View source for DIN 31635

{{Short description|Transliteration of the Arabic alphabet}}
'''DIN 31635''' is a {{Lang|de|[[Deutsches Institut für Normung]]|italic=no}} (DIN) standard for the [[transliteration]] of the [[Arabic alphabet]] adopted in 1982. It is based on the rules of the {{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft]]|italic=no}} (DMG) as modified by the International Orientalist Congress 1935 in Rome. The most important differences from English-based systems were doing away with ''[[j]]'', because it stood for {{IPAslink|dʒ}} in the English-speaking world and for {{IPAslink|j}} in the German-speaking world and the entire absence of digraphs like ''th, dh, kh, gh, sh''. Its acceptance relies less on its official status than on its elegance (one sign for each Arabic letter) and the ''Geschichte der arabischen Literatur'' manuscript catalogue of [[Carl Brockelmann]] and the dictionary of [[Hans Wehr]]. Today it is used in most German-language publications of Arabic and Islamic studies.

Along with rules for the Arabic language, it also includes transliteration standards for Ottoman Turkish, Persian, Kurdish, Urdu, and Pashto.

== Table ==
The 28 letters:

{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-size: 110%"
!<small>[[Arabic letters]]</small>
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ء]]}}&lrm; / {{lang|ar|[[ا]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ب]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ت]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ث]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ج]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ح]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[خ]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[د]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ذ]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ر]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ز]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[س]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ش]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ص]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ض]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ط]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ظ]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ع]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[غ]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ف]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ق]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ك]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ل]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[م]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ن]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ه]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[و]]}}
| align="center"| {{lang|ar|[[ي]]}} / {{lang|ar|[[ى]]}}<small>&lrm;<ref>In Egypt, Sudan and sometimes other regions, the final form is always {{lang|ar|[[ى]]}} (without dots).</ref></small>
|-
!<small>'''DIN 31635'''</small>
| align="center"| <big><big>{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|[[ʾ]]}}</big></big> / {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|[[ā]]}}
| align="center" rowspan="2"|b
| align="center" rowspan="2"|t
| align="center"| {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|[[ṯ]]}}
| align="center"| {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|[[ǧ]]}}
| align="center" rowspan="2"|[[ḥ]]
| align="center"| {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|[[ḫ]]}}
| align="center" rowspan="2"|d
| align="center"| {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|[[ḏ]]}}
| align="center" rowspan="2"|r
| align="center" rowspan="2"|z
| align="center" rowspan="2"|s
| align="center"| {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|[[š]]}}
| align="center" rowspan="2"|[[ṣ]]
| align="center" rowspan="2"|[[ḍ]]
| align="center" rowspan="2"|[[ṭ]]
| align="center" rowspan="2"|[[ẓ]]
| align="center"| <big><big>{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|[[ʿ]]}}</big></big>
| align="center"| {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|[[ġ]]}}
| align="center" rowspan="2"|f
| align="center" rowspan="2"|q
| align="center" rowspan="2"|k
| align="center" rowspan="2"|l
| align="center" rowspan="2"|m
| align="center" rowspan="2"|n
| align="center" rowspan="2"|h
| align="center" rowspan="2"|w / [[ū]]
| align="center" rowspan="2"|y / [[ī]]
|-
!<small>[[ALA-LC Romanization|ALA-LC]]</small>
| align="center"| <big><big>[[ʼ]]</big></big> / ā
| align="center"| th
| align="center"| j
| align="center"| kh
| align="center"| dh
| align="center"| sh
| align="center"| <big><big>[[ʻ]]</big></big>
| align="center"| gh
|-
!<small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ([[Modern Standard Arabic|MSA]])</small>
| align="center"| {{IPA link|ʔ}}, {{IPA|aː}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|b}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|t}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|θ}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|dʒ}}<br/>{{IPA link|ɡ}}<br/>{{IPA link|ʒ}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|ħ}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|x}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|d}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|ð}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|r}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|z}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|s}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|sˤ}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|dˤ}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|tˤ}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|ðˤ}}<br/>{{IPA link|zˤ}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|ʕ}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|ɣ}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|f}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|q}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|k}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|l}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|m}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|n}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|h}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|w}}, {{IPA|uː}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|j}}, {{IPA|iː}}
|}

== Rules ==
The ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|[[harakat|ḥarakāt]]}}'' (''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|fatḥah}}'', ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|kasrah}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ḍammah}}'') are transliterated as ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|a}}'', ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|i}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|u}}''. A ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|[[shadda|šaddah]]}}'' results in a [[geminate]] (consonant written twice). The article is written with the [[sun letters]] assimilated.

An ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾ[[aleph|alif]]}}'' marking {{IPA|/aː/}} is transliterated as ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ā}}''. The letter ({{lang|ar|ﺓ}}) ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|tāʾ marbūṭah}}'' is transliterated as word-final ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|-h}}'' normally, or ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|-t}}'' in a word in the [[construct state]].

''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|[[Hamzah]]}}'' has many variants, <big>{{lang|ar|أ إ ء ئ ؤ}}</big>; depending on its position, all of them are transliterated as {{angbr|<big>{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾ}}</big>}}. The initial ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' (<big>{{lang|ar|ا}}</big>) without a ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|hamzah}}'' is not transliterated using <big>{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾ}}</big> initially, only the initial vowel is transliterated (if pronounced): ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|i-}}.''

({{lang|ar|ﻯ}}) ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾalif maqṣūrah}}'' appears as ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ā}},'' transliterating it indistinguishable from ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}.''<ref>{{lang|ar|ى}} for final {{IPA|/-aː/}} is also known as {{lang|ar|ألف لينة}} ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾalif layyinah}}'' {{IPA|arz|ˈʔælef læjˈjenæ|}} "flexible ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}''".</ref>
Long vowels {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}} are transliterated as ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ī}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ū}}.'' The ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|[[Arabic grammar#nisba|nisbah]]}}'' suffix {{IPA|/ij(j), ijja/}} appears as ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|-iyy, -iyyah}}'' although the former is normally transliterated as ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|-ī}}'', and [[nunation]] is ignored in transliteration. A hyphen ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|-}}'' is used to separate [[clitic]]s (the article, the prepositions and the conjunction) from words to which they are attached.

The [[Eastern Arabic numerals]] ({{lang|ar|{{lro}}٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩{{popdf}}}}) are rendered as western [[Arabic numerals]] ({{Transliteration|ar|DIN|0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9}}).

== See also ==

* [[Romanization of Arabic]]
* [[ISO 233]]
* [[Hans Wehr transliteration]]
* [[Arabic phonology]]
* [[Help:IPA/Arabic]] (Wikipedia help)

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book|last1=Brockelmann|first1=Carl|last2=Ronkel|first2=Philippus Samuel van|authorlink1=Carl Brockelmann|title=Die Transliteration der arabischen Schrift in ihrer Anwendung auf die Hauptliteratursprachen der islamischen Welt: Denkschrift dem 19. internationalen Orientalistenkongreß in Rom|date=1935|location=Leipzig|url=http://www.naher-osten.uni-muenchen.de/studium_lehre/werkzeugkasten/dmgtransliteration.pdf}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110816080951/http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/imperia/md/content/orient/dmg-regeln.pdf Reprint (Wiesbaden, 1969)]

== External links ==
* [http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Arabic_2.2.pdf Chart of Arabic transliteration systems (non-normative), including DIN 31635], Revision 2.2 (2008-02-25)
* [http://www.din.de Deutsches Institut für Normung]
{{Deutsches Institut für Normung}}

[[Category:Romanization of Arabic]]
[[Category:DIN standards|31635]]