.com/cardinal_68__article_2094.htm |archive-date=28 March 2007 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> three of them together.<ref name="RT"/> Murillo serves as the Ortega government's spokeswoman and a government minister, among other positions.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran and Nicaragua in barter deal |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6931807.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=5 October 2007 |date=5 August 2007 |location=London |archive-date=15 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142859/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6931807.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nicaragua-Venezuela Talk Cooperation |url=http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7B9FB2EF41-A435-459E-8111-4B04A12681DA%7D)&language=en |work=Prensa Latina |access-date=15 January 2008 |quote="... Government minister and first lady, Rosario Murillo". |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117220408/http://plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7B9FB2EF41-A435-459E-8111-4B04A12681DA%7D%29&language=en |archive-date=17 January 2008 }}</ref> Ortega adopted stepdaughter [[Zoilamérica Narváez|Zoilamérica Ortega Murillo]] in 1986, through a court case.<ref name=envio1567>''Envio'', March 2002, No 248 [http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1567 Case 12,230: ''Zoilamérica Narváez vs. the Nicaraguan State''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621180531/http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1567 |date=21 June 2007 }}</ref><!-- Why just one stepdaughter? --> In 1998, she accused him of sexually abusing her as a child.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Davison|first1=Phil|date=28 May 1998|title=Ortega faces sex abuse case from his stepdaughter|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ortega-faces-sex-abuse-case-from-his-stepdaughter-1156496.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ortega-faces-sex-abuse-case-from-his-stepdaughter-1156496.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=6 July 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="GUARD16">{{cite news|last1=Watts|first1=Jonathan|title=As Nicaragua's first couple consolidates power, a daughter fears for her country|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/nicaraguas-first-couple-daniel-ortega-tighten-grip-power-election-win|access-date=4 November 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 November 2016|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025021/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/nicaraguas-first-couple-daniel-ortega-tighten-grip-power-election-win|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sandinista revolution and first presidency (1979–1990)==
[[File:Nicaragua inflation rate 1980-1993.webp|thumb|261px|Nicaragua inflation rate 1980–1993]]
{{politics of Nicaragua}}
{{For|more details on Ortega's past presidency|Sandinista National Liberation Front|Iran–Contra affair}}

When Somoza was overthrown by the FSLN in July 1979, Ortega became a member of the five-person [[Junta of National Reconstruction]], which included Sandinista militant [[Moisés Hassan]], novelist [[Sergio Ramírez]], businessman [[Alfonso Robelo]], and [[Violeta Barrios de Chamorro]], the widow of a murdered journalist. In September 1979, United States President [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] hosted Ortega at the White House, and warned him against arming other Central American leftist guerrilla movements.{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=80}} At the time, Ortega spoke truthfully when he denied Sandinista involvement in neighboring countries.{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=80}} When Ortega questioned the Americans about [[CIA]] support for anti-Sandinista groups, Carter and Deputy Secretary of State [[Warren Christopher]] said the reports were false.{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=80}} After the meeting, Carter asked Congress for $75 million in aid to Nicaragua, contingent on the Sandinista government's promise not to aid other guerrillas.{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=81}}

The FSLN came to dominate the junta, Robelo and Chamorro resigned, and in 1981 Ortega became the coordinator of the Junta.<ref>{{citation|contribution=Daniel Ortega|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=1993|edition=15th}}</ref> As the only member of the FSLN National Directorate in the Junta, he was the effective leader of the country. After attaining power, the FSLN embarked upon an ambitious programme of social reform. They arranged to redistribute {{convert|5|e6acre|km2|order=flip|abbr=off}} of land to about 100,000 families; launched a literacy drive, and made health care improvements that ended polio through mass vaccinations, and reduced the frequency of other treatable diseases.<ref>''Mastering Modern World History'' by Norman Lowe, second edition</ref> The Sandinista nationalization efforts affected mostly banks and industries owned by the extended Somoza family.{{sfn|DeFronzo|2011|p=263}} More than half of all farms, businesses, and industries remained in private hands. The revolutionary government wanted to preserve a mixed economy and support private sector investment.{{sfn|DeFronzo|2011|p=263}} The Superior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) opposed the Sandinistas' economic reform.{{sfn|DeFronzo|2011|p=264}} The main organization of Nicaraguan big business was composed of prosperous families from the Pacific coast cities, who dominated commerce and banking.<ref>Baumeister,&nbsp;Eduardo. "The politics of land reform" in {{harvnb|Close|Marti i Puig|McConnell|2012}}, p.&nbsp;250.</ref> Ortega took a very hard line against opposition to his policies: On 21 February 1981, the Sandinista army killed 7 [[Miskito people|Miskito]] Indians and wounded 17.<!-- Where and why? Was their land being redistributed, too? --><ref name="OAS">{{Cite book|title=Report on the Situation of Human Rights of a Segment of the Nicaraguan Population of Miskito Origin|last=|first=|publisher=Organization of American States: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights|year=1983|isbn=|location=|pages=|url=http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Miskitoeng/toc.htm|chapter=Part I: Origin and Development of the Controversy|chapter-url=http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Miskitoeng/part1.htm|access-date=14 October 2014|id=OEA/Ser.L./V.II.62 doc.&nbsp;10 rev.&nbsp;3|archive-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627180431/http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Miskitoeng/toc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ortega's administration forced displacement of many of the indigenous population: 10,000 individuals had been moved by 1982.<ref name="OAS" /> Thousands of Indians fled to take refuge across the border in [[Honduras]], and Ortega's government imprisoned 14,000 in Nicaragua. [[Anthropologist]] Gilles Bataillon termed this "politics of ethnocide" in Nicaragua.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bataillon |first=Gilles |date=1983 |title=3. — Le Nicaragua |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1983_num_69_1_3063 |journal=Journal de la société des américanistes |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=201–203 |doi=10.3406/jsa.1983.3063}}</ref> The Indians formed two rebel groups – the Misura and Misurasata. They were joined in the north by Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) and in the south by former Sandinistas and peasantry who, under the leadership of [[Edén Pastora]], were resisting forced collectivization.<ref name="OAS" />

In 1980 the Sandinista government launched the massive [[Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign]] and said the illiteracy rate fell from 50% to 13% in the span of five months. Robert F. Arnove said the figures were excessive because many "unteachable" illiterates were omitted from the statistics, and many people declared literate were found to be unable to read or write a simple sentence. Richard Kraft said that even if the figures were exaggerated, the "accomplishment is without precedent in educational history". In 1980, [[UNESCO]] awarded Nicaragua the Nadezhda K. Krupskaya prize in recognition of its efforts.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146007|title=Nicaragua's literacy campaign|last=Hanemann|first=Ulrike|date=March 2005|publisher=UNESCO|id=2006/ED/EFA/MRT/PI/43|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924233824/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146007|url-status=live}}  Paper commissioned for the ''EFA Global Monitoring Report 2006, Literacy for Life''.</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=Specifically states "The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the EFA Global Monitoring Report or to UNESCO"|date=September 2016}} The FSLN also focused on improving the Nicaraguan health system, particularly through vaccination campaigns and the construction of public hospitals. These actions reduced child mortality by half,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/23/world/casualties-in-nicaragua-schools-and-health-care.html?pagewanted=all|title=Casualties in Nicaragua: Schools and Health Care|last=Kinzer|first=Stephen|date=23 March 1987|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-date=2 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102113506/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/23/world/casualties-in-nicaragua-schools-and-health-care.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref> to 40 deaths per thousand.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=La santé c'est d'abord un choix politique et gouvernemental |trans-title=Health is, above all, a political and governmental choice. |url=http://www.lecourrier.ch/141179/la_sante_c_est_d_abord_un_choix_politique_et_gouvernemental |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822130959/http://www.lecourrier.ch/141179/la_sante_c_est_d_abord_un_choix_politique_et_gouvernemental |archive-date=22 August 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016 |work=LeCourrier}}</ref> By 1982, the [[World Health Organization]] deemed Nicaragua a model for primary health care.{{sfn|DeFronzo|2011|p=264}} During this period, Nicaragua won the [[UNESCO]] prize for exceptional health progress.<ref name="nation100821"/>

In 1981, United States President [[Ronald Reagan]] accused the FSLN of joining with [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-backed [[Cuba]] in supporting [[Marxism|Marxist]] revolutionary movements in other Latin American countries, such as [[El Salvador]]. People within the Reagan administration authorized the [[CIA]] to begin financing, arming and training rebels as anti-Sandinista guerrillas, some of whom were former officers from Somoza's National Guard. These were known collectively as the [[Contras]]. This resulted in one of the largest political scandals in US history, (the [[Iran–Contra affair]]). [[Oliver North]] and several members of the Reagan administration defied the [[Boland Amendment]], selling arms to [[Iran]] and using the proceeds in order to secretly fund the Contras.

The Contra war claimed 30,000 lives in Nicaragua.<ref>Thomas Walker, ''Nicaragua: Living in the Shadow of the Eagle'', 4th Ed. (Westview Press, 2003)</ref> The tactics used by the Sandinista government to fight the Contras have been widely condemned for their suppression of civil rights. On 15 March 1982, the junta declared a state of siege, which allowed it to close independent radio stations, suspend the right of association, and limit the freedom of trade unions. Nicaragua's Permanent Commission on Human Rights condemned Sandinista human rights violations, accusing them of killing and forcibly disappearing thousands of persons in the first few years of the war.<ref>John Norton Moore, ''The Secret War in Central America'' (University Publications of America, 1987), p. 143</ref><ref>Roger Miranda and William Ratliff, ''The Civil War in Nicaragua'' (Transaction, 1993), p. 193.</ref>
[[File:Felipe González junto a Fidel Castro, Daniel Ortega y Alfonso Guerra en el palacio de la Moncloa. Pool Moncloa. 16 de febrero de 1984.jpeg|thumb|right| Ortega (far right) with Spanish Prime Minister [[Felipe González]], Cuban President [[Fidel Castro]] and Spanish Deputy Prime Minister [[Alfonso Guerra]] in Madrid, 1984]]
At the [[1984 Nicaraguan general election|1984 general election]] Ortega won the presidency with 67% of the vote and took office on 10 January 1985. In the early phases of the campaign, Ortega enjoyed many institutional advantages, and used the full power of the press, police, and [[Supreme Electoral Council (Nicaragua)|Supreme Electoral Council]] against the fractured opposition.{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=242}} In the weeks before the November election, Ortega gave a U.N. speech denouncing talks held in Rio de Janeiro on electoral reform.{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=244}} But by 22 October, the Sandinistas signed an accord with opposition parties to reform electoral and campaign laws, making the process more fair and transparent.<ref>McConnell,&nbsp;Shelley&nbsp;A. "The uncertain evolution of the electoral system", in {{harvnb|Close|Marti i Puig|McConnell|2012}}, p.&nbsp;127.</ref> While campaigning, Ortega promoted the Sandinistas' achievements, and at a rally said that "Democracy is literacy, democracy is land reform, democracy is education and public health."{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=246}} International observers judged the election to be the first free election held in the country in more than half a century. A report by an [[Irish government]]ary delegation stated: "The electoral process was carried out with total integrity. The seven parties participating in the elections represented a broad spectrum of political ideologies." The general counsel of New York's [[Human Rights Commission]] described the election as "free, fair and hotly contested". A study by the US [[Latin American Studies Association]] (LASA) concluded that the FSLN (Sandinista Front) "did little more to take advantage of its incumbency than incumbent parties everywhere (including the U.S.) routinely do". However, the Reagan administration described the elections as "a Soviet-style sham", and contemporary North-American press coverage tended to cast doubt on the election's legitimacy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Soderlund |first1=Walter |title=Canadian and American Press Coverage of the 1984 Nicaraguan Election |journal=Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revue canadienne des études latino-américaines et caraïbes |date=2014 |volume=13 |issue=26 |pages=87–102 |doi=10.1080/08263663.1988.10816610 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08263663.1988.10816610 |access-date=11 May 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[File:Felipe González comparece en rueda de prensa con el presidente de Nicaragua. Pool Moncloa. 26 de abril de 1989.jpeg|thumb|Ortega and Spanish Prime Minister Felipe González in 1989]]
Thirty-three per cent of the Nicaraguan voters cast ballots for one of six opposition parties—three to the right of the Sandinistas, three to the left—which had campaigned with the aid of government funds and free TV and radio time. Two conservative parties captured a combined 23% of the vote. They held rallies across the country (a few of which were disrupted by FSLN supporters) and blasted the Sandinistas in harsh terms. Most foreign and independent observers noted this pluralism in debunking the Reagan administration charge—ubiquitous in the [[US media]]—that it was a "Soviet-style sham" election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sandinistas won't submit to free elections |url=https://fair.org/?page=2479 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109021155/http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2479 |archive-date=9 November 2006 |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=FAIR |language=en-US}}</ref> Some{{which|date=June 2021}} opposition parties [[boycott]]ed the election, allegedly under pressure from US embassy officials, and so it was denounced as being unfair by the Reagan administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarks Following Discussions With President Jose Napoleon Duarte of El Salvador |url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/search/speeches/speech_srch.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306023919/https://www.reagan.utexas.edu/search/speeches/speech_srch.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=www.reagan.utexas.edu |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=sanctions>{{cite news|last1=Neikirk|first1=Bill|last2=Coffey|first2=Raymond|title=Reagan Puts Embargo On Nicaragua To 'Mend Their Ways'|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/05/02/reagan-puts-embargo-on-nicaragua-to-mend-their-ways/|access-date=31 August 2015|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=2 May 1985|location=Chicago, Illinois|archive-date=13 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913113654/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-05-02/news/8501260877_1_nicaraguan-economy-church-mediated-dialogue-trade-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref> Reagan thus maintained that he was justified to continue supporting what he referred to as the Contras' "democratic resistance".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aid to the Nicaraguan Democratic Resistance |date=October 1987 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1079/is_n2127_v87/ai_6101573 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628114702/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1079/is_n2127_v87/ai_6101573 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2009 |work=US Department of State Bulletin |access-date=14 December 2006 }}</ref>

The illegal<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicaragua v United States of America - Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua - Judgment of 27 June 1986 - Merits - Judgments [1986] ICJ 1; ICJ Reports 1986, p 14; [1986] ICJ Rep 14 (27 June 1986) |url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICJ/1986/1.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=worldlii.org |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329112445/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICJ/1986/1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> intervention of the Contras continued (albeit covertly) after Ortega's democratic election. Peace talks between five Central American heads of state in July 1987 led to the signing of the [[Central American Peace Accords]], and the beginning of a roadmap to the end of the conflict. In 1988, the Contras first entered into peace talks with the Sandinista government, although the violence continued, as did their US support. Despite US opposition,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Goshko |first1=John M. |last2=Devroy |first2=Ann |date=9 August 1989 |title=U.S. Endorses Contra Plan As Prod To Democracy in Nicaragua |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/08/09/us-endorses-contra-plan-as-prod-to-democracy-in-nicaragua/f4604b0d-cc67-45ab-a554-df6d9ee1c8b1/ |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124071957/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/08/09/us-endorses-contra-plan-as-prod-to-democracy-in-nicaragua/f4604b0d-cc67-45ab-a554-df6d9ee1c8b1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> disarmament of the Contras began in 1989.

==In opposition (1990–2007)==
In the 1990 presidential election, Ortega lost his reelection bid to [[Violeta Barrios de Chamorro]], his former colleague in the junta. Chamorro was supported by the US and a 14-party anti-Sandinista alliance known as the [[National Opposition Union (Nicaragua, 1990)|National Opposition Union]] (Unión Nacional Oppositora, UNO), an alliance that ranged from conservatives and liberals to communists. She ran an effective campaign, presenting herself as the peace candidate and promising to end the US-funded Contra War if she won.<ref>Anderson, Leslie E. and Lawrence C. Dodd, ''Learning Democracy:  Citizen Engagement and Electoral Choice in Nicaragua, 1990–2001'', Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2005, esp Chapter 3.</ref> Ortega campaigned on the slogan, "Everything Will Be Better", and promised that, with the Contra war over, he could focus on the nation's recovery.{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=389}} Contrary to what most observers expected,<ref>Alma Guillermoprieto, ''The Heart That Bleeds: Latin America Now'', pp. 23–25</ref> Chamorro shocked Ortega and won the election. Chamorro's UNO coalition garnered 54% of the vote, and won 51 of the 92 seats in the [[National Assembly (Nicaragua)|National Assembly]].<ref>Marti&nbsp;i&nbsp;Puig,&nbsp;Salvador. "The FSLN and Sandinismo", in {{harvnb|Close|Marti i Puig|McConnell|2012}}, p.&nbsp;30.</ref> Immediately after the loss, the Sandinistas tried to maintain unity around their revolutionary posture. In Ortega's concession speech the following day he vowed to keep "ruling from below" a reference to the power that the FSLN still wielded in various sectors. He also stressed his belief that the Sandinistas had the goal of bringing "dignity" to Latin America, and not necessarily to hold on to government posts. In 1991, Ortega said elections were "an instrument to reaffirm" the FSLN's "political and ideological positions", and also "confront capitalism".{{sfn|Baltodano|2012|p=70}} However, the electoral loss led to pronounced divisions in the FSLN. Some members adopted more pragmatic positions, and sought to transform the FSLN into a modern social democratic party engaged in national reconciliation and class cooperation. Ortega and other party insiders found common ground with the radicals, who still promoted anti-imperialism and class conflict to achieve social change.<ref name="FSLNPostCollapse" />

Possible explanations for his loss include that the Nicaraguan people were disenchanted with the Ortega government as well as the fact that already in November 1989, the White House had announced that the economic embargo against Nicaragua would continue unless [[Violeta Chamorro]] won.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130117074255/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1222025.html "Bush Vows to End Embargo if Chamorro Wins"], ''The Washington Post,'' 9 November 1989</ref> Also, there had been reports of intimidation from the side of the contras,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Human Rights Watch|title=Human Rights Watch World Report 1989|chapter=Nicaragua|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1989/WR89/index.htm|date=1990|access-date=9 March 2016|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1989/WR89/Nicaragu.htm|quote=The policy of keeping the contras alive ... also has placed in jeopardy the holding of elections by encouraging contra attacks on the electoral process. Thus, while the Bush administration proclaims its support for human rights and free and fair elections in Nicaragua, it persists in sabotaging both.|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927161022/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1989/WR89/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> with a Canadian observer mission stating that 42 people were killed by the contras in "election violence" in October 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. trying to disrupt election in Nicaragua, Canadians report |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/471113751.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+27,+1989&author=(CP)&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=U.S.+trying+to+disrupt+election+in+Nicaragua,+Canadians+report&pqatl=google |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206094906/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/471113751.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+27%2C+1989&author=%28CP%29&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=U.S.+trying+to+disrupt+election+in+Nicaragua%2C+Canadians+report&pqatl=google |archive-date=6 February 2013 |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=pqasb.pqarchiver.com |url-status=dead }}</ref> This led many commentators to assume that Nicaraguans voted against the Sandinistas out of fear of a continuation of the contra war and economic deprivation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bischoping |first1=Katherine |last2=Schuman |first2=Howard |date=1992 |title=Pens and Polls in Nicaragua: An Analysis of the 1990 Preelection Surveys |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2111480 |journal=American Journal of Political Science |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=331–350 |doi=10.2307/2111480 |jstor=2111480 |issn=0092-5853 |access-date=19 August 2022 |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819160522/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2111480 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

From 19 to 21 July 1991, the FSLN held a National Congress to mend the rifts between members and form a new overarching political program. The effort failed to unite the party, and intense debates over the internal governance of the FSLN continued. The pragmatists, led by the former vice president [[Sergio Ramírez|Sergio Ramirez]], formed the basis of a "renovating" faction, and supported collaboration with other political forces to preserve the rule of law in Nicaragua. Under the leadership of Ortega and [[Tomás Borge]], the radicals regrouped into the "principled" faction, and branded themselves the Izquierda Democratica (ID), or Democratic Left (DL).<ref name="FSLNAdaptation">{{Cite journal|last1=Marti i Puig|first1=Salvador|last2=Wright|first2=Claire|date=2010|title=The Adaptation of the FSLN: Daniel Ortega's Leadership and Democracy in Nicaragua|jstor=40925837|journal=Latin American Politics and Society|volume=52|issue=4|pages=79–106|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2010.00099.x|s2cid=232392273}}</ref> The DL fought the [[Violeta Chamorro|Chamorro]] government with disruptive labor strikes and demonstrations, and renewed calls for the revolutionary reconstruction of Nicaraguan society.{{sfn|DeFronzo|2011|p=276}} During the 20–23 May 1994, extraordinary congress, Ortega ran against a fellow National Directorate member, [[Henry Ruiz]], for the position of party secretary-general. Ortega was elected with 287 to Ruiz's 147 votes, and the DL secured the most dominant role in the FSLN.<ref name="MiP35">Marti&nbsp;i&nbsp;Puig,&nbsp;Salvador.  "The FSLN and Sandinismo", in {{harvnb|Close|Marti i Puig|McConnell|2012}}, p.&nbsp;35.</ref>

On 9 September 1994, Ortega gained more power after taking over Sergio Ramirez's seat in the Asamblea Sandinista (Sandinista Assembly).<ref name="FSLNAdaptation"/> Ramirez had been chief of the FSLN's parliamentary caucus since 1990, but Ortega came to oppose his actions in the [[National Assembly (Nicaragua)|National Assembly]], setting the stage for Ramirez's removal. Historic leaders, such as [[Ernesto Cardenal]], a former minister of culture in the Sandinista government, rejected Ortega's consolidation of power: "My resignation from the FSLN has been caused by the kidnapping of the party carried out by Daniel Ortega and the group he heads."<ref name="MiP35"/> The party formally split on 8 January 1995, when Ramirez and a number of prominent Sandinista officials quit.<ref name="FSLNAdaptation"/>

Ortega ran for election again, in October 1996 and November 2001, but lost on both occasions to [[Arnoldo Alemán]] and [[Enrique Bolaños]], respectively. In these elections, a key issue was the allegation of corruption. In Ortega's last days as president, through a series of legislative acts known as "The [[Piñata]]", estates that had been seized by the Sandinista government (some valued at millions and even billions of US dollars) became the private property of various FSLN officials, including Ortega himself.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Shirley |last=Christian |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/08/world/managua-journal-victor-s-lament-to-the-losers-belong-the-spoils.html |title=Managua Journal; Victor's Lament: To the Losers Belong the Spoils – New York Times |location=Nicaragua |date=8 June 1991 |access-date=18 August 2014 |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324205631/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/08/world/managua-journal-victor-s-lament-to-the-losers-belong-the-spoils.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1996 campaign, Ortega faced the Liberal Alliance (Alianza Liberal), headed by [[Arnoldo Alemán|Arnoldo Aleman Lacayo]], a former mayor of Managua. The Sandinistas softened their anti-imperialist rhetoric, with Ortega calling the US "our great neighbor", and vowing to cooperate "within a framework of respect, equality, and justice". The image change failed, as Aleman's Liberal Alliance came first with 51.03% of the vote, while Ortega's FSLN secured 37.75%.{{sfn|Baltodano|2012|pp=72-3}}

Ortega's policies became more moderate during his time in opposition, and he gradually changed much of his former [[Marxist–Leninist]] stance in favor of an agenda of [[democratic socialism]]. His [[Roman Catholic]] faith has become more public in recent years as well, leading Ortega to embrace a variety of [[socially conservative]] policies; in 2006 the FSLN endorsed a strict law banning all [[abortion]]s in Nicaragua.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/20/world/americas/20nicaragua.html|title=Nicaragua Eliminates Last Exception to Strict Anti-Abortion Law|date=20 November 2006|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=5 August 2016|first1=James C. Jr.|last1=Mckinley|archive-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810091901/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/20/world/americas/20nicaragua.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the run-up to the 2006 elections, Ortega displayed his ties to the Catholic Church by renewing his marriage vows before Cardinal [[Miguel Obando y Bravo]].{{sfn|Baltodano|2012|p=81}}

Ortega was instrumental in creating the controversial strategic pact between the FSLN and the [[Constitutional Liberal Party]] (Partido Liberal Constitucionalista, PLC). The controversial alliance of Nicaragua's two major parties is aimed at distributing power between the PLC and FSLN, and preventing other parties from rising. After sealing the agreement in January 2000, the two parties controlled the three key institutions of the state: the Comptroller General of the Republic, the [[Supreme Court of Justice (Nicaragua)|Supreme Court]], and the Supreme Electoral Council.<ref name="FSLNAdaptation"/> ''"El Pacto",'' as it is known in Nicaragua, is said to have personally benefited former presidents Ortega and Alemán greatly, while constraining then-president Bolaños. One of the key accords of the pact was to lower the ratio necessary to win a presidential election in the first round from 45% to 35%, a change in electoral law that would become decisive in Ortega's favor in the 2006 elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CIDOB |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_de_lideres_politicos/america_central_y_caribe/nicaragua/daniel_ortega_saavedra |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=CIDOB |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022231208/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_de_lideres_politicos/america_central_y_caribe/nicaragua/daniel_ortega_saavedra |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the Fourth Ordinary Congress of the FSLN, held 17–18 March 2002, Ortega eliminated the National Directorate (DN). Once the main collective leadership body of the party, with nine members, the DN no longer met routinely, and only three historic members remained. Instead, the body just supported decisions already made by the secretary-general. Ortega sidelined party officials and other members while empowering his own informal circle, known as the ring of iron.<ref name="FSLNAdaptation"/>

=== 2001 presidential election ===
{{Main|2001 Nicaraguan general election}}
In the November 2001 general elections, Ortega lost his third successive presidential election, this time to [[Enrique Bolaños]] of the [[Constitutionalist Liberal Party]].

Under Ortega's direction, the FSLN formed the broad [[National Convergence (Nicaragua)|National Convergence]] (Convergencia Nacional) coalition in opposition to the PLC. Ortega abandoned the revolutionary tone of the past, and infused his campaign with religious imagery, giving thanks in speeches to "God and the Revolution" for the post-1990 democracy, and said a Sandinista victory would enable the Nicaraguan people to "pass through the sea and reach the Promised Land".{{sfn|Baltodano|2012|pp=76-7}} The US opposed Ortega's candidacy from the beginning. The US ambassador even appeared with the PLC's Enrique Bolaños while distributing food aid.<ref>McConnell,&nbsp;Shelley&nbsp;A. "The uncertain evolution of the electoral system", in {{harvnb|Close|Marti i Puig|McConnell|2012}}, p.&nbsp;142.</ref> The 11 September 2001, terrorist attacks doomed Ortega's chances, as the threat of a US invasion became an issue. Bolanos convinced many Nicaraguans that the renewed US hostility towards terrorism would endanger their country if the openly anti-US Ortega prevailed.{{sfn|DeFronzo|2011|p=280}} Bolanos ended up with 56.3% of the vote, and Ortega won 42.3%.<ref>McConnell,&nbsp;Shelley&nbsp;A.  "The uncertain evolution of the electoral system", in {{harvnb|Close|Marti i Puig|McConnell|2012}}, p.&nbsp;143.</ref>

===2006 presidential election===
{{Main|2006 Nicaraguan general election}}
In 2006, Daniel Ortega was elected president with 38% of the vote. This occurred despite the fact that the breakaway [[Sandinista Renovation Movement]] (MRS) continued to oppose the FSLN, running former Mayor of Managua, [[Herty Lewites]] as its candidate for president. Ortega personally attacked [[Herty Lewites|Lewites]]' Jewish background, compared him to Judas, and warned he "could end up hanged."{{sfn|Baltodano|2012|p=83}} However, Lewites died several months before the elections.

Ortega emphasized peace and reconciliation in his campaign, and selected a former Contra leader, [[Jaime Morales Carazo]], as his running mate.{{sfn|DeFronzo|2011|p=281}} The FSLN also won 38 seats in the congressional elections, becoming the party with the largest representation in parliament. The split in the Constitutionalist Liberal Party helped allow the FSLN to become the largest party in Congress; however, the Sandinista vote had a minuscule split between the FSLN and MRS, and that the liberal party combined is larger than the Frente Faction. In 2010, several liberal congressmen accused the FSLN of attempting to buy votes to pass constitutional reforms that would allow Ortega to run for office for the 6th time since 1984.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/06/15/politica/27852|title=Ofertas de "cañonazos" en US$500 mil|last=Uriarte|first=María José|date=15 June 2010|work=La Prensa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019083239/http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/06/15/politica/27852|archive-date=19 October 2013|language=es|trans-title=Offers of canonization for US$500 million}}</ref>

==Second presidency (2007–present)==
{{Infobox President styles
| image    = [[File:Coat of arms of Nicaragua.svg|75px]]
| name     = Daniel Ortega
| dipstyle = ''Daniel Ortega, Presidente de la República de Nicaragua'' <br /> Daniel Ortega, President of the Republic of Nicaragua
| offstyle = ''Presidente Ortega'' <br /> President Ortega
| altstyle = ''Señor Presidente'' <br /> Mister President
}}

According to Tim Rogers, writing in ''[[The Atlantic]]'', during his second term as president, Ortega took "full control of all four branches of government, state institutions, the military, and police", and in the process dismantled "Nicaragua's institutional democracy".<ref name="Rogers-2018"/> Frances Robles wrote that Ortega took control "every aspect of government ... the National Assembly, the Supreme Court, the armed forces, the judiciary, the police and the prosecutor's office".<ref name="nyt-Robles-24-12-2018"/> In its 2019 World Report, [[Human Rights Watch]] wrote that Ortega "aggressively dismantled all institutional checks on presidential power".<ref name="hrw-wr-2019">{{cite web |title=World Report 2019. Nicaragua Events of 2018 <!-- |chapter=Nicaragua: Events of 2018  -->|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/nicaragua |work=Human Rights Watch |date=20 December 2018 |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714200823/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/nicaragua |url-status=live }}</ref> Many journalists and governments criticize Ortega and label him a [[dictator]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=From rebel to strongman: How Daniel Ortega became the thing he fought against |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/from-rebel-to-strongman-how-daniel-ortega-became-the-thing-he-fought-against/2018/08/24/117d000a-97fe-11e8-818b-e9b7348cd87d_story.html |access-date=1 February 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427144941/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/from-rebel-to-strongman-how-daniel-ortega-became-the-thing-he-fought-against/2018/08/24/117d000a-97fe-11e8-818b-e9b7348cd87d_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2011 |title=Daniel Ortega: From revolutionary leader to opposition hate figure |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-15544315 |access-date=1 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204174833/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-15544315 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ortega |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Ortega |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=Britannica |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711230110/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Ortega |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicaragua: Daniel Ortega, from revolutionary to dictator |date=11 September 2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/opinion-nicaraguas-daniel-ortega-from-revolutionary-to-dictator/a-59767316 |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=Deutsche Welle |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201223730/https://www.dw.com/en/opinion-nicaraguas-daniel-ortega-from-revolutionary-to-dictator/a-59767316 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2024 |title=Nicaragua: Ortega and wife to assume absolute power after changes approved |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/22/nicaragua-ortega-wife-absolute-power |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Granger |first=Max |date=25 August 2024 |title=Is Nicaragua's Dictatorship Nearing Its End? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/08/25/nicaragua-ortega-murillo-dictatorship-fsln-repression/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rascoe |first1=Ayesha |last2=Eyder |first2=Peralta |date=10 September 2023 |title=Rare Look Inside Nicaragua dictatorship of Daniel Ortega |url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1198475446 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

===2008 elections===
In June 2008, the [[Nicaraguan Supreme Court]] disqualified the MRS and the Conservative Party from participation in municipal elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Informe No. 18/19 OAS.org |url=https://www.oas.org/es/cidh/decisiones/2019/NIAD1261-08ES.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828071852/http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/decisiones/2019/NIAD1261-08ES.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2019 |url-status=live |work=Organization of American States}}</ref> In November 2008, the Supreme Electoral Council received national and international criticism following irregularities in municipal elections, but agreed to review results for Managua only, while the opposition demanded a nationwide review.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/11/12/nicaragua.elections/ |title=Review follows election fraud allegations in Nicaragua |work=CNN |date=12 November 2008 |access-date=14 November 2008 |archive-date=19 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219152553/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/11/12/nicaragua.elections/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For the first time since 1990, the Council decided not to allow national or international observers to witness the election.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12607338 |newspaper=The Economist |date=13 November 2008 |title=How to steal an election |access-date=14 November 2008 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421081630/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2008/11/13/how-to-steal-an-election |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Conozca como Daniel Ortega preparo el fraude electoral | url=http://central-america-forum.com/forum-topic/daniel-ortega-y-el-fraude-electoral-nicaragua | access-date=3 March 2009 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714052706/http://central-america-forum.com/forum-topic/daniel-ortega-y-el-fraude-electoral-nicaragua | archive-date=14 July 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Instances of intimidation, violence, and harassment of opposition political party members and NGO representatives have been recorded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Irregularities in Nicaraguan Municipal Elections |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/nov/111736.htm |last=Wood |first=Robert |work=U.S. Department of State |access-date=14 November 2008 |date=10 November 2008 |archive-date=5 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205040647/http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/nov/111736.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Official results show Sandinista candidates winning 94 of the 146 municipal mayoralties, compared to 46 for the main opposition Liberal Constitutional Party (PLC).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/americas/story/766863.html|title=Nicaraguan opposition demands election review|newspaper=Miami Herald|first=Filadelfo|last=Aleman|access-date=14 November 2008|archive-date=21 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121104942/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/americas/story/766863.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The opposition claimed that marked ballots were dumped and destroyed, that party members were refused access to some of the vote counts and that tallies from many polling places were altered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2008 |title=Voter fraud allegations directed at Nicaragua's Sandinistas |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-nicaragua20-2008nov20-story.html |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result of the fraud allegations, the [[European Union]] suspended $70m of aid, and the US$64m.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Times - Latest Pakistan News, World, Business, Sports, Lifestyle |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/ |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

With the [[late-2000s recession]], Ortega in 2011 characterised [[capitalism]] as in its "death throes" and portrayed the [[Bolivarian Alternative for the People of Our America]] (ALBA) was the most advanced, most Christian and fairest project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://insidecostarica.com/dailynews/2008/october/11/reg01.htm |date=11 January 2008 |title=Ortega Says Capitalism In Its Death Throes |access-date=25 April 2015 |quote=Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega stated that the capitalism is in its death throes and the Bolivarian Alternative for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) as the most advanced, Christian and fairest project. |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015220757/http://insidecostarica.com/dailynews/2008/october/11/reg01.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also said God was punishing the United States with the [[financial crisis]] for trying to impose its economic principles on poor countries. "It's incredible that in the most powerful country in the world, which spends billions of dollars on brutal wars ... people do not have enough money to stay in their homes."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUKTRE4997KH20081010 | work=Reuters | title=Nicaragua's Ortega says crisis is God punishing U.S | date=10 October 2008 | access-date=12 October 2008 | archive-date=12 October 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012143137/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUKTRE4997KH20081010 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Before the National Sandinista Council held in September 2009, Lenin Cerna, the secretary of the party organization, called for diversifying its political strategies. He declared the FSLN's future depended on implementing new plans, "so that the party can advance via new routes and in new ways, always under Ortega's leadership". Ortega gained power over the selection of candidates, allowing him to personally choose all candidates for public office.<ref name="FSLNAdaptation" />

During an interview with [[David Frost]] for the [[Al Jazeera English]] programme ''[[Frost Over the World]]'' in March 2009, Ortega suggested that he would like to change the constitution to allow him to run again for president.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/frostovertheworld/2009/03/2009378501399631.html|title=Daniel Ortega|work=Al Jazeera English|access-date=25 April 2015|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605084312/http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/frostovertheworld/2009/03/2009378501399631.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In Judicial Decision 504, issued on 19 October 2009, the Supreme Court of Justice of Nicaragua declared portions of Articles 147 and 178 of the Constitution of Nicaragua inapplicable; these provisions concerned the eligibility of candidates for president, vice-president, mayor, and vice-mayor—a decision that had the effect of allowing Ortega to run for reelection in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.glin.gov/summary/224071|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708011111/http://content.glin.gov/summary/224071|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2012|title=Global Legal Information Network<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref>

For this decision, the Sandinista magistrates formed the required quorum by excluding the opposition magistrates and replacing them with Sandinista substitutes, violating the Nicaraguan constitution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Presidente de la CSJ de Nicaragua tilda de "ilegal" reelección de Ortega |url=http://informe21.com/presidente/presidente-del-supremo-tilda-ilegal-fallo-permite-reeleccion-ortega |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=13 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170003/http://informe21.com/presidente/presidente-del-supremo-tilda-ilegal-fallo-permite-reeleccion-ortega |url-status=dead }}</ref> Opposing parties, the church and human rights groups in Nicaragua denounced the decision.<ref>{{cite web | last=Jarquin | first=Leyla | title=Oposición toca a rebato | url=http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nacionales/59762 | access-date=30 October 2011 | archive-date=6 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406215229/http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nacionales/59762 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=San Martin |first=Nieves |title=Nicaraguga: La Iglesia, Contra La Reelección "Ilegal" de Ortega |url=http://www.zenit.org/article-38051?l=spanish |access-date=30 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221101839/http://www.zenit.org/article-38051?l=spanish |archive-date=21 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Núñez: "Reelección ilegal de Ortega aumenta persecución contra sociedad civil" | url=http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2011/03/25/nacionales/55923#.Tq2Vqd6a9tM | access-date=30 October 2011 | archive-date=6 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406011840/http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2011/03/25/nacionales/55923#.Tq2Vqd6a9tM | url-status=dead }}</ref> Throughout 2010, court rulings gave Ortega greater power over judicial and civil service appointments.<ref name="Thaler2017">{{cite journal|last1=Thaler|first1=Kai M.|title=Nicaragua: A Return to Caudillismo|journal=Journal of Democracy|volume=28|issue=2|year=2017|pages=157–169|issn=1086-3214|doi=10.1353/jod.2017.0032|s2cid=152214826}}</ref>

While supporting [[abortion rights]] during his presidency during the 1980s, Ortega has since embraced the Catholic Church's position of strong opposition.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6161396.stm Nicaragua brings in abortion ban: Nicaraguan President Enrique Bolaños has signed into law a ban on all abortions, even in cases when a woman's life is judged to be at risk]  18 November 2006</ref> While non-emergency [[Abortion in Nicaragua|abortions have long been illegal in Nicaragua]], recently even abortions "in the case where the pregnancy endangers the mother's life", otherwise known as [[therapeutic abortion]]s have been made illegal in the days before the 2006 election, with a six-year prison term in such cases, too—a move supported by Ortega.<ref>[http://upsidedownworld.org/main/content/view/472/1/ Abortion Outlawed in Nicaragua Ten Days Before Controversial Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928101127/http://upsidedownworld.org/main/content/view/472/1/ |date=28 September 2007 }} 27 October 2006</ref>

===2011 election===
{{Main|2011 Nicaraguan general election}}

Ortega was re-elected president with a vote on 6 November and confirmation on 16 November 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aljazeera.com/news/americas/2011/11/2011111641224404319.html |title=Nicaragua electoral body confirms Ortega win – Americas |work=Al Jazeera English |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819132825/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2011/11/2011111641224404319.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the election, the Supreme Electoral Council (CSE) blocked both domestic and international poll observers from multiple polling stations.<ref name="Thaler2017"/> According to the Supreme Electoral Council, Ortega defeated [[Fabio Gadea Mantilla|Fabio Gadea]], with 63% of the vote.<ref name="Thaler2017"/>

[[File:Daniel Ortega (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ortega in 2013]]
;2014 amendments
In January 2014 the National Assembly, dominated by the FSLN, approved constitutional amendments that abolished term limits for the presidency and allowed a president to run for an unlimited number of five-year terms. While the FSLN claimed the amendments would assure the stability Nicaragua needed to deal with long-term problems, the opposition claimed they were a threat to democracy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-25937292|title=Nicaragua: Ortega allowed to run for third successive term|work=BBC News|access-date=25 April 2015|date=29 January 2014|archive-date=21 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421200324/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-25937292|url-status=live}}</ref> The constitutional reforms also gave Ortega the sole power to appoint military and police commanders.<ref name="Thaler2017"/>

===2016 elections===
{{Main|2016 Nicaraguan general election}}
As of 2016, Ortega's family owns three of the nine free-to-air television channels in Nicaragua, and controls a fourth (the public Channel 6). Four of the remaining five are controlled by Mexican mogul [[Remigio Ángel González|Ángel González]], and are generally considered to be aligned with Ortega's ruling FSLN party. There are no government restrictions on Internet use; the Ortega administration attempted to gain complete control over online media in 2015, but failed due to opposition from civil society, political parties, and private organizations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicaragua Country report/Freedom of the Press/2016|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/nicaragua|publisher=Freedom House|access-date=4 August 2016|date=27 April 2016|archive-date=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825222804/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/nicaragua|url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 2016, the Nicaraguan supreme court ruled to oust [[Eduardo Montealegre]], the leader of the main opposition party, leaving the main opposition coalition with no means of contesting the November 2016 national elections.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lakhani|first1=Nina|title=Nicaragua suppresses opposition to ensure one-party election, critics say|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/26/nicaragua-opposition-daniel-ortega-presidential-election|access-date=4 August 2016|work=The Guardian|date=26 June 2016|archive-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816110506/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/26/nicaragua-opposition-daniel-ortega-presidential-election|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2016, Ortega chose his wife, [[Rosario Murillo]], as his vice-presidential running-mate for re-election.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nicaragua's President Picks Wife as Running Mate|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/nicaragua-s-daniel-ortega-picks-wife-running-mate-pledges-joint-n622201|access-date=4 August 2016|work=[[NBC News]]|date=3 August 2016|archive-date=5 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805030648/http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/nicaragua-s-daniel-ortega-picks-wife-running-mate-pledges-joint-n622201|url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''The Washington Post'', figures announced on 7 November 2016, put Daniel Ortega in line for his third consecutive term as president, also being his fourth term overall. The Supreme Electoral Council (CSE) reported Ortega and Murillo won 72.4% of the vote, with 68% turnout.<ref name="Thaler2017"/> The opposition coalition had called the election a "farce" and had called for the boycott of the election. International observers were not allowed to observe the vote. Nevertheless, according to the BBC, Ortega was the most popular candidate by far, possibly due to Nicaragua's stable economic growth and lack of violence compared to its neighbours El Salvador and Honduras in recent years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nicaragua's Ortega re-elected president|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-37892477|access-date=29 November 2017|work=BBC News|date=7 November 2016|archive-date=25 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225142817/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-37892477|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Economic situation during presidency
According to Tim Rogers, until the 2018 unrest, as president Ortega presided over "the fastest-growing economy in Central America" and was a "poster child for foreign investment and citizen security in a region known for gangs and unrest".<ref name="Rogers-2018"/> During this time the Ortega government formed an alliance with the [[Superior Council for Private Enterprise]] (COSEP), Nicaragua's council of business chambers. However the same unpopular decree which had the effect of "unilaterally overhauling the social-security tax system"<ref name="Rogers-2018"/> (mentioned below) and precipitated the unrest in April 2018, also broke Ortega's arrangement with COSEP,<ref name="Rogers-2018"/> and along with US sanctions, brought a sharp economic drop that as of mid-2020 is still "crippling" Nicaragua's economy.<ref name="Gallón-cnn-18-6-20"/>

===Response to the COVID-19 pandemic===
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua}}

Ortega's government has been the target of criticism for its lack of a response to the pandemic.<ref name=CNN-4-13-2020>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/13/world/nicaragua-president-ortega-intl/index.html|title=Nicaragua's president Daniel Ortega hasn't been seen in a month|first=Natalie|last=Gallón|publisher=CNN|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414013731/https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/13/world/nicaragua-president-ortega-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 14 March 2020, Ortega's government called a massive demonstration called "Love in the Time of COVID-19" as a show of support to him and his government. This occurred in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic which had only recently been officially declared by the [[World Health Organization|WHO]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/world/americas/coronavirus-nicaragua-burials.html|title=Resisting Lockdown, Nicaragua Becomes a Place of Midnight Burials|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1 June 2020|access-date=3 August 2021|last1=Bermúdez|first1=Alfonso Flores|last2=Robles|first2=Frances|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803202638/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/world/americas/coronavirus-nicaragua-burials.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/10/nicaragua-reckless-covid-19-response|title=Nicaragua: Reckless COVID-19 Response|work=Human Rights Watch|date=10 April 2020|access-date=3 August 2021|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803202638/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/10/nicaragua-reckless-covid-19-response|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to [[CNN]], as of mid-June 2020, Ortega had "refused to impose strict, preventive quarantine measures seen in neighboring countries" to fight the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="Gallón-cnn-18-6-20"/> "Public schools remain open, businesses continue to operate, festivals and cultural events are happening on an almost-weekly basis." The story stated that from mid-March to mid-June six politicians had died, and, according to witnesses, their remains disposed of at night in "express burials" (with police in attendance but "no Mass, no wake and no funeral arrangements", no photographs).<ref name="Gallón-cnn-18-6-20"/> The Ortega government said reports of "express burials" were "false news".<ref name="Gallón-cnn-18-6-20">{{cite news |last1=Gallón |first1=Natalie |title='There are two realities.' What is really happening in Nicaragua during the pandemic? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/18/americas/nicaragua-coronavirus-ortega-mystery-intl/index.html |access-date=13 July 2020 |work=CNN |date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713151327/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/18/americas/nicaragua-coronavirus-ortega-mystery-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to AP News "the government threatened to ban" professional baseball players "who refuse to play baseball ... And everyone is warned to keep quiet."<ref name="AP">{{cite news |title=During pandemic, Nicaraguan doctors face political pressure |url=https://apnews.com/49ef7f8e763ad53f8555015581cf9b37 |access-date=13 July 2020 |work=Associated Press |date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714002214/https://apnews.com/49ef7f8e763ad53f8555015581cf9b37 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In hospitals "ruling-party activists ensure no information leaks out", and it quotes a doctor (anesthesiologist María Nela Escoto) complaining that in the public hospital where she works "everything is secret. They don't allow suggestions, and you can't question anything because they're watching. It's a very hostile environment."<ref name="AP"/>
(At the start of the pandemic, Ortega was out of the public eye for "more than 40 days", and no explanation was given for his absence when he returned.)<ref name="Gallón-cnn-18-6-20"/><ref name=CNN-4-13-2020/>

===2018–2022 Nicaraguan protests===
{{Main|2018–2022 Nicaraguan protests}}

In April 2018, student protests over a nature reserve fire expanded to cover an unpopular decree that would have cut social security benefits and increased taxpayer contributions.<ref name="nyt-Robles-24-12-2018"/> The protesters were violently set upon by the state sponsored Sandinista Youth.<ref>{{cite news|title=Peaceful Protests against Nicaraguan Social Security Reforms Violently Repressed|url=https://www.havanatimes.org/?p=132219|date=19 April 2018|work=The Havana Times|access-date=6 August 2018|archive-date=7 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003502/https://www.havanatimes.org/?p=132219|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite attempts by Ortega's government to hide the incident through censorship of all private-owned news outlets, photos and videos of the violence made their way to social media where they sparked outrage and urged more Nicaraguans to join in on the protests.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nicaragua Roiled by Protests Over Social Security Benefits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/20/world/americas/nicaragua-protests-ortega.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/20/world/americas/nicaragua-protests-ortega.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited |work=The New York Times |date=20 April 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ijnet.org/en/blog/facing-censorship-nicaraguan-journalists-and-citizens-turn-social-media|title=Facing censorship, Nicaraguan journalists and citizens turn to social media|work=ijnet|date=3 May 2018|access-date=6 August 2018|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806084904/https://ijnet.org/en/blog/facing-censorship-nicaraguan-journalists-and-citizens-turn-social-media|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amidst unrest, Nicaraguan journalists use digital innovation to share information|url=https://ijnet.org/en/blog/amidst-unrest-nicaraguan-journalists-use-digital-innovation-share-information|work=ijnet|date=24 July 2018|access-date=6 August 2018|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806054923/https://ijnet.org/en/blog/amidst-unrest-nicaraguan-journalists-use-digital-innovation-share-information|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tensions escalated quickly, as police began using tear gas canisters and rubber bullets, and eventually live ammunition on unarmed protesters.<ref name="the Miami Herald">{{cite news|title=In Nicaragua, the political battle is moving from the streets to the negotiating table|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article210129639.html|work=The Miami Herald|date=2 May 2018|access-date=6 August 2018|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806084839/https://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article210129639.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Authorities were also seen arming Sandinista Youth members with weapons to serve as paramilitary forces.<ref name="the Miami Herald"/> Dozens of student protesters were subsequently killed. Despite the withdrawal of the unpopular decree, the [[2018–2022 Nicaraguan protests|protests continue]], with most protesters demanding Ortega's and his cabinet's resignations.<ref>{{cite news|title=As Nicaragua Death Toll Grows, Support for Ortega Slips|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/04/world/americas/nicaragua-protests-ortega.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/04/world/americas/nicaragua-protests-ortega.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited|access-date=7 May 2018|work=The New York Times|date=4 May 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 30 May 2018, Nicaragua's Mother's Day, over 300,000 people marched to honor the mothers of students killed in the preceding protests. Despite the attendance of children, mothers and retirees, and lack of any violence by marchers, marchers were attacked in an event dubbed the "Mother's Day Massacre".<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite news|title=Nicaragua Protests Grow Increasingly Violent, 100 Killed Since April|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/31/world/americas/nicaragua-protests-killings.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/31/world/americas/nicaragua-protests-killings.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited|access-date=31 May 2018|work=The New York Times|date=31 May 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Protests on Nicaragua's Mother's Day turn deadly|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/31/americas/nicaragua-mothers-day-deadly-violence/index.html|access-date=31 May 2018|work=CNN|date=1 June 2018|archive-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531213101/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/31/americas/nicaragua-mothers-day-deadly-violence/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nicaragua: Violent attack on mass Mother's Day march in Managua|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/nicaragua-violento-ataque-a-multitudinaria-marcha-de-las-madres-en-managua/|access-date=30 May 2018|work=CNN|date=30 May 2018|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615143238/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/nicaragua-violento-ataque-a-multitudinaria-marcha-de-las-madres-en-managua/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=31 May 2018 |title=Estados Unidos condena masacre del Día de las Madres y pide una investigación inmediata |trans-title=Health is, above all, a political and governmental choice. |url=https://www.laprensa.com.ni/2018/05/31/politica/2428258-estados-unidos-condena-masacre/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623085033/https://www.laprensa.com.ni/2018/05/31/politica/2428258-estados-unidos-condena-masacre |archive-date=23 June 2018 |access-date=23 June 2018 |work=La Prensa}}</ref> 16 were killed, and 88 injured, as "police sprayed the crowd with bullets, government sharpshooters positioned on the roof of the national baseball stadium went headhunting with sniper rifles".<ref name="Rogers-2018"/>

In June 2018, Tim Rogers wrote in ''The Atlantic'' magazine:<blockquote>Over the past seven weeks, Ortega's police and paramilitaries have killed more than 120 people, mostly students and other young protesters who are demanding the president's ouster and a return to democracy, according to a human-rights group [CENIDH, [[Nicaraguan Center for Human Rights]]]. Police hunt students like enemy combatants. Sandinista Youth paramilitaries, armed and paid by Ortega's party, drive around in pickup trucks attacking protesters. Gangs of masked men loot and burn shops with impunity. Cops wear civilian clothing, and some paramilitaries dress in police uniforms. "This is starting to look more like Syria than Caracas," one Nicaraguan business leader told me.<ref name="Rogers-2018">{{cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=Tim |title=The Unraveling of Nicaragua |journal=The Atlantic |date=6 June 2018 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/06/nicaragua-ortega-protests/562094/ |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728203208/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/06/nicaragua-ortega-protests/562094/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

By 3 December 22 people were dead and 565 imprisoned. Professionals involved in the protests (lawyers, engineering majors, radio broadcasters and merchants) had been reduced to lives of "ever-changing safe houses, encrypted messaging apps and pseudonyms", with the Ortega government allegedly "hunting us like deer", according to one dissident (Roberto Carlos Membreño Briceño). Human rights organization offices were raided, computers seized and observers expelled.<ref name="nyt-Robles-24-12-2018"/> Observers from the Organization of American States were expelled after releasing a critical investigative report of the government's response to the protests.<ref name="nyt-Robles-24-12-2018"/> The report found the government had progressed from "using tear gas to rubber bullets, then real bullets and finally military firepower like assault rifles and grenade launchers", based on an analysis of videos posted on social media. At least 1,400 people involved in the protests were hurt, although that the number was probably "far higher because most people were too afraid to go to public hospitals, where doctors were fired for treating wounded protesters".<ref name="nyt-Robles-24-12-2018"/> By July 2019 the international human rights organization Human Rights Watch called on the United States to impose sanctions on Ortega "and other top" Nicaraguan officials "implicated" in the crackdown on protests.<ref name="hrw-sanctions-2019">{{cite web |title=Nicaragua: US Should Sanction President Ortega |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/16/nicaragua-us-should-sanction-president-ortega |work=Human Rights Watch |access-date=16 July 2020 |date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=22 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722164823/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/16/nicaragua-us-should-sanction-president-ortega |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Term extension===
On 20 November 2024, Ortega unveiled proposals to amend the Nicaraguan constitution in order to extend his term from five years to six and have his wife and vice president [[Rosario Murillo]] declared co-president.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicaragua's Ortega proposes reform to make him and his wife 'copresidents' |url=https://apnews.com/article/nicaragua-daniel-ortega-wife-murillo-copresidents-ea9ad1e1c89c72b04ebd0ede46d0b3d5 |work=Associated Press |access-date=21 November 2024 |date=21 November 2024 }}</ref> The measures passed in a first reading at the [[National Assembly (Nicaragua)|National Assembly]] on 22 November<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicaragua OKs reform to boost powers of president, wife |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241122-nicaragua-oks-reform-to-boost-powers-of-president-wife |work=France 24 |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 }}</ref> and passed in a second reading on 30 January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicaragua makes Daniel Ortega and his wife Murillo 'copresidents,' fueling democratic rebuke |url=https://apnews.com/article/nicaragua-daniel-ortega-rosario-murillo-b5f119ea8bee27c48b2fdd70710c70dd |work=AP News |access-date=31 January 2025 |date=31 January 2025}}</ref> The constitutional reform entered into force on 18 February 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicaragua's deepening repression: UN experts call for urgent global action |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/02/nicaraguas-deepening-repression-un-experts-call-urgent-global-action |website=OHCHR |access-date=13 March 2025 |date=26 February 2025}}</ref>

===Foreign policy===
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev 18 December 2008-6.jpg|thumb|Ortega with Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] in Russia on 18 December 2008]]

Soon after the 2006 election, Ortega paid an official visit to Iran and met [[Iranian President]] [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]. Ortega told the press that the "revolutions of Iran and Nicaragua are almost twin revolutions ... since both revolutions are about justice, liberty, self-determination, and the struggle against [[imperialism]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_6741000/6741829.stm|title=Nicaragua e Irán, 'unión invencible'|last=Hauser|first=Karim|date=11 June 2007|work=BBC World Service|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711234659/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_6741000/6741829.stm|archive-date=11 July 2012|url-status=live|language=es|trans-title=Nicaragua and Iran: "Together Invincible"}}</ref>

On 6 March 2008, following the [[2008 Andean diplomatic crisis]], Ortega announced that Nicaragua was breaking diplomatic ties with [[Colombia]] "in solidarity with the [[Ecuador]]ian people".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicaragua breaks diplomatic relations with Colombia - CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/03/06/nic.colombia/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310231615/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/03/06/nic.colombia/index.html |archive-date=10 March 2008 |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=edition.cnn.com}}</ref> Ortega also stated, "We are not breaking relations with the Colombian people. We are breaking relations with the terrorist policy practiced by [[Álvaro Uribe]]'s government".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Xuequan |last=Mu |title=Nicaragua breaks off relations with Colombian gov't |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/07/content_7734634.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309162249/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/07/content_7734634.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2008 |work=Xinhua News |access-date=6 March 2008}}</ref> The relations were restored with the resolution at a [[Rio Group]] summit held in [[Santo Domingo]], [[Dominican Republic]], on 7 March 2008. At the summit Colombia's Álvaro Uribe, Ecuador's [[Rafael Correa]], Venezuela's [[Hugo Chávez]] and Ortega publicly shook hands in a show of good-will. The handshakes, broadcast live throughout Latin America, appeared to signal that a week of military buildups and diplomatic repercussions was over. After the handshakes, Ortega said he would re-establish diplomatic ties with Colombia. Uribe then quipped that he would send him the bill for his ambassador's plane fare.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://voanews.com/english/2008-03-07-voa73.cfm |title=Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela Agree to End Border Crisis |work=[[VOA]] |date=7 March 2008 |access-date=8 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309093506/http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-07-voa73.cfm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=9 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7284597.stm |title=Leaders say Colombia crisis over |work=BBC News |date=8 March 2008 |access-date=8 March 2008 |location=London |archive-date=9 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309022048/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7284597.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 25 May 2008, Ortega, upon learning of the death of [[FARC]] guerrilla leader [[Manuel Marulanda]] in Colombia, expressed condolences to the family of Marulanda and solidarity with the FARC and called Marulanda an extraordinary fighter who battled against profound inequalities in Colombia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/519/story/546814.html |title=Colombian rebels' loss of leader ends an era |first=Tyler |last=Bridges |newspaper=Miami Herald |date=25 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://espanol.news.yahoo.com/s/reuters/080525/latinoamerica/latinoamerica_farc_marulanda_ortega_sol |agency=Reuters |date=25 May 2008 |language=es |title=Ortega expresa condolencias a FARC por muerte líder |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527052757/http://espanol.news.yahoo.com/s/reuters/080525/latinoamerica/latinoamerica_farc_marulanda_ortega_sol |archive-date=27 May 2008 }}</ref> The declarations were protested by the [[Colombian government]] and criticized in the major Colombian media outlets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pésame de Ortega causa estupor • Archivo |url=http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/politica/238361-pesame-ortega-causa-estupor/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2022 |website=El Nuevo Diario |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020125248/http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/politica/238361-pesame-ortega-causa-estupor/ }}</ref>

[[File:Ortega Lula - ABr 28.07.20102225.JPG|thumb|Ortega with [[President of Brazil|Brazilian President]] [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] at [[Itamaraty Palace]] in [[Brasília]], 28 July 2010.]]

On 2 September 2008, during ceremonies for the 29th anniversary of the founding of the [[Sandinista Popular Army|Nicaraguan army]], Ortega announced that "Nicaragua recognizes the independence of [[South Ossetia]] and [[Abkhazia]] and fully supports the [[Russian government]]'s position". Ortega's decision made Nicaragua the second country (after Russia) to recognize the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia from [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2008 |title=Nicaragua recognizes South Ossetia, Abkhazia |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN03304386/ |access-date=21 January 2024 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

<!--Note on the term "China". Nicaragua recognizes the ROC as the rightful government of China.-->
[[File:01.10 總統與尼加拉瓜總統奧德嘉(José Daniel Ortega Saavedra)雙邊會晤 (32074399712).jpg|thumb|Ortega with the president of the Republic of China [[Tsai Ing-wen]], 10 January 2017]]
Under Ortega's leadership, Nicaragua joined the [[Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas]].

When seeking office, Ortega threatened to cut diplomatic recognition with the [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]], formerly Nationalist China) in order to restore relations with the [[Mainland China|Mainland]]-based [[People's Republic of China]] (as in the period from 1985 to 1990) as the legal government of China. But he did not do so. In 2007 Ortega stated that Nicaragua did not accept the [[One China Policy]] of the PRC government and that Nicaragua reserved the right to maintain official diplomatic relations with the ROC. He reassured President Chen Shui Bian in 2007 that Nicaragua would not break diplomatic relations with the ROC. He explained that during the Reagan administration the United States imposed sanctions on Nicaragua. But cutting ties with Taipei was a sad and painful decision because of the friendship between Nicaragua and Taiwan's people and government. Ortega met with the ROC President [[Ma Ying-jeou]] in 2009 and both agreed to improve the diplomatic ties between both countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/the-china-post/joe-hung/2009/06/09/211402/Ma-Ying-jeou.htm|title=Ma Ying-jeou shouldn't meet Daniel Ortega|access-date=5 August 2016|archive-date=31 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731210043/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/the-china-post/joe-hung/2009/06/09/211402/Ma-Ying-jeou.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, with a trade show from China (PRC) in Managua in 2010, he is attempting a two-track policy to get benefits from both sides. In 2016 Nicaragua and China (ROC) signed an air services agreement and Ortega stated that Nicaragua's free trade deal with the ROC had benefited both nations. The ROC increased its investment in Nicaragua.<ref>{{citation|url=http://solpropertygroup.wordpress.com/2011/01/17/nicaragua-seeks-economic-relations-with-china-the-nica-times-the-nica-times-costa-rica-newspaper-the-tico-times/ |title=Nicaragua seeks economic relations with China |first=Tim |last=Rogers |date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721183306/http://solpropertygroup.wordpress.com/2011/01/17/nicaragua-seeks-economic-relations-with-china-the-nica-times-the-nica-times-costa-rica-newspaper-the-tico-times/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=September 2021}} In December 2021, Nicaragua once again switched recognition with the PRC.
[[File:Salvador Sánchez Cerén and Daniel Ortega.jpg|thumb|Ortega with El Salvador's President [[Salvador Sánchez Cerén]] and Cuban President [[Miguel Díaz-Canel]], 28 March 2019]]
In September 2010, after a US report listed Nicaragua as a "major" drug-trafficking centre, with Costa Rica and Honduras, Ortega urged the US Congress and [[Obama administration]] to allocate more resources to assist the fight against drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/09/21/1834482/us-adds-three-nations-to-drug.html|title=U.S. adds three nations to drug-traffic-hub list – Americas – MiamiHerald.com<!-- Bot generated title -->|website=[[Miami Herald]]}}</ref><ref>"transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US and transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing" {{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2086.html|title=Field Listing :: Illicit drugs|publisher=CIA|access-date=21 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229044611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2086.html|archive-date=29 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]], Ortega was among the [[International reactions to the 2011 Libyan civil war|very few leaders]] who spoke out in clear defense of the embattled [[Muammar Gaddafi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/02/22/live-blog-libya-feb-22|title=Live Blog – Libya Feb 22|work=Al Jazeera Blogs|access-date=22 February 2011|archive-date=26 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426103127/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/02/22/live-blog-libya-feb-22|url-status=live}}</ref> During a telephone conversation between the two, Ortega told Gaddafi that he was "waging a great battle to defend his nation"<ref>Al Jazeera (24 February 2011). {{YouTube|u-HvdqjsqXM|''Latin America divided over Gaddafi''}}</ref> and stated that "it's at difficult times that loyalty and resolve are put to the test."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gaddafi vows to fight until 'the end'|last=Raghavan|first=Sudarsan|date=23 February 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|at=A1|via=Factiva}}</ref>
[[File:Vyacheslav Volodin met with Daniel Ortega on July 20, 2024.jpg|thumb|Ortega with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]]'s close associate [[Vyacheslav Volodin]], 20 July 2024]]
Ortega has said that Assad's victory in the [[2014 Syrian presidential election|2014 election]] is an important step to "attain peace in Syria and a clear cut evidence that the Syrian people trust their president as a national leader and support his policies which aim at maintaining Syria's sovereignty and unity".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://syriatimes.sy/index.php/presidential-elections/13206-nicaragua-s-ortega-congratulates-president-al-assad-on-winning-elections|title=syriatimes.sy - Nicaragua's Ortega Congratulates President Al-Assad on Winning Elections|work=syriatimes.sy|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023192357/http://syriatimes.sy/index.php/presidential-elections/13206-nicaragua-s-ortega-congratulates-president-al-assad-on-winning-elections|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ortega attended the swearing-in ceremony of [[Nicolás Maduro]] for his second term on 10 January 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46821653|title=Venezuela's Maduro begins second term|date=10 January 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=5 April 2020|language=en-GB|archive-date=10 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110231014/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46821653|url-status=live}}</ref>

In an interview with [[Max Blumenthal]] in August 2019, Ortega stated that he was open to the idea of [[Bernie Sanders]] (who had visited him in 1985) winning the US presidency [[2020 United States presidential election|in 2020]] and that Sanders's message "goes in the right direction for the U.S. to become a pole of peace, development, and cooperation".<ref>{{cite web |title=Daniel Ortega dice que le gustaría que Bernie Sanders ganara las elecciones presidenciales de 2020 |url=https://www.univision.com/local/miami-wltv/daniel-ortega-dice-que-le-gustaria-que-bernie-sanders-ganara-las-elecciones-presidenciales-de-2020-video |work=Univision |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822222019/https://www.univision.com/local/miami-wltv/daniel-ortega-dice-que-le-gustaria-que-bernie-sanders-ganara-las-elecciones-presidenciales-de-2020-video |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Environmental policy===
In 2016, Daniel Ortega did not sign the [[Paris Agreement]] because he felt the deal did not do enough to protect the climate, although he later changed his mind. Moreover, [[Nicaragua]] rejected projects of mining of the Canadian group B2 Gold which could represent a threat to the environment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2017/04/28/en-premiere-mondiale-le-salvador-interdit-les-mines-de-metaux_5118997_3244.html|title=Le Salvador devient le premier pays au monde à interdire les mines de métaux|newspaper=Le Monde|date=28 April 2017|access-date=3 June 2017|archive-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523010624/http://www.lemonde.fr//planete/article/2017/04/28/en-premiere-mondiale-le-salvador-interdit-les-mines-de-metaux_5118997_3244.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to government estimates, Nicaragua has passed from 25% renewable electricity to 52% between 2007 and 2016.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4799844/nicaragua-paris-climate-agreement-countries/|title=Nicaragua Didn't Sign the Paris Agreement Because It Didn't Go Far Enough|magazine=Time|access-date=3 June 2017|archive-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603033816/http://time.com/4799844/nicaragua-paris-climate-agreement-countries/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===International sanctions===
{{expand section|date=February 2024}}

==== United States ====
In November 2021, [[Joe Biden]] signed into law the "Reinforcing Nicaragua's Adherence to Conditions for Electoral Reform Act" ([[RENACER Act]]) which extended US sanctions against Nicaragua and gave Biden the power to exclude Nicaragua from the [[Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement]] (CAFTA-DR) and to obstruct multilateral loans to Nicaragua. [[Venezuela]] and [[Russia]] condemned the new law.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ardila |first1=Erika |title=Biden enacts the RENACER Act |url=https://aldianews.com/articles/politics/biden-enacts-renacer-act/67939 |access-date=17 November 2021 |work=AL DÍA News |date=10 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120051926/https://aldianews.com/articles/politics/biden-enacts-renacer-act/67939 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Venezuela, Russia Condemn New US Aggressions Against Nicaragua |url=https://www.entornointeligente.com/11/11/2021/venezuela-russia-condemn-new-us-aggressions-against-nicaragua/ |access-date=17 November 2021 |work=EntornoInteligente |date=11 November 2021 |language=es-ES |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421081645/https://entornointeligente.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Ukraine ====
In February 2021, Ukraine's parliament, the [[Verkhovna Rada]], approved economic sanctions against Ortega and his government. The sanctions were in response to Ortega sending a delegation to Russian-occupied [[Crimea]] in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://confidencial.digital/english/ukraine-sanctions-nicaragua-over-its-consulate-in-crimea/|title=Ukraine Sanctions Nicaragua over its Consulate in Crimea - Confidencial|date=3 February 2021 |accessdate=18 July 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620221546/https://confidencial.digital/english/ukraine-sanctions-nicaragua-over-its-consulate-in-crimea/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shtepa |first=Hanna |date=10 February 2021 |title=Ukraine imposes its first-ever sectoral sanctions |url=https://sanctionsnews.bakermckenzie.com/ukraine-imposes-its-first-ever-sectoral-sanctions/ |access-date=3 February 2024 |website=Global Sanctions and Export Controls Blog |language=en-US |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203202951/https://sanctionsnews.bakermckenzie.com/ukraine-imposes-its-first-ever-sectoral-sanctions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Electoral history==
===1984 general election===
{{Main|1984 Nicaraguan general election}}
{{#section:1984 Nicaraguan general election|presidentialresults}}

===1990 general election===
{{Main|1990 Nicaraguan general election}}
{{#section:1990 Nicaraguan general election|presidentialresults}}

===1996 general election===
{{Main|1996 Nicaraguan general election}}
{{#section:1996 Nicaraguan general election|presidentialresults}}

===2001 general election===
{{Main|2001 Nicaraguan general election}}
{{#section:2001 Nicaraguan general election|presidentialresults}}

===2006 general election===
{{Main|2006 Nicaraguan general election}}
{{#section:2006 Nicaraguan general election|presidentialresults}}

===2011 general election===
{{Main|2011 Nicaraguan general election}}
{{#section:2011 Nicaraguan general election|presidentialresults}}

===2016 general election===
{{Main|2016 Nicaraguan general election}}
{{#section:2016 Nicaraguan general election|presidentialresults}}

===2021 general election===
{{Main|2021 Nicaraguan general election}}
{{#section:2021 Nicaraguan general election|presidentialresults}}

==Criticisms and concerns ==
Ortega's second presidency has been subject to much criticism and accusations of his becoming a strongman.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/from-rebel-to-strongman-how-daniel-ortega-became-the-thing-he-fought-against/2018/08/24/117d000a-97fe-11e8-818b-e9b7348cd87d_story.html|title=From rebel to strongman: How Daniel Ortega became the thing he fought against|last=Partlow|first=Joshua|date=24 August 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=27 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427144941/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/from-rebel-to-strongman-how-daniel-ortega-became-the-thing-he-fought-against/2018/08/24/117d000a-97fe-11e8-818b-e9b7348cd87d_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[2018–2022 Nicaraguan protests|2018 protests]] have been pointed to as being symbolic of these tensions.<ref name="Amnesty" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/23/nicaragua-withdraws-social-security-changes-after-people-killed-in-riots|title=Nicaragua abandons social security changes after dozens killed in riots|agency=Associated Press|date=23 April 2018|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615120010/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/23/nicaragua-withdraws-social-security-changes-after-people-killed-in-riots|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Frances Robles wrote in ''[[The New York Times]]'' that the "many Ortega adult children manage everything from gasoline distribution to television stations" in Nicaragua.<ref name="nyt-Robles-24-12-2018">{{cite news |last1=Robles |first1=Frances |title=In Nicaragua, Ortega Was on the Ropes. Now, He Has Protesters on the Run. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/world/americas/nicaragua-protests-daniel-ortega.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/world/americas/nicaragua-protests-daniel-ortega.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited |access-date=16 July 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=24 December 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In the months preceding the November [[2021 Nicaraguan general election]], Ortega's government arrested many prominent opposition members. As of 23 July 26 opposition leaders have been imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210706-nicaragua-opposition-arrests-climb-to-26|title=Nicaragua opposition arrests climb to 26|work=France24|date=6 July 2021|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722235058/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210706-nicaragua-opposition-arrests-climb-to-26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/6/more-opposition-leaders-detained-in-nicaragua-crackdown|title=More opposition leaders detained in Nicaragua crackdown|date=6 July 2021|work=Al Jazeera English|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722235058/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/6/more-opposition-leaders-detained-in-nicaragua-crackdown|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 24 March 2022, the ambassador [[Arturo McFields]], condemned the Ortega government and requested the release of political prisoners, alluding that the government people were "tired of dictatorship" and that it was not easy to denounce it. As a result, he was dismissed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci-embajador-nicaragua-ante-rompe-dictadura-durante-sesion-vivo-202203231617_noticia.html |title=El embajador de Nicaragua ante la OEA rompe con la dictadura durante una sesión en vivo |trans-title=Nicaragua's ambassador to the OAS breaks with the dictatorship during a live session |last=Alandete |first=David |date=23 March 2022 |newspaper=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]] |language=es |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref>

The American lawyer Paul Reichler also left his position as representative due to "moral conscience",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/en/2022/03/27/nicaraguas-lawyer-before-the-international-court-of-justice-paul-reichler-resigned-from-office-for-moral-conscience/|title=Nicaragua's lawyer before the International Court of Justice, Paul Reichler, resigned from his position due to "moral conscience"|accessdate=15 April 2022|date=27 March 2022|website=infobae|language=es-ES|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417081530/https://www.infobae.com/en/2022/03/27/nicaraguas-lawyer-before-the-international-court-of-justice-paul-reichler-resigned-from-office-for-moral-conscience/|url-status=live}}</ref> who felt that the president "was no longer the Daniel Ortega whom he respected so much and served with so much pride". Reichler found it inconceivable that someone like Ortega would have [[2018–2022 Nicaraguan protests|mercilessly suppressed peaceful demonstrations]] and imprisoned his former colleagues in inhumane conditions, and accused him of "murdering" a general by withholding medical treatment. Reichler had served as Nicaragua's international legal adviser before the [[International Court of Justice]], when Managua sued the United States for financing the [[Contras]], [[Nicaragua v. United States|winning the case]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-03-29/ya-no-es-el-daniel-ortega-a-quien-tanto-respete-renuncia-un-importante-asesor-del-gobierno-de-nicaragua.html|title=An important adviser to the Government of Nicaragua resigns: "He is no longer the Daniel Ortega whom I respected so much"|accessdate=15 April 2022|last=Miranda|first=Wilfredo|date=29 March 2022|website=El País|language=es|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417201549/https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-03-29/ya-no-es-el-daniel-ortega-a-quien-tanto-respete-renuncia-un-importante-asesor-del-gobierno-de-nicaragua.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Ortega administration also ordered the closure of the Nicaraguan Language Academy for failing to register as a "foreign agent" ratified by the Sandinista parliament with the favorable vote of 75 deputies of the ruling FSLN.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2022/05/31/62966264fc6c835e6e8b4573.html|title=El Parlamento sandinista ratifica el cierre de la Academia Nicaragüense de la Lengua pese a la repulsa internacional|access-date=3 June 2022|date=31 May 2022|website=El Mundo |language=es|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603121428/https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2022/05/31/62966264fc6c835e6e8b4573.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sexual abuse allegations===
In 1998, Daniel Ortega's adopted stepdaughter [[Zoilamérica Ortega Murillo|Zoilamérica Narváez]] released a 48-page report<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2002/01/07/arts_41/41_zoilamerica.htm Testimony of Zoilamérica Narváez against her stepfather Daniel Ortega] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026130910/http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2002/01/07/arts_41/41_zoilamerica.htm |date=26 October 2014 }}; [http://www.therealnicaragua.com/Files/testimony_of_Zoilamerica_vs_Ortega.pdf Testimony of Zoilamérica Narváez against her stepfather Daniel Ortega (in English)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028192753/http://www.therealnicaragua.com/Files/testimony_of_Zoilamerica_vs_Ortega.pdf |date=28 October 2008 }}</ref> in which she alleged he had [[sexually abused]] her from 1979, when she was 12, until 1990.<ref name="GUARD16"/><ref name=time230398>''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'',  23 March 1998, [https://web.archive.org/web/20000816215922/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1998/int/980323/latin_america.an_ugly_fa3.html An Ugly Family Affair: Charges of sexual abuse leveled against Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega swirl atop a power struggle]</ref> Ortega and his wife Murillo denied the allegation.<ref name="CommandantCaudillo">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/nov/07/thecomandantewhobecameaca|title=From comandante to caudillo|last=Anthony|first=Andrew|date=7 November 2006|work=The Guardian|access-date=10 March 2019|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427004622/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/nov/07/thecomandantewhobecameaca|url-status=live}}</ref> The case could not proceed in Nicaraguan courts, which have been consistently allied with Ortega,<ref name="DB13">{{cite news|last1=Margolis|first1=Mac|title=Nicaragua's President Accused of Sex Abuse by His Stepdaughter|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/nicaraguas-president-accused-of-sex-abuse-by-his-stepdaughter|access-date=4 November 2017|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|date=20 May 2013|archive-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914030141/http://www.thedailybeast.com/nicaraguas-president-accused-of-sex-abuse-by-his-stepdaughter|url-status=live}}</ref> because he had immunity from prosecution as a member of parliament,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ortega-faces-sex-abuse-case-from-his-stepdaughter-1156496.html|title=Ortega faces sex abuse case from his stepdaughter|work=The Independent|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913182718/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ortega-faces-sex-abuse-case-from-his-stepdaughter-1156496.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the five-year [[statute of limitations]] for sexual abuse and rape charges had expired.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/11/2011112415754381234.html|title=Ignoring sexual violence in Nicaragua|last=Picq|first=Manuela|work=Al Jazeera English|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831035330/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/11/2011112415754381234.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Narváez's complaint to the [[Inter-American Human Rights Commission]] was ruled [[Admissible evidence|admissible]] on 15 October 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidh.org/annualrep/2001eng/nicaragua12230.htm|title=Nicaragua 12.230 - Admissible|access-date=5 August 2016|archive-date=26 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526230330/http://cidh.org/annualrep/2001eng/Nicaragua12230.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 March 2002, the Nicaraguan government accepted the commission's recommendation of a "friendly agreement".<ref name="envio1567"/> Narváez withdrew the accusations in 2008.{{Why|date=November 2021}}<ref name="CommandantCaudillo" /><ref name="DB13"/> Following the 2016 election, Narváez renewed her accusations and said that she had become an outcast in her family.<ref name="GUARD16"/><ref name="DB13"/><!--In 2005, Nicaraguan Elvia Junieth Flores and her family stated that she had been sexually abused by Ortega since she was 15 years-old. Flores said that she was under travel restrictions, that she is under constant surveillance, and that her family has been blackmailed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Los motivos de la minga: 'Somos distintos porque queremos la vida'|url=https://www.prensarural.org/spip/spip.php?article24210|access-date=4 November 2017|work=Prensa rural|date=2 November 2017|language=es}}</ref>-->

A 2019 documentary film ''[[Exiliada]]'' was released which revolves around Zoilamérica Narváez and her sexual abuse allegations against Ortega.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=7 May 2020|title=Documental "Exiliada" ya puede verse en Nicaragua|url=https://niu.com.ni/documental-exiliada-ya-puede-verse-en-nicaragua/|access-date=6 September 2021|website=Niú|language=es|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906202156/https://niu.com.ni/documental-exiliada-ya-puede-verse-en-nicaragua/|url-status=live |last1=Peralta |first1=Mónica García }}</ref>

There is also the case of Elvia Junieth who was allegedly abused by Ortega in 2005, and, according to the family, a girl was born from that relationship that Ortega did not recognize. Ernesto Moncada Lau, another of the assistants to the Sandinista president, appears on the birth certificate as the father of the minor.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.efe.com/efe/usa/politica/joven-supuestamente-abusada-soy-victima-de-daniel-ortega/50000105-3425628 | title=Joven supuestamente abusada: "Soy víctima de Daniel Ortega" | access-date=15 April 2022 | archive-date=15 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415191409/https://www.efe.com/efe/usa/politica/joven-supuestamente-abusada-soy-victima-de-daniel-ortega/50000105-3425628 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://patriademarti.com/articulos-y-ensayos/468-mi-nina-fue-violada-por-daniel-ortega | title=Mi niña fue violada por Daniel Ortega | date=26 October 2015 | access-date=15 April 2022 | archive-date=25 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925134846/https://patriademarti.com/articulos-y-ensayos/468-mi-nina-fue-violada-por-daniel-ortega | url-status=live }}</ref> Her brother died in the Tipitapa Model prison in November 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/nicaragua-d-humanos_muere-en-c%C3%A1rcel-de-nicaragua-hombre-que-acus%C3%B3-a-ortega-de-violar-a-su-hermana/47104004 |title=Muere en cárcel de Nicaragua hombre que acusó a Ortega de violar a su hermana - SWI |language=es |work=Swissinfo.ch |date= 11 November 2021|accessdate=20 April 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415191410/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/nicaragua-d-humanos_muere-en-c%C3%A1rcel-de-nicaragua-hombre-que-acus%C3%B3-a-ortega-de-violar-a-su-hermana/47104004 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=Nicaragua: fue hallado muerto en prisión el abogado que denunció que su hermana fue violada por Daniel Ortega cuando tenía 15 años |trans-title=Nicaragua: Lawyer who reported that his sister was raped by Daniel Ortega when she was 15 found dead in prison. |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/11/11/nicaragua-fue-hallado-muerto-en-prision-el-abogado-que-denuncio-que-su-hermana-fue-violada-por-daniel-ortega-cuando-tenia-15-anos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123042313/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/11/11/nicaragua-fue-hallado-muerto-en-prision-el-abogado-que-denuncio-que-su-hermana-fue-violada-por-daniel-ortega-cuando-tenia-15-anos/ |archive-date=23 November 2021 |accessdate=20 April 2022 |work=Infobae}}</ref>

==Foreign honours==
*  Abkhazia
** [[File:ABK Order of Honour and Glory 1st class ribbon 218.svg|70px]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Abkhazia|Order of Honour and Glory, First Class]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20081218/157501556.html|work=RIA Novosti|title=Даниэль Ортега Сааведра. Биографическая справка|date=18 December 2008|language=ru|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810010201/https://ria.ru/20081218/157501556.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Cuba
** [[File:Ribbon jose marti.png|70px]] [[Order of José Martí]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lavozdelsandinismo.com/nicaragua/2015-11-11/comandante-daniel-ortega-saavedra-siempre-daniel/|work=La Voz del Sandinismo|title=¡Comandante Daniel Ortega Saavedra; siempre Daniel|date=11 November 2015|language=es|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111181454/https://www.lavozdelsandinismo.com/nicaragua/2015-11-11/comandante-daniel-ortega-saavedra-siempre-daniel/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Peru
** [[File:PER Order of the Sun of Peru - Knight BAR.png|70px]] [[Order of the Sun of Peru]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cde.gestion2.e3.pe/doc/0/0/1/5/2/152563.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101094328/https://cde.gestion2.e3.pe/doc/0/0/1/5/2/152563.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2019 |url-status=live|title=Condecorados: Orden El Sol Del Perú |work=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>
* Russia
** [[File:Orden of Friendship.png|70px]] [[Order of Friendship]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201510200016|title=Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 20.10.2015 № 517 "О награждении государственными наградами Российской Федерации иностранных граждан"|work=Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111442/http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201510200016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* South Ossetia
** [[File:Лента Ордена Уацамонга.png|70px]] [[Uatsamonga Order]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Бесплатные программы для андроид скачать бесплатно без регистрации и смс |trans-title=Free programs for Android — download for free without registration or SMS. |url=https://programmy-dlya-android.ru/?ID=3314 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523142252/https://programmy-dlya-android.ru/?ID=3314 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |website=programmy-dlya-android.ru}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of current heads of state and government]]
* [[List of heads of the executive by approval rating]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Revolutions and Revolutionary Movements|last=DeFronzo|first=James|publisher=Westview Press|year=2011|isbn=9780813344805|edition=4th|location=Boulder}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Kinzer|first1=Stephen|title=Blood of Brothers: Life and War in Nicaragua|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|year=1991|isbn=9780399135941|location=New York|title-link=Blood of Brothers: Life and War in Nicaragua}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/709336|title=The Sandinistas & Nicaragua Since 1979|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|year=2012|isbn=978-1-58826-798-6|editor-last=Close|editor-first=David|location=Boulder|editor2-last=Marti i Puig|editor2-first=Salvador|editor3-last=McConnell|editor3-first=Shelley|via=EBSCOHost}}, especially:
** {{wikicite|reference=Baltodano, Andrés Péréz, "Political Culture", pp.&nbsp;65-90. [[#{{sfnref|Close|Marti i Puig|McConnell|2012}}|''loc. cit.'']]|ref={{harvid|Baltodano|2012}}}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.presidencia.gob.ni Office of the President] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508130336/http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/|date=8 May 2010}}
* [https://www.cidob.org/lider-politico/daniel-ortega-saavedra Biography by CIDOB] {{in lang|es}}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Francisco Urcuyo]]|as=Acting President of Nicaragua}}
{{s-ttl|title=Coordinator of the [[Junta of National Reconstruction]]|years=1979–1985}}
{{s-aft|after=Himself|as=President of Nicaragua}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=Himself|as=Coordinator of the Junta of National Reconstruction}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Nicaragua]]|years=1985–1990}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Violeta Chamorro]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Enrique Bolaños]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Nicaragua]]|years=2007–2025}}
{{s-aft|after=Succession of Co-president}}
{{s-bef|before=''New office''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Nicaragua|Co-president of Nicaragua]]|years=2025–present}}
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{{s-bef|before=Ligia Alemán|as=Second Lady}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Second Gentleman]] of Nicaragua|years=2017–2025}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Rosario Murillo]]|as=sole First Lady}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[First ladies and gentlemen of Nicaragua|First Gentleman of Nicaragua]]|years=2025–present<br>Served alongside [[Rosario Murillo]]}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-new|party}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Sandinista National Liberation Front|FSLN]] nominee for [[President of Nicaragua]]|years=[[1984 Nicaraguan general election|1984]], [[1990 Nicaraguan general election|1990]], [[1996 Nicaraguan general election|1996]], [[2001 Nicaraguan general election|2001]], [[2006 Nicaraguan general election|2006]], [[2011 Nicaraguan general election|2011]], [[2016 Nicaraguan general election|2016]], [[2021 Nicaraguan general election|2021]]}}
{{s-inc|recent}}
{{s-end}}
{{Heads of state of republics}}
{{Heads of state in Central America}}
{{Current ALBA leaders}}
{{Socialist rulers}}
{{Presidents and heads of state of Nicaragua}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ortega, Daniel}}
[[Category:Daniel Ortega| ]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:20th-century presidents of Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Anti-American sentiment in North America]]
[[Category:Anti-capitalists]]
[[Category:Anti-fascists]]
[[Category:Anti-Catholicism]]
[[Category:Central American University (Managua) alumni]]
[[Category:Child sexual abuse in Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Christian communists]]
[[Category:First ladies and gentlemen of Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nicaraguan communists]]
[[Category:Nicaraguan male writers]]
[[Category:Nicaraguan Marxists]]
[[Category:Nicaraguan nationalists]]
[[Category:Nicaraguan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Nicaraguan revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Nicaraguan Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Nicaraguan socialists]]
[[Category:Nicaraguan torture victims]]
[[Category:Ortega family]]
[[Category:People from Chontales Department]]
[[Category:People of the Nicaraguan Revolution]]
[[Category:Persecution of Catholics]]
[[Category:Sandinista National Liberation Front politicians]]